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am
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
the
form
of
the
verb
“
be
”
that
is
used
with
“
I
”
in
the
present
tense
•
I
am
excited
about
the
school
trip
tomorrow
.
I
am
excited
about
the
school
trip
tomorrow
.
•
I
am
not
hungry
because
I
just
ate
lunch
.
I
am
not
hungry
because
I
just
ate
lunch
.
From
Old
English
“
eom
”,
first-person
singular
of
“
beon/bēo
”,
related
to
German
“
bin
”
and
Latin
“
sum
”.
among
preposition
surrounded
by
or
in
the
middle
of
many
things
or
people
.
•
The
tiny
cabin
stood
among
towering
pine
trees
.
The
tiny
cabin
stood
among
towering
pine
trees
.
•
A
colorful
parrot
was
hidden
among
the
leaves
.
A
colorful
parrot
was
hidden
among
the
leaves
.
preposition
in
the
group
of
;
as
one
of
.
•
Lena
was
the
best
swimmer
among
her
classmates
.
Lena
was
the
best
swimmer
among
her
classmates
.
•
There
is
widespread
fear
among
residents
about
the
storm
.
There
is
widespread
fear
among
residents
about
the
storm
.
preposition
shared
,
distributed
,
or
divided
between
several
people
or
things
.
•
They
split
the
pizza
among
the
five
children
.
They
split
the
pizza
among
the
five
children
.
•
The
inheritance
was
divided
among
the
three
siblings
.
The
inheritance
was
divided
among
the
three
siblings
.
Old
English
“
on
gemang
”
meaning
“
in
the
company
(
of
)”,
where
“
gemang
”
meant
‘
crowd
,
troop
’.
Over
centuries
the
phrase
fused
into
the
single
preposition
“
among
”.
amount
noun
A
quantity
of
something
,
especially
of
something
that
is
usually
measured
rather
than
counted
.
•
We
still
need
a
small
amount
of
flour
to
finish
the
recipe
.
We
still
need
a
small
amount
of
flour
to
finish
the
recipe
.
•
The
storm
dumped
an
enormous
amount
of
snow
on
the
mountain
overnight
.
The
storm
dumped
an
enormous
amount
of
snow
on
the
mountain
overnight
.
noun
A
particular
sum
of
money
.
•
James
paid
a
large
amount
for
his
new
laptop
.
James
paid
a
large
amount
for
his
new
laptop
.
•
Please
write
the
exact
amount
on
the
check
.
Please
write
the
exact
amount
on
the
check
.
amount to
verb
to
add
up
to
or
be
equal
to
a
particular
total
or
result
.
•
All
the
small
fees
amount
to
nearly
fifty
dollars
a
month
.
All
the
small
fees
amount to
nearly
fifty
dollars
a
month
.
•
Her
achievements
amount
to
a
remarkable
career
.
Her
achievements
amount to
a
remarkable
career
.
amazing
adjective
very
surprising
and
impressive
in
a
way
that
fills
you
with
wonder
or
admiration
•
The
view
from
the
mountain
top
was
amazing
.
The
view
from
the
mountain
top
was
amazing
.
•
Liam
baked
an
amazing
chocolate
cake
for
his
sister's
birthday
.
Liam
baked
an
amazing
chocolate
cake
for
his
sister's
birthday
.
From
amaze
+
-ing
,
first
used
in
the
late
16th
century
to
describe
something
that
causes
great
wonder
.
verb
-
amaze
,
amazing
,
amazes
,
amazed
present
participle
of
amaze
:
causing
someone
to
feel
great
surprise
or
wonder
•
The
street
magician
’
s
tricks
were
amazing
the
crowd
gathered
around
him
.
The
street
magician
’
s
tricks
were
amazing
the
crowd
gathered
around
him
.
•
New
inventions
are
constantly
amazing
scientists
around
the
world
.
New
inventions
are
constantly
amazing
scientists
around
the
world
.
Amaze
comes
from
Middle
English
amasen
,
from
Old
English
āmasian
“
to
bewilder
”.
The
–ing
form
developed
naturally
as
the
present
participle
.
amendment
noun
a
formal
change
added
to
an
official
law
,
constitution
,
contract
,
or
other
written
document
•
The
senator
proposed
an
amendment
to
the
bill
that
would
protect
small
businesses
.
The
senator
proposed
an
amendment
to
the
bill
that
would
protect
small
businesses
.
•
The
First
Amendment
guarantees
freedom
of
speech
in
the
United
States
.
The
First
Amendment
guarantees
freedom
of
speech
in
the
United
States
.
from
Middle
English
amendement
,
borrowed
from
Old
French
,
ultimately
from
Latin
emendare
meaning
“
to
correct
”
noun
the
act
or
process
of
changing
something
to
make
it
better
•
Our
team
suggested
one
small
amendment
to
the
project
plan
to
save
time
.
Our
team
suggested
one
small
amendment
to
the
project
plan
to
save
time
.
•
Sometimes
a
minor
amendment
in
wording
can
change
the
meaning
of
a
sentence
.
Sometimes
a
minor
amendment
in
wording
can
change
the
meaning
of
a
sentence
.
noun
a
substance
such
as
compost
,
manure
,
or
lime
that
is
mixed
into
soil
to
improve
its
quality
•
Gardeners
often
add
compost
as
an
amendment
to
improve
soil
drainage
.
Gardeners
often
add
compost
as
an
amendment
to
improve
soil
drainage
.
•
The
soil
test
showed
low
acidity
,
so
lime
amendments
were
recommended
.
The
soil
test
showed
low
acidity
,
so
lime
amendments
were
recommended
.
ambassador
noun
a
high-ranking
official
sent
by
one
government
to
live
in
another
country
and
speak
on
its
behalf
•
The
new
ambassador
presented
her
credentials
to
the
king
during
a
grand
ceremony
.
The
new
ambassador
presented
her
credentials
to
the
king
during
a
grand
ceremony
.
•
During
the
crisis
,
the
ambassador
worked
day
and
night
to
protect
citizens
living
abroad
.
During
the
crisis
,
the
ambassador
worked
day
and
night
to
protect
citizens
living
abroad
.
From
Middle
French
ambassadeur
,
from
Italian
ambasciatore
,
ultimately
from
Medieval
Latin
ambactia
meaning
‘
service
’
or
‘
mission
’.
noun
a
person
who
publicly
represents
,
supports
,
or
promotes
a
particular
organization
,
cause
,
city
,
or
brand
•
The
famous
singer
became
a
UNICEF
goodwill
ambassador
to
raise
awareness
about
clean
water
.
The
famous
singer
became
a
UNICEF
goodwill
ambassador
to
raise
awareness
about
clean
water
.
•
As
a
brand
ambassador
,
he
posts
daily
videos
highlighting
the
company
’
s
eco-friendly
products
.
As
a
brand
ambassador
,
he
posts
daily
videos
highlighting
the
company
’
s
eco-friendly
products
.
The
modern
promotional
sense
developed
metaphorically
from
the
diplomatic
sense
,
extending
the
idea
of
formal
representation
to
brands
and
causes
.
amid
preposition
surrounded
by
or
in
the
middle
of
something
•
She
stood
amid
the
tall
sunflower
field
,
smiling
at
the
golden
blooms
.
She
stood
amid
the
tall
sunflower
field
,
smiling
at
the
golden
blooms
.
•
The
lost
puppy
whimpered
amid
the
pile
of
cardboard
boxes
in
the
alley
.
The
lost
puppy
whimpered
amid
the
pile
of
cardboard
boxes
in
the
alley
.
From
Middle
English
amidde
,
from
Old
English
on
middan
(“
in
the
middle
”).
preposition
during
or
at
the
same
time
as
another
event
or
situation
•
The
teacher
kept
her
voice
steady
amid
the
noisy
chatter
of
the
classroom
.
The
teacher
kept
her
voice
steady
amid
the
noisy
chatter
of
the
classroom
.
•
The
company
grew
rapidly
amid
a
global
economic
downturn
.
The
company
grew
rapidly
amid
a
global
economic
downturn
.
Extended
figurative
sense
of
being
‘
in
the
middle
of
’
an
action
or
event
.
ambition
noun
a
strong
desire
to
be
successful
,
powerful
,
or
to
achieve
something
•
Even
as
a
child
,
Maya's
ambition
drove
her
to
practice
the
piano
for
hours
every
day
.
Even
as
a
child
,
Maya's
ambition
drove
her
to
practice
the
piano
for
hours
every
day
.
•
Lacking
ambition
,
he
felt
satisfied
staying
in
the
same
position
for
years
.
Lacking
ambition
,
he
felt
satisfied
staying
in
the
same
position
for
years
.
Middle
English
ambicioun
,
from
Old
French
ambition
,
from
Latin
ambitiō
(
a
going
around
,
canvassing
for
votes
),
later
“
eager
striving
for
favor
,
power
,
honor
.”
noun
a
particular
goal
or
aim
that
someone
strongly
wants
to
achieve
•
Her
biggest
ambition
is
to
climb
Mount
Everest
before
she
turns
thirty
.
Her
biggest
ambition
is
to
climb
Mount
Everest
before
she
turns
thirty
.
•
Winning
an
Olympic
medal
became
his
lifelong
ambition
.
Winning
an
Olympic
medal
became
his
lifelong
ambition
.
Middle
English
ambicioun
,
from
Latin
ambitiō
.
Sense
of
“
a
thing
desired
”
developed
in
the
17th
century
.
ambitious
adjective
wanting
very
much
to
succeed
,
gain
power
,
or
achieve
something
and
working
hard
for
it
•
Since
she
was
a
child
,
Maria
has
been
ambitious
and
dreamed
of
becoming
an
astronaut
.
Since
she
was
a
child
,
Maria
has
been
ambitious
and
dreamed
of
becoming
an
astronaut
.
•
The
ambitious
young
salesman
arrives
at
work
before
dawn
to
meet
new
clients
.
The
ambitious
young
salesman
arrives
at
work
before
dawn
to
meet
new
clients
.
From
Latin
ambitiosus
meaning
‘
going
around
to
canvass
for
votes
’,
later
‘
eager
for
honor
’,
from
ambire
‘
to
go
around
’.
adjective
describing
a
plan
,
idea
,
or
piece
of
work
that
is
large
,
difficult
,
or
needs
a
lot
of
effort
and
skill
•
Building
a
highway
through
the
mountains
was
an
ambitious
project
for
the
small
town
.
Building
a
highway
through
the
mountains
was
an
ambitious
project
for
the
small
town
.
•
The
company
launched
an
ambitious
plan
to
go
carbon-neutral
by
2030
.
The
company
launched
an
ambitious
plan
to
go
carbon-neutral
by
2030
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
:
Latin
ambitiosus
,
relating
to
striving
for
honor
or
votes
,
later
extended
to
describe
grand
undertakings
.
be
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
to
link
the
subject
of
a
sentence
with
a
description
,
identity
,
or
state
•
The
sky
is
bright
blue
after
the
storm
.
The
sky
is
bright
blue
after
the
storm
.
•
My
brother
is
a
talented
painter
.
My
brother
is
a
talented
painter
.
Old
English
“
beon
”
and
“
wesan
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
roots
meaning
“
to
exist
”
and
“
to
dwell
”.
These
merged
over
time
into
the
single
modern
verb
“
be
”.
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
used
with
another
verb
’
s
present
participle
to
form
the
continuous
(
progressive
)
tenses
•
She
is
studying
for
her
exams
right
now
.
She
is
studying
for
her
exams
right
now
.
•
We
are
waiting
for
the
bus
.
We
are
waiting
for
the
bus
.
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
to
exist
,
live
,
or
remain
alive
•
Dinosaurs
were
on
Earth
millions
of
years
ago
.
Dinosaurs
were
on
Earth
millions
of
years
ago
.
•
I
just
want
to
be
happy
.
I
just
want
to
be
happy
.
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
to
happen
or
take
place
,
often
indicating
time
or
location
of
an
event
•
The
concert
will
be
in
the
park
on
Saturday
.
The
concert
will
be
in
the
park
on
Saturday
.
•
When
will
the
birthday
party
be
?
When
will
the
birthday
party
be
?
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
used
with
a
past
participle
to
form
the
passive
voice
•
The
homework
was
finished
before
dinner
.
The
homework
was
finished
before
dinner
.
•
The
new
bridge
is
being
built
near
the
village
.
The
new
bridge
is
being
built
near
the
village
.
come
verb
-
come
,
coming
,
comes
,
came
to
move
or
travel
to
the
place
where
the
speaker
or
listener
is
•
"
Please
come
inside
and
have
a
seat
,"
the
host
said
.
"
Please
come
inside
and
have
a
seat
,"
the
host
said
.
•
My
cousins
come
to
our
house
every
summer
for
a
big
barbecue
.
My
cousins
come
to
our
house
every
summer
for
a
big
barbecue
.
Old
English
‘
cuman
’
meaning
‘
to
move
with
the
purpose
of
reaching
,
to
arrive
’.
verb
-
come
,
coming
,
comes
,
came
to
happen
or
occur
,
often
suddenly
or
unexpectedly
•
Bad
weather
can
come
without
warning
in
the
mountains
.
Bad
weather
can
come
without
warning
in
the
mountains
.
•
A
great
idea
suddenly
came
to
him
during
lunch
.
A
great
idea
suddenly
came
to
him
during
lunch
.
verb
-
come
,
coming
,
comes
,
came
to
have
a
particular
place
as
your
origin
•
My
parents
come
from
Brazil
.
My
parents
come
from
Brazil
.
•
This
cheese
comes
from
a
small
village
in
France
.
This
cheese
comes
from
a
small
village
in
France
.
verb
-
come
,
coming
,
comes
,
came
to
be
available
,
produced
,
or
sold
in
a
particular
form
,
size
,
or
color
•
The
shoes
come
in
three
different
colors
.
The
shoes
come
in
three
different
colors
.
•
Does
this
laptop
come
with
a
protective
case
?
Does
this
laptop
come
with
a
protective
case
?
verb
-
come
,
coming
,
comes
,
came
to
reach
or
achieve
a
particular
state
,
condition
,
or
result
•
After
years
of
training
,
she
has
come
to
respect
her
limits
.
After
years
of
training
,
she
has
come
to
respect
her
limits
.
•
The
meeting
came
to
an
end
at
noon
.
The
meeting
came
to
an
end
at
noon
.
name
noun
a
word
or
group
of
words
that
tells
what
a
person
,
place
,
animal
,
thing
,
or
idea
is
called
•
The
baby's
name
is
Emma
.
The
baby's
name
is
Emma
.
•
Please
write
your
full
name
at
the
top
of
the
form
.
Please
write
your
full
name
at
the
top
of
the
form
.
Old
English
nama
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*namô
,
related
to
Latin
nomen
and
Greek
onoma
,
all
meaning
“
name
”.
verb
-
name
,
naming
,
names
,
named
to
give
a
person
,
place
,
or
thing
a
specific
word
or
words
to
call
it
by
•
They
named
their
dog
Max
.
They
named
their
dog
Max
.
•
The
explorer
named
the
island
after
his
ship
.
The
explorer
named
the
island
after
his
ship
.
noun
a
famous
or
important
person
•
Beyoncé
is
a
big
name
in
music
.
Beyoncé
is
a
big
name
in
music
.
•
He
dreams
of
becoming
a
household
name
one
day
.
He
dreams
of
becoming
a
household
name
one
day
.
verb
-
name
,
naming
,
names
,
named
to
say
or
list
someone
or
something
by
its
title
or
description
•
Can
you
name
three
countries
in
South
America
?
Can
you
name
three
countries
in
South
America
?
•
The
witness
was
asked
to
name
the
person
she
saw
.
The
witness
was
asked
to
name
the
person
she
saw
.
noun
the
reputation
or
good
opinion
that
people
have
of
someone
or
something
•
The
company
has
built
a
good
name
by
treating
its
customers
well
.
The
company
has
built
a
good
name
by
treating
its
customers
well
.
•
He
didn
’
t
want
to
ruin
his
family
’
s
name
.
He
didn
’
t
want
to
ruin
his
family
’
s
name
.
become
verb
-
become
,
becoming
,
becomes
,
became
to
start
to
be
,
or
come
into
a
new
state
or
condition
•
After
years
of
practice
,
Maya
became
an
excellent
pianist
.
After
years
of
practice
,
Maya
became
an
excellent
pianist
.
•
Leaves
become
bright
red
and
orange
in
the
fall
.
Leaves
become
bright
red
and
orange
in
the
fall
.
Old
English
‘
becuman
’
meaning
“
to
come
to
,
arrive
,
happen
,”
from
‘
be-
’ (
about
,
around
)
+
‘
cuman
’ (
to
come
).
The
sense
of
“
come
to
be
”
emerged
in
Middle
English
.
verb
-
become
,
becoming
,
becomes
,
became
to
suit
or
look
attractive
on
someone
or
something
•
That
shade
of
blue
really
becomes
you
.
That
shade
of
blue
really
becomes
you
.
•
The
hat
became
him
,
giving
him
a
charming
vintage
look
.
The
hat
became
him
,
giving
him
a
charming
vintage
look
.
The
sense
of
“
to
be
fitting
or
suitable
”
developed
in
Middle
English
,
influenced
by
earlier
meanings
of
“
become
”
related
to
transition
and
arrival
.
game
noun
an
activity
such
as
football
,
chess
,
or
tag
that
people
play
for
fun
or
competition
and
that
has
rules
•
After
school
,
the
children
started
a
game
of
tag
in
the
playground
.
After
school
,
the
children
started
a
game
of
tag
in
the
playground
.
•
Chess
is
a
game
that
requires
patience
and
strategy
.
Chess
is
a
game
that
requires
patience
and
strategy
.
Old
English
“
gamen
”
meaning
joy
or
amusement
,
later
narrowing
to
an
organized
pastime
with
rules
noun
one
single
contest
or
match
in
a
sport
or
competitive
activity
•
The
tennis
game
lasted
nearly
three
hours
.
The
tennis
game
lasted
nearly
three
hours
.
•
Our
team
won
the
first
game
but
lost
the
second
.
Our
team
won
the
first
game
but
lost
the
second
.
verb
-
game
,
gaming
,
games
,
gamed
to
play
electronic
,
computer
,
or
video
games
•
They
game
together
online
every
weekend
.
They
game
together
online
every
weekend
.
•
She
usually
games
on
her
console
after
homework
.
She
usually
games
on
her
console
after
homework
.
noun
-
game
wild
animals
or
birds
that
people
hunt
for
food
or
sport
•
The
chef
served
roasted
game
with
herbs
.
The
chef
served
roasted
game
with
herbs
.
•
Deer
and
pheasant
are
common
types
of
game
in
this
region
.
Deer
and
pheasant
are
common
types
of
game
in
this
region
.
noun
the
quality
of
a
person
’
s
play
or
performance
in
a
sport
or
activity
•
If
you
want
to
beat
her
at
chess
,
you
need
to
raise
your
game
.
If
you
want
to
beat
her
at
chess
,
you
need
to
raise
your
game
.
•
He
brought
his
A
game
to
the
final
and
scored
two
goals
.
He
brought
his
A
game
to
the
final
and
scored
two
goals
.
adjective
ready
and
willing
to
do
something
new
,
difficult
,
or
risky
•
Are
you
game
for
a
hike
in
the
rain
?
Are
you
game
for
a
hike
in
the
rain
?
•
She
said
she
was
game
to
try
the
spicy
dish
.
She
said
she
was
game
to
try
the
spicy
dish
.
noun
a
trick
,
scheme
,
or
plan
someone
uses
to
get
what
they
want
,
especially
by
deceiving
others
•
I
don't
trust
him
;
he
always
has
some
game
going
on
.
I
don't
trust
him
;
he
always
has
some
game
going
on
.
•
Stop
playing
games
with
my
feelings
and
tell
me
the
truth
.
Stop
playing
games
with
my
feelings
and
tell
me
the
truth
.
verb
-
game
,
gaming
,
games
,
gamed
to
use
clever
or
dishonest
methods
to
get
an
advantage
from
rules
or
a
system
•
Some
companies
try
to
game
the
tax
laws
to
pay
less
.
Some
companies
try
to
game
the
tax
laws
to
pay
less
.
•
He
gamed
the
exam
schedule
so
he
could
get
extra
time
.
He
gamed
the
exam
schedule
so
he
could
get
extra
time
.
same
adjective
not
different
;
exactly
like
someone
or
something
that
has
just
been
mentioned
•
These
two
photos
look
the
same
to
me
.
These
two
photos
look
the
same
to
me
.
•
She
always
orders
the
same
coffee
every
morning
.
She
always
orders
the
same
coffee
every
morning
.
pronoun
the
person
,
thing
,
or
situation
already
mentioned
or
experienced
•
"
What
will
you
eat
?"
–
"
I'll
have
the
same
,
please
."
"
What
will
you
eat
?"
–
"
I'll
have
the
same
,
please
."
•
My
brother
chose
a
blue
shirt
,
and
I
picked
the
same
.
My
brother
chose
a
blue
shirt
,
and
I
picked
the
same
.
interjection
informal
reply
meaning
‘
I
feel
or
experience
that
too
’
•
“
I
’
m
exhausted
after
that
hike
.”
–
“
Same
!”
“
I
’
m
exhausted
after
that
hike
.”
–
“
Same
!”
•
“
I
can
’
t
wait
for
the
weekend
.”
–
“
Same
!”
“
I
can
’
t
wait
for
the
weekend
.”
–
“
Same
!”
family
noun
-
family
,
families
parents
,
children
,
and
sometimes
other
close
relatives
who
live
together
and
take
care
of
each
other
as
one
household
•
The
whole
family
eats
breakfast
together
every
Sunday
.
The
whole
family
eats
breakfast
together
every
Sunday
.
•
At
night
,
the
family
watches
a
movie
while
sitting
on
the
couch
.
At
night
,
the
family
watches
a
movie
while
sitting
on
the
couch
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
familia
‘
household
servants
,
household
’,
later
‘
family
’,
from
famulus
‘
servant
’.
noun
-
family
,
families
all
your
relatives
considered
together
,
including
those
who
do
not
live
in
the
same
house
•
My
family
lives
in
many
different
countries
now
.
My
family
lives
in
many
different
countries
now
.
•
We
invite
the
whole
family
to
Grandma
’
s
80th
birthday
party
.
We
invite
the
whole
family
to
Grandma
’
s
80th
birthday
party
.
noun
-
family
,
families
a
group
of
related
things
,
such
as
languages
,
products
,
or
ideas
,
that
share
important
qualities
or
an
origin
•
English
belongs
to
the
Germanic
language
family
.
English
belongs
to
the
Germanic
language
family
.
•
The
new
phones
are
part
of
the
Galaxy
family
.
The
new
phones
are
part
of
the
Galaxy
family
.
adjective
suitable
for
or
intended
for
all
ages
,
especially
children
,
or
made
for
ordinary
households
•
It
’
s
a
family
restaurant
,
so
there
is
a
kids
’
menu
and
play
area
.
It
’
s
a
family
restaurant
,
so
there
is
a
kids
’
menu
and
play
area
.
•
They
bought
a
large
family
car
with
extra
seats
.
They
bought
a
large
family
car
with
extra
seats
.
noun
-
family
,
families
in
biology
,
a
rank
in
the
classification
of
living
things
that
groups
together
related
genera
,
sitting
between
order
and
genus
•
Lions
and
domestic
cats
belong
to
the
family
Felidae
.
Lions
and
domestic
cats
belong
to
the
family
Felidae
.
•
The
rose
family
includes
apples
,
cherries
,
and
strawberries
.
The
rose
family
includes
apples
,
cherries
,
and
strawberries
.
program
noun
a
television
or
radio
show
•
We
never
miss
our
favorite
cooking
program
on
Saturday
mornings
.
We
never
miss
our
favorite
cooking
program
on
Saturday
mornings
.
•
The
live
sports
program
attracted
millions
of
viewers
.
The
live
sports
program
attracted
millions
of
viewers
.
noun
a
set
of
instructions
that
a
computer
follows
to
do
a
specific
task
•
I
installed
a
new
photo-editing
program
on
my
laptop
.
I
installed
a
new
photo-editing
program
on
my
laptop
.
•
This
antivirus
program
updates
automatically
every
day
.
This
antivirus
program
updates
automatically
every
day
.
verb
-
program
,
programming
,
programs
,
programmed
to
write
the
instructions
that
make
a
computer
or
other
device
work
•
She
learned
to
program
in
Python
during
her
school
holidays
.
She
learned
to
program
in
Python
during
her
school
holidays
.
•
Our
team
will
program
the
app
to
run
faster
.
Our
team
will
program
the
app
to
run
faster
.
verb
-
program
,
programming
,
programs
,
programmed
to
set
a
machine
,
device
,
or
schedule
so
it
works
at
a
chosen
time
or
in
a
chosen
way
•
I
programmed
the
coffee
maker
to
start
at
6
a
.
m
.
I
programmed
the
coffee
maker
to
start
at
6
a
.
m
.
•
You
can
program
the
thermostat
to
save
energy
while
you
’
re
away
.
You
can
program
the
thermostat
to
save
energy
while
you
’
re
away
.
programme
noun
a
television
or
radio
show
•
My
grandmother
listens
to
a
gardening
programme
every
Sunday
morning
.
My
grandmother
listens
to
a
gardening
programme
every
Sunday
morning
.
•
That
documentary
programme
was
fascinating
.
That
documentary
programme
was
fascinating
.
team
noun
A
group
of
people
who
work
,
play
,
or
do
something
together
toward
a
shared
goal
.
•
Our
basketball
team
won
the
championship
last
night
.
Our
basketball
team
won
the
championship
last
night
.
•
The
science
team
stayed
late
in
the
lab
to
finish
the
experiment
.
The
science
team
stayed
late
in
the
lab
to
finish
the
experiment
.
Old
English
“
tēam
”
meaning
‘
family
,
offspring
,
line
of
descendants
’,
later
developing
to
denote
a
set
of
animals
harnessed
together
and
eventually
a
group
of
people
working
together
.
noun
Two
or
more
animals
,
especially
horses
or
oxen
,
harnessed
together
to
pull
a
vehicle
or
farm
equipment
.
•
The
farmer
hitched
a
team
of
oxen
to
the
plow
at
dawn
.
The
farmer
hitched
a
team
of
oxen
to
the
plow
at
dawn
.
•
A
team
of
horses
pulled
the
old
carriage
down
the
country
road
.
A
team
of
horses
pulled
the
old
carriage
down
the
country
road
.
Extension
of
the
earlier
sense
of
‘
set
,
line
’,
applied
to
draft
animals
working
together
from
Middle
English
times
.
verb
-
team
,
teaming
,
teams
,
teamed
To
join
or
bring
people
or
things
together
so
that
they
work
as
a
group
.
•
Let's
team
with
the
marketing
department
for
the
campaign
.
Let's
team
with
the
marketing
department
for
the
campaign
.
•
The
studio
teamed
the
veteran
director
with
a
young
writer
.
The
studio
teamed
the
veteran
director
with
a
young
writer
.
Evolved
in
the
16th
century
from
the
noun
sense
,
carrying
the
idea
of
causing
people
or
animals
to
form
a
set
.
American
adjective
Connected
with
the
United
States
of
America
,
its
people
,
or
its
culture
.
•
They
served
traditional
American
barbecue
ribs
at
the
festival
.
They
served
traditional
American
barbecue
ribs
at
the
festival
.
•
Her
favorite
subject
is
American
history
.
Her
favorite
subject
is
American
history
.
From
Medieval
Latin
Americanus
,
based
on
the
explorer
Amerigo
Vespucci
’
s
Latinized
name
Americus
.
noun
A
person
who
is
a
citizen
or
native
of
the
United
States
of
America
.
•
An
American
greeted
us
warmly
when
we
arrived
in
New
York
.
An
American
greeted
us
warmly
when
we
arrived
in
New
York
.
•
The
museum
was
full
of
tourists
,
but
one
friendly
American
offered
to
take
our
photo
.
The
museum
was
full
of
tourists
,
but
one
friendly
American
offered
to
take
our
photo
.
From
‘
American
’ (
adjective
)
meaning
‘
of
the
United
States
’,
later
used
as
a
noun
for
its
people
.
adjective
Connected
with
North
,
Central
,
or
South
America
as
a
whole
rather
than
with
a
single
country
.
•
The
jaguar
is
an
American
big
cat
found
from
Mexico
to
Argentina
.
The
jaguar
is
an
American
big
cat
found
from
Mexico
to
Argentina
.
•
Scientists
study
American
tectonic
plates
to
understand
earthquakes
.
Scientists
study
American
tectonic
plates
to
understand
earthquakes
.
Derived
from
the
name
America
,
applied
broadly
to
the
landmasses
of
the
Western
Hemisphere
.
camera
noun
A
device
with
a
lens
that
captures
photographs
or
moving
images
.
•
Rina
lifted
her
new
camera
to
take
a
photo
of
the
sunset
over
the
lake
.
Rina
lifted
her
new
camera
to
take
a
photo
of
the
sunset
over
the
lake
.
•
During
the
school
play
,
a
student
operated
the
video
camera
at
the
back
of
the
auditorium
.
During
the
school
play
,
a
student
operated
the
video
camera
at
the
back
of
the
auditorium
.
Mid-19th
century
from
Latin
camera
obscura
,
literally
‘
dark
chamber
’,
the
early
photographic
device
.
noun
(
anatomy
,
technical
)
A
chamber
or
cavity
within
a
living
organism
,
especially
one
of
the
chambers
of
the
eye
.
•
The
ophthalmologist
explained
that
pressure
inside
the
eye
’
s
anterior
camera
was
slightly
high
.
The
ophthalmologist
explained
that
pressure
inside
the
eye
’
s
anterior
camera
was
slightly
high
.
•
Fluid
moves
from
one
camera
of
the
eye
to
another
to
nourish
the
cornea
.
Fluid
moves
from
one
camera
of
the
eye
to
another
to
nourish
the
cornea
.
From
Latin
camera
‘
chamber
’,
adopted
in
anatomical
terminology
for
enclosed
spaces
within
organs
.
dream
noun
a
series
of
pictures
,
thoughts
,
or
feelings
that
happen
in
your
mind
while
you
are
asleep
•
I
had
a
strange
dream
about
flying
last
night
.
I
had
a
strange
dream
about
flying
last
night
.
•
During
his
nap
,
the
baby
smiled
because
of
a
happy
dream
.
During
his
nap
,
the
baby
smiled
because
of
a
happy
dream
.
Old
English
drēam
originally
meant
“
joy
,
music
,”
later
influenced
by
Old
Norse
draumr
to
take
on
the
modern
sleep-vision
sense
.
verb
-
dream
,
dreaming
,
dreams
,
dreamed
,
dreamt
to
experience
pictures
,
thoughts
,
or
feelings
in
your
mind
while
you
are
asleep
•
I
rarely
dream
when
I
take
a
short
nap
.
I
rarely
dream
when
I
take
a
short
nap
.
•
She
dreamed
about
walking
through
a
silent
forest
.
She
dreamed
about
walking
through
a
silent
forest
.
noun
a
hope
or
strong
wish
for
something
that
you
want
to
happen
in
the
future
•
Her
dream
is
to
become
a
doctor
.
Her
dream
is
to
become
a
doctor
.
•
Owning
a
small
farm
has
always
been
his
dream
.
Owning
a
small
farm
has
always
been
his
dream
.
verb
-
dream
,
dreaming
,
dreams
,
dreamed
,
dreamt
to
imagine
or
think
about
something
that
you
would
like
to
happen
in
the
future
•
Many
children
dream
of
becoming
astronauts
.
Many
children
dream
of
becoming
astronauts
.
•
She
dreams
about
starting
her
own
bakery
one
day
.
She
dreams
about
starting
her
own
bakery
one
day
.
noun
something
or
someone
that
is
extremely
pleasant
,
desirable
,
or
perfect
•
The
beach
house
they
rented
was
a
dream
.
The
beach
house
they
rented
was
a
dream
.
•
This
chocolate
cake
is
a
dream
—
so
rich
and
moist
!
This
chocolate
cake
is
a
dream
—
so
rich
and
moist
!
campaign
noun
a
planned
series
of
actions
and
events
designed
to
achieve
a
particular
political
,
social
,
or
commercial
goal
•
The
senator
launched
her
re-election
campaign
in
the
city
square
.
The
senator
launched
her
re-election
campaign
in
the
city
square
.
•
The
charity
’
s
holiday
campaign
raised
thousands
of
dollars
for
homeless
families
.
The
charity
’
s
holiday
campaign
raised
thousands
of
dollars
for
homeless
families
.
Early
17th
century
,
from
French
‘
campagne
’,
from
Italian
‘
campagna
’,
from
Late
Latin
‘
campania
’
meaning
‘
open
country
’,
originally
referring
to
military
operations
carried
out
in
the
field
.
noun
a
series
of
connected
military
operations
fought
in
a
particular
area
or
during
a
particular
period
•
During
the
summer
campaign
,
the
army
pushed
deep
into
the
desert
.
During
the
summer
campaign
,
the
army
pushed
deep
into
the
desert
.
•
The
general
planned
a
bold
campaign
to
capture
the
port
city
.
The
general
planned
a
bold
campaign
to
capture
the
port
city
.
verb
to
take
part
in
organized
activities
aimed
at
persuading
people
or
bringing
about
change
•
Environmental
groups
campaign
hard
for
cleaner
rivers
.
Environmental
groups
campaign
hard
for
cleaner
rivers
.
•
She
has
been
campaigning
for
equal
pay
since
college
.
She
has
been
campaigning
for
equal
pay
since
college
.
noun
a
linked
series
of
missions
or
adventures
forming
a
continuous
story
in
a
video
game
,
board
game
,
or
role-playing
game
•
We
finished
the
co-op
campaign
of
the
game
in
one
weekend
.
We
finished
the
co-op
campaign
of
the
game
in
one
weekend
.
•
The
role-playing
group
began
a
new
fantasy
campaign
set
on
a
distant
planet
.
The
role-playing
group
began
a
new
fantasy
campaign
set
on
a
distant
planet
.
example
noun
something
that
shows
clearly
what
a
type
of
thing
is
like
or
how
to
do
something
•
This
painting
is
a
perfect
example
of
Renaissance
art
.
This
painting
is
a
perfect
example
of
Renaissance
art
.
•
Could
you
give
me
another
example
of
how
the
formula
works
?
Could
you
give
me
another
example
of
how
the
formula
works
?
From
Latin
exemplum
“
sample
,
pattern
,
model
.”
noun
a
person
or
action
that
shows
the
right
or
wrong
way
to
behave
and
that
others
might
copy
•
She
set
a
good
example
by
always
telling
the
truth
.
She
set
a
good
example
by
always
telling
the
truth
.
•
Parents
should
lead
by
example
rather
than
by
strict
rules
.
Parents
should
lead
by
example
rather
than
by
strict
rules
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
came
to
mean
‘
model
for
imitation
’
by
the
14th
century
.
sample
noun
a
small
amount
of
something
taken
to
test
,
check
quality
,
or
show
what
the
rest
is
like
•
The
doctor
placed
the
blood
sample
into
a
glass
vial
.
The
doctor
placed
the
blood
sample
into
a
glass
vial
.
•
At
the
perfume
counter
,
customers
lined
up
to
smell
a
free
sample
of
the
new
fragrance
.
At
the
perfume
counter
,
customers
lined
up
to
smell
a
free
sample
of
the
new
fragrance
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
essample
,
from
Latin
exemplum
“
example
”.
Shifted
from
“
example
”
to
“
specimen
taken
for
testing
”
in
the
19th
century
.
noun
something
that
shows
what
a
larger
group
or
style
is
like
;
an
example
•
This
cake
is
a
fine
sample
of
French
baking
.
This
cake
is
a
fine
sample
of
French
baking
.
•
The
museum
displayed
a
sample
of
ancient
pottery
.
The
museum
displayed
a
sample
of
ancient
pottery
.
verb
-
sample
,
sampling
,
samples
,
sampled
to
taste
,
try
,
or
experience
a
small
amount
of
something
to
see
what
it
is
like
•
Visitors
can
sample
different
cheeses
at
the
farm
shop
.
Visitors
can
sample
different
cheeses
at
the
farm
shop
.
•
She
sampled
the
soup
and
added
more
salt
.
She
sampled
the
soup
and
added
more
salt
.
noun
a
group
or
set
chosen
from
a
larger
population
to
study
or
measure
it
•
The
researchers
surveyed
a
random
sample
of
1
,
000
voters
.
The
researchers
surveyed
a
random
sample
of
1
,
000
voters
.
•
A
small
sample
of
students
were
asked
about
their
study
habits
.
A
small
sample
of
students
were
asked
about
their
study
habits
.
noun
a
short
piece
of
recorded
sound
reused
in
a
new
piece
of
music
•
The
producer
added
a
drum
sample
from
an
old
jazz
record
.
The
producer
added
a
drum
sample
from
an
old
jazz
record
.
•
That
song
’
s
catchy
hook
is
actually
a
sample
of
a
1970s
hit
.
That
song
’
s
catchy
hook
is
actually
a
sample
of
a
1970s
hit
.
verb
-
sample
,
sampling
,
samples
,
sampled
to
collect
small
amounts
of
a
substance
or
select
people
from
a
population
in
order
to
test
or
study
them
•
Scientists
sample
water
from
the
river
every
week
.
Scientists
sample
water
from
the
river
every
week
.
•
The
technician
sampled
the
air
in
the
laboratory
for
contaminants
.
The
technician
sampled
the
air
in
the
laboratory
for
contaminants
.
examine
verb
-
examine
,
examining
,
examines
,
examined
to
look
at
something
or
someone
carefully
in
order
to
understand
it
better
,
discover
facts
,
or
find
problems
•
The
mechanic
used
a
flashlight
to
examine
the
engine
for
leaks
.
The
mechanic
used
a
flashlight
to
examine
the
engine
for
leaks
.
•
Before
buying
the
house
,
they
examined
every
room
in
detail
.
Before
buying
the
house
,
they
examined
every
room
in
detail
.
From
Latin
examinare
“
weigh
,
consider
closely
,”
from
examen
“
weighing
(
out
).”
verb
-
examine
,
examining
,
examines
,
examined
to
check
a
patient
’
s
body
or
health
condition
in
a
careful
,
systematic
way
•
The
doctor
gently
examined
the
child's
ear
with
an
otoscope
.
The
doctor
gently
examined
the
child's
ear
with
an
otoscope
.
•
A
nurse
will
examine
your
blood
pressure
before
the
appointment
.
A
nurse
will
examine
your
blood
pressure
before
the
appointment
.
verb
-
examine
,
examining
,
examines
,
examined
to
formally
test
someone
’
s
knowledge
or
skill
•
The
committee
will
examine
the
candidates
in
advanced
mathematics
.
The
committee
will
examine
the
candidates
in
advanced
mathematics
.
•
Students
are
examined
twice
a
year
on
reading
comprehension
.
Students
are
examined
twice
a
year
on
reading
comprehension
.
camp
noun
a
place
where
people
stay
in
tents
or
simple
shelters
for
a
short
time
•
We
pitched
our
camp
beside
a
quiet
mountain
lake
.
We
pitched
our
camp
beside
a
quiet
mountain
lake
.
•
The
children
met
new
friends
at
summer
camp
.
The
children
met
new
friends
at
summer
camp
.
verb
to
sleep
outdoors
in
tents
or
simple
shelters
for
a
short
time
•
We
will
camp
on
the
beach
and
watch
the
sunrise
.
We
will
camp
on
the
beach
and
watch
the
sunrise
.
•
They
camped
near
the
river
during
their
cycling
trip
.
They
camped
near
the
river
during
their
cycling
trip
.
noun
a
group
of
people
who
share
the
same
opinion
or
side
in
an
argument
or
competition
•
In
the
debate
,
the
audience
split
into
two
camps
.
In
the
debate
,
the
audience
split
into
two
camps
.
•
You
can
usually
tell
which
political
camp
a
newspaper
supports
.
You
can
usually
tell
which
political
camp
a
newspaper
supports
.
noun
-
camp
a
deliberately
exaggerated
,
theatrical
,
and
humorous
style
that
people
often
find
funny
or
kitschy
•
The
movie's
costumes
were
pure
camp
,
full
of
glitter
and
feathers
.
The
movie's
costumes
were
pure
camp
,
full
of
glitter
and
feathers
.
•
Some
people
love
the
singer's
camp
style
,
others
find
it
too
over-the-top
.
Some
people
love
the
singer's
camp
style
,
others
find
it
too
over-the-top
.
AM
noun
-
AM
a
method
of
sending
radio
signals
in
which
the
strength
of
the
carrier
wave
is
varied
•
Many
vintage
radios
can
receive
only
AM
broadcasts
.
Many
vintage
radios
can
receive
only
AM
broadcasts
.
•
The
engineer
compared
AM
and
FM
signals
in
the
lab
.
The
engineer
compared
AM
and
FM
signals
in
the
lab
.
Short
for
“
amplitude
modulation
”,
coined
in
early
20th-century
radio
engineering
.
Am
noun
-
Am
the
chemical
symbol
for
americium
,
the
element
with
atomic
number
95
•
Smoke
detectors
often
contain
a
tiny
amount
of
Am
.
Smoke
detectors
often
contain
a
tiny
amount
of
Am
.
•
Researchers
studied
how
Am
behaves
under
high
pressure
.
Researchers
studied
how
Am
behaves
under
high
pressure
.
Named
after
the
Americas
,
following
europium
,
because
the
element
sits
under
europium
in
the
periodic
table
.
damage
noun
-
damage
physical
harm
that
makes
something
less
useful
,
attractive
,
or
valuable
•
The
hailstorm
caused
serious
damage
to
the
car's
windshield
.
The
hailstorm
caused
serious
damage
to
the
car's
windshield
.
•
The
mechanic
inspected
the
engine
and
found
only
minor
damage
.
The
mechanic
inspected
the
engine
and
found
only
minor
damage
.
From
Old
French
damage
"
loss
,
injury
,"
from
Late
Latin
damnum
"
harm
,
loss
."
verb
-
damage
,
damaging
,
damages
,
damaged
to
cause
harm
to
something
so
that
it
becomes
less
useful
or
valuable
•
The
kids
accidentally
damaged
the
remote
by
spilling
juice
on
it
.
The
kids
accidentally
damaged
the
remote
by
spilling
juice
on
it
.
•
Heavy
winds
damaged
several
rooftops
during
the
storm
.
Heavy
winds
damaged
several
rooftops
during
the
storm
.
Same
origin
as
the
noun
:
from
Old
French
damage
,
from
Late
Latin
damnum
"
harm
,
loss
."
Verb
use
recorded
since
the
14th
century
.
noun
-
damage
informal
the
amount
of
money
you
must
pay
for
something
,
such
as
a
bill
•
When
the
waiter
brought
the
check
,
Jake
asked
, "
So
what's
the
damage
?"
When
the
waiter
brought
the
check
,
Jake
asked
, "
So
what's
the
damage
?"
•
Relax
,
the
damage
for
the
new
phone
case
was
only
ten
bucks
.
Relax
,
the
damage
for
the
new
phone
case
was
only
ten
bucks
.
Shifted
figurative
sense
of
monetary
cost
recorded
in
American
English
from
early
20th
century
.
being
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
present
participle
of
“
be
”;
used
to
show
continuous
action
or
describe
someone
’
s
behaviour
•
The
children
are
being
noisy
today
.
The
children
are
being
noisy
today
.
•
He
is
being
very
kind
to
the
new
student
.
He
is
being
very
kind
to
the
new
student
.
“
Being
”
as
a
present
participle
of
“
be
”
dates
back
to
Old
English
,
where
present
participles
were
formed
with
“
-ende
”,
later
becoming
“
-ing
”.
blame
verb
-
blame
,
blaming
,
blames
,
blamed
to
say
or
think
that
someone
or
something
is
responsible
for
a
mistake
or
a
bad
situation
•
After
the
match
,
the
coach
refused
to
blame
any
player
for
the
loss
.
After
the
match
,
the
coach
refused
to
blame
any
player
for
the
loss
.
•
Some
people
blame
video
games
for
violent
behavior
in
teenagers
.
Some
people
blame
video
games
for
violent
behavior
in
teenagers
.
From
Old
French
‘
blasmer
’,
from
Latin
‘
blasphemare
’
meaning
‘
to
reproach
,
revile
’.
noun
-
blame
responsibility
for
something
bad
or
wrong
•
Julia
took
the
blame
for
the
spilled
juice
so
her
little
brother
wouldn't
get
in
trouble
.
Julia
took
the
blame
for
the
spilled
juice
so
her
little
brother
wouldn't
get
in
trouble
.
•
The
engineer
accepted
full
blame
for
the
bridge's
design
flaw
.
The
engineer
accepted
full
blame
for
the
bridge's
design
flaw
.
See
verb
sense
etymology
:
derives
from
the
same
Old
French
and
Latin
roots
.
familiar
adjective
well-known
because
it
is
often
seen
,
heard
,
or
experienced
•
The
tune
sounded
familiar
,
but
I
couldn't
remember
its
name
.
The
tune
sounded
familiar
,
but
I
couldn't
remember
its
name
.
•
After
a
week
in
the
village
,
every
winding
street
felt
familiar
to
us
.
After
a
week
in
the
village
,
every
winding
street
felt
familiar
to
us
.
From
Latin
familiāris
“
domestic
,
intimate
,
friendly
,”
from
familia
“
household
”.
adjective
knowing
something
well
because
you
have
studied
or
experienced
it
•
I'm
familiar
with
basic
first
aid
after
taking
a
course
last
year
.
I'm
familiar
with
basic
first
aid
after
taking
a
course
last
year
.
•
Are
you
familiar
with
the
author
’
s
earlier
work
?
Are
you
familiar
with
the
author
’
s
earlier
work
?
noun
a
spirit
,
often
in
animal
form
,
believed
to
serve
and
help
a
witch
or
magician
•
The
witch
’
s
black
cat
served
as
her
familiar
during
rituals
.
The
witch
’
s
black
cat
served
as
her
familiar
during
rituals
.
•
Legends
say
a
sorcerer
cannot
cast
a
powerful
spell
without
a
loyal
familiar
.
Legends
say
a
sorcerer
cannot
cast
a
powerful
spell
without
a
loyal
familiar
.
Sense
of
“
attendant
spirit
”
first
recorded
in
the
16th
century
,
based
on
the
idea
of
a
demon
that
is
as
close
as
a
household
servant
.
adjective
behaving
in
a
way
that
is
too
friendly
or
informal
towards
someone
you
do
not
know
well
•
He
put
his
arm
around
her
shoulders
,
which
felt
far
too
familiar
for
a
first
meeting
.
He
put
his
arm
around
her
shoulders
,
which
felt
far
too
familiar
for
a
first
meeting
.
•
The
neighbor
grew
familiar
enough
to
walk
into
our
garden
without
asking
.
The
neighbor
grew
familiar
enough
to
walk
into
our
garden
without
asking
.
noun
a
close
friend
or
companion
(
dated
)
•
The
old
knight
spoke
only
to
his
trusted
familiar
about
the
secret
plan
.
The
old
knight
spoke
only
to
his
trusted
familiar
about
the
secret
plan
.
•
A
ruler
needs
a
loyal
familiar
beside
him
in
hard
times
.
A
ruler
needs
a
loyal
familiar
beside
him
in
hard
times
.
famous
adjective
known
by
many
people
because
of
special
achievements
,
qualities
,
or
events
•
The
famous
actor
waved
to
the
crowd
outside
the
theater
.
The
famous
actor
waved
to
the
crowd
outside
the
theater
.
•
Mona
Lisa
is
perhaps
the
most
famous
painting
in
the
world
.
Mona
Lisa
is
perhaps
the
most
famous
painting
in
the
world
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
famosus
"
celebrated
,
much
talked
of
,"
from
fama
"
fame
."
adjective
(
informal
,
dated
)
excellent
or
very
enjoyable
•
That
was
a
famous
meal
—
I'm
completely
full
!
That
was
a
famous
meal
—
I'm
completely
full
!
•
We
had
a
famous
time
at
the
county
fair
yesterday
.
We
had
a
famous
time
at
the
county
fair
yesterday
.
Extension
of
the
main
sense
,
recorded
in
American
English
from
the
mid-19th
century
.
scream
verb
to
make
a
very
loud
,
high-pitched
cry
because
you
are
afraid
,
hurt
,
excited
,
or
angry
•
The
little
girl
screamed
when
she
saw
a
spider
on
her
pillow
.
The
little
girl
screamed
when
she
saw
a
spider
on
her
pillow
.
•
He
screamed
in
pain
after
twisting
his
ankle
on
the
hiking
trail
.
He
screamed
in
pain
after
twisting
his
ankle
on
the
hiking
trail
.
From
Middle
English
scrēmen
,
from
Old
Norse
skræma
"
to
terrify
,
scare
".
noun
a
loud
,
high-pitched
cry
showing
fear
,
pain
,
excitement
,
or
anger
•
A
loud
scream
rang
out
in
the
dark
alley
.
A
loud
scream
rang
out
in
the
dark
alley
.
•
We
rushed
over
when
we
heard
her
scream
.
We
rushed
over
when
we
heard
her
scream
.
verb
(
of
a
machine
,
wind
,
brakes
,
etc
.)
to
produce
a
loud
,
piercing
or
harsh
noise
•
The
ambulance
siren
screamed
down
the
street
.
The
ambulance
siren
screamed
down
the
street
.
•
His
tires
screamed
as
he
slammed
on
the
brakes
at
the
intersection
.
His
tires
screamed
as
he
slammed
on
the
brakes
at
the
intersection
.
verb
(
figurative
)
to
seem
to
urgently
need
or
demand
something
,
or
to
be
very
obvious
•
The
abandoned
garden
screamed
for
water
and
care
.
The
abandoned
garden
screamed
for
water
and
care
.
•
Her
neon-green
dress
screams
attention
.
Her
neon-green
dress
screams
attention
.
noun
(
informal
)
a
person
or
thing
that
is
extremely
funny
and
makes
people
laugh
a
lot
•
You
should
meet
Jake
—
he
’
s
a
real
scream
at
parties
.
You
should
meet
Jake
—
he
’
s
a
real
scream
at
parties
.
•
That
comedy
show
was
a
scream
;
I
couldn
’
t
stop
laughing
.
That
comedy
show
was
a
scream
;
I
couldn
’
t
stop
laughing
.
campus
noun
-
campus
,
campuses
the
land
and
buildings
that
belong
to
a
college
,
university
,
or
similar
school
•
Freshmen
explored
the
campus
during
orientation
week
.
Freshmen
explored
the
campus
during
orientation
week
.
•
There
is
a
quiet
lake
on
the
north
side
of
the
campus
.
There
is
a
quiet
lake
on
the
north
side
of
the
campus
.
Late
18th-century
American
English
,
from
Latin
campus
meaning
“
field
,
plain
.”
noun
-
campus
,
campuses
the
land
and
buildings
where
a
company
,
research
center
,
or
other
large
organization
is
located
in
one
area
•
The
tech
giant
’
s
new
campus
features
glass
offices
and
rooftop
gardens
.
The
tech
giant
’
s
new
campus
features
glass
offices
and
rooftop
gardens
.
•
Employees
ride
bicycles
around
the
sprawling
campus
.
Employees
ride
bicycles
around
the
sprawling
campus
.
Extension
of
the
earlier
academic
sense
to
commercial
properties
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
frame
noun
a
rigid
border
that
surrounds
and
supports
a
picture
,
photograph
,
or
mirror
•
Maria
lifted
the
photograph
and
placed
it
in
a
silver
frame
on
the
shelf
.
Maria
lifted
the
photograph
and
placed
it
in
a
silver
frame
on
the
shelf
.
•
The
painting
fell
because
the
wooden
frame
was
too
weak
.
The
painting
fell
because
the
wooden
frame
was
too
weak
.
Old
English
“
framian
”
meaning
to
profit
or
help
,
later
shifting
to
mean
“
make
ready
;
build
,”
which
produced
the
noun
for
a
supporting
border
.
noun
the
strong
supporting
structure
or
skeleton
of
something
such
as
a
building
,
vehicle
,
or
piece
of
furniture
•
Workers
assembled
the
steel
frame
of
the
skyscraper
before
adding
the
walls
.
Workers
assembled
the
steel
frame
of
the
skyscraper
before
adding
the
walls
.
•
The
bike
’
s
lightweight
frame
is
made
of
carbon
fiber
.
The
bike
’
s
lightweight
frame
is
made
of
carbon
fiber
.
Sense
developed
from
earlier
meaning
“
make
ready
,”
referring
to
the
basic
parts
put
together
first
.
noun
the
metal
or
plastic
part
of
eyeglasses
that
holds
the
lenses
and
rests
on
the
wearer
’
s
face
•
She
chose
bright
red
frames
to
match
her
lively
personality
.
She
chose
bright
red
frames
to
match
her
lively
personality
.
•
The
thin
titanium
frame
makes
the
glasses
very
light
.
The
thin
titanium
frame
makes
the
glasses
very
light
.
Applied
to
spectacles
in
the
17th
century
,
when
lenses
were
set
into
small
metal
or
horn
supports
.
verb
-
frame
,
framing
,
frames
,
framed
to
put
a
picture
,
photograph
,
or
similar
object
inside
a
border
so
it
can
be
displayed
•
I
will
frame
the
baby
’
s
first
drawing
and
hang
it
in
the
hallway
.
I
will
frame
the
baby
’
s
first
drawing
and
hang
it
in
the
hallway
.
•
They
framed
their
wedding
photo
in
polished
oak
.
They
framed
their
wedding
photo
in
polished
oak
.
From
Middle
English
“
framen
”
meaning
‘
make
ready
;
build
,’
later
narrowed
to
placing
something
within
a
border
.
noun
one
of
the
many
single
pictures
that
together
make
up
a
film
,
video
,
or
animation
•
The
editor
paused
the
movie
at
a
single
frame
to
check
the
lighting
.
The
editor
paused
the
movie
at
a
single
frame
to
check
the
lighting
.
•
Animation
is
created
by
drawing
one
frame
after
another
.
Animation
is
created
by
drawing
one
frame
after
another
.
Film-industry
use
started
in
early
20th
century
,
referring
to
each
picture
held
by
the
physical
frame
of
a
film
strip
.
verb
-
frame
,
framing
,
frames
,
framed
to
express
an
idea
,
question
,
or
plan
in
a
particular
way
•
How
you
frame
the
question
can
influence
the
answers
you
get
.
How
you
frame
the
question
can
influence
the
answers
you
get
.
•
The
manager
framed
the
proposal
as
a
chance
for
growth
rather
than
a
cost
.
The
manager
framed
the
proposal
as
a
chance
for
growth
rather
than
a
cost
.
Extends
the
sense
“
shape
”
to
the
shaping
of
thoughts
or
language
,
recorded
since
the
16th
century
.
noun
a
situation
in
which
someone
is
made
to
look
guilty
of
a
crime
they
did
not
commit
•
The
detective
realized
the
evidence
was
planted
;
it
was
a
frame
from
the
start
.
The
detective
realized
the
evidence
was
planted
;
it
was
a
frame
from
the
start
.
•
Years
later
,
new
documents
proved
the
politician
was
the
victim
of
a
frame
.
Years
later
,
new
documents
proved
the
politician
was
the
victim
of
a
frame
.
Late
19th-century
American
slang
“
frame-up
,”
from
verb
sense
“
to
shape
or
fabricate
evidence
.”
verb
-
frame
,
framing
,
frames
,
framed
to
make
it
appear
that
someone
is
guilty
of
a
crime
or
wrongdoing
by
falsifying
evidence
or
lying
•
The
gang
framed
an
innocent
passer-by
for
the
robbery
.
The
gang
framed
an
innocent
passer-by
for
the
robbery
.
•
She
claimed
the
photos
were
doctored
to
frame
her
.
She
claimed
the
photos
were
doctored
to
frame
her
.
Late
19th-century
American
usage
,
from
sense
of
‘
fabricate
’
plus
criminal
slang
.
cream
noun
-
cream
the
thick
,
rich
part
of
milk
that
rises
to
the
top
and
is
often
used
in
cooking
or
poured
over
desserts
•
She
poured
fresh
cream
over
the
strawberries
.
She
poured
fresh
cream
over
the
strawberries
.
•
The
recipe
calls
for
half
a
cup
of
heavy
cream
.
The
recipe
calls
for
half
a
cup
of
heavy
cream
.
From
Middle
English
‘
creme
’,
from
Old
French
‘
cresme
’,
from
Late
Latin
‘
crisma
’
meaning
‘
ointment
’,
later
applied
to
the
rich
layer
of
milk
.
noun
a
thick
,
smooth
substance
put
on
the
skin
to
keep
it
healthy
,
relieve
pain
,
or
for
beauty
purposes
•
She
applied
a
moisturizing
cream
to
her
hands
before
bed
.
She
applied
a
moisturizing
cream
to
her
hands
before
bed
.
•
The
doctor
gave
him
an
antibiotic
cream
for
the
cut
.
The
doctor
gave
him
an
antibiotic
cream
for
the
cut
.
Extension
of
the
dairy
meaning
in
the
17th
century
to
describe
any
smooth
,
rich
,
spreadable
substance
.
noun
-
cream
a
pale
yellowish-white
colour
•
The
walls
were
painted
a
soft
cream
that
made
the
room
feel
warm
.
The
walls
were
painted
a
soft
cream
that
made
the
room
feel
warm
.
•
She
chose
a
dress
in
elegant
cream
for
the
wedding
.
She
chose
a
dress
in
elegant
cream
for
the
wedding
.
Named
after
the
typical
colour
of
dairy
cream
.
noun
-
cream
the
best
or
most
excellent
part
of
a
group
of
people
or
things
•
Only
the
cream
of
the
applicants
were
invited
for
a
second
interview
.
Only
the
cream
of
the
applicants
were
invited
for
a
second
interview
.
•
The
school
choir
is
the
cream
of
young
singers
in
the
region
.
The
school
choir
is
the
cream
of
young
singers
in
the
region
.
Figurative
use
recorded
since
the
16th
century
,
comparing
the
finest
people
or
things
to
the
richest
part
of
milk
.
adjective
describing
something
that
is
pale
yellowish-white
in
colour
•
They
bought
a
cream
sofa
for
the
living
room
.
They
bought
a
cream
sofa
for
the
living
room
.
•
The
bride
carried
cream
roses
down
the
aisle
.
The
bride
carried
cream
roses
down
the
aisle
.
Colour
sense
developed
in
the
late
16th
century
from
the
noun
.
verb
-
cream
,
creaming
,
creams
,
creamed
to
beat
ingredients
such
as
butter
and
sugar
together
until
they
become
light
and
fluffy
•
First
,
cream
the
butter
and
sugar
in
a
large
bowl
.
First
,
cream
the
butter
and
sugar
in
a
large
bowl
.
•
She
creamed
the
mixture
for
five
minutes
to
get
a
smooth
texture
.
She
creamed
the
mixture
for
five
minutes
to
get
a
smooth
texture
.
Verb
use
comes
from
the
18th-century
practice
of
turning
dairy
cream
into
butter
,
then
extended
to
mixing
butter
until
creamy
.
verb
-
cream
,
creaming
,
creams
,
creamed
informal
:
to
defeat
someone
easily
and
completely
•
Our
team
creamed
them
five–nil
in
the
final
.
Our
team
creamed
them
five–nil
in
the
final
.
•
The
chess
champion
creams
most
opponents
in
under
ten
moves
.
The
chess
champion
creams
most
opponents
in
under
ten
moves
.
20th-century
American
slang
,
perhaps
from
the
idea
of
reducing
something
to
soft
paste
or
‘
mashing
’
it
.
championship
noun
a
sports
or
other
competition
held
to
decide
who
is
the
best
person
or
team
•
Our
school
will
host
the
city
championship
next
month
.
Our
school
will
host
the
city
championship
next
month
.
•
After
months
of
training
,
the
swimmers
finally
qualified
for
the
national
championship
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
swimmers
finally
qualified
for
the
national
championship
.
noun
the
state
or
title
of
being
the
champion
after
winning
such
a
competition
•
Winning
the
world
championship
changed
her
life
overnight
.
Winning
the
world
championship
changed
her
life
overnight
.
•
He
celebrated
his
third
boxing
championship
with
his
family
.
He
celebrated
his
third
boxing
championship
with
his
family
.
noun
strong
public
support
and
defense
of
a
person
,
idea
,
or
cause
•
Her
fearless
championship
of
children's
rights
inspired
many
.
Her
fearless
championship
of
children's
rights
inspired
many
.
•
The
professor
’
s
championship
of
free
speech
earned
him
respect
across
campus
.
The
professor
’
s
championship
of
free
speech
earned
him
respect
across
campus
.
mama
noun
one
’
s
mother
,
used
especially
by
young
children
or
as
an
affectionate
form
of
address
•
After
school
,
Liam
ran
straight
into
his
mama's
arms
.
After
school
,
Liam
ran
straight
into
his
mama's
arms
.
•
“
Good
night
,
mama
.
I
love
you
,”
whispered
Zoe
before
turning
off
the
lamp
.
“
Good
night
,
mama
.
I
love
you
,”
whispered
Zoe
before
turning
off
the
lamp
.
From
baby
talk
reduplication
of
ma
,
an
early
vocal
sound
made
by
infants
,
recorded
in
many
languages
for
‘
mother
’.
interjection
a
cry
made
by
a
baby
or
young
child
when
calling
for
its
mother
•
The
toddler
reached
up
and
called
, “
Mama
!”
when
she
saw
her
mother
enter
the
room
.
The
toddler
reached
up
and
called
, “
Mama
!”
when
she
saw
her
mother
enter
the
room
.
•
Baby
Ella
cried
“
Mama
”
softly
in
her
crib
during
the
night
.
Baby
Ella
cried
“
Mama
”
softly
in
her
crib
during
the
night
.
noun
(
slang
)
an
attractive
or
stylish
woman
•
“
Check
out
that
mama
in
the
red
dress
—
she
owns
the
room
,”
said
Carlos
to
his
friend
.
“
Check
out
that
mama
in
the
red
dress
—
she
owns
the
room
,”
said
Carlos
to
his
friend
.
•
The
song
praises
a
“
hot
mama
”
who
knows
how
to
dance
.
The
song
praises
a
“
hot
mama
”
who
knows
how
to
dance
.
stream
noun
a
small
,
narrow
river
that
flows
continuously
•
A
wooden
bridge
crossed
the
bubbling
stream
near
the
cottage
.
A
wooden
bridge
crossed
the
bubbling
stream
near
the
cottage
.
•
Children
skipped
stones
across
the
shallow
stream
at
the
edge
of
the
forest
.
Children
skipped
stones
across
the
shallow
stream
at
the
edge
of
the
forest
.
Old
English
strēam
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Dutch
stroom
and
German
Strom
,
meaning
a
flowing
body
of
water
.
noun
a
continuous
flow
of
things
such
as
liquid
,
people
,
or
ideas
•
There
was
a
constant
stream
of
visitors
at
the
art
gallery
opening
.
There
was
a
constant
stream
of
visitors
at
the
art
gallery
opening
.
•
She
talked
in
a
rapid
stream
of
words
,
barely
pausing
for
breath
.
She
talked
in
a
rapid
stream
of
words
,
barely
pausing
for
breath
.
noun
a
continuous
broadcast
or
transmission
of
audio
or
video
data
over
the
Internet
•
They
watched
the
football
match
on
a
live
stream
during
lunch
.
They
watched
the
football
match
on
a
live
stream
during
lunch
.
•
The
video
stream
kept
buffering
because
of
the
weak
signal
.
The
video
stream
kept
buffering
because
of
the
weak
signal
.
verb
to
flow
steadily
like
water
in
a
stream
•
Tears
streamed
down
his
face
when
he
heard
the
news
.
Tears
streamed
down
his
face
when
he
heard
the
news
.
•
Morning
sunlight
streams
through
the
stained-glass
windows
of
the
cathedral
.
Morning
sunlight
streams
through
the
stained-glass
windows
of
the
cathedral
.
verb
to
transmit
or
receive
audio
or
video
data
over
the
Internet
in
real
time
•
We
decided
to
stream
the
movie
instead
of
downloading
it
.
We
decided
to
stream
the
movie
instead
of
downloading
it
.
•
She
streams
her
cooking
classes
every
Friday
evening
.
She
streams
her
cooking
classes
every
Friday
evening
.
fundamental
adjective
forming
the
basic
and
most
important
part
of
something
•
Understanding
the
water
cycle
is
fundamental
to
grasping
how
weather
works
.
Understanding
the
water
cycle
is
fundamental
to
grasping
how
weather
works
.
•
Trust
is
fundamental
in
any
strong
friendship
.
Trust
is
fundamental
in
any
strong
friendship
.
From
late
Latin
fundamentalis
“
of
the
foundation
”,
from
Latin
fundamentum
“
foundation
”.
noun
a
basic
principle
,
rule
,
or
fact
that
is
essential
to
understanding
something
•
Before
learning
algebra
,
you
must
master
the
fundamentals
of
basic
arithmetic
.
Before
learning
algebra
,
you
must
master
the
fundamentals
of
basic
arithmetic
.
•
The
professor
began
the
biology
course
by
explaining
the
fundamental
of
cell
theory
.
The
professor
began
the
biology
course
by
explaining
the
fundamental
of
cell
theory
.
same
as
adjective
sense
noun
the
lowest
natural
frequency
at
which
something
vibrates
,
producing
the
main
pitch
of
a
sound
•
The
fundamental
of
the
note
A
is
440
hertz
.
The
fundamental
of
the
note
A
is
440
hertz
.
•
You
can
hear
the
overtones
as
well
as
the
fundamental
when
the
guitar
string
is
plucked
.
You
can
hear
the
overtones
as
well
as
the
fundamental
when
the
guitar
string
is
plucked
.
technical
extension
of
the
general
noun
sense
to
acoustics
and
physics
dramatic
adjective
connected
with
acting
,
plays
,
or
the
theatre
•
Maria
auditioned
for
the
school's
dramatic
club
and
got
the
lead
role
.
Maria
auditioned
for
the
school's
dramatic
club
and
got
the
lead
role
.
•
The
festival
offers
workshops
in
dramatic
writing
for
young
playwrights
.
The
festival
offers
workshops
in
dramatic
writing
for
young
playwrights
.
adjective
very
big
,
sudden
,
and
noticeable
,
making
people
pay
attention
•
There
was
a
dramatic
change
in
the
weather
when
the
storm
rolled
in
.
There
was
a
dramatic
change
in
the
weather
when
the
storm
rolled
in
.
•
The
new
haircut
gave
Lena
a
dramatic
new
look
.
The
new
haircut
gave
Lena
a
dramatic
new
look
.
adjective
behaving
in
an
exaggerated
,
emotional
way
to
get
attention
•
Stop
being
so
dramatic
—
it
’
s
just
a
tiny
paper
cut
.
Stop
being
so
dramatic
—
it
’
s
just
a
tiny
paper
cut
.
•
My
brother
turns
dramatic
every
time
he
loses
a
match
online
.
My
brother
turns
dramatic
every
time
he
loses
a
match
online
.
drama
noun
a
play
or
story
written
to
be
acted
on
stage
,
on
television
,
or
on
radio
•
The
school
is
putting
on
a
drama
about
climate
change
this
Friday
night
.
The
school
is
putting
on
a
drama
about
climate
change
this
Friday
night
.
•
We
watched
a
gripping
crime
drama
on
TV
last
night
.
We
watched
a
gripping
crime
drama
on
TV
last
night
.
from
Greek
“
drāma
”
meaning
“
action
,
deed
,”
from
“
dran
”
to
do
,
perform
noun
the
art
or
activity
of
writing
,
producing
,
or
acting
in
plays
•
He
studied
drama
at
university
before
becoming
an
actor
.
He
studied
drama
at
university
before
becoming
an
actor
.
•
The
after-school
drama
club
meets
every
Wednesday
.
The
after-school
drama
club
meets
every
Wednesday
.
noun
exciting
,
emotional
,
or
unexpected
events
,
often
involving
tension
or
fuss
•
There
was
a
lot
of
drama
when
the
fire
alarm
rang
during
the
ceremony
.
There
was
a
lot
of
drama
when
the
fire
alarm
rang
during
the
ceremony
.
•
I
’
m
tired
of
office
drama
and
gossip
.
I
’
m
tired
of
office
drama
and
gossip
.
Islamic
adjective
connected
with
Islam
,
its
teachings
,
people
,
or
culture
.
•
They
visited
an
Islamic
art
museum
in
Spain
.
They
visited
an
Islamic
art
museum
in
Spain
.
•
Islamic
scholars
gathered
to
discuss
the
meaning
of
the
verse
.
Islamic
scholars
gathered
to
discuss
the
meaning
of
the
verse
.
From
Islam
+
-ic
,
first
used
in
English
in
the
early
17th
century
to
describe
things
pertaining
to
the
religion
founded
by
the
Prophet
Muhammad
.
damn
interjection
used
to
show
sudden
anger
,
annoyance
,
or
surprise
•
Damn
!
I
left
my
keys
in
the
taxi
.
Damn
!
I
left
my
keys
in
the
taxi
.
•
Damn
!
That
soup
burned
my
tongue
.
Damn
!
That
soup
burned
my
tongue
.
From
Old
French
‘
damner
’,
from
Latin
‘
damnāre
’
meaning
‘
to
condemn
’.
The
interjection
use
arose
in
English
in
the
17th
century
as
a
mild
oath
.
adverb
very
;
extremely
(
used
for
emphasis
,
often
showing
annoyance
)
•
It
’
s
damn
cold
in
here
this
morning
.
It
’
s
damn
cold
in
here
this
morning
.
•
That
was
a
damn
good
movie
.
That
was
a
damn
good
movie
.
adjective
annoying
or
bad
(
used
to
show
frustration
)
•
Where
is
the
damn
remote
?
Where
is
the
damn
remote
?
•
Turn
off
that
damn
alarm
clock
!
Turn
off
that
damn
alarm
clock
!
noun
care
or
concern
,
usually
used
in
negative
sentences
to
show
that
someone
does
not
care
at
all
•
He
doesn
’
t
give a damn
about
what
people
think
.
He
doesn
’
t
give a damn
about
what
people
think
.
•
I
don
’
t
give a damn
if
it
rains
—
we
’
re
still
playing
football
.
I
don
’
t
give a damn
if
it
rains
—
we
’
re
still
playing
football
.
verb
to
say
someone
or
something
is
very
bad
and
deserves
punishment
or
blame
•
Critics
damned
the
play
for
its
weak
story
.
Critics
damned
the
play
for
its
weak
story
.
•
The
old
preacher
damned
gamblers
from
the
pulpit
.
The
old
preacher
damned
gamblers
from
the
pulpit
.
champion
noun
a
person
or
team
that
wins
first
place
in
a
contest
or
competition
•
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
became
the
champion
of
the
city
marathon
.
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
became
the
champion
of
the
city
marathon
.
•
The
boxer
lifted
the
gold
belt
high
as
the
new
world
champion
.
The
boxer
lifted
the
gold
belt
high
as
the
new
world
champion
.
From
Middle
English
champioun
,
from
Old
French
champion
,
from
Medieval
Latin
campio
‘
combatant
’
adjective
excellent
or
very
good
(
informal
)
•
Thanks
for
the
lift
—
that
was
a
champion
thing
to
do
!
Thanks
for
the
lift
—
that
was
a
champion
thing
to
do
!
•
We
had
a
champion
barbecue
on
the
beach
last
night
.
We
had
a
champion
barbecue
on
the
beach
last
night
.
noun
a
person
who
strongly
supports
or
defends
a
cause
,
idea
,
or
group
of
people
•
Rosa
Parks
is
remembered
as
a
champion
of
civil
rights
.
Rosa
Parks
is
remembered
as
a
champion
of
civil
rights
.
•
Scientists
are
becoming
champions
for
climate
action
.
Scientists
are
becoming
champions
for
climate
action
.
verb
-
champion
,
championing
,
champions
,
championed
to
actively
support
,
defend
,
or
fight
for
a
person
,
idea
,
or
cause
•
The
young
lawyer
vowed
to
champion
the
rights
of
migrant
workers
.
The
young
lawyer
vowed
to
champion
the
rights
of
migrant
workers
.
•
She
championed
renewable
energy
policies
throughout
her
career
.
She
championed
renewable
energy
policies
throughout
her
career
.
overcome
verb
-
overcome
,
overcoming
,
overcomes
,
overcame
to
successfully
deal
with
and
gain
control
of
a
difficulty
,
problem
,
or
fear
.
•
After
months
of
practice
,
Mia
finally
overcame
her
fear
of
public
speaking
.
After
months
of
practice
,
Mia
finally
overcame
her
fear
of
public
speaking
.
•
The
team
worked
together
and
overcame
every
obstacle
in
the
project
.
The
team
worked
together
and
overcame
every
obstacle
in
the
project
.
Old
English
ofercuman
,
from
ofer
“
over
”
+
cuman
“
come
,”
meaning
“
to
come
over
,
surpass
.”
verb
-
overcome
,
overcoming
,
overcomes
,
overcame
to
affect
someone
so
strongly
that
they
cannot
think
or
act
normally
;
to
overwhelm
.
•
She
was
overcome
by
emotion
and
began
to
cry
during
the
speech
.
She
was
overcome
by
emotion
and
began
to
cry
during
the
speech
.
•
The
hikers
were
overcome
by
heat
and
had
to
rest
in
the
shade
.
The
hikers
were
overcome
by
heat
and
had
to
rest
in
the
shade
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
Old
English
ofercuman
“
come
over
,
overpower
.”
chamber
noun
a
separate
room
inside
a
building
,
especially
a
bedroom
or
a
private
room
.
•
The
princess
waited
quietly
in
her
chamber
before
the
ceremony
.
The
princess
waited
quietly
in
her
chamber
before
the
ceremony
.
•
Please
leave
your
coat
in
the
front
chamber
and
come
into
the
main
hall
.
Please
leave
your
coat
in
the
front
chamber
and
come
into
the
main
hall
.
From
Old
French
chambre
,
from
Latin
camera
meaning
‘
vaulted
room
’.
noun
one
of
the
separate
groups
that
form
a
law-making
body
,
such
as
the
upper
or
lower
house
of
a
parliament
.
•
The
bill
passed
the
lower
chamber
but
stalled
in
the
senate
.
The
bill
passed
the
lower
chamber
but
stalled
in
the
senate
.
•
Each
chamber
of
the
legislature
must
approve
the
budget
.
Each
chamber
of
the
legislature
must
approve
the
budget
.
Extension
of
the
idea
of
a
separate
room
to
mean
a
distinct
meeting
room
for
lawmakers
,
later
the
body
itself
.
noun
a
hollow
space
inside
a
machine
,
device
,
or
living
body
that
is
closed
off
from
other
parts
.
•
The
photographer
sealed
the
film
into
a
dark
chamber
to
prevent
light
damage
.
The
photographer
sealed
the
film
into
a
dark
chamber
to
prevent
light
damage
.
•
Each
human
heart
has
four
chambers
that
pump
blood
.
Each
human
heart
has
four
chambers
that
pump
blood
.
Adopted
for
machinery
and
anatomy
in
the
17th
century
,
extending
the
sense
of
an
enclosed
room
.
verb
-
chamber
,
chambering
,
chambers
,
chambered
to
load
a
bullet
or
cartridge
into
the
firing
space
of
a
gun
.
•
The
soldier
quickly
chambered
a
round
before
moving
forward
.
The
soldier
quickly
chambered
a
round
before
moving
forward
.
•
Always
keep
the
safety
on
until
you
are
ready
to
chamber
a
round
.
Always
keep
the
safety
on
until
you
are
ready
to
chamber
a
round
.
Verb
use
developed
in
the
1870s
from
the
noun
referring
to
the
gun
’
s
firing
room
.
framework
noun
a
supporting
structure
of
parts
that
holds
something
together
and
gives
it
shape
,
like
the
beams
of
a
building
or
the
ribs
of
an
umbrella
•
Workers
erected
the
steel
framework
of
the
bridge
before
pouring
concrete
.
Workers
erected
the
steel
framework
of
the
bridge
before
pouring
concrete
.
•
The
artist
built
a
wire
framework
for
the
clay
sculpture
.
The
artist
built
a
wire
framework
for
the
clay
sculpture
.
Originally
referred
to
the
wooden
or
metal
skeletal
structure
used
in
building
and
manufacturing
,
from
frame
+
work
.
noun
a
set
of
basic
ideas
,
rules
,
or
facts
that
forms
the
structure
for
something
such
as
a
plan
,
theory
,
or
system
•
The
teacher
gave
the
students
a
simple
framework
to
organize
their
essays
.
The
teacher
gave
the
students
a
simple
framework
to
organize
their
essays
.
•
Scientists
developed
a
new
framework
to
interpret
the
climate
data
more
accurately
.
Scientists
developed
a
new
framework
to
interpret
the
climate
data
more
accurately
.
Early
17th
century
:
from
frame
+
work
,
originally
referring
to
the
timber
structure
of
a
building
and
later
extended
to
abstract
systems
.
shame
noun
-
shame
a
painful
feeling
of
guilt
,
embarrassment
,
or
humiliation
because
you
believe
you
have
done
something
wrong
or
foolish
•
Maria
hung
her
head
in
shame
after
spilling
coffee
on
her
guest's
laptop
.
Maria
hung
her
head
in
shame
after
spilling
coffee
on
her
guest's
laptop
.
•
The
boy
blushed
with
shame
when
the
teacher
read
his
private
note
aloud
.
The
boy
blushed
with
shame
when
the
teacher
read
his
private
note
aloud
.
noun
used
in
the
fixed
expressions
'a
shame'
or
'what
a
shame'
to
say
that
something
is
unfortunate
or
disappointing
•
It's
a
shame
you
couldn't
come
to
the
party
.
It's
a
shame
you
couldn't
come
to
the
party
.
•
What
a
shame
that
the
museum
is
closed
today
!
What
a
shame
that
the
museum
is
closed
today
!
verb
-
shame
,
shaming
,
shames
,
shamed
to
make
someone
feel
ashamed
or
disgraced
•
The
coach's
harsh
words
shamed
the
player
in
front
of
the
whole
team
.
The
coach's
harsh
words
shamed
the
player
in
front
of
the
whole
team
.
•
Their
generosity
shamed
their
rivals
into
donating
as
well
.
Their
generosity
shamed
their
rivals
into
donating
as
well
.
interjection
an
exclamation
used
to
show
strong
disapproval
or
sympathy
about
something
unfair
,
wrong
,
or
disappointing
•
When
the
council
announced
the
park's
closure
,
people
in
the
crowd
shouted
, "
Shame
!"
When
the
council
announced
the
park's
closure
,
people
in
the
crowd
shouted
, "
Shame
!"
•
A
neighbor
saw
him
litter
and
called
out
, "
Shame
!"
across
the
street
.
A
neighbor
saw
him
litter
and
called
out
, "
Shame
!"
across
the
street
.
Islam
noun
-
Islam
the
monotheistic
religion
revealed
to
the
prophet
Muhammad
,
whose
followers
worship
one
God
(
Allah
)
and
follow
the
Qur'an
and
the
Five
Pillars
•
Many
people
travel
to
Mecca
as
part
of
their
practice
of
Islam
.
Many
people
travel
to
Mecca
as
part
of
their
practice
of
Islam
.
•
Schools
often
teach
world
religions
,
including
Islam
,
to
help
students
understand
different
cultures
.
Schools
often
teach
world
religions
,
including
Islam
,
to
help
students
understand
different
cultures
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
17th
century
from
Arabic
إِسْلَام
(
ʾislām
, “
submission
” [
to
God
]).
tournament
noun
a
sports
or
gaming
competition
in
which
many
teams
or
players
play
several
matches
to
decide
an
overall
winner
•
Our
school's
basketball
team
won
the
regional
tournament
last
weekend
.
Our
school's
basketball
team
won
the
regional
tournament
last
weekend
.
•
Players
from
ten
countries
gathered
in
Tokyo
for
the
chess
tournament
.
Players
from
ten
countries
gathered
in
Tokyo
for
the
chess
tournament
.
Borrowed
from
Old
French
tournoiement
,
from
tornoier
“
to
turn
about
,
joust
.”
noun
in
the
Middle
Ages
,
a
formal
contest
where
knights
fought
on
horseback
,
especially
in
jousting
,
to
display
skill
and
bravery
•
The
king
organized
a
grand
tournament
to
celebrate
the
prince's
birthday
.
The
king
organized
a
grand
tournament
to
celebrate
the
prince's
birthday
.
•
Knights
wore
brightly
painted
shields
when
they
rode
into
the
tournament
field
.
Knights
wore
brightly
painted
shields
when
they
rode
into
the
tournament
field
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
but
the
earlier
meaning
referred
specifically
to
knightly
combat
displays
.
swim
verb
-
swim
,
swimming
,
swims
,
swam
,
swum
to
move
through
water
,
or
another
liquid
,
by
making
movements
with
your
arms
,
legs
,
fins
,
or
whole
body
,
without
standing
on
the
bottom
•
On
a
hot
afternoon
,
several
teenagers
swim
happily
in
the
busy
community
pool
.
On
a
hot
afternoon
,
several
teenagers
swim
happily
in
the
busy
community
pool
.
•
Dolphins
swim
gracefully
beside
a
boat
as
tourists
watch
in
amazement
.
Dolphins
swim
gracefully
beside
a
boat
as
tourists
watch
in
amazement
.
Old
English
swymman
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
zwemmen
and
German
schwimmen
.
verb
-
swim
,
swimming
,
swims
,
swam
,
swum
(
of
your
head
,
eyes
,
or
surroundings
)
to
seem
to
spin
or
move
around
you
,
making
you
feel
dizzy
•
After
standing
up
too
quickly
,
the
room
began
to
swim
before
his
eyes
.
After
standing
up
too
quickly
,
the
room
began
to
swim
before
his
eyes
.
•
Her
head
started
to
swim
during
the
long
,
hot
train
ride
.
Her
head
started
to
swim
during
the
long
,
hot
train
ride
.
examination
noun
a
test
of
knowledge
or
skill
,
especially
in
school
,
college
,
or
for
a
qualification
•
Lena
studied
all
weekend
for
her
math
examination
on
Monday
.
Lena
studied
all
weekend
for
her
math
examination
on
Monday
.
•
The
students
cheered
when
they
learned
the
history
examination
would
be
multiple
choice
.
The
students
cheered
when
they
learned
the
history
examination
would
be
multiple
choice
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
examinatio
‘
weighing
,
testing
’.
noun
a
check-up
by
a
doctor
to
see
if
someone
is
healthy
or
to
find
the
cause
of
an
illness
•
The
doctor
performed
a
physical
examination
before
prescribing
medicine
.
The
doctor
performed
a
physical
examination
before
prescribing
medicine
.
•
Regular
eye
examination
can
detect
problems
early
.
Regular
eye
examination
can
detect
problems
early
.
noun
the
act
of
looking
at
something
very
carefully
to
understand
it
or
find
problems
•
After
close
examination
,
the
engineer
found
a
crack
in
the
bridge
support
.
After
close
examination
,
the
engineer
found
a
crack
in
the
bridge
support
.
•
The
detective's
examination
of
the
crime
scene
lasted
all
night
.
The
detective's
examination
of
the
crime
scene
lasted
all
night
.
noun
formal
questioning
of
a
witness
in
a
court
of
law
•
The
lawyer's
sharp
examination
made
the
witness
reveal
new
facts
.
The
lawyer's
sharp
examination
made
the
witness
reveal
new
facts
.
•
During
cross-examination
,
the
defense
tried
to
challenge
the
timeline
.
During
cross-examination
,
the
defense
tried
to
challenge
the
timeline
.
flame
noun
the
bright
,
hot
,
moving
part
of
fire
that
you
can
see
•
The
campfire
’
s
flame
flickered
in
the
night
breeze
.
The
campfire
’
s
flame
flickered
in
the
night
breeze
.
•
Blow
out
the
candle
before
the
flame
gets
too
high
.
Blow
out
the
candle
before
the
flame
gets
too
high
.
From
Latin
‘
flamma
’
meaning
“
fire
.”
noun
a
person
someone
loves
or
used
to
love
,
especially
in
the
phrase
“
old
flame
.”
•
Grace
bumped
into
her
old flame
at
the
supermarket
.
Grace
bumped
into
her
old flame
at
the
supermarket
.
•
He
wrote
a
letter
to
his
high-school
flame
.
He
wrote
a
letter
to
his
high-school
flame
.
verb
-
flame
,
flaming
,
flames
,
flamed
to
burn
with
a
bright
,
flickering
fire
•
Logs
flamed
brightly
in
the
mountain
cabin
’
s
hearth
.
Logs
flamed
brightly
in
the
mountain
cabin
’
s
hearth
.
•
The
torch
flames
even
in
the
rain
,
guiding
travelers
along
the
path
.
The
torch
flames
even
in
the
rain
,
guiding
travelers
along
the
path
.
noun
an
angry
or
insulting
message
sent
on
the
internet
or
by
email
•
The
forum
moderator
deleted
the
rude
flame
within
minutes
.
The
forum
moderator
deleted
the
rude
flame
within
minutes
.
•
She
received
a
nasty
flame
after
sharing
her
opinion
online
.
She
received
a
nasty
flame
after
sharing
her
opinion
online
.
verb
-
flame
,
flaming
,
flames
,
flamed
to
send
or
post
an
angry
or
insulting
message
to
someone
on
the
internet
•
If
you
disagree
,
explain
politely
—
don
’
t
flame
people
.
If
you
disagree
,
explain
politely
—
don
’
t
flame
people
.
•
Some
users
started
flaming
the
developer
after
the
game
crashed
.
Some
users
started
flaming
the
developer
after
the
game
crashed
.
fame
noun
-
fame
the
state
of
being
widely
known
and
talked
about
by
many
people
•
After
winning
the
championship
,
the
young
swimmer
quickly
rose to fame
.
After
winning
the
championship
,
the
young
swimmer
quickly
rose to fame
.
•
She
enjoyed
her
fame
but
always
remained
humble
.
She
enjoyed
her
fame
but
always
remained
humble
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
fama
meaning
‘
report
,
reputation
’.
diamond
noun
a
very
hard
,
clear
,
valuable
gemstone
made
of
pure
carbon
,
often
cut
and
polished
for
jewellery
•
The
engagement
ring
sparkled
with
a
large
diamond
.
The
engagement
ring
sparkled
with
a
large
diamond
.
•
Miners
searched
deep
underground
hoping
to
find
diamonds
.
Miners
searched
deep
underground
hoping
to
find
diamonds
.
noun
one
of
the
four
suits
in
a
pack
of
playing
cards
,
shown
by
a
red
diamond-shaped
symbol
•
She
laid
down
the
queen
of
diamonds
to
win
the
trick
.
She
laid
down
the
queen
of
diamonds
to
win
the
trick
.
•
If
you
don
’
t
have
a
diamond
,
you
may
play
any
other
suit
.
If
you
don
’
t
have
a
diamond
,
you
may
play
any
other
suit
.
noun
a
flat
shape
with
four
equal
straight
sides
set
so
that
it
looks
like
a
square
turned
on
one
corner
•
She
drew
a
big
red
diamond
on
the
poster
.
She
drew
a
big
red
diamond
on
the
poster
.
•
The
kite
had
a
bright
yellow
diamond
in
its
centre
.
The
kite
had
a
bright
yellow
diamond
in
its
centre
.
noun
the
square-shaped
part
of
a
baseball
field
formed
by
the
four
bases
•
The
players
ran
around
the
diamond
after
the
batter
hit
a
home
run
.
The
players
ran
around
the
diamond
after
the
batter
hit
a
home
run
.
•
Ground
crews
carefully
raked
the
diamond
before
the
game
.
Ground
crews
carefully
raked
the
diamond
before
the
game
.
mainstream
adjective
typical
of
,
or
accepted
by
,
most
people
in
society
•
She
prefers
mainstream
fashion
sold
in
big
shopping
malls
.
She
prefers
mainstream
fashion
sold
in
big
shopping
malls
.
•
Most
people
get
their
news
from
mainstream
television
channels
.
Most
people
get
their
news
from
mainstream
television
channels
.
noun
the
ideas
,
activities
,
or
tastes
that
are
accepted
by
the
largest
group
of
people
at
a
particular
time
•
While
indie
films
often
take
risks
,
Hollywood
blockbusters
usually
aim
for
the
mainstream
.
While
indie
films
often
take
risks
,
Hollywood
blockbusters
usually
aim
for
the
mainstream
.
•
K-pop
used
to
be
niche
,
but
it
has
now
entered
the
global
mainstream
.
K-pop
used
to
be
niche
,
but
it
has
now
entered
the
global
mainstream
.
From
main
(“
principal
”)
+
stream
(“
current
,
direction
of
flow
”),
first
used
metaphorically
in
the
19th
century
for
the
dominant
course
of
opinion
.
verb
to
cause
someone
or
something
to
become
accepted
as
normal
,
especially
by
integrating
it
into
the
dominant
group
or
system
•
The
school
aims
to
mainstream
students
with
disabilities
into
regular
classrooms
.
The
school
aims
to
mainstream
students
with
disabilities
into
regular
classrooms
.
•
Streaming
services
helped
mainstream
independent
films
that
once
struggled
for
theater
space
.
Streaming
services
helped
mainstream
independent
films
that
once
struggled
for
theater
space
.
ma'am
noun
A
polite
form
of
address
used
when
speaking
to
an
adult
woman
,
especially
one
you
do
not
know
or
who
holds
authority
.
•
The
young
male
waiter
smiled
and
asked
, "
Would
you
like
a
dessert
,
ma'am
?"
The
young
male
waiter
smiled
and
asked
, "
Would
you
like
a
dessert
,
ma'am
?"
•
A
male
police
officer
saluted
the
mayor
and
said
, "
Good
morning
,
ma'am
."
A
male
police
officer
saluted
the
mayor
and
said
, "
Good
morning
,
ma'am
."
Shortened
spoken
form
of
“
madam
”,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
dynamic
adjective
full
of
energy
,
ideas
,
and
enthusiasm
;
lively
and
always
developing
.
•
Our
new
manager
is
young
and
dynamic
,
always
bringing
fresh
ideas
to
the
team
.
Our
new
manager
is
young
and
dynamic
,
always
bringing
fresh
ideas
to
the
team
.
•
The
dynamic
city
never
seems
to
sleep
,
with
festivals
,
concerts
,
and
food
markets
every
night
.
The
dynamic
city
never
seems
to
sleep
,
with
festivals
,
concerts
,
and
food
markets
every
night
.
From
Greek
‘
dunamikos
’
meaning
‘
powerful
’,
from
‘
dunamis
’
meaning
‘
power
’.
adjective
continuously
moving
,
changing
,
or
progressing
rather
than
staying
the
same
.
•
Technology
is
a
dynamic
field
that
evolves
every
year
.
Technology
is
a
dynamic
field
that
evolves
every
year
.
•
The
company
’
s
dynamic
strategy
allows
it
to
adapt
quickly
to
market
changes
.
The
company
’
s
dynamic
strategy
allows
it
to
adapt
quickly
to
market
changes
.
adjective
relating
to
forces
that
produce
movement
,
especially
in
physics
and
engineering
.
•
The
engineer
calculated
the
dynamic
load
on
the
bridge
during
heavy
traffic
.
The
engineer
calculated
the
dynamic
load
on
the
bridge
during
heavy
traffic
.
•
We
observed
the
dynamic
motion
of
the
pendulum
under
different
gravitational
conditions
.
We
observed
the
dynamic
motion
of
the
pendulum
under
different
gravitational
conditions
.
adjective
(
computing
)
able
to
change
,
be
created
,
or
adjusted
while
a
program
is
running
,
rather
than
being
fixed
beforehand
.
•
The
website
uses
dynamic
content
that
updates
in
real
time
.
The
website
uses
dynamic
content
that
updates
in
real
time
.
•
We
allocated
dynamic
memory
to
handle
unpredictable
data
sizes
.
We
allocated
dynamic
memory
to
handle
unpredictable
data
sizes
.
noun
a
driving
force
,
influence
,
or
pattern
of
change
within
a
process
or
group
.
•
Trust
is
an
important
dynamic
in
any
healthy
relationship
.
Trust
is
an
important
dynamic
in
any
healthy
relationship
.
•
The
political
dynamic
in
the
region
shifted
after
the
election
.
The
political
dynamic
in
the
region
shifted
after
the
election
.
slam
verb
-
slam
,
slamming
,
slams
,
slammed
to
shut
something
,
or
be
shut
,
suddenly
and
loudly
•
Angry
at
the
argument
,
Jake
slammed
the
door
behind
him
.
Angry
at
the
argument
,
Jake
slammed
the
door
behind
him
.
•
Please
don't
slam
the
car
door
;
it
might
break
the
window
.
Please
don't
slam
the
car
door
;
it
might
break
the
window
.
From
Middle
English
slam
(
verb
),
probably
of
Scandinavian
origin
,
related
to
Danish
slå
‘
hit
’
and
slamre
‘
clang
’.
noun
a
sudden
loud
noise
caused
by
something
being
slammed
•
The
door
shut
with
a
loud
slam
that
echoed
through
the
hallway
.
The
door
shut
with
a
loud
slam
that
echoed
through
the
hallway
.
•
We
heard
the
slam
of
the
lid
from
the
other
room
.
We
heard
the
slam
of
the
lid
from
the
other
room
.
verb
-
slam
,
slamming
,
slams
,
slammed
to
hit
or
crash
into
something
or
someone
with
great
force
•
The
truck
slammed
into
the
guardrail
on
the
icy
road
.
The
truck
slammed
into
the
guardrail
on
the
icy
road
.
•
He
tripped
and
slammed
his
knee
on
the
pavement
.
He
tripped
and
slammed
his
knee
on
the
pavement
.
noun
an
informal
competition
where
poets
perform
original
work
aloud
before
an
audience
•
Kai
performed
his
poem
at
the
local
slam
on
Friday
night
.
Kai
performed
his
poem
at
the
local
slam
on
Friday
night
.
•
The
café
hosts
a
poetry
slam
every
month
.
The
café
hosts
a
poetry
slam
every
month
.
Originated
in
1980s
Chicago
,
coined
by
poet
Marc
Kelly
Smith
,
comparing
the
lively
audience
reaction
to
the
impact
of
a
physical
slam
.
verb
-
slam
,
slamming
,
slams
,
slammed
to
criticize
someone
or
something
very
harshly
in
speech
or
writing
•
Reviewers
slammed
the
new
video
game
for
its
bugs
.
Reviewers
slammed
the
new
video
game
for
its
bugs
.
•
She
slammed
her
coworker
’
s
idea
as
unrealistic
.
She
slammed
her
coworker
’
s
idea
as
unrealistic
.
noun
strong
and
often
public
criticism
•
The
movie
faced
a
harsh
slam
from
critics
.
The
movie
faced
a
harsh
slam
from
critics
.
•
Her
proposal
got
a
quick
slam
at
the
meeting
.
Her
proposal
got
a
quick
slam
at
the
meeting
.
dramatically
adverb
in
a
sudden
,
large
,
or
impressive
way
that
shows
a
big
change
•
After
the
rainstorm
,
the
river
’
s
water
level
rose
dramatically
.
After
the
rainstorm
,
the
river
’
s
water
level
rose
dramatically
.
•
The
new
medicine
dramatically
reduced
the
patient's
fever
.
The
new
medicine
dramatically
reduced
the
patient's
fever
.
adverb
in
a
theatrical
,
exaggerated
,
or
highly
emotional
way
,
like
an
actor
on
a
stage
•
The
actor
paused
and
then
dramatically
slammed
the
door
.
The
actor
paused
and
then
dramatically
slammed
the
door
.
•
She
gasped
dramatically
and
covered
her
mouth
in
mock
surprise
.
She
gasped
dramatically
and
covered
her
mouth
in
mock
surprise
.
dynamics
noun
-
dynamics
the
changes
in
loudness
that
performers
make
in
a
piece
of
music
,
or
the
symbols
that
show
those
changes
•
The
pianist
played
with
delicate
dynamics
,
making
the
melody
rise
and
fall
beautifully
.
The
pianist
played
with
delicate
dynamics
,
making
the
melody
rise
and
fall
beautifully
.
•
You
can
see
the
dynamics
marked
as
‘
p
’
and
‘
f
’
in
the
sheet
music
.
You
can
see
the
dynamics
marked
as
‘
p
’
and
‘
f
’
in
the
sheet
music
.
borrowed
into
musical
terminology
in
the
late
18th
century
from
the
broader
scientific
sense
of
force
and
power
noun
-
dynamics
the
set
of
forces
or
relationships
that
cause
growth
,
change
,
or
interaction
within
a
system
,
group
,
or
situation
•
The
team
hired
a
coach
to
improve
group
dynamics
.
The
team
hired
a
coach
to
improve
group
dynamics
.
•
Population
dynamics
show
how
cities
grow
over
time
.
Population
dynamics
show
how
cities
grow
over
time
.
broader
figurative
use
developed
in
the
early
20th
century
from
the
physics
sense
,
applying
‘
forces
’
metaphorically
to
social
and
economic
systems
noun
-
dynamics
the
branch
of
physics
that
studies
how
forces
make
objects
move
and
change
motion
•
In
physics
class
,
we
studied
dynamics
to
understand
how
forces
affect
motion
.
In
physics
class
,
we
studied
dynamics
to
understand
how
forces
affect
motion
.
•
Engineers
use
fluid
dynamics
to
design
more
efficient
airplane
wings
.
Engineers
use
fluid
dynamics
to
design
more
efficient
airplane
wings
.
from
Greek
dunamikos
‘
powerful
’,
from
dunamis
‘
power
,
force
’
parliament
noun
the
main
law-making
body
in
some
countries
,
made
up
of
elected
or
appointed
representatives
who
debate
and
pass
laws
•
After
the
election
,
the
new
parliament
met
to
choose
a
prime
minister
.
After
the
election
,
the
new
parliament
met
to
choose
a
prime
minister
.
•
The
bill
was
debated
in
Parliament
for
several
weeks
before
it
became
law
.
The
bill
was
debated
in
Parliament
for
several
weeks
before
it
became
law
.
Middle
English
"
parlement
"
borrowed
from
Old
French
,
literally
"
speaking
",
from
"
parler
"
meaning
"
to
speak
";
first
used
in
England
for
the
king
’
s
council
in
the
13th
century
.
noun
a
formal
period
or
session
during
which
a
parliament
meets
and
carries
out
its
work
•
The
first
parliament
of
the
new
government
opened
with
a
speech
from
the
monarch
.
The
first
parliament
of
the
new
government
opened
with
a
speech
from
the
monarch
.
•
Several
important
reforms
were
passed
during
this
parliament
.
Several
important
reforms
were
passed
during
this
parliament
.
noun
a
group
of
owls
•
At
dusk
,
a
parliament
of
owls
gathered
on
the
old
barn
roof
.
At
dusk
,
a
parliament
of
owls
gathered
on
the
old
barn
roof
.
•
The
wildlife
guide
pointed
out
a
parliament
of
snowy
owls
resting
on
the
fence
.
The
wildlife
guide
pointed
out
a
parliament
of
snowy
owls
resting
on
the
fence
.
Collective
nouns
for
animals
were
popularized
in
late
Middle
English
hunting
manuals
; “
parliament
”
for
owls
possibly
refers
to
their
wise
,
serious
appearance
when
gathered
together
.
parameter
noun
a
numerical
value
that
stays
constant
within
one
specific
mathematical
model
but
can
vary
between
different
models
in
the
same
family
•
In
the
equation
of
a
straight
line
,
the
slope
is
a
key
parameter
.
In
the
equation
of
a
straight
line
,
the
slope
is
a
key
parameter
.
•
Changing
the
parameter
shifts
the
entire
graph
up
or
down
on
the
coordinate
plane
.
Changing
the
parameter
shifts
the
entire
graph
up
or
down
on
the
coordinate
plane
.
mid-19th
century
,
from
Greek
"
para
"
meaning
‘
beside
’
+
"
metron
"
meaning
‘
measure
’
noun
a
value
or
reference
that
a
computer
function
or
procedure
receives
so
it
can
perform
its
task
•
The
function
takes
a
filename
as
a
parameter
.
The
function
takes
a
filename
as
a
parameter
.
•
If
you
omit
the
second
parameter
,
the
program
uses
a
default
value
.
If
you
omit
the
second
parameter
,
the
program
uses
a
default
value
.
noun
a
fixed
limit
or
boundary
that
defines
what
is
possible
or
acceptable
in
a
situation
•
The
committee
set
strict
parameters
for
the
project
timeline
.
The
committee
set
strict
parameters
for
the
project
timeline
.
•
Staying
within
those
parameters
proved
harder
than
we
thought
.
Staying
within
those
parameters
proved
harder
than
we
thought
.
African-American
noun
a
person
from
the
United
States
who
has
African
ancestors
•
Mrs
.
Johnson
is
proud
to
be
an
African-American
and
to
share
her
family's
history
with
her
students
.
Mrs
.
Johnson
is
proud
to
be
an
African-American
and
to
share
her
family's
history
with
her
students
.
•
Many
African-Americans
played
key
roles
in
the
civil
rights
movement
.
Many
African-Americans
played
key
roles
in
the
civil
rights
movement
.
Formed
from
African
+
American
to
indicate
ancestry
linked
to
Africa
within
the
United
States
.
adjective
relating
to
African-Americans
or
their
culture
•
The
festival
featured
vibrant
African-American
music
and
dance
.
The
festival
featured
vibrant
African-American
music
and
dance
.
•
She
is
studying
African-American
literature
at
college
.
She
is
studying
African-American
literature
at
college
.
An
adjective
formed
from
the
noun
African-American
.
exam
noun
a
formal
test
that
measures
how
much
someone
knows
or
can
do
in
a
particular
subject
•
Maria
studied
all
night
for
her
math
exam
.
Maria
studied
all
night
for
her
math
exam
.
•
If
you
pass
the
driving
theory
exam
,
you
can
book
the
road
test
.
If
you
pass
the
driving
theory
exam
,
you
can
book
the
road
test
.
Shortened
form
of
examination
,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
noun
a
medical
check
that
a
doctor
or
nurse
does
to
find
out
if
you
are
healthy
•
I
have
an
eye
exam
scheduled
for
next
Tuesday
.
I
have
an
eye
exam
scheduled
for
next
Tuesday
.
•
The
doctor
recommended
a
yearly
physical
exam
for
patients
over
fifty
.
The
doctor
recommended
a
yearly
physical
exam
for
patients
over
fifty
.
Shortened
form
of
examination
in
the
sense
of
‘
medical
inspection
’,
recorded
from
the
late
19th
century
.
vitamin
noun
a
natural
substance
found
in
food
(
or
taken
as
a
pill
)
that
the
body
needs
in
very
small
amounts
to
grow
,
stay
healthy
,
and
work
properly
•
Eating
fresh
oranges
every
morning
gives
your
body
the
vitamin
C
it
needs
.
Eating
fresh
oranges
every
morning
gives
your
body
the
vitamin
C
it
needs
.
•
My
doctor
told
me
to
take
a
vitamin
tablet
with
breakfast
each
day
.
My
doctor
told
me
to
take
a
vitamin
tablet
with
breakfast
each
day
.
Early
20th
century
:
from
Latin
vita
“
life
”
+
amine
,
because
the
first
vitamins
discovered
were
thought
to
be
amines
.
teammate
noun
a
person
who
plays
or
works
on
the
same
team
as
you
•
After
scoring
the
winning
goal
,
Maria
hugged
her
teammate
in
celebration
.
After
scoring
the
winning
goal
,
Maria
hugged
her
teammate
in
celebration
.
•
During
the
school
science
fair
,
Jake
helped
his
teammate
reconnect
a
loose
wire
on
their
display
.
During
the
school
science
fair
,
Jake
helped
his
teammate
reconnect
a
loose
wire
on
their
display
.
From
team
+
mate
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
in
reference
to
sports
teams
.
beam
noun
a
long
,
thick
piece
of
wood
,
metal
,
or
concrete
that
supports
a
roof
,
floor
,
bridge
,
or
other
structure
by
carrying
weight
across
an
open
space
•
The
workers
lifted
the
heavy
steel
beam
into
place
above
the
doorway
.
The
workers
lifted
the
heavy
steel
beam
into
place
above
the
doorway
.
•
A
thick
wooden
beam
runs
across
the
ceiling
of
the
rustic
cottage
.
A
thick
wooden
beam
runs
across
the
ceiling
of
the
rustic
cottage
.
Old
English
bēam
“
tree
,
post
,
beam
,”
originally
meaning
“
living
tree
”
and
later
“
timber
,”
related
to
German
Baum
“
tree
.”
noun
a
narrow
line
or
ray
of
light
,
energy
,
or
particles
that
shines
from
a
source
•
A
bright
beam
of
sunlight
pierced
the
clouds
.
A
bright
beam
of
sunlight
pierced
the
clouds
.
•
The
lighthouse
sent
a
revolving
beam
across
the
sea
.
The
lighthouse
sent
a
revolving
beam
across
the
sea
.
Extended
from
structural
sense
to
‘
ray
of
light
’
in
Middle
English
,
perhaps
by
metaphor
with
a
straight
piece
of
timber
.
verb
-
beam
,
beaming
,
beams
,
beamed
to
smile
very
broadly
and
happily
•
She
couldn't
help
but
beam
when
she
saw
her
exam
results
.
She
couldn't
help
but
beam
when
she
saw
her
exam
results
.
•
The
proud
father
beamed
as
his
son
walked
across
the
graduation
stage
.
The
proud
father
beamed
as
his
son
walked
across
the
graduation
stage
.
Figurative
use
from
idea
of
‘
light
shining
’,
first
recorded
in
late
Middle
English
.
verb
-
beam
,
beaming
,
beams
,
beamed
to
send
or
broadcast
light
,
radio
waves
,
signals
,
or
images
across
a
distance
,
sometimes
instantly
in
science
fiction
•
Satellites
beam
television
signals
to
homes
around
the
world
.
Satellites
beam
television
signals
to
homes
around
the
world
.
•
The
presenter
beamed
a
smile
to
the
audience
and
then
beamed
the
slideshow
onto
the
giant
screen
.
The
presenter
beamed
a
smile
to
the
audience
and
then
beamed
the
slideshow
onto
the
giant
screen
.
Extended
from
the
noun
sense
of
a
ray
of
light
;
electronic
use
began
with
radio
in
the
early
20th
century
;
teleportation
sense
popularized
by
1960s
science-fiction
.
steam
noun
-
steam
the
hot
mist
of
water
that
you
see
when
water
boils
or
something
very
hot
meets
cooler
air
•
The
hot
soup
sent
clouds
of
steam
into
the
chilly
kitchen
.
The
hot
soup
sent
clouds
of
steam
into
the
chilly
kitchen
.
•
Julia
wiped
the
bathroom
mirror
to
clear
the
steam
after
her
shower
.
Julia
wiped
the
bathroom
mirror
to
clear
the
steam
after
her
shower
.
From
Old
English
stēam
,
meaning
“
vapor
.”
noun
-
steam
the
power
produced
by
very
hot
pressurised
steam
,
used
especially
in
old
trains
and
machines
•
The
old
locomotive
ran
on
steam
rather
than
electricity
.
The
old
locomotive
ran
on
steam
rather
than
electricity
.
•
Early
factories
used
steam
to
power
their
machines
.
Early
factories
used
steam
to
power
their
machines
.
Industrial
sense
developed
in
the
18th
century
when
steam
engines
became
common
.
verb
-
steam
,
steaming
,
steams
,
steamed
to
cook
food
in
the
hot
mist
from
boiling
water
instead
of
in
oil
or
directly
in
water
•
Mei
decided
to
steam
the
broccoli
to
keep
it
crisp
and
green
.
Mei
decided
to
steam
the
broccoli
to
keep
it
crisp
and
green
.
•
The
chef
will
steam
the
fish
with
ginger
and
soy
.
The
chef
will
steam
the
fish
with
ginger
and
soy
.
Cooking
sense
recorded
since
the
17th
century
.
verb
-
steam
,
steaming
,
steams
,
steamed
to
send
out
clouds
of
steam
,
or
to
be
covered
with
steam
•
The
kettle
began
to
steam
as
the
water
boiled
.
The
kettle
began
to
steam
as
the
water
boiled
.
•
After
the
race
,
the
horse
was
steaming
in
the
cold
air
.
After
the
race
,
the
horse
was
steaming
in
the
cold
air
.
From
the
basic
noun
sense
,
later
used
for
things
that
give
off
steam
.
verb
-
steam
,
steaming
,
steams
,
steamed
(
informal
)
to
feel
or
show
great
anger
•
Dad
was
steaming
when
he
saw
the
dent
in
the
car
.
Dad
was
steaming
when
he
saw
the
dent
in
the
car
.
•
She
steamed
silently
while
waiting
for
the
late
bus
.
She
steamed
silently
while
waiting
for
the
late
bus
.
Figurative
use
comparing
angry
people
to
boiling
kettles
letting
out
steam
.
lamp
noun
a
device
with
a
bulb
that
makes
light
,
usually
powered
by
electricity
and
often
standing
on
a
table
,
fixed
to
a
wall
,
or
hanging
from
a
ceiling
•
Sofia
turned
on
the
lamp
beside
her
bed
to
read
.
Sofia
turned
on
the
lamp
beside
her
bed
to
read
.
•
The
power
went
out
,
so
we
used
a
battery
lamp
to
find
our
way
.
The
power
went
out
,
so
we
used
a
battery
lamp
to
find
our
way
.
From
Middle
English
lampe
,
borrowed
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
lampas
"
torch
,
light
",
from
Ancient
Greek
λαμπάς
(
lampás
) "
torch
".
noun
a
container
that
burns
oil
,
kerosene
,
or
another
fuel
to
give
light
,
often
made
of
metal
or
clay
and
used
before
electric
lighting
•
The
archaeologists
discovered
a
clay
lamp
from
ancient
Rome
.
The
archaeologists
discovered
a
clay
lamp
from
ancient
Rome
.
•
During
the
camping
trip
,
we
lit
an
oil
lamp
to
cook
dinner
.
During
the
camping
trip
,
we
lit
an
oil
lamp
to
cook
dinner
.
Same
historical
roots
as
the
electric
sense
,
but
referring
to
earlier
fuel-burning
devices
.
LAMP
noun
-
LAMP
,
LAMP
stacks
an
acronym
for
a
set
of
open-source
software
—
Linux
,
Apache
,
MySQL
,
and
PHP
—
commonly
used
together
to
host
websites
and
web
applications
•
The
developer
chose
a
LAMP
server
to
keep
costs
low
.
The
developer
chose
a
LAMP
server
to
keep
costs
low
.
•
Many
popular
forums
still
run
on
the
classic
LAMP
stack
.
Many
popular
forums
still
run
on
the
classic
LAMP
stack
.
Formed
in
the
late
1990s
from
the
initial
letters
of
Linux
,
Apache
,
MySQL
,
and
PHP
to
describe
a
common
free
software
solution
for
web
hosting
.
programming
noun
-
programming
the
shows
or
content
that
a
television
or
radio
station
broadcasts
•
The
channel's
evening
programming
includes
news
and
a
comedy
series
.
The
channel's
evening
programming
includes
news
and
a
comedy
series
.
•
Parents
often
look
for
educational
programming
for
their
children
.
Parents
often
look
for
educational
programming
for
their
children
.
Derived
from
“
program
”
in
the
sense
of
a
scheduled
show
.
By
the
1930s
,
broadcasters
referred
to
their
line-up
of
shows
as
“
programming
.”
noun
-
programming
writing
instructions
in
a
computer
language
so
that
a
computer
,
phone
,
or
other
device
does
what
you
want
•
She
decided
to
study
programming
at
university
to
become
a
software
developer
.
She
decided
to
study
programming
at
university
to
become
a
software
developer
.
•
Good
programming
often
starts
with
a
clear
plan
of
what
the
app
should
do
.
Good
programming
often
starts
with
a
clear
plan
of
what
the
app
should
do
.
From
the
present
participle
of
the
verb
“
program
,”
meaning
to
set
an
ordered
series
of
steps
.
In
the
1950s
it
began
to
describe
writing
code
for
early
computers
.
noun
-
programming
the
act
of
planning
and
organizing
a
series
of
events
or
activities
•
The
conference
programming
was
designed
to
appeal
to
both
new
and
experienced
teachers
.
The
conference
programming
was
designed
to
appeal
to
both
new
and
experienced
teachers
.
•
Careful
programming
kept
the
festival
running
smoothly
for
three
days
.
Careful
programming
kept
the
festival
running
smoothly
for
three
days
.
This
sense
grows
out
of
“
program
”
meaning
a
written
plan
of
events
.
Since
the
late
19th
century
,
organizers
have
spoken
of
“
programming
”
a
fair
,
festival
,
or
schedule
.
gram
noun
a
unit
for
measuring
mass
in
the
metric
system
,
equal
to
one-thousandth
of
a
kilogram
.
•
The
recipe
calls
for
200
grams
of
sugar
.
The
recipe
calls
for
200
grams
of
sugar
.
•
A
newborn
baby
typically
weighs
about
3
,
000
grams
.
A
newborn
baby
typically
weighs
about
3
,
000
grams
.
From
French
gramme
,
coined
in
1795
from
Late
Latin
gramma
“
a
small
weight
,”
from
Greek
grámma
“
something
written
,
small
weight
.”
noun
(
Indian
English
)
a
chickpea
or
the
dried
seeds
of
similar
legume
plants
eaten
as
food
.
•
She
cooked
a
spicy
curry
with
black
gram
and
coconut
milk
.
She
cooked
a
spicy
curry
with
black
gram
and
coconut
milk
.
•
Roasted
gram
is
a
popular
evening
snack
sold
by
street
vendors
.
Roasted
gram
is
a
popular
evening
snack
sold
by
street
vendors
.
Borrowed
into
English
from
Hindi
and
other
South
Asian
languages
,
ultimately
from
Sanskrit
*gharma*
referring
to
pulses
.
Gram
noun
(
informal
)
grandmother
.
•
I
’
m
spending
the
weekend
with
my
Gram
at
her
lake
cabin
.
I
’
m
spending
the
weekend
with
my
Gram
at
her
lake
cabin
.
•
Gram
baked
us
a
batch
of
chocolate-chip
cookies
.
Gram
baked
us
a
batch
of
chocolate-chip
cookies
.
Shortened
form
of
“
grandma
,”
first
attested
in
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
.
vampire
noun
a
dead
person
in
traditional
stories
who
leaves
the
grave
at
night
to
bite
people
’
s
necks
and
drink
their
blood
•
At
the
costume
party
,
Kevin
wore
plastic
fangs
to
look
like
a
vampire
.
At
the
costume
party
,
Kevin
wore
plastic
fangs
to
look
like
a
vampire
.
•
The
old
horror
film
shows
a
vampire
rising
from
its
wooden
coffin
at
midnight
.
The
old
horror
film
shows
a
vampire
rising
from
its
wooden
coffin
at
midnight
.
From
early
18th-century
French
‘
vampyre
’,
from
Hungarian
‘
vámpír
’,
probably
ultimately
from
Slavic
roots
meaning
“
blood-sucker
”.
noun
a
person
who
selfishly
uses
or
exploits
other
people
,
especially
for
money
,
energy
,
or
attention
•
Some
critics
called
the
corrupt
landlord
a
vampire
who
sucked
money
from
poor
families
.
Some
critics
called
the
corrupt
landlord
a
vampire
who
sucked
money
from
poor
families
.
•
She
realized
her
so-called
friend
was
a
vampire
draining
her
energy
with
constant
drama
.
She
realized
her
so-called
friend
was
a
vampire
draining
her
energy
with
constant
drama
.
stamp
noun
a
small
piece
of
paper
with
a
printed
design
and
glue
on
the
back
that
you
stick
on
a
letter
or
parcel
to
show
you
have
paid
for
it
to
be
sent
•
Ben
stuck
a
colourful
stamp
on
the
envelope
before
mailing
it
.
Ben
stuck
a
colourful
stamp
on
the
envelope
before
mailing
it
.
•
Without
a
stamp
,
the
letter
would
be
returned
to
the
sender
.
Without
a
stamp
,
the
letter
would
be
returned
to
the
sender
.
noun
an
official
mark
or
impression
put
on
a
document
to
show
it
is
genuine
or
that
a
fee
has
been
paid
•
The
visa
office
placed
a
red
entry
stamp
in
her
passport
.
The
visa
office
placed
a
red
entry
stamp
in
her
passport
.
•
Each
library
book
carries
a
date
stamp
on
the
inside
cover
.
Each
library
book
carries
a
date
stamp
on
the
inside
cover
.
noun
a
small
tool
with
a
handle
and
a
flat
surface
bearing
a
design
or
words
that
you
press
onto
ink
and
then
onto
a
surface
to
make
a
mark
•
She
bought
a
new
rubber
stamp
with
her
shop's
logo
.
She
bought
a
new
rubber
stamp
with
her
shop's
logo
.
•
Dip
the
stamp
in
the
ink
before
pressing
it
on
the
card
.
Dip
the
stamp
in
the
ink
before
pressing
it
on
the
card
.
noun
an
act
of
bringing
your
foot
down
hard
on
the
ground
,
or
the
loud
sound
that
this
makes
•
With
an
angry
stamp
of
her
foot
,
she
left
the
room
.
With
an
angry
stamp
of
her
foot
,
she
left
the
room
.
•
The
horse's
nervous
stamps
echoed
in
the
barn
.
The
horse's
nervous
stamps
echoed
in
the
barn
.
verb
to
bring
your
foot
down
hard
on
the
ground
,
often
to
show
anger
or
to
keep
warm
•
He
stamped
his
feet
to
keep
warm
in
the
snow
.
He
stamped
his
feet
to
keep
warm
in
the
snow
.
•
She
stamps
on
the
floor
whenever
the
music
gets
exciting
.
She
stamps
on
the
floor
whenever
the
music
gets
exciting
.
verb
to
press
a
mark
,
design
,
or
words
onto
something
,
or
to
attach
a
postage
stamp
to
a
letter
or
parcel
•
The
clerk
stamped
the
invoice
with
today's
date
.
The
clerk
stamped
the
invoice
with
today's
date
.
•
Remember
to
stamp
the
letter
before
you
post
it
.
Remember
to
stamp
the
letter
before
you
post
it
.
noun
a
quality
or
style
that
clearly
shows
something
was
made
or
influenced
by
a
particular
person
or
group
•
The
sleek
design
bears
the
unmistakable
stamp
of
the
Italian
architect
.
The
sleek
design
bears
the
unmistakable
stamp
of
the
Italian
architect
.
•
Every
poem
carries
the
personal
stamp
of
the
writer
’
s
humor
.
Every
poem
carries
the
personal
stamp
of
the
writer
’
s
humor
.
goddamn
adjective
used
before
a
noun
to
show
strong
anger
or
annoyance
toward
the
person
or
thing
mentioned
•
Turn
off
that
goddamn
alarm
clock
;
it's
been
ringing
for
ten
minutes
!
Turn
off
that
goddamn
alarm
clock
;
it's
been
ringing
for
ten
minutes
!
•
She
can
’
t
find
her
goddamn
keys
anywhere
in
the
messy
living
room
.
She
can
’
t
find
her
goddamn
keys
anywhere
in
the
messy
living
room
.
Formed
from
the
phrase
“
God
damn
,”
a
blasphemous
curse
dating
back
to
the
17th
century
,
later
fused
into
a
single
word
used
as
an
intensifier
.
adverb
used
before
or
after
a
verb
to
add
force
,
showing
irritation
or
emphasis
•
He
goddamn
forgot
my
birthday
again
.
He
goddamn
forgot
my
birthday
again
.
•
We
goddamn
need
to
leave
before
traffic
gets
worse
.
We
goddamn
need
to
leave
before
traffic
gets
worse
.
interjection
used
alone
as
an
exclamation
to
show
anger
,
surprise
,
or
frustration
•
Goddamn
!
The
coffee
just
spilled
all
over
my
notes
.
Goddamn
!
The
coffee
just
spilled
all
over
my
notes
.
•
Goddamn
,
that
was
a
close
call
on
the
highway
.
Goddamn
,
that
was
a
close
call
on
the
highway
.
testament
noun
a
legal
document
in
which
a
person
says
how
their
money
and
property
should
be
given
away
after
they
die
•
After
her
grandmother
passed
away
,
the
testament
revealed
that
she
had
left
the
farmhouse
to
a
local
animal
shelter
.
After
her
grandmother
passed
away
,
the
testament
revealed
that
she
had
left
the
farmhouse
to
a
local
animal
shelter
.
•
The
family
gathered
in
the
dining
room
while
the
attorney
read
their
late
uncle
’
s
testament
.
The
family
gathered
in
the
dining
room
while
the
attorney
read
their
late
uncle
’
s
testament
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
testamentum
‘
a
will
’,
literally
‘
something
witnessed
’,
from
testari
‘
to
testify
’.
noun
clear
proof
or
strong
evidence
that
a
particular
fact
,
quality
,
or
achievement
is
real
•
The
packed
concert
hall
was
a
testament
to
the
band
’
s
worldwide
popularity
.
The
packed
concert
hall
was
a
testament
to
the
band
’
s
worldwide
popularity
.
•
His
flawless
presentation
served
as
a
testament
to
months
of
hard
work
and
rehearsal
.
His
flawless
presentation
served
as
a
testament
to
months
of
hard
work
and
rehearsal
.
Extended
figurative
use
from
the
legal
sense
of
‘
testament
’,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
Testament
noun
either
of
the
two
main
parts
of
the
Christian
Bible
:
the
Old
Testament
or
the
New
Testament
•
Many
Christians
read
a
passage
from
the
New
Testament
every
morning
.
Many
Christians
read
a
passage
from
the
New
Testament
every
morning
.
•
The
Old
Testament
contains
stories
that
are
thousands
of
years
old
.
The
Old
Testament
contains
stories
that
are
thousands
of
years
old
.
From
Latin
testamentum
‘
covenant
’,
used
in
the
Latin
Bible
to
translate
Hebrew
berith
‘
covenant
’.
ashamed
adjective
feeling
guilt
,
embarrassment
,
or
remorse
about
something
you
have
done
or
about
a
situation
connected
with
you
•
Tom
felt
ashamed
after
he
lied
to
his
best
friend
.
Tom
felt
ashamed
after
he
lied
to
his
best
friend
.
•
She
looked
ashamed
when
the
teacher
returned
her
unfinished
homework
.
She
looked
ashamed
when
the
teacher
returned
her
unfinished
homework
.
From
Middle
English
ashamed
,
past
participle
of
ashame
,
from
Old
English
āscamian
“
to
feel
shame
”.
hammer
noun
a
heavy
hand
tool
with
a
metal
head
used
for
hitting
nails
or
breaking
things
•
Dad
gave
me
a
hammer
to
help
build
the
treehouse
.
Dad
gave
me
a
hammer
to
help
build
the
treehouse
.
•
She
missed
the
nail
and
the
hammer
dented
the
wood
.
She
missed
the
nail
and
the
hammer
dented
the
wood
.
Old
English
hamor
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Dutch
hamer
and
German
Hammer
.
verb
to
hit
something
many
times
with
force
,
especially
using
a
hammer
•
They
hammered
wooden
stakes
into
the
ground
.
They
hammered
wooden
stakes
into
the
ground
.
•
Workers
hammered
loudly
on
the
metal
beams
.
Workers
hammered
loudly
on
the
metal
beams
.
noun
the
part
of
a
gun
,
piano
,
or
other
machine
that
strikes
another
piece
to
make
it
work
•
The
piano
hammer
hit
the
string
and
produced
a
clear
note
.
The
piano
hammer
hit
the
string
and
produced
a
clear
note
.
•
The
old
revolver
wouldn't
fire
because
its
hammer
was
broken
.
The
old
revolver
wouldn't
fire
because
its
hammer
was
broken
.
noun
a
heavy
metal
ball
attached
to
a
wire
and
handle
that
athletes
swing
and
throw
in
track-and-field
competitions
•
The
crowd
cheered
as
the
athlete
released
the
hammer
into
the
air
.
The
crowd
cheered
as
the
athlete
released
the
hammer
into
the
air
.
•
He
practices
spinning
with
the
hammer
every
morning
at
the
stadium
.
He
practices
spinning
with
the
hammer
every
morning
at
the
stadium
.
verb
to
defeat
someone
easily
or
to
criticize
something
very
severely
•
The
home
team
hammered
their
rivals
5–0
.
The
home
team
hammered
their
rivals
5–0
.
•
Reviewers
hammered
the
movie
for
its
weak
plot
.
Reviewers
hammered
the
movie
for
its
weak
plot
.