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π
there
adverb
in
,
at
,
or
to
that
place
or
position
β’
β
Put
the
vase
there
on
the
shelf
where
everyone
can
see
it
.β
β
Put
the
vase
there
on
the
shelf
where
everyone
can
see
it
.β
β’
β
We
stayed
there
for
two
weeks
and
loved
the
beaches
.β
β
We
stayed
there
for
two
weeks
and
loved
the
beaches
.β
Old
English
thΗ£r
,
ultimately
from
Proto-Germanic
*ΓΎaΓΎr
.
pronoun
used
at
the
beginning
of
a
sentence
or
clause
to
say
that
something
exists
or
happens
β’
There
is
a
spider
on
the
wall
!
There
is
a
spider
on
the
wall
!
β’
There
were
only
ten
tickets
left
when
I
arrived
.
There
were
only
ten
tickets
left
when
I
arrived
.
Extension
of
adverb
β
there
β
to
a
grammatical
subject
role
in
Middle
English
.
interjection
used
to
express
satisfaction
,
triumph
,
or
to
draw
attention
to
something
that
has
been
done
or
given
β’
There
!
The
puzzle
is
finished
at
last
.
There
!
The
puzzle
is
finished
at
last
.
β’
Here
β
s
the
book
you
wanted
β
there
.
Here
β
s
the
book
you
wanted
β
there
.
Natural
extension
of
adverb
β
there
β
as
an
exclamation
since
the
14th
century
.
mother
verb
to
care
for
and
protect
someone
as
a
mother
does
β’
The
elder
elephant
gently
mothered
the
orphaned
calf
until
it
could
survive
on
its
own
.
The
elder
elephant
gently
mothered
the
orphaned
calf
until
it
could
survive
on
its
own
.
β’
She
often
mothers
her
younger
teammates
,
reminding
them
to
drink
water
and
stretch
.
She
often
mothers
her
younger
teammates
,
reminding
them
to
drink
water
and
stretch
.
father
verb
to
be
the
male
parent
of
a
child
or
to
create
something
new
β’
He
fathered
three
children
before
he
turned
thirty
.
He
fathered
three
children
before
he
turned
thirty
.
β’
Scientists
discovered
that
one
male
turtle
had
fathered
over
a
hundred
hatchlings
on
the
island
.
Scientists
discovered
that
one
male
turtle
had
fathered
over
a
hundred
hatchlings
on
the
island
.
therefore
adverb
for
that
reason
;
as
a
result
β’
It
was
raining
heavily
;
therefore
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
.
It
was
raining
heavily
;
therefore
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
.
β’
Liam
forgot
his
wallet
and
therefore
couldn
β
t
buy
a
train
ticket
.
Liam
forgot
his
wallet
and
therefore
couldn
β
t
buy
a
train
ticket
.
Middle
English
:
from
Old
English
thΗ£rfore
,
formed
from
thΗ£r
β
there
β
+
fore
β
for
β
meaning
β
for
that
(
reason
)β.
conjunction
so
or
consequently
,
introducing
a
conclusion
that
follows
from
what
was
said
β’
The
data
were
incomplete
;
therefore
the
researchers
postponed
publishing
their
findings
.
The
data
were
incomplete
;
therefore
the
researchers
postponed
publishing
their
findings
.
β’
She
had
no
valid
ID
,
and
therefore
she
was
denied
entry
to
the
club
.
She
had
no
valid
ID
,
and
therefore
she
was
denied
entry
to
the
club
.
Same
origin
as
the
adverb
sense
:
Middle
English
thΗ£rfore
β
for
that
reason
β.
gather
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
bring
things
or
people
together
into
one
place
or
group
β’
At
the
end
of
the
picnic
,
we
gather
the
empty
plates
and
cups
into
a
trash
bag
.
At
the
end
of
the
picnic
,
we
gather
the
empty
plates
and
cups
into
a
trash
bag
.
β’
The
librarian
asked
visitors
to
gather
their
belongings
before
the
library
closed
.
The
librarian
asked
visitors
to
gather
their
belongings
before
the
library
closed
.
Old
English
gaderian
,
from
a
Germanic
root
meaning
β
come
together
.β
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
come
together
in
a
group
β’
A
small
crowd
began
to
gather
outside
the
museum
before
it
opened
.
A
small
crowd
began
to
gather
outside
the
museum
before
it
opened
.
β’
On
New
Year's
Eve
,
families
gather
around
the
television
to
watch
the
countdown
.
On
New
Year's
Eve
,
families
gather
around
the
television
to
watch
the
countdown
.
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
understand
or
believe
something
after
considering
information
β’
From
her
smile
,
I
gather
that
she
liked
the
surprise
.
From
her
smile
,
I
gather
that
she
liked
the
surprise
.
β’
I
gather
you
have
finished
the
report
,
judging
by
your
relaxed
face
.
I
gather
you
have
finished
the
report
,
judging
by
your
relaxed
face
.
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
pull
fabric
together
in
small
folds
β’
She
gather
the
fabric
at
the
waist
to
make
the
skirt
look
fuller
.
She
gather
the
fabric
at
the
waist
to
make
the
skirt
look
fuller
.
β’
The
seamstress
will
gather
the
sleeves
before
sewing
them
on
.
The
seamstress
will
gather
the
sleeves
before
sewing
them
on
.
noun
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
a
small
fold
or
pleat
made
by
gathering
fabric
β’
The
blouse
has
a
neat
gather
at
each
shoulder
.
The
blouse
has
a
neat
gather
at
each
shoulder
.
β’
Tiny
gathers
give
the
dress
a
graceful
flow
.
Tiny
gathers
give
the
dress
a
graceful
flow
.
weather
verb
to
gradually
change
in
color
,
shape
,
or
surface
because
of
exposure
to
sun
,
wind
,
rain
,
or
other
outdoor
conditions
β’
The
wooden
fence
has
weathered
to
a
soft
gray
over
the
years
.
The
wooden
fence
has
weathered
to
a
soft
gray
over
the
years
.
β’
Stone
statues
weather
slowly
when
they
stand
in
salty
sea
air
.
Stone
statues
weather
slowly
when
they
stand
in
salty
sea
air
.
Extension
of
the
noun
sense
:
surfaces
change
because
of
the
action
of
weather
.
verb
to
survive
or
successfully
deal
with
a
difficult
or
dangerous
situation
β’
The
small
company
weathered
the
economic
crisis
by
cutting
costs
and
innovating
.
The
small
company
weathered
the
economic
crisis
by
cutting
costs
and
innovating
.
β’
The
sailors
weathered
the
fierce
storm
and
reached
the
port
safely
.
The
sailors
weathered
the
fierce
storm
and
reached
the
port
safely
.
Figurative
use
from
earlier
nautical
sense
of
β
come
safely
through
bad
weather
β.
bother
verb
-
bother
,
bothering
,
bothers
,
bothered
to
annoy
,
disturb
,
or
upset
someone
β’
Please
don
β
t
bother
the
cat
while
it
β
s
sleeping
.
Please
don
β
t
bother
the
cat
while
it
β
s
sleeping
.
β’
The
buzzing
mosquitoes
bothered
the
campers
all
night
.
The
buzzing
mosquitoes
bothered
the
campers
all
night
.
Early
18th
century
,
origin
uncertain
;
perhaps
related
to
Irish
β
bodhar
β
meaning
β
deaf
,
dull
β.
verb
-
bother
,
bothering
,
bothers
,
bothered
to
make
the
effort
to
do
something
,
especially
when
it
seems
unnecessary
β’
She
didn't
bother
to
turn
off
the
lights
before
leaving
.
She
didn't
bother
to
turn
off
the
lights
before
leaving
.
β’
Why
bother
fixing
it
if
it's
cheaper
to
buy
a
new
one
?
Why
bother
fixing
it
if
it's
cheaper
to
buy
a
new
one
?
grandfather
verb
to
allow
someone
or
something
to
continue
under
an
old
rule
while
new
rules
apply
to
others
β’
Existing
taxi
drivers
were
grandfathered
and
did
not
need
the
new
license
.
Existing
taxi
drivers
were
grandfathered
and
did
not
need
the
new
license
.
β’
The
old
neon
sign
was
grandfathered
under
previous
regulations
,
so
the
restaurant
could
keep
it
.
The
old
neon
sign
was
grandfathered
under
previous
regulations
,
so
the
restaurant
could
keep
it
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
via
the
legal
term
β
grandfather
clause
β
in
late
19th-century
American
legislation
.
leather
verb
to
hit
someone
or
something
very
hard
many
times
,
especially
with
a
strap
,
belt
,
or
the
hand
β’
In
the
story
,
the
cruel
master
leathered
the
servant
for
dropping
the
tray
.
In
the
story
,
the
cruel
master
leathered
the
servant
for
dropping
the
tray
.
β’
The
coach
warned
us
he
would
leather
the
ball
into
the
net
if
we
didn
β
t
close
him
down
.
The
coach
warned
us
he
would
leather
the
ball
into
the
net
if
we
didn
β
t
close
him
down
.
Derived
from
the
noun
β
leather
,β
originally
referring
to
beating
with
a
leather
strap
.
thereby
adverb
as
a
result
of
that
action
or
situation
;
by
that
means
β’
She
updated
the
security
settings
,
thereby
protecting
the
data
from
hackers
.
She
updated
the
security
settings
,
thereby
protecting
the
data
from
hackers
.
β’
The
factory
installed
solar
panels
,
thereby
cutting
its
electricity
costs
.
The
factory
installed
solar
panels
,
thereby
cutting
its
electricity
costs
.
Middle
English
,
formed
from
the
pronoun
there
+
by
,
meaning
β
by
that
.β
gathering
verb
present
participle
of
gather
,
expressing
the
action
of
collecting
things
or
coming
together
β’
The
children
were
gathering
seashells
along
the
shore
.
The
children
were
gathering
seashells
along
the
shore
.
β’
As
dusk
fell
,
dark
clouds
were
gathering
over
the
mountains
.
As
dusk
fell
,
dark
clouds
were
gathering
over
the
mountains
.