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π
over
preposition
in
a
position
higher
than
and
sometimes
covering
something
β’
A
bright
lamp
hangs
over
the
dining
table
.
A
bright
lamp
hangs
over
the
dining
table
.
β’
She
held
an
umbrella
over
the
child
to
keep
him
dry
.
She
held
an
umbrella
over
the
child
to
keep
him
dry
.
preposition
across
from
one
side
of
something
to
the
other
β’
We
drove
over
the
bridge
at
sunset
.
We
drove
over
the
bridge
at
sunset
.
β’
The
children
ran
over
the
field
to
meet
their
friends
.
The
children
ran
over
the
field
to
meet
their
friends
.
adverb
finished
;
no
longer
happening
or
existing
β’
The
movie
is
over
β
let
β
s
go
home
.
The
movie
is
over
β
let
β
s
go
home
.
β’
When
the
storm
was
over
,
a
rainbow
appeared
.
When
the
storm
was
over
,
a
rainbow
appeared
.
preposition
during
the
whole
time
of
something
β’
We
stayed
with
our
grandparents
over
the
holidays
.
We
stayed
with
our
grandparents
over
the
holidays
.
β’
He
learned
basic
Spanish
over
the
summer
.
He
learned
basic
Spanish
over
the
summer
.
preposition
more
than
a
particular
number
,
amount
,
or
age
β’
The
concert
attracted
over
5
,
000
fans
.
The
concert
attracted
over
5
,
000
fans
.
β’
Children
over
twelve
must
buy
an
adult
ticket
.
Children
over
twelve
must
buy
an
adult
ticket
.
interjection
used
in
radio
communication
to
show
that
you
have
finished
speaking
and
are
waiting
for
a
reply
β’
β
Base
,
this
is
Ranger
One
,
request
clearance
to
land
,
over
.β
β
Base
,
this
is
Ranger
One
,
request
clearance
to
land
,
over
.β
β’
β
Copy
that
.
We
β
ll
meet
at
checkpoint
Bravo
at
0600
,
over
.β
β
Copy
that
.
We
β
ll
meet
at
checkpoint
Bravo
at
0600
,
over
.β
government
noun
the
group
of
people
who
officially
control
and
run
a
country
,
state
,
city
,
or
other
political
unit
β’
After
the
election
,
the
new
government
promised
to
lower
taxes
.
After
the
election
,
the
new
government
promised
to
lower
taxes
.
β’
The
government
announced
emergency
aid
after
the
hurricane
.
The
government
announced
emergency
aid
after
the
hurricane
.
From
Middle
English
gouernement
,
from
Old
French
governement
,
from
Latin
gubernΔre
meaning
β
to
steer
,
govern
.β
noun
-
government
the
system
,
method
,
or
process
by
which
a
country
or
community
is
ruled
β’
Students
debated
whether
democracy
is
the
best
form
of
government
.
Students
debated
whether
democracy
is
the
best
form
of
government
.
β’
Good
government
requires
clear
laws
and
honest
officials
.
Good
government
requires
clear
laws
and
honest
officials
.
Same
origin
as
sense
1
,
ultimately
from
Latin
gubernΔre
β
to
steer
.β
discover
verb
to
find
something
that
already
exists
but
no
one
knew
about
or
had
seen
before
β’
Astronomers
discovered
a
tiny
moon
orbiting
the
distant
planet
.
Astronomers
discovered
a
tiny
moon
orbiting
the
distant
planet
.
β’
While
hiking
,
the
children
discovered
a
hidden
waterfall
in
the
forest
.
While
hiking
,
the
children
discovered
a
hidden
waterfall
in
the
forest
.
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
descovrir
,
based
on
Latin
discooperire
β
uncover
β.
verb
to
learn
or
realize
something
new
about
a
fact
,
situation
,
or
person
β’
I
just
discovered
that
the
cafΓ©
closes
at
four
o
β
clock
.
I
just
discovered
that
the
cafΓ©
closes
at
four
o
β
clock
.
β’
She
discovered
how
easy
cooking
can
be
after
taking
a
short
class
.
She
discovered
how
easy
cooking
can
be
after
taking
a
short
class
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
ultimately
from
Latin
discooperire
β
uncover
β.
verb
to
catch
or
find
someone
or
something
that
was
hidden
or
doing
something
wrong
β’
The
security
guard
discovered
a
burglar
hiding
behind
the
shelves
.
The
security
guard
discovered
a
burglar
hiding
behind
the
shelves
.
β’
Inspectors
discovered
several
safety
violations
at
the
factory
.
Inspectors
discovered
several
safety
violations
at
the
factory
.
Extension
of
the
basic
sense
β
uncover
β
to
people
or
wrongdoing
,
recorded
since
the
16th
century
.
governor
noun
the
elected
head
of
government
of
a
U
.
S
.
state
,
a
British
overseas
territory
,
or
another
sub-national
region
β’
The
governor
signed
the
new
education
bill
into
law
.
The
governor
signed
the
new
education
bill
into
law
.
β’
After
the
election
,
MarΓa
became
the
first
female
governor
of
her
state
.
After
the
election
,
MarΓa
became
the
first
female
governor
of
her
state
.
From
Latin
β
gubernΔtor
β
meaning
β
steersman
,
ruler
β,
via
Old
French
β
governeor
β.
noun
British
informal
:
a
friendly
or
respectful
way
to
address
or
refer
to
a
man
in
authority
,
an
employer
,
or
sometimes
any
older
man
β’
Thanks
for
the
lift
,
governor
!
Thanks
for
the
lift
,
governor
!
β’
Excuse
me
,
governor
,
could
you
tell
me
the
time
?
Excuse
me
,
governor
,
could
you
tell
me
the
time
?
A
shortening
and
relaxed
pronunciation
of
the
formal
word
'governor'
that
began
appearing
in
19th-century
London
slang
.
noun
a
mechanical
or
electronic
device
that
automatically
keeps
the
speed
or
pressure
of
a
machine
within
set
limits
β’
The
old
steam
engine
has
a
flyball
governor
to
keep
its
speed
steady
.
The
old
steam
engine
has
a
flyball
governor
to
keep
its
speed
steady
.
β’
When
the
governor
failed
,
the
machine
began
to
run
too
fast
and
overheated
.
When
the
governor
failed
,
the
machine
began
to
run
too
fast
and
overheated
.
Sense
extended
from
the
idea
of
a
person
who
governs
to
a
mechanism
that
exercises
control
.
lord it over
verb
to
act
superior
to
someone
and
make
them
feel
less
important
β’
She
always
lords
it
over
her
coworkers
when
she
gets
a
promotion
.
She
always
lords it over
her
coworkers
when
she
gets
a
promotion
.
β’
Stop
lording
it
over
me
just
because
you
can
drive
.
Stop
lording it over
me
just
because
you
can
drive
.
From
the
noun
"
lord
",
carrying
the
idea
of
someone
acting
as
a
master
over
others
.
cover
verb
to
put
something
over
or
around
something
else
to
protect
,
hide
,
or
keep
it
safe
β’
She
covered
the
sleeping
baby
with
a
soft
blanket
.
She
covered
the
sleeping
baby
with
a
soft
blanket
.
β’
Please
cover
the
pot
so
the
soup
stays
hot
.
Please
cover
the
pot
so
the
soup
stays
hot
.
Old
English
β
coferian
β
and
β
cuferian
,β
from
Latin
β
cooperire
β
meaning
β
to
put
something
over
,β
later
simplified
in
Middle
English
to
β
cover
.β
noun
something
that
lies
on
or
around
another
thing
to
protect
,
hide
,
or
keep
it
warm
β’
He
put
a
plastic
cover
over
the
bike
to
keep
it
dry
.
He
put
a
plastic
cover
over
the
bike
to
keep
it
dry
.
β’
The
pool
has
a
safety
cover
for
winter
.
The
pool
has
a
safety
cover
for
winter
.
Old
English
β
covere
,β
from
French
β
covrir
,β
influenced
by
Latin
β
cooperire
.β
noun
the
outside
page
of
a
book
or
magazine
β’
The
novel
β
s
cover
shows
a
lighthouse
during
a
storm
.
The
novel
β
s
cover
shows
a
lighthouse
during
a
storm
.
β’
He
tore
the
cover
off
his
notebook
by
accident
.
He
tore
the
cover
off
his
notebook
by
accident
.
First
recorded
for
books
in
the
late
15th
century
when
bound
boards
literally
β
covered
β
the
pages
.
verb
to
include
or
talk
about
a
particular
subject
,
time
,
or
set
of
facts
β’
Tomorrow
the
teacher
will
cover
the
causes
of
climate
change
.
Tomorrow
the
teacher
will
cover
the
causes
of
climate
change
.
β’
The
documentary
covers
the
history
of
the
ancient
Maya
.
The
documentary
covers
the
history
of
the
ancient
Maya
.
Meaning
shifted
in
the
17th
century
from
physical
protection
to
β
deal
with
β
in
speech
or
writing
,
by
metaphorical
extension
.
verb
to
travel
a
certain
distance
β’
The
train
covers
500
kilometers
in
just
three
hours
.
The
train
covers
500
kilometers
in
just
three
hours
.
β’
We
covered
ten
miles
on
our
hike
before
lunch
.
We
covered
ten
miles
on
our
hike
before
lunch
.
This
sense
appeared
in
the
1600s
when
distance
was
imagined
as
space
that
could
be
β
laid
over
β
like
cloth
.
noun
a
place
or
thing
that
gives
protection
or
shelter
β’
The
soldiers
took
cover
behind
a
stone
wall
.
The
soldiers
took
cover
behind
a
stone
wall
.
β’
During
the
thunderstorm
,
we
found
cover
under
a
bus
shelter
.
During
the
thunderstorm
,
we
found
cover
under
a
bus
shelter
.
The
protective
sense
dates
back
to
14th-century
warfare
manuals
instructing
archers
to
β
keep
under
cover
.β
verb
to
do
someone
else's
work
or
duty
for
a
short
time
β’
Could
you
cover
the
reception
desk
while
I
grab
lunch
?
Could
you
cover
the
reception
desk
while
I
grab
lunch
?
β’
I
covered
for
Sam
during
his
vacation
last
week
.
I
covered
for
Sam
during
his
vacation
last
week
.
From
the
idea
of
β
covering
β
a
gap
left
by
an
absent
person
,
recorded
since
the
early
1900s
.
noun
a
new
performance
or
recording
of
a
song
first
made
famous
by
someone
else
β’
Her
acoustic
cover
of
the
hit
song
went
viral
online
.
Her
acoustic
cover
of
the
hit
song
went
viral
online
.
β’
The
band
played
a
high-energy
cover
of
an
old
rock
classic
.
The
band
played
a
high-energy
cover
of
an
old
rock
classic
.
Short
for
β
cover
version
,β
first
popularized
in
the
1950s
record
industry
.
coverage
noun
reporting
or
broadcasting
of
news
or
events
by
newspapers
,
television
,
radio
,
or
online
media
β’
The
live
coverage
of
the
royal
wedding
kept
millions
glued
to
their
TVs
.
The
live
coverage
of
the
royal
wedding
kept
millions
glued
to
their
TVs
.
β’
Our
local
newspaper
gave
little
coverage
to
the
science
fair
.
Our
local
newspaper
gave
little
coverage
to
the
science
fair
.
From
the
verb
β
cover
β
+β
β
-age
β,
first
recorded
in
late
19th-century
American
journalism
.
noun
the
extent
or
area
reached
,
dealt
with
,
or
affected
by
something
such
as
a
service
,
activity
,
or
substance
β’
Mountain
villages
still
have
poor
mobile
phone
coverage
.
Mountain
villages
still
have
poor
mobile
phone
coverage
.
β’
The
map
shows
internet
coverage
across
the
country
.
The
map
shows
internet
coverage
across
the
country
.
noun
the
protection
or
benefit
provided
by
an
insurance
policy
β’
Without
health
coverage
,
many
people
avoid
going
to
the
doctor
.
Without
health
coverage
,
many
people
avoid
going
to
the
doctor
.
β’
Her
car
coverage
includes
protection
against
theft
.
Her
car
coverage
includes
protection
against
theft
.
overall
adjective
including
or
covering
everything
;
taken
as
a
whole
β’
The
overall
cost
of
the
project
was
lower
than
expected
.
The
overall
cost
of
the
project
was
lower
than
expected
.
β’
Her
overall
health
improved
after
she
started
exercising
regularly
.
Her
overall
health
improved
after
she
started
exercising
regularly
.
From
over
+
all
,
originally
meaning
"
everywhere
on
"
in
Middle
English
,
later
developing
the
sense
of
"
including
everything
".
adverb
when
everything
is
considered
;
in
general
β’
Overall
,
the
concert
was
a
huge
success
.
Overall
,
the
concert
was
a
huge
success
.
β’
The
weather
was
rainy
,
but
we
had
fun
overall
.
The
weather
was
rainy
,
but
we
had
fun
overall
.
Adverbial
use
evolved
in
the
18th
century
from
the
adjective
,
carrying
the
meaning
"
taken
as
a
whole
."
noun
a
loose
protective
piece
of
clothing
,
usually
with
long
sleeves
,
worn
over
ordinary
clothes
to
keep
them
clean
β’
The
mechanic
hung
his
oily
blue
overall
on
a
hook
.
The
mechanic
hung
his
oily
blue
overall
on
a
hook
.
β’
She
wears
a
white
overall
while
painting
to
protect
her
clothes
.
She
wears
a
white
overall
while
painting
to
protect
her
clothes
.
Originally
plural
"
overalls
"
in
the
19th
century
for
trousers
worn
over
regular
clothes
;
later
also
used
in
singular
for
the
full
protective
garment
.
poverty
noun
-
poverty
the
condition
of
having
very
little
money
,
food
,
or
other
basic
resources
needed
for
a
comfortable
life
β’
The
community
center
offers
free
meals
to
families
living
in
poverty
.
The
community
center
offers
free
meals
to
families
living
in
poverty
.
β’
After
losing
his
job
,
Mark
fell
into
poverty
and
had
to
sell
his
car
.
After
losing
his
job
,
Mark
fell
into
poverty
and
had
to
sell
his
car
.
Middle
English
povertie
,
from
Old
French
poverte
,
from
Latin
paupertΔs
β
poverty
β,
from
pauper
β
poor
β.
noun
-
poverty
a
serious
lack
or
shortage
of
something
,
especially
of
quality
,
ideas
,
or
resources
β’
The
essay
was
rejected
because
of
its
poverty
of
evidence
.
The
essay
was
rejected
because
of
its
poverty
of
evidence
.
β’
Critics
pointed
to
the
poverty
of
imagination
in
the
new
policy
.
Critics
pointed
to
the
poverty
of
imagination
in
the
new
policy
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
:
from
Latin
paupertΔs
β
poverty
β,
figuratively
extended
to
mean
β
lack
β.
recover
verb
-
recover
,
recovering
,
recovers
,
recovered
to
become
healthy
,
strong
,
or
happy
again
after
being
ill
,
hurt
,
or
upset
β’
After
the
surgery
,
Maria
took
several
weeks
to
recover
.
After
the
surgery
,
Maria
took
several
weeks
to
recover
.
β’
Grandpa
is
slowly
recovering
from
his
knee
injury
and
can
walk
without
crutches
now
.
Grandpa
is
slowly
recovering
from
his
knee
injury
and
can
walk
without
crutches
now
.
verb
-
recover
,
recovering
,
recovers
,
recovered
to
get
back
something
that
was
lost
,
stolen
,
or
taken
away
β’
Police
recovered
the
stolen
bicycle
two
streets
away
.
Police
recovered
the
stolen
bicycle
two
streets
away
.
β’
He
dived
into
the
pool
to
recover
his
friend
β
s
sinking
phone
.
He
dived
into
the
pool
to
recover
his
friend
β
s
sinking
phone
.
verb
-
recover
,
recovering
,
recovers
,
recovered
to
return
to
a
normal
or
better
state
after
a
decline
or
shock
β’
The
stock
market
recovered
after
the
positive
earnings
report
.
The
stock
market
recovered
after
the
positive
earnings
report
.
β’
Tourist
numbers
are
recovering
now
that
travel
restrictions
have
lifted
.
Tourist
numbers
are
recovering
now
that
travel
restrictions
have
lifted
.
verb
-
recover
,
recovering
,
recovers
,
recovered
to
retrieve
or
restore
data
,
information
,
or
an
account
that
seemed
lost
β’
The
technician
used
special
software
to
recover
the
lost
photos
.
The
technician
used
special
software
to
recover
the
lost
photos
.
β’
I
managed
to
recover
my
password
using
the
reset
link
.
I
managed
to
recover
my
password
using
the
reset
link
.
verb
-
recover
,
recovering
,
recovers
,
recovered
to
put
a
new
covering
of
cloth
,
leather
,
etc
.,
on
furniture
β’
We
decided
to
recover
the
old
sofa
with
bright
blue
fabric
.
We
decided
to
recover
the
old
sofa
with
bright
blue
fabric
.
β’
The
dining
chairs
were
torn
,
so
a
craftsman
recovered
them
in
velvet
.
The
dining
chairs
were
torn
,
so
a
craftsman
recovered
them
in
velvet
.
recovery
noun
-
recovery
,
recoveries
the
process
of
getting
well
again
after
being
sick
,
hurt
,
or
in
a
difficult
situation
β’
After
the
surgery
,
her
recovery
was
surprisingly
quick
.
After
the
surgery
,
her
recovery
was
surprisingly
quick
.
β’
Proper
rest
and
good
food
can
speed
up
recovery
.
Proper
rest
and
good
food
can
speed
up
recovery
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Anglo-French
recoverie
,
based
on
Latin
recuperare
β
get
back
,
regain
.β
noun
-
recovery
,
recoveries
the
act
of
getting
back
something
that
was
lost
,
stolen
,
or
taken
away
β’
Police
worked
for
the
recovery
of
the
stolen
jewels
.
Police
worked
for
the
recovery
of
the
stolen
jewels
.
β’
The
museum
thanked
donors
for
the
recovery
of
the
ancient
vase
.
The
museum
thanked
donors
for
the
recovery
of
the
ancient
vase
.
noun
-
recovery
,
recoveries
the
improvement
of
a
situation
,
economy
,
or
environment
after
a
period
of
difficulty
or
decline
β’
Factories
reopened
,
signaling
an
economic
recovery
.
Factories
reopened
,
signaling
an
economic
recovery
.
β’
Scientists
saw
signs
of
forest
recovery
after
the
fire
.
Scientists
saw
signs
of
forest
recovery
after
the
fire
.
noun
-
recovery
,
recoveries
the
act
of
saving
or
restoring
data
,
materials
,
or
resources
that
were
lost
or
damaged
β’
The
technician
managed
the
recovery
of
all
my
photos
from
the
broken
phone
.
The
technician
managed
the
recovery
of
all
my
photos
from
the
broken
phone
.
β’
Regular
backups
make
data
recovery
easy
.
Regular
backups
make
data
recovery
easy
.
discovery
noun
-
discovery
,
discoveries
the
act
or
process
of
finding
or
learning
something
that
was
not
known
before
β’
The
discovery
of
a
rare
fossil
excited
the
scientists
.
The
discovery
of
a
rare
fossil
excited
the
scientists
.
β’
Her
accidental
discovery
of
the
old
diary
opened
a
window
into
her
grandmother's
life
.
Her
accidental
discovery
of
the
old
diary
opened
a
window
into
her
grandmother's
life
.
from
Old
French
decovrir
,
discoverir
,
from
Latin
discooperire
β
to
uncover
β
noun
-
discovery
,
discoveries
a
thing
,
place
,
or
fact
that
someone
finds
or
learns
about
for
the
first
time
β’
The
tiny
planet
was
a
stunning
discovery
for
the
young
astronomer
.
The
tiny
planet
was
a
stunning
discovery
for
the
young
astronomer
.
β’
Chocolate
chip
cookies
were
a
delicious
accidental
discovery
.
Chocolate
chip
cookies
were
a
delicious
accidental
discovery
.
see
etymology
in
first
sense
noun
-
discovery
,
discoveries
in
law
,
the
official
pre-trial
process
in
which
both
sides
must
share
the
documents
and
other
evidence
they
plan
to
present
in
court
β’
During
discovery
,
the
defense
requested
all
emails
related
to
the
deal
.
During
discovery
,
the
defense
requested
all
emails
related
to
the
deal
.
β’
The
judge
extended
discovery
to
allow
both
parties
more
time
.
The
judge
extended
discovery
to
allow
both
parties
more
time
.
sense
developed
in
American
legal
practice
in
the
19th
century
,
extending
general
idea
of
"
finding
out
"
to
formal
evidence
exchange
moreover
adverb
used
to
add
information
that
supports
or
emphasizes
the
previous
point
β’
The
new
phone
is
lighter
;
moreover
,
its
battery
lasts
longer
.
The
new
phone
is
lighter
;
moreover
,
its
battery
lasts
longer
.
β’
The
lecture
was
informative
and
,
moreover
,
very
inspiring
for
the
students
.
The
lecture
was
informative
and
,
moreover
,
very
inspiring
for
the
students
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
the
phrase
β
more
over
β
meaning
β
further
on
,
in
addition
β.
smooth over
verb
-
smooth
over
,
smoothing
over
,
smooths
over
,
smoothed
over
to
make
a
difficulty
,
disagreement
,
or
awkward
situation
seem
less
serious
or
noticeable
β’
The
manager
tried
to
smooth
over
the
conflict
between
the
two
teams
.
The
manager
tried
to
smooth over
the
conflict
between
the
two
teams
.
β’
He
apologized
quickly
to
smooth
over
his
careless
remark
.
He
apologized
quickly
to
smooth over
his
careless
remark
.
overcome
verb
-
overcome
,
overcoming
,
overcomes
,
overcame
to
successfully
deal
with
and
gain
control
of
a
difficulty
,
problem
,
or
fear
.
β’
After
months
of
practice
,
Mia
finally
overcame
her
fear
of
public
speaking
.
After
months
of
practice
,
Mia
finally
overcame
her
fear
of
public
speaking
.
β’
The
team
worked
together
and
overcame
every
obstacle
in
the
project
.
The
team
worked
together
and
overcame
every
obstacle
in
the
project
.
Old
English
ofercuman
,
from
ofer
β
over
β
+
cuman
β
come
,β
meaning
β
to
come
over
,
surpass
.β
verb
-
overcome
,
overcoming
,
overcomes
,
overcame
to
affect
someone
so
strongly
that
they
cannot
think
or
act
normally
;
to
overwhelm
.
β’
She
was
overcome
by
emotion
and
began
to
cry
during
the
speech
.
She
was
overcome
by
emotion
and
began
to
cry
during
the
speech
.
β’
The
hikers
were
overcome
by
heat
and
had
to
rest
in
the
shade
.
The
hikers
were
overcome
by
heat
and
had
to
rest
in
the
shade
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
Old
English
ofercuman
β
come
over
,
overpower
.β
lover
noun
someone
who
enjoys
a
particular
thing
very
much
β’
Emma
is
a
lover
of
classical
music
and
goes
to
concerts
every
month
.
Emma
is
a
lover
of
classical
music
and
goes
to
concerts
every
month
.
β’
As
a
dog
lover
,
he
volunteers
at
the
animal
shelter
every
weekend
.
As
a
dog
lover
,
he
volunteers
at
the
animal
shelter
every
weekend
.
noun
a
person
who
is
in
a
romantic
or
sexual
relationship
with
someone
β’
Hannah
introduced
Mark
as
her
new
lover
at
the
party
.
Hannah
introduced
Mark
as
her
new
lover
at
the
party
.
β’
The
two
old
lovers
sat
on
a
park
bench
,
still
holding
hands
after
forty
years
.
The
two
old
lovers
sat
on
a
park
bench
,
still
holding
hands
after
forty
years
.
From
Middle
English
lovere
,
from
Old
English
lufere
,
formed
from
love
+β
-er
.
controversy
noun
-
controversy
,
controversies
public
disagreement
or
heated
discussion
about
something
that
people
strongly
disagree
on
or
disapprove
of
β’
The
company
β
s
new
commercial
sparked
a
controversy
over
gender
stereotypes
.
The
company
β
s
new
commercial
sparked
a
controversy
over
gender
stereotypes
.
β’
Inviting
the
polarizing
speaker
caused
a
huge
controversy
on
campus
.
Inviting
the
polarizing
speaker
caused
a
huge
controversy
on
campus
.
late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
controversia
β
turned
against
,
disputed
β,
from
controversus
(
from
contra
β
against
β
+
versus
β
turned
β).
noun
-
controversy
,
controversies
in
U
.
S
.
law
,
a
real
dispute
between
opposing
parties
that
a
court
has
authority
to
decide
β’
The
Supreme
Court
refused
to
hear
the
case
because
there
was
no
live
controversy
.
The
Supreme
Court
refused
to
hear
the
case
because
there
was
no
live
controversy
.
β’
For
federal
jurisdiction
,
the
plaintiff
must
show
an
actual
controversy
with
the
defendant
.
For
federal
jurisdiction
,
the
plaintiff
must
show
an
actual
controversy
with
the
defendant
.
Same
origin
as
the
general
sense
;
adopted
into
U
.
S
.
constitutional
language
in
the
late
18th
century
.
controversial
adjective
causing
a
lot
of
disagreement
,
discussion
,
or
argument
because
many
people
have
strong
but
differing
opinions
about
it
β’
The
government's
controversial
policy
sparked
nationwide
protests
.
The
government's
controversial
policy
sparked
nationwide
protests
.
β’
Many
parents
found
the
new
textbook
controversial
because
it
challenged
traditional
views
.
Many
parents
found
the
new
textbook
controversial
because
it
challenged
traditional
views
.
From
Latin
controversus
(
turned
against
,
disputed
)
+
βial
,
entering
English
in
the
17th
century
to
describe
topics
that
stir
public
debate
.
overlook
verb
to
be
situated
above
something
and
have
a
clear
view
of
it
β’
The
hotel
balcony
overlooks
the
ocean
,
giving
guests
a
stunning
sunset
view
.
The
hotel
balcony
overlooks
the
ocean
,
giving
guests
a
stunning
sunset
view
.
β’
A
medieval
castle
overlooks
the
valley
from
the
hilltop
.
A
medieval
castle
overlooks
the
valley
from
the
hilltop
.
noun
a
high
place
,
such
as
a
platform
or
roadside
stop
,
from
which
you
can
see
a
wide
area
below
β’
We
stopped
at
a
scenic
overlook
to
take
photos
of
the
mountains
.
We
stopped
at
a
scenic
overlook
to
take
photos
of
the
mountains
.
β’
Drivers
often
pull
into
the
overlook
to
rest
and
enjoy
the
view
.
Drivers
often
pull
into
the
overlook
to
rest
and
enjoy
the
view
.
verb
to
fail
to
notice
or
consider
something
important
β’
I
overlooked
a
typo
in
the
report
and
sent
it
to
the
client
.
I
overlooked
a
typo
in
the
report
and
sent
it
to
the
client
.
β’
Don
β
t
overlook
the
small
details
β
they
can
make
a
big
difference
.
Don
β
t
overlook
the
small
details
β
they
can
make
a
big
difference
.
verb
to
supervise
or
watch
over
a
person
,
process
,
or
activity
to
make
sure
it
is
done
correctly
β’
Ms
.
Lopez
was
hired
to
overlook
the
new
interns
during
their
training
.
Ms
.
Lopez
was
hired
to
overlook
the
new
interns
during
their
training
.
β’
He
overlooks
the
entire
production
line
to
ensure
quality
.
He
overlooks
the
entire
production
line
to
ensure
quality
.
govern
verb
-
govern
,
governing
,
governs
,
governed
to
officially
rule
or
manage
a
country
,
city
,
or
organization
and
make
decisions
for
it
β’
The
prime
minister
was
elected
to
govern
the
nation
for
the
next
five
years
.
The
prime
minister
was
elected
to
govern
the
nation
for
the
next
five
years
.
β’
After
the
revolution
,
a
council
of
elders
governed
the
remote
mountain
region
.
After
the
revolution
,
a
council
of
elders
governed
the
remote
mountain
region
.
Middle
English
gouvernen
,
from
Old
French
governer
,
from
Latin
gubernΔre
β
to
steer
,
direct
,
rule
.β
verb
-
govern
,
governing
,
governs
,
governed
to
control
,
influence
,
or
decide
how
something
happens
or
behaves
β’
Rules
of
physics
govern
the
motion
of
planets
around
the
sun
.
Rules
of
physics
govern
the
motion
of
planets
around
the
sun
.
β’
Company
policies
govern
how
employees
access
social
media
at
work
.
Company
policies
govern
how
employees
access
social
media
at
work
.
verb
-
govern
,
governing
,
governs
,
governed
(
grammar
)
for
a
word
such
as
a
verb
or
preposition
to
require
another
word
to
appear
in
a
particular
case
,
form
,
or
construction
β’
In
German
,
certain
prepositions
govern
the
dative
case
.
In
German
,
certain
prepositions
govern
the
dative
case
.
β’
The
adjective
β
interested
β
governs
the
preposition
β
in
β
when
forming
phrases
like
β
interested
in
science
.β
The
adjective
β
interested
β
governs
the
preposition
β
in
β
when
forming
phrases
like
β
interested
in
science
.β
overwhelming
adjective
extremely
large
or
powerful
,
making
something
hard
to
fight
against
or
handle
.
β’
The
small
village
received
an
overwhelming
amount
of
help
after
the
flood
.
The
small
village
received
an
overwhelming
amount
of
help
after
the
flood
.
β’
Our
basketball
team
suffered
an
overwhelming
defeat
,
losing
by
fifty
points
.
Our
basketball
team
suffered
an
overwhelming
defeat
,
losing
by
fifty
points
.
Present-participle
adjective
from
the
verb
β
overwhelm
,β
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
14th
century
,
from
over-
+
Middle
English
*whelmen*
β
to
turn
upside
down
,
submerge
.β
adjective
causing
very
strong
feelings
that
are
difficult
to
control
or
cope
with
.
β’
She
felt
an
overwhelming
sense
of
relief
when
the
doctor
said
her
child
was
healthy
.
She
felt
an
overwhelming
sense
of
relief
when
the
doctor
said
her
child
was
healthy
.
β’
The
beauty
of
the
sunset
over
the
canyon
was
overwhelming
.
The
beauty
of
the
sunset
over
the
canyon
was
overwhelming
.
Same
historical
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
derived
from
the
verb
β
overwhelm
,β
but
used
figuratively
for
emotions
from
the
late
17th
century
.
oversee
verb
-
oversee
,
overseeing
,
oversees
,
oversaw
,
overseen
to
watch
and
direct
the
work
or
activities
of
people
so
that
a
job
or
process
is
done
correctly
β’
The
project
manager
oversees
a
team
of
designers
and
programmers
.
The
project
manager
oversees
a
team
of
designers
and
programmers
.
β’
A
lifeguard
oversees
the
swimming
pool
to
keep
everyone
safe
.
A
lifeguard
oversees
the
swimming
pool
to
keep
everyone
safe
.
Old
English
ofersΔon
β
to
look
at
from
above
,
survey
,β
from
ofer
β
over
β
+
sΔon
β
see
.β
Sense
of
β
supervise
β
arose
in
Middle
English
.
verb
-
oversee
,
overseeing
,
oversees
,
oversaw
,
overseen
(
archaic
)
to
fail
to
notice
something
;
to
overlook
β’
He
was
so
focused
on
the
main
argument
that
he
oversaw
several
obvious
errors
in
the
report
.
He
was
so
focused
on
the
main
argument
that
he
oversaw
several
obvious
errors
in
the
report
.
β’
The
tailor
oversaw
a
small
tear
in
the
fabric
while
cutting
the
cloth
.
The
tailor
oversaw
a
small
tear
in
the
fabric
while
cutting
the
cloth
.
Same
Old
English
root
as
the
supervising
sense
;
the
meaning
"
to
fail
to
see
"
developed
in
Middle
English
but
is
now
rare
.
uncover
verb
to
remove
a
lid
,
cloth
,
or
other
covering
so
that
something
can
be
seen
β’
She
carefully
uncovered
the
sleeping
cat
so
it
wouldn
β
t
wake
up
.
She
carefully
uncovered
the
sleeping
cat
so
it
wouldn
β
t
wake
up
.
β’
He
uncovered
the
pot
of
soup
to
let
the
steam
escape
.
He
uncovered
the
pot
of
soup
to
let
the
steam
escape
.
From
un-
(
reverse
)
+
cover
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
verb
to
find
or
reveal
something
that
was
hidden
,
secret
,
or
unknown
β’
Reporters
uncovered
evidence
of
financial
fraud
at
the
company
.
Reporters
uncovered
evidence
of
financial
fraud
at
the
company
.
β’
The
detective
hopes
to
uncover
the
thief
β
s
motive
by
tomorrow
.
The
detective
hopes
to
uncover
the
thief
β
s
motive
by
tomorrow
.
Extended
figurative
use
of
sense
β
remove
a
cover
β,
first
attested
in
the
17th
century
.