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former
adjective
having
previously
held
a
particular
position
,
status
,
or
form
,
but
not
now
•
My
former
teacher
visited
our
class
yesterday
.
My
former
teacher
visited
our
class
yesterday
.
•
The
city
renovated
a
former
factory
into
stylish
loft
apartments
.
The
city
renovated
a
former
factory
into
stylish
loft
apartments
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
English
‘
forma
’
meaning
‘
first
’,
later
developing
the
sense
of
‘
earlier
in
time
’.
pronoun
the
first
of
two
people
or
things
mentioned
•
Emma
loves
coffee
and
tea
;
she
drinks
the
former
every
morning
.
Emma
loves
coffee
and
tea
;
she
drinks
the
former
every
morning
.
•
Out
of
hiking
or
swimming
,
I
prefer
the
former
.
Out
of
hiking
or
swimming
,
I
prefer
the
former
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
sense
of
‘
former
’,
used
as
a
noun
from
the
16th
century
to
refer
to
the
first
of
two
items
.
performer
noun
a
person
such
as
an
actor
,
singer
,
dancer
,
or
musician
who
entertains
an
audience
•
The
street
performer
juggled
flaming
torches
,
drawing
a
curious
crowd
.
The
street
performer
juggled
flaming
torches
,
drawing
a
curious
crowd
.
•
Hundreds
of
performers
prepared
backstage
before
the
big
music
festival
began
.
Hundreds
of
performers
prepared
backstage
before
the
big
music
festival
began
.
From
the
verb
perform
+
-er
,
first
recorded
in
the
16th
century
.
noun
a
person
,
team
,
or
thing
that
achieves
a
particular
level
of
success
or
effectiveness
at
a
task
•
Jamal
was
the
top
performer
in
the
sales
department
this
quarter
.
Jamal
was
the
top
performer
in
the
sales
department
this
quarter
.
•
This
affordable
laptop
is
a
solid
performer
for
everyday
tasks
.
This
affordable
laptop
is
a
solid
performer
for
everyday
tasks
.
Extended
from
the
entertainment
sense
to
general
success
by
metaphorical
usage
in
the
19th
century
.