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π
mention
verb
to
say
or
write
something
about
a
person
or
thing
briefly
,
without
going
into
detail
β’
Please
mention
my
name
when
you
see
the
manager
.
Please
mention
my
name
when
you
see
the
manager
.
β’
He
didn't
mention
the
broken
window
during
the
meeting
.
He
didn't
mention
the
broken
window
during
the
meeting
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
mencion
,
from
Latin
mentio
meaning
β
a
speaking
of
β.
noun
a
brief
reference
to
someone
or
something
β’
The
article
made
no
mention
of
the
new
law
.
The
article
made
no
mention
of
the
new
law
.
β’
Thanks
for
the
mention
in
your
speech
.
Thanks
for
the
mention
in
your
speech
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
mencion
,
from
Latin
mentio
meaning
β
a
speaking
of
β.
mental
adjective
relating
to
the
mind
,
thinking
,
or
emotional
processes
rather
than
the
body
β’
After
the
accident
,
he
needed
time
for
mental
recovery
before
going
back
to
work
.
After
the
accident
,
he
needed
time
for
mental
recovery
before
going
back
to
work
.
β’
Puzzles
like
chess
are
good
mental
exercise
for
older
adults
.
Puzzles
like
chess
are
good
mental
exercise
for
older
adults
.
From
late
Latin
mentalis
,
from
Latin
mens
β
mind
β.
adjective
(
informal
)
crazy
,
wild
,
or
extremely
exciting
β’
That
roller
coaster
was
absolutely
mental
!
That
roller
coaster
was
absolutely
mental
!
β’
My
friends
went
mental
when
they
heard
the
band
announce
a
surprise
show
.
My
friends
went
mental
when
they
heard
the
band
announce
a
surprise
show
.
Extension
of
the
standard
adjective
"
mental
"
to
slang
meaning
"
crazy
"
in
British
English
,
recorded
since
the
late
20th
century
.
adjective
(
anatomy
)
situated
near
or
relating
to
the
chin
β’
The
dentist
injected
anesthesia
near
the
patient's
mental
nerve
.
The
dentist
injected
anesthesia
near
the
patient's
mental
nerve
.
β’
A
small
cut
was
found
on
the
mental
region
after
the
fall
.
A
small
cut
was
found
on
the
mental
region
after
the
fall
.
From
Latin
mentum
β
chin
β,
giving
a
separate
anatomical
sense
distinct
from
the
mind-related
meaning
.
menu
noun
a
list
of
the
dishes
and
drinks
that
a
restaurant
,
cafΓ©
,
or
similar
place
offers
,
usually
with
prices
β’
The
waiter
handed
Sarah
a
menu
before
taking
her
drink
order
.
The
waiter
handed
Sarah
a
menu
before
taking
her
drink
order
.
β’
The
children
β
s
eyes
lit
up
when
they
saw
pizza
listed
on
the
menu
.
The
children
β
s
eyes
lit
up
when
they
saw
pizza
listed
on
the
menu
.
noun
a
list
of
commands
or
options
displayed
by
a
computer
program
or
device
that
you
can
choose
from
β’
Click
the
'File'
menu
to
save
your
document
.
Click
the
'File'
menu
to
save
your
document
.
β’
A
drop-down
menu
appeared
when
she
right-clicked
the
picture
.
A
drop-down
menu
appeared
when
she
right-clicked
the
picture
.
noun
a
selection
of
dishes
offered
together
as
a
meal
for
a
fixed
price
β’
The
restaurant
offers
a
three-course
menu
for
twenty
dollars
.
The
restaurant
offers
a
three-course
menu
for
twenty
dollars
.
β’
We
chose
the
vegetarian
menu
at
the
wedding
banquet
.
We
chose
the
vegetarian
menu
at
the
wedding
banquet
.
man
noun
-
man
,
men
a
grown
male
person
,
not
a
boy
β’
A
friendly
man
held
the
door
open
for
Maya
.
A
friendly
man
held
the
door
open
for
Maya
.
β’
The
old
man
told
stories
about
the
sea
.
The
old
man
told
stories
about
the
sea
.
Old
English
mann
,
originally
meaning
a
human
being
regardless
of
gender
;
later
specialized
to
adult
male
.
noun
-
man
,
men
a
playing
piece
used
in
board
games
such
as
chess
,
checkers
,
or
backgammon
β’
Hannah
crowned
her
last
man
and
won
the
game
of
checkers
.
Hannah
crowned
her
last
man
and
won
the
game
of
checkers
.
β’
A
captured
man
is
removed
from
the
board
immediately
.
A
captured
man
is
removed
from
the
board
immediately
.
Extended
sense
from
the
idea
of
each
piece
representing
a
person
in
battle-like
board
games
.
woman
noun
-
woman
,
women
an
adult
human
female
β’
The
scientist
was
the
first
woman
to
walk
on
the
moon
.
The
scientist
was
the
first
woman
to
walk
on
the
moon
.
β’
A
little
girl
pointed
to
the
statue
and
said
, β
That
brave
woman
saved
our
town
!β
A
little
girl
pointed
to
the
statue
and
said
, β
That
brave
woman
saved
our
town
!β
Old
English
wΔ«fmann
(β
female
human
β),
from
wΔ«f
(β
woman
,
wife
β)
+
mann
(β
person
β);
over
time
the
initial
consonant
sound
changed
,
and
the
plural
women
adopted
a
different
vowel
sound
.
government
noun
the
group
of
people
who
officially
control
and
run
a
country
,
state
,
city
,
or
other
political
unit
β’
After
the
election
,
the
new
government
promised
to
lower
taxes
.
After
the
election
,
the
new
government
promised
to
lower
taxes
.
β’
The
government
announced
emergency
aid
after
the
hurricane
.
The
government
announced
emergency
aid
after
the
hurricane
.
From
Middle
English
gouernement
,
from
Old
French
governement
,
from
Latin
gubernΔre
meaning
β
to
steer
,
govern
.β
noun
-
government
the
system
,
method
,
or
process
by
which
a
country
or
community
is
ruled
β’
Students
debated
whether
democracy
is
the
best
form
of
government
.
Students
debated
whether
democracy
is
the
best
form
of
government
.
β’
Good
government
requires
clear
laws
and
honest
officials
.
Good
government
requires
clear
laws
and
honest
officials
.
Same
origin
as
sense
1
,
ultimately
from
Latin
gubernΔre
β
to
steer
.β
moment
noun
a
very
short
period
of
time
β’
"
Just
a
moment
,
please
,"
the
receptionist
said
while
checking
the
schedule
.
"
Just
a
moment
,
please
,"
the
receptionist
said
while
checking
the
schedule
.
β’
The
puppy
sat
still
for
only
a
moment
before
darting
off
again
.
The
puppy
sat
still
for
only
a
moment
before
darting
off
again
.
From
Middle
English
moment
,
from
Old
French
moment
,
from
Latin
momentum
meaning
β
movement
,
short
time
β.
noun
a
particular
point
in
time
,
especially
when
something
happens
or
is
experienced
β’
Winning
the
award
was
the
proudest
moment
of
her
life
.
Winning
the
award
was
the
proudest
moment
of
her
life
.
β’
I
remember
the
moment
the
power
came
back
after
the
storm
.
I
remember
the
moment
the
power
came
back
after
the
storm
.
noun
the
turning
effect
produced
by
a
force
acting
at
a
distance
from
a
pivot
β’
The
engineer
calculated
the
bending
moment
on
the
bridge
beam
.
The
engineer
calculated
the
bending
moment
on
the
bridge
beam
.
β’
Increasing
the
wrench
length
increases
the
moment
applied
to
the
bolt
.
Increasing
the
wrench
length
increases
the
moment
applied
to
the
bolt
.
noun
in
mathematics
and
statistics
,
a
quantity
found
by
multiplying
each
value
by
a
power
of
its
distance
from
a
point
,
used
to
describe
a
distribution
β’
The
second
moment
about
the
mean
equals
the
variance
of
the
data
.
The
second
moment
about
the
mean
equals
the
variance
of
the
data
.
β’
Higher-order
moments
reveal
the
skewness
and
kurtosis
of
a
distribution
.
Higher-order
moments
reveal
the
skewness
and
kurtosis
of
a
distribution
.
development
noun
-
development
the
gradual
process
of
growing
,
changing
,
or
becoming
more
advanced
or
complete
β’
Early
childhood
is
a
critical
time
for
mental
development
.
Early
childhood
is
a
critical
time
for
mental
development
.
β’
Regular
exercise
supports
healthy
muscle
development
.
Regular
exercise
supports
healthy
muscle
development
.
From
develop
+β
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
,
originally
referring
to
the
unfolding
of
something
that
was
rolled
up
.
noun
a
recent
event
or
piece
of
news
that
changes
a
situation
β’
In
a
surprising
development
,
the
underdog
team
won
the
championship
.
In
a
surprising
development
,
the
underdog
team
won
the
championship
.
β’
The
police
will
brief
the
media
on
any
new
developments
.
The
police
will
brief
the
media
on
any
new
developments
.
noun
a
group
of
new
buildings
or
houses
planned
and
built
together
β’
They
bought
a
house
in
a
quiet
lakeside
development
.
They
bought
a
house
in
a
quiet
lakeside
development
.
β’
The
new
shopping
development
will
create
hundreds
of
jobs
.
The
new
shopping
development
will
create
hundreds
of
jobs
.
noun
-
development
the
work
of
creating
or
improving
a
product
,
idea
,
or
project
before
it
is
finished
β’
The
new
smartphone
is
still
in
development
.
The
new
smartphone
is
still
in
development
.
β’
Research
and
development
take
up
a
large
part
of
the
budget
.
Research
and
development
take
up
a
large
part
of
the
budget
.
department
noun
a
part
of
a
large
organization
such
as
a
company
,
university
,
or
hospital
that
deals
with
one
particular
kind
of
work
or
subject
β’
Emma
applied
for
a
job
in
the
marketing
department
.
Emma
applied
for
a
job
in
the
marketing
department
.
β’
The
physics
department
organized
a
weekly
seminar
for
graduate
students
.
The
physics
department
organized
a
weekly
seminar
for
graduate
students
.
Borrowed
from
Middle
French
departement
,
from
Old
French
departir
β
to
divide
.β
noun
a
branch
of
national
,
state
,
or
local
government
that
is
responsible
for
a
particular
area
of
public
policy
β’
The
Department
of
Education
announced
new
guidelines
today
.
The
Department
of
Education
announced
new
guidelines
today
.
β’
Funding
for
the
health
department
was
increased
by
the
city
council
.
Funding
for
the
health
department
was
increased
by
the
city
council
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
later
specialized
to
government
usage
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
informal
:
a
particular
area
of
life
,
skill
,
or
quality
used
when
comparing
people
or
things
β’
When
it
comes
to
the
patience
department
,
my
brother
is
lacking
.
When
it
comes
to
the
patience
department
,
my
brother
is
lacking
.
β’
Liz
is
doing
great
in
the
creativity
department
.
Liz
is
doing
great
in
the
creativity
department
.
Figurative
extension
from
the
literal
sense
of
an
organizational
division
,
first
recorded
in
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
.
environment
noun
the
natural
world
,
especially
the
air
,
water
,
land
,
and
living
things
,
considered
as
a
whole
and
affected
by
human
activity
β’
Scientists
warn
that
plastic
pollution
is
harming
the
environment
.
Scientists
warn
that
plastic
pollution
is
harming
the
environment
.
β’
The
government
introduced
new
laws
to
protect
the
environment
from
industrial
waste
.
The
government
introduced
new
laws
to
protect
the
environment
from
industrial
waste
.
From
French
environnement
,
from
environner
β
to
surround
,β
from
environ
β
round
about
.β
noun
the
conditions
,
influences
,
and
surroundings
that
affect
how
a
person
,
animal
,
or
thing
lives
or
operates
β’
A
calm
classroom
creates
a
positive
learning
environment
.
A
calm
classroom
creates
a
positive
learning
environment
.
β’
He
grew
up
in
an
artistic
environment
filled
with
music
and
paintings
.
He
grew
up
in
an
artistic
environment
filled
with
music
and
paintings
.
noun
in
computing
,
the
combination
of
hardware
,
software
,
and
settings
in
which
a
program
or
system
runs
β’
The
app
crashed
because
it
was
launched
in
the
wrong
environment
.
The
app
crashed
because
it
was
launched
in
the
wrong
environment
.
β’
Developers
test
new
features
in
a
staging
environment
before
going
live
.
Developers
test
new
features
in
a
staging
environment
before
going
live
.
comment
noun
a
spoken
or
written
remark
that
gives
information
or
shows
what
someone
thinks
β’
Your
funny
comment
made
everyone
laugh
.
Your
funny
comment
made
everyone
laugh
.
β’
Please
leave
a
comment
below
the
video
if
you
liked
it
.
Please
leave
a
comment
below
the
video
if
you
liked
it
.
Late
14th
century
from
Old
French
commentaire
,
from
Latin
commentarius
β
notebook
,
interpretation
.β
verb
to
say
or
write
a
remark
giving
information
or
an
opinion
β’
She
rarely
comments
on
politics
in
public
.
She
rarely
comments
on
politics
in
public
.
β’
The
reporter
asked
the
athlete
to
comment
on
his
recent
win
.
The
reporter
asked
the
athlete
to
comment
on
his
recent
win
.
From
Middle
French
commenter
,
from
Latin
commentari
β
to
devise
,
meditate
,
interpret
.β
noun
a
spoken
or
written
statement
that
gives
an
opinion
or
reaction
about
something
β’
The
teacher
wrote
a
helpful
comment
in
the
margin
of
my
essay
.
The
teacher
wrote
a
helpful
comment
in
the
margin
of
my
essay
.
β’
After
the
movie
,
everyone
shared
their
comments
about
the
ending
.
After
the
movie
,
everyone
shared
their
comments
about
the
ending
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
commentum
β
interpretation
,
annotation
β,
from
comminisci
β
devise
,
contrive
β.
verb
to
say
or
write
something
that
expresses
your
opinion
or
reaction
β’
The
mayor
refused
to
comment
on
the
investigation
.
The
mayor
refused
to
comment
on
the
investigation
.
β’
Fans
quickly
commented
on
the
singer
β
s
new
hairstyle
.
Fans
quickly
commented
on
the
singer
β
s
new
hairstyle
.
noun
a
short
note
written
inside
computer
code
to
explain
what
the
code
does
;
the
computer
ignores
it
when
running
the
program
β’
Add
a
comment
to
explain
why
this
loop
is
necessary
.
Add
a
comment
to
explain
why
this
loop
is
necessary
.
β’
The
programmer
deleted
an
old
comment
that
was
no
longer
true
.
The
programmer
deleted
an
old
comment
that
was
no
longer
true
.
Transferring
the
general
sense
of
β
remark
β
to
programming
in
the
1960s
,
when
early
languages
allowed
special
symbols
to
mark
explanatory
lines
.
noun
a
short
line
of
explanatory
text
in
computer
code
that
is
ignored
by
the
computer
β’
Add
a
comment
above
this
loop
to
explain
what
it
does
.
Add
a
comment
above
this
loop
to
explain
what
it
does
.
β’
Without
clear
comments
,
the
code
is
hard
to
maintain
.
Without
clear
comments
,
the
code
is
hard
to
maintain
.
verb
to
add
a
line
of
explanatory
text
to
computer
code
,
often
to
help
others
understand
it
β’
Please
comment
your
code
so
others
can
understand
it
.
Please
comment
your
code
so
others
can
understand
it
.
β’
I
commented
the
old
function
because
we
don't
need
it
anymore
.
I
commented
the
old
function
because
we
don't
need
it
anymore
.
statement
noun
something
you
say
or
write
to
give
information
,
an
opinion
,
or
an
explanation
β’
Mia
β
s
unexpected
statement
silenced
the
room
.
Mia
β
s
unexpected
statement
silenced
the
room
.
β’
The
mayor
released
a
brief
statement
about
the
approaching
hurricane
.
The
mayor
released
a
brief
statement
about
the
approaching
hurricane
.
From
the
verb
'state'
+
the
noun-forming
suffix
'-ment'
,
appearing
in
English
since
the
14th
century
to
mean
β
the
act
of
expressing
something
β.
noun
an
official
spoken
or
written
account
given
to
the
police
,
a
court
,
or
the
public
β’
The
witness
signed
a
statement
describing
what
she
saw
.
The
witness
signed
a
statement
describing
what
she
saw
.
β’
After
the
accident
,
the
driver
gave
a
statement
to
the
police
.
After
the
accident
,
the
driver
gave
a
statement
to
the
police
.
noun
a
printed
or
electronic
document
that
lists
the
money
that
has
come
into
and
gone
out
of
your
bank
or
other
financial
account
β’
My
bank
sends
me
a
monthly
statement
by
email
.
My
bank
sends
me
a
monthly
statement
by
email
.
β’
Please
attach
the
latest
credit-card
statement
to
your
expense
report
.
Please
attach
the
latest
credit-card
statement
to
your
expense
report
.
noun
something
,
such
as
a
bold
piece
of
clothing
or
an
action
,
that
attracts
attention
and
shows
a
clear
style
or
opinion
β’
Her
bright
red
coat
made
a
real
fashion
statement
on
the
snowy
street
.
Her
bright
red
coat
made
a
real
fashion
statement
on
the
snowy
street
.
β’
Painting
the
house
purple
was
his
personal
statement
of
creativity
.
Painting
the
house
purple
was
his
personal
statement
of
creativity
.
noun
in
mathematics
or
logic
,
a
sentence
that
is
either
true
or
false
β’
The
statement
β
2
is
an
even
number
β
is
true
.
The
statement
β
2
is
an
even
number
β
is
true
.
β’
In
logic
,
a
conditional
statement
links
two
simpler
statements
with
β
ifβ¦then
β.
In
logic
,
a
conditional
statement
links
two
simpler
statements
with
β
ifβ¦then
β.
movement
noun
the
act
or
process
of
moving
or
being
moved
from
one
place
or
position
to
another
β’
The
sudden
movement
of
the
train
made
everyone
grab
the
handrails
.
The
sudden
movement
of
the
train
made
everyone
grab
the
handrails
.
β’
Slow
movement
of
the
clouds
hinted
at
calm
weather
.
Slow
movement
of
the
clouds
hinted
at
calm
weather
.
late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
mouvement
,
from
Latin
movere
β
to
move
β.
noun
a
group
of
people
working
together
to
achieve
a
shared
social
,
political
,
or
artistic
aim
β’
The
movement
for
equal
pay
gained
support
across
the
country
.
The
movement
for
equal
pay
gained
support
across
the
country
.
β’
He
joined
a
youth
movement
that
plants
trees
in
cities
.
He
joined
a
youth
movement
that
plants
trees
in
cities
.
noun
a
change
or
shift
in
level
,
position
,
or
value
of
something
β’
There
was
little
movement
in
the
stock
market
today
.
There
was
little
movement
in
the
stock
market
today
.
β’
Any
movement
of
two
degrees
in
temperature
triggers
the
alarm
.
Any
movement
of
two
degrees
in
temperature
triggers
the
alarm
.
noun
one
of
the
main
separate
parts
of
a
long
piece
of
classical
music
β’
The
second
movement
of
the
symphony
is
slow
and
sweet
.
The
second
movement
of
the
symphony
is
slow
and
sweet
.
β’
She
performed
the
final
movement
without
sheet
music
.
She
performed
the
final
movement
without
sheet
music
.
noun
the
set
of
working
parts
inside
a
watch
or
clock
that
make
it
keep
time
β’
The
watch
stopped
because
its
movement
needs
cleaning
.
The
watch
stopped
because
its
movement
needs
cleaning
.
β’
Swiss
craftsmen
are
famous
for
their
precise
mechanical
movement
.
Swiss
craftsmen
are
famous
for
their
precise
mechanical
movement
.
noun
the
act
of
passing
solid
waste
from
the
body
β’
The
doctor
asked
about
her
last
movement
to
check
her
digestion
.
The
doctor
asked
about
her
last
movement
to
check
her
digestion
.
β’
Eating
more
fiber
can
make
each
movement
easier
.
Eating
more
fiber
can
make
each
movement
easier
.
treatment
noun
Medical
care
given
to
cure
or
improve
an
illness
or
injury
.
β’
The
doctor
decided
that
the
best
treatment
was
a
course
of
antibiotics
.
The
doctor
decided
that
the
best
treatment
was
a
course
of
antibiotics
.
β’
After
the
accident
,
he
needed
emergency
treatment
at
the
hospital
.
After
the
accident
,
he
needed
emergency
treatment
at
the
hospital
.
from
treat
+β
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
,
meaning
the
action
of
treating
a
disease
.
noun
The
way
someone
behaves
toward
another
person
or
thing
.
β’
Workers
demanded
equal
treatment
regardless
of
their
background
.
Workers
demanded
equal
treatment
regardless
of
their
background
.
β’
Parents
should
give
fair
treatment
to
all
their
children
.
Parents
should
give
fair
treatment
to
all
their
children
.
sense
extended
from
medical
use
in
the
17th
century
to
mean
handling
of
people
.
noun
A
process
applied
to
a
material
,
substance
,
or
surface
to
change
,
clean
,
or
protect
it
.
β’
The
city
invests
millions
in
water
treatment
to
remove
pollutants
.
The
city
invests
millions
in
water
treatment
to
remove
pollutants
.
β’
Wood
treatment
prevents
decks
from
rotting
in
wet
climates
.
Wood
treatment
prevents
decks
from
rotting
in
wet
climates
.
Industrial
sense
developed
in
the
late
19th
century
as
technology
advanced
.
noun
A
cosmetic
or
beauty
procedure
or
product
intended
to
improve
appearance
or
condition
.
β’
I
booked
a
deep-conditioning
hair
treatment
at
the
salon
.
I
booked
a
deep-conditioning
hair
treatment
at
the
salon
.
β’
The
spa
offers
a
mud-mask
facial
treatment
.
The
spa
offers
a
mud-mask
facial
treatment
.
Beauty
sense
became
common
in
the
mid-20th
century
with
growth
of
consumer
cosmetics
.
argument
noun
a
spoken
disagreement
,
often
angry
,
between
people
β’
Maya
and
her
brother
had
a
loud
argument
about
who
should
wash
the
dishes
.
Maya
and
her
brother
had
a
loud
argument
about
who
should
wash
the
dishes
.
β’
The
teammates
got
into
an
argument
in
the
locker
room
after
the
match
.
The
teammates
got
into
an
argument
in
the
locker
room
after
the
match
.
From
Latin
argumentum
β
evidence
,
proof
,
discourse
,β
from
arguere
β
to
make
clear
,
prove
.β
noun
a
reason
or
set
of
reasons
used
to
show
that
something
is
true
or
right
β’
The
scientist
presented
a
strong
argument
for
cutting
plastic
use
in
the
lab
.
The
scientist
presented
a
strong
argument
for
cutting
plastic
use
in
the
lab
.
β’
Her
main
argument
was
that
regular
exercise
improves
concentration
.
Her
main
argument
was
that
regular
exercise
improves
concentration
.
Same
Latin
root
as
sense
1
;
extended
in
Middle
English
to
mean
β
a
reason
offered
.β
noun
in
mathematics
,
logic
,
or
computing
,
a
value
or
piece
of
information
that
is
passed
to
a
function
,
command
,
or
operation
β’
In
the
function
call
print
(
temperature
), β
temperature
β
is
the
argument
.
In
the
function
call
print
(
temperature
), β
temperature
β
is
the
argument
.
β’
The
program
crashed
because
no
argument
was
supplied
to
the
command
.
The
program
crashed
because
no
argument
was
supplied
to
the
command
.
Adopted
in
19th-century
mathematics
and
early
computing
from
the
general
sense
β
something
offered
β
to
mean
β
value
supplied
to
a
function
.β
management
noun
-
management
the
act
or
process
of
organizing
and
controlling
people
,
resources
,
or
situations
β’
Good
management
kept
the
project
on
schedule
.
Good
management
kept
the
project
on
schedule
.
β’
Efficient
water
management
allows
farmers
to
grow
crops
in
the
desert
.
Efficient
water
management
allows
farmers
to
grow
crops
in
the
desert
.
From
manage
+β
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
16th
century
,
from
Italian
β
maneggiare
β
meaning
β
to
handle
β.
noun
-
management
the
people
who
direct
and
control
a
company
or
organization
β’
Management
announced
a
new
bonus
policy
today
.
Management
announced
a
new
bonus
policy
today
.
β’
The
workers
went
on
strike
to
pressure
management
for
better
safety
standards
.
The
workers
went
on
strike
to
pressure
management
for
better
safety
standards
.
noun
-
management
the
skill
of
planning
,
organizing
,
and
directing
effectively
β’
Her
excellent
classroom
management
kept
every
student
engaged
.
Her
excellent
classroom
management
kept
every
student
engaged
.
β’
Effective
money
management
can
prevent
debt
.
Effective
money
management
can
prevent
debt
.
document
noun
a
piece
of
written
,
printed
,
or
digital
material
that
gives
information
or
serves
as
an
official
record
β’
Please
bring
your
passport
and
the
document
that
proves
your
address
.
Please
bring
your
passport
and
the
document
that
proves
your
address
.
β’
He
saved
the
report
as
a
PDF
document
on
his
laptop
.
He
saved
the
report
as
a
PDF
document
on
his
laptop
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
documentum
β
lesson
,
proof
,
example
β,
from
docere
β
to
teach
β.
verb
-
document
,
documenting
,
documents
,
documented
to
record
information
about
something
by
writing
,
photographing
,
or
collecting
evidence
β’
Scientists
documented
the
bird
β
s
migration
patterns
over
ten
years
.
Scientists
documented
the
bird
β
s
migration
patterns
over
ten
years
.
β’
Use
your
phone
to
document
any
damage
before
you
move
in
.
Use
your
phone
to
document
any
damage
before
you
move
in
.
From
the
noun
β
document
β;
earliest
verbal
use
recorded
in
the
18th
century
.
agreement
noun
the
state
of
having
the
same
opinion
,
feeling
,
or
decision
as
someone
else
β’
After
a
long
discussion
,
the
teammates
finally
reached
an
agreement
on
the
plan
.
After
a
long
discussion
,
the
teammates
finally
reached
an
agreement
on
the
plan
.
β’
There
was
general
agreement
that
the
movie
was
excellent
.
There
was
general
agreement
that
the
movie
was
excellent
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
agrement
,
from
agreer
β
to
agree
β.
noun
a
formal
arrangement
or
contract
,
often
written
,
that
states
what
two
or
more
sides
promise
to
do
β’
Both
companies
signed
an
agreement
to
share
research
data
.
Both
companies
signed
an
agreement
to
share
research
data
.
β’
Please
read
the
rental
agreement
carefully
before
you
sign
.
Please
read
the
rental
agreement
carefully
before
you
sign
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
;
extended
in
15th
century
to
cover
legal
contracts
.
noun
-
agreement
in
grammar
,
the
correct
match
in
number
,
gender
,
or
person
between
words
such
as
a
subject
and
its
verb
β’
In
the
sentence
"
She
walks
",
there
is
agreement
between
subject
and
verb
.
In
the
sentence
"
She
walks
",
there
is
agreement
between
subject
and
verb
.
β’
Good
writers
check
their
nouns
and
pronouns
for
agreement
.
Good
writers
check
their
nouns
and
pronouns
for
agreement
.
Term
adopted
in
18th-century
grammar
writing
to
translate
Latin
β
concordia
β
used
for
matching
word
endings
.
investment
noun
-
investment
the
act
of
putting
money
,
time
,
effort
,
or
other
resources
into
something
in
the
hope
of
gaining
a
future
benefit
or
profit
β’
Regular
investment
in
your
education
can
open
many
doors
in
your
career
.
Regular
investment
in
your
education
can
open
many
doors
in
your
career
.
β’
The
government
announced
a
huge
investment
in
renewable
energy
projects
.
The
government
announced
a
huge
investment
in
renewable
energy
projects
.
Borrowed
in
the
early
17th
century
from
the
verb
β
invest
β
+
β
-ment
β,
originally
denoting
the
act
of
clothing
or
surrounding
,
later
shifting
to
the
financial
sense
.
noun
something
β
such
as
money
,
property
,
or
a
purchase
β
that
is
put
into
a
venture
with
the
expectation
it
will
gain
value
or
bring
a
useful
return
β’
Maria's
bookstore
turned
out
to
be
a
smart
investment
that
doubled
in
value
.
Maria's
bookstore
turned
out
to
be
a
smart
investment
that
doubled
in
value
.
β’
He
keeps
a
separate
file
for
each
stock
investment
he
owns
.
He
keeps
a
separate
file
for
each
stock
investment
he
owns
.
See
etymology
for
Sense
1
;
the
meaning
widened
to
include
the
thing
invested
by
the
mid-19th
century
.
apartment
noun
a
set
of
rooms
,
usually
on
one
floor
of
a
larger
building
,
where
a
person
or
family
lives
.
β’
After
college
,
Mia
rented
her
first
apartment
in
the
city
center
.
After
college
,
Mia
rented
her
first
apartment
in
the
city
center
.
β’
The
smell
of
fresh
coffee
drifted
through
the
apartment
on
Sunday
morning
.
The
smell
of
fresh
coffee
drifted
through
the
apartment
on
Sunday
morning
.
Borrowed
into
American
English
in
the
17th
century
from
French
"
appartement
",
itself
from
Italian
"
appartamento
",
related
to
"
appartare
" (
to
separate
),
originally
describing
separate
sets
of
rooms
.
noun
a
grand
or
special
set
of
rooms
for
an
important
person
in
a
palace
,
large
house
,
or
hotel
.
β’
The
king
withdrew
to
his
private
apartment
after
the
ceremony
.
The
king
withdrew
to
his
private
apartment
after
the
ceremony
.
β’
Visitors
can
tour
the
royal
apartments
at
the
castle
.
Visitors
can
tour
the
royal
apartments
at
the
castle
.
Same
origin
as
the
modern
meaning
β
derived
from
French
"
appartement
"β
but
historically
referred
to
separate
suites
of
rooms
in
palaces
.
environmental
adjective
connected
with
the
natural
world
and
how
human
activities
affect
it
β’
The
city
launched
an
environmental
campaign
to
reduce
plastic
waste
.
The
city
launched
an
environmental
campaign
to
reduce
plastic
waste
.
β’
Many
students
joined
the
school
β
s
environmental
club
to
plant
trees
around
campus
.
Many
students
joined
the
school
β
s
environmental
club
to
plant
trees
around
campus
.
Formed
from
environment
+β
-al
in
the
late
19th
century
to
describe
matters
concerning
the
natural
surroundings
.
adjective
relating
to
the
physical
or
social
surroundings
that
influence
how
someone
or
something
behaves
or
develops
β’
Good
lighting
is
an
environmental
factor
that
affects
productivity
.
Good
lighting
is
an
environmental
factor
that
affects
productivity
.
β’
The
study
looked
at
the
environmental
risks
in
the
workplace
.
The
study
looked
at
the
environmental
risks
in
the
workplace
.
Extension
of
sense
from
the
natural
world
to
any
set
of
surrounding
conditions
in
early
20th
century
academic
writing
.
element
noun
a
basic
part
or
piece
of
something
larger
β’
Patience
is
an
important
element
of
good
teaching
.
Patience
is
an
important
element
of
good
teaching
.
β’
The
chef
added
a
spicy
element
to
the
soup
by
using
chili
flakes
.
The
chef
added
a
spicy
element
to
the
soup
by
using
chili
flakes
.
noun
a
pure
substance
that
cannot
be
broken
down
into
simpler
substances
by
chemical
means
β’
Gold
is
an
element
that
shines
with
a
deep
yellow
color
.
Gold
is
an
element
that
shines
with
a
deep
yellow
color
.
β’
Oxygen
is
the
element
we
breathe
every
day
.
Oxygen
is
the
element
we
breathe
every
day
.
elements
noun
rough
weather
conditions
such
as
wind
,
rain
,
and
snow
β’
The
hikers
fought
the elements
during
the
thunderstorm
.
The
hikers
fought
the elements
during
the
thunderstorm
.
β’
The
old
lighthouse
has
withstood
the elements
for
more
than
a
century
.
The
old
lighthouse
has
withstood
the elements
for
more
than
a
century
.
recommend
verb
to
say
that
someone
or
something
is
good
or
suitable
so
other
people
will
choose
or
use
it
β’
I
highly
recommend
this
little
Italian
restaurant
;
the
pasta
is
delicious
.
I
highly
recommend
this
little
Italian
restaurant
;
the
pasta
is
delicious
.
β’
Our
teacher
recommended
a
fascinating
history
book
for
us
to
read
over
the
summer
.
Our
teacher
recommended
a
fascinating
history
book
for
us
to
read
over
the
summer
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
β
recommendare
β
meaning
β
commit
to
one
β
s
care
again
β,
from
β
re-
β (
again
)
+
β
commendare
β (
commit
,
entrust
).
verb
to
advise
someone
that
a
particular
action
is
the
best
thing
to
do
β’
Doctors
recommend
that
you
rest
for
at
least
a
week
after
the
operation
.
Doctors
recommend
that
you
rest
for
at
least
a
week
after
the
operation
.
β’
I
would
recommend
taking
the
train
instead
of
driving
during
rush
hour
.
I
would
recommend
taking
the
train
instead
of
driving
during
rush
hour
.
verb
to
make
someone
or
something
attractive
or
suitable
for
a
particular
purpose
β’
His
honesty
recommended
him
for
the
position
of
treasurer
.
His
honesty
recommended
him
for
the
position
of
treasurer
.
β’
The
cottage's
beautiful
view
recommends
it
to
anyone
seeking
a
peaceful
retreat
.
The
cottage's
beautiful
view
recommends
it
to
anyone
seeking
a
peaceful
retreat
.
assessment
noun
a
test
or
other
task
designed
to
measure
a
student
β
s
knowledge
,
skills
,
or
progress
β’
The
final
math
assessment
will
cover
algebra
and
geometry
.
The
final
math
assessment
will
cover
algebra
and
geometry
.
β’
All
trainees
completed
an
online
assessment
at
the
end
of
the
course
.
All
trainees
completed
an
online
assessment
at
the
end
of
the
course
.
Educational
use
expanded
in
the
20th
century
,
influenced
by
standardized
testing
.
noun
a
careful
judgment
or
opinion
about
the
quality
,
value
,
or
importance
of
someone
or
something
β’
The
manager
β
s
assessment
of
the
project
was
very
positive
.
The
manager
β
s
assessment
of
the
project
was
very
positive
.
β’
After
the
rehearsal
,
the
director
shared
her
honest
assessment
of
the
actors
β
performances
.
After
the
rehearsal
,
the
director
shared
her
honest
assessment
of
the
actors
β
performances
.
From
assess
+β
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
16th
century
.
noun
an
official
calculation
of
the
value
of
something
,
especially
for
the
purpose
of
charging
tax
or
a
fee
;
the
amount
determined
β’
The
city
sent
us
an
assessment
for
road
repairs
on
our
street
.
The
city
sent
us
an
assessment
for
road
repairs
on
our
street
.
β’
Our
property
tax
assessment
increased
after
the
renovation
.
Our
property
tax
assessment
increased
after
the
renovation
.
Legal
and
financial
use
dates
from
the
18th
century
,
tied
to
systems
of
property
taxation
.
equipment
noun
-
equipment
the
tools
,
machines
,
clothing
,
or
other
things
you
need
for
a
particular
job
,
sport
,
or
activity
β’
The
firefighters
checked
their
equipment
before
entering
the
burning
house
.
The
firefighters
checked
their
equipment
before
entering
the
burning
house
.
β’
You
will
need
camping
equipment
like
a
tent
,
a
sleeping
bag
,
and
a
stove
.
You
will
need
camping
equipment
like
a
tent
,
a
sleeping
bag
,
and
a
stove
.
from
the
verb
'equip'
+
'-ment'
,
first
used
in
English
in
the
1600s
,
borrowed
from
French
'Γ©quipement'
noun
-
equipment
the
skills
,
qualities
,
or
knowledge
that
a
person
has
and
needs
to
do
something
successfully
β’
His
military
training
gave
him
the
mental
equipment
to
stay
calm
under
pressure
.
His
military
training
gave
him
the
mental
equipment
to
stay
calm
under
pressure
.
β’
Good
listening
skills
are
essential
equipment
for
a
counselor
.
Good
listening
skills
are
essential
equipment
for
a
counselor
.
figurative
extension
of
the
concrete
sense
of
'equipment'
to
abstract
qualities
,
recorded
since
the
late
19th
century
requirement
noun
something
that
you
must
have
or
do
because
it
is
necessary
or
because
a
rule
,
law
,
or
situation
says
so
β’
A
passport
is
a
basic
requirement
for
international
travel
.
A
passport
is
a
basic
requirement
for
international
travel
.
β’
Good
eyesight
is
a
requirement
for
becoming
a
pilot
.
Good
eyesight
is
a
requirement
for
becoming
a
pilot
.
early
15th
century
,
from
the
verb
β
require
β
+
β
-ment
β,
modeled
on
French
"
rΓ©querrement
"
noun
a
clear
,
detailed
statement
of
what
a
system
,
product
,
or
project
must
be
able
to
do
or
have
β’
The
client
emailed
a
list
of
software
requirements
to
the
development
team
.
The
client
emailed
a
list
of
software
requirements
to
the
development
team
.
β’
Before
construction
begins
,
the
engineer
reviews
safety
requirements
.
Before
construction
begins
,
the
engineer
reviews
safety
requirements
.
Sense
evolved
in
the
mid-20th
century
with
the
rise
of
systems
engineering
and
software
development
,
extending
the
general
idea
of
a
need
to
formal
project
specifications
.
chairman
noun
-
chairman
,
chairmen
the
person
who
leads
or
is
in
charge
of
a
meeting
,
committee
,
or
organization
β’
The
chairman
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o'clock
.
The
chairman
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o'clock
.
β’
After
years
on
the
board
,
she
became
the
chairman
of
the
company
.
After
years
on
the
board
,
she
became
the
chairman
of
the
company
.
From
chair
+β
man
;
originally
referred
to
the
person
who
presided
over
a
meeting
while
literally
sitting
in
the
chair
at
the
head
of
the
table
.
noun
-
chairman
,
chairmen
(
historical
)
a
man
whose
job
was
to
carry
people
in
a
covered
chair
through
the
streets
β’
In
18th-century
London
,
a
chairman
waited
outside
the
theatre
to
carry
wealthy
patrons
home
.
In
18th-century
London
,
a
chairman
waited
outside
the
theatre
to
carry
wealthy
patrons
home
.
β’
The
novel
described
how
the
exhausted
chairman
struggled
up
the
cobblestone
hill
.
The
novel
described
how
the
exhausted
chairman
struggled
up
the
cobblestone
hill
.
In
the
17thβ19th
centuries
,
sedan
chairs
were
a
common
means
of
transport
in
European
cities
;
the
men
who
carried
them
were
called
β
chairmen
.β
amendment
noun
a
formal
change
added
to
an
official
law
,
constitution
,
contract
,
or
other
written
document
β’
The
senator
proposed
an
amendment
to
the
bill
that
would
protect
small
businesses
.
The
senator
proposed
an
amendment
to
the
bill
that
would
protect
small
businesses
.
β’
The
First
Amendment
guarantees
freedom
of
speech
in
the
United
States
.
The
First
Amendment
guarantees
freedom
of
speech
in
the
United
States
.
from
Middle
English
amendement
,
borrowed
from
Old
French
,
ultimately
from
Latin
emendare
meaning
β
to
correct
β
noun
the
act
or
process
of
changing
something
to
make
it
better
β’
Our
team
suggested
one
small
amendment
to
the
project
plan
to
save
time
.
Our
team
suggested
one
small
amendment
to
the
project
plan
to
save
time
.
β’
Sometimes
a
minor
amendment
in
wording
can
change
the
meaning
of
a
sentence
.
Sometimes
a
minor
amendment
in
wording
can
change
the
meaning
of
a
sentence
.
noun
a
substance
such
as
compost
,
manure
,
or
lime
that
is
mixed
into
soil
to
improve
its
quality
β’
Gardeners
often
add
compost
as
an
amendment
to
improve
soil
drainage
.
Gardeners
often
add
compost
as
an
amendment
to
improve
soil
drainage
.
β’
The
soil
test
showed
low
acidity
,
so
lime
amendments
were
recommended
.
The
soil
test
showed
low
acidity
,
so
lime
amendments
were
recommended
.
commitment
noun
something
you
have
agreed
to
do
that
takes
your
time
or
limits
your
freedom
at
a
particular
moment
β’
Sorry
,
I
can
β
t
come
to
dinner
tonight
;
I
have
a
prior
commitment
.
Sorry
,
I
can
β
t
come
to
dinner
tonight
;
I
have
a
prior
commitment
.
β’
Balancing
family
commitments
and
work
can
be
challenging
.
Balancing
family
commitments
and
work
can
be
challenging
.
noun
a
promise
or
firm
decision
to
do
something
or
to
support
someone
or
something
β’
Mia
made
a
commitment
to
practice
the
piano
every
day
.
Mia
made
a
commitment
to
practice
the
piano
every
day
.
β’
The
couple
exchanged
rings
as
a
sign
of
their
lifelong
commitment
.
The
couple
exchanged
rings
as
a
sign
of
their
lifelong
commitment
.
From
commit
+β
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
the
quality
of
being
dedicated
and
willing
to
give
time
and
energy
to
a
cause
or
activity
β’
The
athletes
β
commitment
to
excellence
impressed
the
coach
.
The
athletes
β
commitment
to
excellence
impressed
the
coach
.
β’
Successful
gardens
require
daily
commitment
and
care
.
Successful
gardens
require
daily
commitment
and
care
.
noun
the
official
act
of
sending
someone
to
prison
or
to
a
mental
health
facility
by
legal
order
β’
The
judge
ordered
the
commitment
of
the
defendant
to
the
county
jail
.
The
judge
ordered
the
commitment
of
the
defendant
to
the
county
jail
.
β’
Emergency
commitment
can
occur
when
a
patient
poses
a
danger
to
themselves
.
Emergency
commitment
can
occur
when
a
patient
poses
a
danger
to
themselves
.
payment
noun
the
act
of
giving
money
for
goods
,
services
,
or
to
settle
a
debt
β’
Online
banking
makes
payment
of
bills
quick
and
easy
.
Online
banking
makes
payment
of
bills
quick
and
easy
.
β’
She
received
confirmation
that
her
rent
payment
had
been
processed
.
She
received
confirmation
that
her
rent
payment
had
been
processed
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Anglo-Norman
and
Old
French
β
paiment
,β
from
β
paier
β
meaning
β
to
pay
.β
noun
a
sum
of
money
that
is
paid
,
especially
one
of
several
parts
of
a
total
amount
β’
They
divided
the
cost
into
twelve
monthly
payments
.
They
divided
the
cost
into
twelve
monthly
payments
.
β’
Your
first
payment
is
due
at
the
end
of
the
month
.
Your
first
payment
is
due
at
the
end
of
the
month
.
See
etymology
for
Sense
1
.
experiment
noun
a
scientific
test
carried
out
under
controlled
conditions
to
discover
,
prove
,
or
demonstrate
something
β’
The
students
built
a
simple
circuit
to
perform
an
experiment
in
their
physics
class
.
The
students
built
a
simple
circuit
to
perform
an
experiment
in
their
physics
class
.
β’
The
famous
double-slit
experiment
showed
that
light
behaves
like
both
a
wave
and
a
particle
.
The
famous
double-slit
experiment
showed
that
light
behaves
like
both
a
wave
and
a
particle
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
experimentum
β
a
test
,
trial
β,
from
experiri
β
to
try
β.
verb
to
try
or
test
new
ideas
,
methods
,
or
activities
to
discover
what
effect
they
have
β’
Painters
often
experiment
with
different
colors
to
create
unique
textures
.
Painters
often
experiment
with
different
colors
to
create
unique
textures
.
β’
The
chef
decided
to
experiment
by
adding
chocolate
to
the
chili
recipe
.
The
chef
decided
to
experiment
by
adding
chocolate
to
the
chili
recipe
.
noun
an
attempt
to
try
something
new
to
see
what
happens
and
learn
from
the
result
β’
Opening
a
pop-up
cafΓ©
was
an
experiment
in
selling
healthy
fast
food
.
Opening
a
pop-up
cafΓ©
was
an
experiment
in
selling
healthy
fast
food
.
β’
Their
new
schedule
is
only
an
experiment
;
it
might
change
if
it
doesn
β
t
work
.
Their
new
schedule
is
only
an
experiment
;
it
might
change
if
it
doesn
β
t
work
.
improvement
noun
the
process
of
becoming
better
,
or
of
making
something
better
β’
After
months
of
practice
,
there
was
noticeable
improvement
in
her
piano
playing
.
After
months
of
practice
,
there
was
noticeable
improvement
in
her
piano
playing
.
β’
Daily
jogging
brought
a
steady
improvement
in
his
stamina
and
mood
.
Daily
jogging
brought
a
steady
improvement
in
his
stamina
and
mood
.
From
the
verb
improve
+β
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
1600s
.
noun
a
change
or
addition
that
makes
something
better
than
it
was
before
β’
The
new
search
feature
is
a
big
improvement
over
the
old
app
.
The
new
search
feature
is
a
big
improvement
over
the
old
app
.
β’
Installing
better
lighting
was
an
improvement
that
made
the
kitchen
feel
welcoming
.
Installing
better
lighting
was
an
improvement
that
made
the
kitchen
feel
welcoming
.
From
the
verb
improve
+β
-ment
,
meaning
a
result
of
improving
,
attested
since
the
17th
century
.
judgment
noun
-
judgment
the
ability
to
make
sensible
decisions
or
form
sensible
opinions
β’
Even
as
a
child
,
Mia
showed
excellent
judgment
about
whom
to
trust
.
Even
as
a
child
,
Mia
showed
excellent
judgment
about
whom
to
trust
.
β’
Pilots
rely
on
quick
judgment
when
weather
suddenly
changes
.
Pilots
rely
on
quick
judgment
when
weather
suddenly
changes
.
noun
an
official
decision
made
by
a
court
or
a
judge
β’
The
judge
delivered
her
final
judgment
after
a
week-long
trial
.
The
judge
delivered
her
final
judgment
after
a
week-long
trial
.
β’
The
company
plans
to
appeal
the
judgment
ordering
it
to
pay
damages
.
The
company
plans
to
appeal
the
judgment
ordering
it
to
pay
damages
.
judgement
noun
-
judgement
the
ability
to
make
sensible
decisions
or
form
sensible
opinions
β’
Ella's
calm
judgement
helped
the
team
choose
the
safest
hiking
route
.
Ella's
calm
judgement
helped
the
team
choose
the
safest
hiking
route
.
β’
Drivers
need
quick
judgement
when
a
child
runs
into
the
road
.
Drivers
need
quick
judgement
when
a
child
runs
into
the
road
.
noun
an
official
decision
made
by
a
court
or
a
judge
β’
The
High
Court's
judgement
set
a
new
legal
precedent
.
The
High
Court's
judgement
set
a
new
legal
precedent
.
β’
Solicitors
reviewed
the
lengthy
judgement
overnight
.
Solicitors
reviewed
the
lengthy
judgement
overnight
.
gentleman
noun
-
gentleman
,
gentlemen
a
man
who
behaves
in
a
polite
,
kind
,
and
respectful
way
toward
other
people
β’
The
gentleman
opened
the
door
for
the
family
and
smiled
politely
.
The
gentleman
opened
the
door
for
the
family
and
smiled
politely
.
β’
Be
a
gentleman
and
let
your
guests
take
the
first
slice
of
cake
.
Be
a
gentleman
and
let
your
guests
take
the
first
slice
of
cake
.
From
Middle
English
gentilman
,
originally
meaning
a
man
of
noble
birth
,
combining
gentle
(
noble
)
+β
man
.
noun
-
gentleman
,
gentlemen
(
historical
)
a
man
of
good
social
position
,
especially
one
just
below
the
nobility
in
Britain
in
the
past
β’
In
the
18th
century
,
a
gentleman
was
expected
to
live
off
his
land
and
not
work
for
wages
.
In
the
18th
century
,
a
gentleman
was
expected
to
live
off
his
land
and
not
work
for
wages
.
β’
Only
those
born
into
certain
families
could
truly
call
themselves
gentleman
in
Victorian
Britain
.
Only
those
born
into
certain
families
could
truly
call
themselves
gentleman
in
Victorian
Britain
.
Sense
developed
in
the
late
Middle
Ages
;
by
the
16th
century
it
referred
to
men
entitled
to
a
coat
of
arms
,
ranking
below
the
nobility
.
implement
noun
a
tool
or
piece
of
equipment
used
for
a
particular
purpose
β’
The
farmer
repaired
the
broken
implement
before
returning
to
the
field
.
The
farmer
repaired
the
broken
implement
before
returning
to
the
field
.
β’
A
toothbrush
is
a
simple
implement
for
keeping
teeth
clean
.
A
toothbrush
is
a
simple
implement
for
keeping
teeth
clean
.
From
Latin
'implementum'
meaning
'filling
up
,
fulfillment'
,
later
'tool
,
equipment'
,
from
the
verb
'implere'
β
to
fill
β.
verb
-
implement
,
implementing
,
implements
,
implemented
to
put
a
plan
,
decision
,
or
system
into
action
β’
The
school
will
implement
the
new
dress
code
next
semester
.
The
school
will
implement
the
new
dress
code
next
semester
.
β’
After
months
of
planning
,
the
city
finally
implemented
the
recycling
program
.
After
months
of
planning
,
the
city
finally
implemented
the
recycling
program
.
Extended
from
the
noun
sense
;
first
used
as
a
verb
in
the
mid-19th
century
,
meaning
β
to
put
something
into
effect
β.
enforcement
noun
-
enforcement
the
act
or
process
of
making
sure
that
people
obey
a
law
,
rule
,
or
agreement
β’
Strict
enforcement
of
the
speed
limit
has
reduced
accidents
on
the
highway
.
Strict
enforcement
of
the
speed
limit
has
reduced
accidents
on
the
highway
.
β’
The
school
hired
extra
staff
to
improve
the
enforcement
of
its
no-bullying
policy
.
The
school
hired
extra
staff
to
improve
the
enforcement
of
its
no-bullying
policy
.
Derived
from
the
verb
β
enforce
β (
to
compel
observance
),
plus
the
suffix
β
-ment
β,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
14th
century
.
noun
-
enforcement
the
police
and
other
official
organizations
responsible
for
making
sure
laws
are
obeyed
β’
Local
enforcement
arrived
within
minutes
of
the
alarm
going
off
.
Local
enforcement
arrived
within
minutes
of
the
alarm
going
off
.
β’
She
hopes
to
join
federal
enforcement
after
graduating
from
the
academy
.
She
hopes
to
join
federal
enforcement
after
graduating
from
the
academy
.
Sense
developed
in
the
19th
century
as
a
shorthand
for
β
law
enforcement
β,
referring
collectively
to
police
and
related
agencies
.
instrument
noun
a
device
that
produces
musical
sounds
when
it
is
played
β’
Maya
practiced
the
instrument
every
evening
until
her
song
sounded
perfect
.
Maya
practiced
the
instrument
every
evening
until
her
song
sounded
perfect
.
β’
The
school
bought
several
new
instruments
for
the
marching
band
.
The
school
bought
several
new
instruments
for
the
marching
band
.
noun
a
tool
or
piece
of
equipment
made
for
a
particular
delicate
or
scientific
task
β’
The
surgeon
chose
a
fine
instrument
to
remove
the
tiny
splinter
.
The
surgeon
chose
a
fine
instrument
to
remove
the
tiny
splinter
.
β’
Scientists
used
special
instruments
to
measure
the
volcano
β
s
gas
levels
.
Scientists
used
special
instruments
to
measure
the
volcano
β
s
gas
levels
.
noun
a
gauge
or
display
inside
a
vehicle
or
machine
that
shows
information
such
as
speed
,
temperature
,
or
pressure
β’
The
pilot
checked
every
instrument
before
take-off
.
The
pilot
checked
every
instrument
before
take-off
.
β’
A
warning
light
flashed
on
the
dashboard
instrument
when
the
engine
overheated
.
A
warning
light
flashed
on
the
dashboard
instrument
when
the
engine
overheated
.
noun
someone
or
something
that
serves
as
a
means
of
achieving
a
goal
or
causing
something
to
happen
β’
Education
can
be
an
instrument
of
social
change
.
Education
can
be
an
instrument
of
social
change
.
β’
The
detective
believed
fear
was
the
murderer
β
s
chief
instrument
.
The
detective
believed
fear
was
the
murderer
β
s
chief
instrument
.
noun
an
official
legal
or
financial
document
such
as
a
contract
,
bond
,
or
certificate
β’
The
parties
signed
the
instrument
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
The
parties
signed
the
instrument
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
β’
A
deed
is
an
instrument
that
transfers
ownership
of
property
.
A
deed
is
an
instrument
that
transfers
ownership
of
property
.
verb
-
instrument
,
instrumenting
,
instruments
,
instrumented
to
equip
something
with
measuring
devices
or
controls
β’
Engineers
will
instrument
the
bridge
to
monitor
stress
during
the
test
.
Engineers
will
instrument
the
bridge
to
monitor
stress
during
the
test
.
β’
The
research
team
instrumented
the
spacecraft
with
temperature
probes
.
The
research
team
instrumented
the
spacecraft
with
temperature
probes
.
entertainment
noun
activities
such
as
games
,
movies
,
or
music
that
make
people
enjoy
themselves
β’
Streaming
movies
has
become
a
popular
form
of
entertainment
on
weekends
.
Streaming
movies
has
become
a
popular
form
of
entertainment
on
weekends
.
β’
The
cruise
ship
offers
live
music
and
games
for
passengers'
entertainment
.
The
cruise
ship
offers
live
music
and
games
for
passengers'
entertainment
.
From
entertain
+β
-ment
;
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
noun
a
performance
,
show
,
or
event
that
people
watch
for
enjoyment
β’
Tonight
β
s
entertainment
is
a
magic
show
in
the
main
hall
.
Tonight
β
s
entertainment
is
a
magic
show
in
the
main
hall
.
β’
The
festival
promises
street
entertainments
like
juggling
and
fire
dancing
.
The
festival
promises
street
entertainments
like
juggling
and
fire
dancing
.
noun
-
entertainment
the
act
of
welcoming
and
providing
food
,
drink
,
or
lodging
to
guests
β’
The
lord
offered
lavish
entertainment
to
visiting
nobles
.
The
lord
offered
lavish
entertainment
to
visiting
nobles
.
β’
In
the
18th
century
,
grand
houses
competed
in
the
scale
of
their
entertainment
of
guests
.
In
the
18th
century
,
grand
houses
competed
in
the
scale
of
their
entertainment
of
guests
.
employment
noun
-
employment
the
state
or
condition
of
having
regular
paid
work
β’
After
months
of
searching
,
Maria
finally
found
employment
at
a
local
bookstore
.
After
months
of
searching
,
Maria
finally
found
employment
at
a
local
bookstore
.
β’
Stable
employment
helps
people
plan
for
the
future
.
Stable
employment
helps
people
plan
for
the
future
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
employement
,
based
on
Latin
implicare
β
enfold
,
involve
β.
noun
-
employment
the
act
of
using
something
for
a
particular
purpose
β’
The
employment
of
seat
belts
has
saved
many
lives
.
The
employment
of
seat
belts
has
saved
many
lives
.
β’
Modern
farming
relies
on
the
employment
of
advanced
machinery
.
Modern
farming
relies
on
the
employment
of
advanced
machinery
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Old
French
employement
,
based
on
Latin
implicare
.
achievement
noun
something
important
that
you
succeed
in
doing
after
working
hard
β’
Winning
the
science
fair
was
a
huge
achievement
for
Maya
.
Winning
the
science
fair
was
a
huge
achievement
for
Maya
.
β’
Climbing
to
the
summit
of
the
mountain
felt
like
the
greatest
achievement
of
his
life
.
Climbing
to
the
summit
of
the
mountain
felt
like
the
greatest
achievement
of
his
life
.
late
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
achevement
,
from
achiever
β
bring
to
a
head
,
accomplish
β
noun
the
act
or
process
of
successfully
reaching
a
goal
β’
Hard
work
is
essential
for
the
achievement
of
your
goals
.
Hard
work
is
essential
for
the
achievement
of
your
goals
.
β’
Rapid
economic
achievement
cannot
happen
without
investment
in
education
.
Rapid
economic
achievement
cannot
happen
without
investment
in
education
.
noun
a
digital
badge
or
reward
given
when
a
player
completes
a
specific
task
in
a
video
game
β’
I
unlocked
a
rare
achievement
for
finishing
the
level
without
taking
damage
.
I
unlocked
a
rare
achievement
for
finishing
the
level
without
taking
damage
.
β’
Collecting
every
hidden
coin
will
earn
you
a
secret
achievement
.
Collecting
every
hidden
coin
will
earn
you
a
secret
achievement
.
retirement
noun
the
act
of
permanently
stopping
work
,
usually
because
you
have
reached
a
certain
age
β’
After
forty
years
at
the
factory
,
Maria
celebrated
her
retirement
with
a
big
party
.
After
forty
years
at
the
factory
,
Maria
celebrated
her
retirement
with
a
big
party
.
β’
Teachers
in
the
country
can
choose
early
retirement
after
thirty
years
of
service
.
Teachers
in
the
country
can
choose
early
retirement
after
thirty
years
of
service
.
from
retire
+-ment
,
first
recorded
in
the
1600s
meaning
β
withdrawal
,β
later
applied
to
leaving
employment
noun
the
period
of
life
after
you
have
stopped
working
β’
During
his
retirement
,
James
travels
the
world
with
his
wife
.
During
his
retirement
,
James
travels
the
world
with
his
wife
.
β’
Many
people
move
to
coastal
towns
in
retirement
for
the
mild
weather
.
Many
people
move
to
coastal
towns
in
retirement
for
the
mild
weather
.
noun
the
act
of
removing
something
from
service
or
use
β’
The
airline
announced
the
retirement
of
its
last
jumbo
jet
.
The
airline
announced
the
retirement
of
its
last
jumbo
jet
.
β’
Engineers
planned
the
retirement
of
the
old
bridge
once
the
new
one
opened
.
Engineers
planned
the
retirement
of
the
old
bridge
once
the
new
one
opened
.
noun
the
act
of
paying
off
or
cancelling
a
debt
,
bond
,
or
other
financial
obligation
β’
Early
retirement
of
the
loan
saved
the
company
thousands
in
interest
.
Early
retirement
of
the
loan
saved
the
company
thousands
in
interest
.
β’
The
government
announced
the
retirement
of
several
high-interest
bonds
.
The
government
announced
the
retirement
of
several
high-interest
bonds
.
fundamental
adjective
forming
the
basic
and
most
important
part
of
something
β’
Understanding
the
water
cycle
is
fundamental
to
grasping
how
weather
works
.
Understanding
the
water
cycle
is
fundamental
to
grasping
how
weather
works
.
β’
Trust
is
fundamental
in
any
strong
friendship
.
Trust
is
fundamental
in
any
strong
friendship
.
From
late
Latin
fundamentalis
β
of
the
foundation
β,
from
Latin
fundamentum
β
foundation
β.
noun
a
basic
principle
,
rule
,
or
fact
that
is
essential
to
understanding
something
β’
Before
learning
algebra
,
you
must
master
the
fundamentals
of
basic
arithmetic
.
Before
learning
algebra
,
you
must
master
the
fundamentals
of
basic
arithmetic
.
β’
The
professor
began
the
biology
course
by
explaining
the
fundamental
of
cell
theory
.
The
professor
began
the
biology
course
by
explaining
the
fundamental
of
cell
theory
.
same
as
adjective
sense
noun
the
lowest
natural
frequency
at
which
something
vibrates
,
producing
the
main
pitch
of
a
sound
β’
The
fundamental
of
the
note
A
is
440
hertz
.
The
fundamental
of
the
note
A
is
440
hertz
.
β’
You
can
hear
the
overtones
as
well
as
the
fundamental
when
the
guitar
string
is
plucked
.
You
can
hear
the
overtones
as
well
as
the
fundamental
when
the
guitar
string
is
plucked
.
technical
extension
of
the
general
noun
sense
to
acoustics
and
physics
settlement
noun
a
small
community
or
village
where
people
live
,
especially
one
that
is
newly
created
in
a
remote
area
β’
The
gold
miners
built
a
settlement
near
the
river
during
the
rush
.
The
gold
miners
built
a
settlement
near
the
river
during
the
rush
.
β’
After
trekking
for
days
through
the
desert
,
the
explorers
finally
spotted
a
distant
settlement
of
mud-brick
houses
.
After
trekking
for
days
through
the
desert
,
the
explorers
finally
spotted
a
distant
settlement
of
mud-brick
houses
.
From
Middle
English
setelment
,
from
settle
+β
-ment
,
originally
meaning
the
act
of
settling
and
later
the
place
where
people
settle
.
noun
an
official
agreement
that
ends
a
dispute
or
lawsuit
,
often
involving
payment
of
money
β’
The
two
companies
reached
a
settlement
instead
of
going
to
court
.
The
two
companies
reached
a
settlement
instead
of
going
to
court
.
β’
Under
the
divorce
settlement
,
Maria
kept
the
house
and
shared
custody
of
the
children
.
Under
the
divorce
settlement
,
Maria
kept
the
house
and
shared
custody
of
the
children
.
Sense
developed
in
the
17th
century
from
the
broader
idea
of
β
setting
matters
to
rest
β.
noun
the
act
or
process
of
people
moving
to
and
establishing
homes
in
a
new
area
β’
The
settlement
of
the
island
began
in
the
18th
century
.
The
settlement
of
the
island
began
in
the
18th
century
.
β’
Early
settlement
of
the
American
West
transformed
the
landscape
.
Early
settlement
of
the
American
West
transformed
the
landscape
.
Originally
referred
to
the
action
of
β
settling
β
in
a
place
;
recorded
in
English
from
the
late
Middle
Ages
.
noun
the
slow
sinking
or
downward
movement
of
the
ground
or
a
structure
over
time
β’
Cracks
in
the
walls
showed
that
the
house
had
suffered
settlement
over
the
years
.
Cracks
in
the
walls
showed
that
the
house
had
suffered
settlement
over
the
years
.
β’
Engineers
monitor
the
settlement
of
the
bridge
β
s
foundations
with
precision
sensors
.
Engineers
monitor
the
settlement
of
the
bridge
β
s
foundations
with
precision
sensors
.
Engineering
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
from
the
idea
of
a
structure
β
coming
to
rest
β.
phenomenon
noun
-
phenomenon
,
phenomena
something
that
can
be
seen
,
felt
,
or
measured
,
especially
when
it
is
unusual
or
hard
to
explain
β’
Tourists
huddled
under
blankets
to
watch
the
Northern
Lights
,
a
natural
phenomenon
of
swirling
green
and
purple
light
across
the
sky
.
Tourists
huddled
under
blankets
to
watch
the
Northern
Lights
,
a
natural
phenomenon
of
swirling
green
and
purple
light
across
the
sky
.
β’
The
sudden
disappearance
of
honeybees
is
a
worrying
phenomenon
that
scientists
are
racing
to
understand
.
The
sudden
disappearance
of
honeybees
is
a
worrying
phenomenon
that
scientists
are
racing
to
understand
.
from
Greek
phainomenon
β
thing
appearing
to
view
β,
from
phainein
β
to
show
β
noun
-
phenomenon
,
phenomena
a
person
or
thing
that
is
extremely
impressive
,
successful
,
or
popular
β’
The
teenage
chess
prodigy
was
a
phenomenon
,
defeating
grandmasters
twice
his
age
.
The
teenage
chess
prodigy
was
a
phenomenon
,
defeating
grandmasters
twice
his
age
.
β’
The
small
indie
film
turned
into
a
global
phenomenon
,
topping
box-office
charts
for
weeks
.
The
small
indie
film
turned
into
a
global
phenomenon
,
topping
box-office
charts
for
weeks
.
extension
of
the
main
sense
β
remarkable
thing
observed
β
to
describe
outstanding
people
or
trends
noun
-
phenomenon
,
phenomena
in
philosophy
,
a
thing
as
it
appears
to
and
is
experienced
by
the
senses
,
not
necessarily
as
it
is
in
itself
β’
The
professor
explained
that
the
rainbow
we
see
is
a
phenomenon
,
while
the
real
properties
of
light
exist
independently
of
our
sight
.
The
professor
explained
that
the
rainbow
we
see
is
a
phenomenon
,
while
the
real
properties
of
light
exist
independently
of
our
sight
.
β’
According
to
Kant
,
the
tree
in
front
of
you
is
a
phenomenon
shaped
by
your
senses
and
mind
.
According
to
Kant
,
the
tree
in
front
of
you
is
a
phenomenon
shaped
by
your
senses
and
mind
.
adopted
into
philosophical
use
in
the
18th
century
,
especially
by
Immanuel
Kant
,
to
contrast
with
β
noumenon
β,
the
thing-in-itself
recommendation
noun
advice
or
a
helpful
suggestion
about
what
someone
should
do
or
choose
β’
My
dentist
gave
me
a
strong
recommendation
to
floss
daily
.
My
dentist
gave
me
a
strong
recommendation
to
floss
daily
.
β’
Can
you
give
me
a
restaurant
recommendation
for
tonight
?
Can
you
give
me
a
restaurant
recommendation
for
tonight
?
from
Latin
recommendatio
,
meaning
"
bringing
back
to
mind
,
commendation
"
noun
a
written
or
spoken
statement
praising
someone
β
s
abilities
or
character
,
often
used
when
they
are
applying
for
a
job
,
school
,
or
position
β’
Her
former
manager
wrote
a
glowing
recommendation
for
the
job
application
.
Her
former
manager
wrote
a
glowing
recommendation
for
the
job
application
.
β’
I
got
the
apartment
thanks
to
a
friend's
personal
recommendation
.
I
got
the
apartment
thanks
to
a
friend's
personal
recommendation
.
Sense
developed
in
English
in
the
17th
century
for
letters
praising
a
person
.
noun
an
official
proposal
or
course
of
action
suggested
by
a
committee
,
report
,
or
authority
β’
The
committee's
first
recommendation
was
to
reduce
class
sizes
.
The
committee's
first
recommendation
was
to
reduce
class
sizes
.
β’
Parliament
accepted
the
report's
recommendation
to
increase
funding
.
Parliament
accepted
the
report's
recommendation
to
increase
funding
.
Extended
bureaucratic
use
arose
in
the
19th
century
as
governments
and
organizations
formalized
advice
into
official
reports
.
involvement
noun
-
involvement
the
act
of
taking
part
in
an
activity
or
situation
β’
Student
involvement
in
the
science
fair
was
higher
than
ever
this
year
.
Student
involvement
in
the
science
fair
was
higher
than
ever
this
year
.
β’
Her
involvement
in
community
theater
helped
her
make
new
friends
.
Her
involvement
in
community
theater
helped
her
make
new
friends
.
from
involve
+β
-ment
,
first
attested
in
the
early
19th
century
noun
-
involvement
the
state
of
being
connected
with
or
implicated
in
something
,
especially
something
wrong
or
difficult
β’
Police
are
investigating
his
possible
involvement
in
the
robbery
.
Police
are
investigating
his
possible
involvement
in
the
robbery
.
β’
She
denied
any
involvement
with
the
illegal
exports
.
She
denied
any
involvement
with
the
illegal
exports
.
noun
a
romantic
or
sexual
relationship
with
another
person
β’
Rumors
spread
about
her
involvement
with
a
famous
actor
.
Rumors
spread
about
her
involvement
with
a
famous
actor
.
β’
They
ended
their
brief
involvement
after
realizing
they
wanted
different
things
.
They
ended
their
brief
involvement
after
realizing
they
wanted
different
things
.
dimension
noun
a
measurable
extent
such
as
length
,
width
,
or
height
of
an
object
or
space
β’
The
carpenter
measured
each
dimension
of
the
table
before
cutting
the
wood
.
The
carpenter
measured
each
dimension
of
the
table
before
cutting
the
wood
.
β’
Our
new
fridge
fits
because
its
dimensions
are
smaller
than
the
old
one
.
Our
new
fridge
fits
because
its
dimensions
are
smaller
than
the
old
one
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
dimension
or
Latin
dimensio
β
measurement
β,
from
dimetiri
β
to
measure
out
β.
noun
a
particular
aspect
,
quality
,
or
way
of
looking
at
a
situation
or
idea
β’
Respect
adds
an
important
dimension
to
any
friendship
.
Respect
adds
an
important
dimension
to
any
friendship
.
β’
The
cultural
dimension
of
the
project
was
often
overlooked
.
The
cultural
dimension
of
the
project
was
often
overlooked
.
noun
a
separate
universe
or
realm
of
existence
imagined
in
science
fiction
and
fantasy
β’
The
story
follows
a
hero
who
falls
into
a
strange
dimension
filled
with
talking
animals
.
The
story
follows
a
hero
who
falls
into
a
strange
dimension
filled
with
talking
animals
.
β’
Scientists
in
the
movie
opened
a
portal
to
another
dimension
.
Scientists
in
the
movie
opened
a
portal
to
another
dimension
.
noun
in
mathematics
and
physics
,
one
of
the
independent
directions
or
coordinates
needed
to
describe
the
position
of
a
point
or
the
properties
of
space
β’
In
math
class
,
we
learned
that
a
line
has
one
dimension
.
In
math
class
,
we
learned
that
a
line
has
one
dimension
.
β’
A
cube
extends
into
a
third
dimension
.
A
cube
extends
into
a
third
dimension
.
verb
-
dimension
,
dimensioning
,
dimensions
,
dimensioned
to
mark
,
specify
,
or
design
the
measurements
of
something
β’
The
engineer
dimensioned
each
bolt
hole
to
the
nearest
millimeter
.
The
engineer
dimensioned
each
bolt
hole
to
the
nearest
millimeter
.
β’
Please
dimension
the
component
so
the
machinist
knows
its
size
.
Please
dimension
the
component
so
the
machinist
knows
its
size
.
arrangement
noun
plans
and
preparations
you
make
so
that
something
can
happen
later
β’
We
made
all
the
travel
arrangements
weeks
before
the
holiday
.
We
made
all
the
travel
arrangements
weeks
before
the
holiday
.
β’
The
school
handled
the
seating
arrangements
for
the
graduation
ceremony
.
The
school
handled
the
seating
arrangements
for
the
graduation
ceremony
.
From
arrange
+β
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
early
18th
century
.
noun
the
way
things
are
placed
or
organized
,
or
a
collection
of
items
put
in
a
particular
order
or
pattern
β’
The
florist
created
a
beautiful
flower
arrangement
for
the
wedding
.
The
florist
created
a
beautiful
flower
arrangement
for
the
wedding
.
β’
I
like
the
furniture
arrangement
in
this
living
room
;
it
feels
open
and
welcoming
.
I
like
the
furniture
arrangement
in
this
living
room
;
it
feels
open
and
welcoming
.
noun
an
agreement
or
understanding
between
people
about
what
they
will
do
or
how
something
will
be
handled
β’
After
some
discussion
,
they
reached
an
arrangement
on
the
monthly
rent
.
After
some
discussion
,
they
reached
an
arrangement
on
the
monthly
rent
.
β’
The
divorce
was
peaceful
because
a
financial
arrangement
had
been
settled
in
advance
.
The
divorce
was
peaceful
because
a
financial
arrangement
had
been
settled
in
advance
.
noun
a
piece
of
music
that
has
been
changed
so
it
can
be
performed
by
different
instruments
or
in
a
new
style
β’
The
jazz
trio
played
an
upbeat
arrangement
of
a
classic
folk
song
.
The
jazz
trio
played
an
upbeat
arrangement
of
a
classic
folk
song
.
β’
This
orchestral
arrangement
adds
horns
and
strings
to
the
original
piano
piece
.
This
orchestral
arrangement
adds
horns
and
strings
to
the
original
piano
piece
.
elementary
adjective
basic
and
uncomplicated
;
dealing
with
the
simplest
or
most
fundamental
parts
of
something
β’
Before
trying
advanced
problems
,
you
must
master
the
elementary
rules
of
algebra
.
Before
trying
advanced
problems
,
you
must
master
the
elementary
rules
of
algebra
.
β’
The
chef
explained
the
elementary
steps
of
making
bread
,
starting
with
mixing
flour
and
water
.
The
chef
explained
the
elementary
steps
of
making
bread
,
starting
with
mixing
flour
and
water
.
From
Latin
elementarius
β
belonging
to
the
first
principles
,β
from
elementum
β
rudiment
,
first
principle
.β
adjective
relating
to
the
first
years
of
formal
schooling
,
especially
for
children
aged
about
5β11
β’
She
teaches
fourth
grade
at
an
elementary
school
in
Boston
.
She
teaches
fourth
grade
at
an
elementary
school
in
Boston
.
β’
Many
parents
volunteer
for
activities
during
the
elementary
years
.
Many
parents
volunteer
for
activities
during
the
elementary
years
.
interjection
used
humorously
to
say
that
something
is
very
obvious
or
easy
to
understand
β’
When
the
answer
became
clear
,
she
snapped
her
fingers
and
exclaimed
, "
Elementary
!"
When
the
answer
became
clear
,
she
snapped
her
fingers
and
exclaimed
, "
Elementary
!"
β’
"
It
β
s
elementary
,
my
dear
Watson
,"
the
detective
said
after
spotting
the
clue
.
"
It
β
s
elementary
,
my
dear
Watson
,"
the
detective
said
after
spotting
the
clue
.
Popularized
by
Sir
Arthur
Conan
Doyle
β
s
fictional
detective
Sherlock
Holmes
,
who
often
said
β
Elementary
,
my
dear
Watson
.β
unemployment
noun
-
unemployment
the
situation
in
which
people
who
are
able
and
willing
to
work
cannot
find
a
paid
job
β’
After
losing
his
factory
job
,
Carlos
spent
six
months
looking
for
work
and
struggling
with
unemployment
.
After
losing
his
factory
job
,
Carlos
spent
six
months
looking
for
work
and
struggling
with
unemployment
.
β’
High
unemployment
can
lead
to
increased
poverty
in
a
country
.
High
unemployment
can
lead
to
increased
poverty
in
a
country
.
early
19th
century
:
from
un-
β
not
β
+
employment
appointment
noun
a
planned
meeting
with
someone
at
a
specific
time
and
place
β’
I
have
an
appointment
with
the
dentist
at
3
p
.
m
.
I
have
an
appointment
with
the
dentist
at
3
p
.
m
.
β’
Please
book
an
appointment
before
you
come
to
the
embassy
.
Please
book
an
appointment
before
you
come
to
the
embassy
.
From
Middle
French
appointement
,
from
Old
French
apointement
,
from
apointer
β
to
arrange
,
settle
;
to
appoint
.β
noun
a
job
or
position
given
to
someone
,
especially
in
government
or
an
organization
β’
Her
most
recent
appointment
is
as
ambassador
to
Spain
.
Her
most
recent
appointment
is
as
ambassador
to
Spain
.
β’
The
committee
approved
his
appointment
to
the
board
of
directors
.
The
committee
approved
his
appointment
to
the
board
of
directors
.
Sense
developed
from
the
idea
of
something
formally
arranged
: β
a
position
assigned
.β
noun
the
act
of
choosing
someone
for
a
job
or
position
β’
The
appointment
of
a
new
CEO
boosted
investor
confidence
.
The
appointment
of
a
new
CEO
boosted
investor
confidence
.
β’
Parliament
debated
the
appointment
of
the
chief
justice
for
hours
.
Parliament
debated
the
appointment
of
the
chief
justice
for
hours
.
Derived
from
earlier
sense
of
β
appoint
β
meaning
β
assign
officially
.β
establishment
noun
-
establishment
the
act
of
starting
or
creating
something
so
that
it
is
able
to
continue
β’
The
establishment
of
the
new
community
garden
brought
neighbours
together
.
The
establishment
of
the
new
community
garden
brought
neighbours
together
.
β’
After
years
of
conflict
,
the
establishment
of
peace
was
celebrated
across
the
country
.
After
years
of
conflict
,
the
establishment
of
peace
was
celebrated
across
the
country
.
Derived
from
the
verb
establish
+β
-ment
;
recorded
in
English
since
the
1400s
.
noun
a
business
,
organisation
,
or
public
institution
that
occupies
a
place
and
provides
goods
or
services
β’
The
little
coffee
establishment
on
the
corner
serves
amazing
pastries
.
The
little
coffee
establishment
on
the
corner
serves
amazing
pastries
.
β’
We
drove
past
a
historic
establishment
that
has
been
a
hotel
since
1890
.
We
drove
past
a
historic
establishment
that
has
been
a
hotel
since
1890
.
Sense
developed
in
the
1700s
to
describe
settled
commercial
premises
.
Establishment
noun
-
Establishment
the
group
of
people
who
hold
power
and
influence
in
a
society
,
especially
in
politics
,
business
,
or
the
military
β’
Many
young
voters
feel
the
establishment
no
longer
represents
them
.
Many
young
voters
feel
the
establishment
no
longer
represents
them
.
β’
She
campaigned
against
the
political
establishment
and
promised
real
change
.
She
campaigned
against
the
political
establishment
and
promised
real
change
.
Capitalised
use
arose
in
the
mid-20th
century
,
especially
in
British
journalism
,
to
label
the
entrenched
ruling
class
.
congressman
noun
-
congressman
,
congressmen
a
man
(
or
sometimes
any
member
)
elected
to
the
U
.
S
.
House
of
Representatives
β’
The
congressman
spoke
at
the
town
hall
about
the
new
education
bill
.
The
congressman
spoke
at
the
town
hall
about
the
new
education
bill
.
β’
After
winning
the
election
,
he
was
sworn
in
as
a
congressman
in
Washington
,
D
.
C
.
After
winning
the
election
,
he
was
sworn
in
as
a
congressman
in
Washington
,
D
.
C
.
coined
in
the
United
States
in
the
early
19th
century
from
congress
+β
-man
,
modeled
after
earlier
terms
like
"
assemblyman
"
tournament
noun
a
sports
or
gaming
competition
in
which
many
teams
or
players
play
several
matches
to
decide
an
overall
winner
β’
Our
school's
basketball
team
won
the
regional
tournament
last
weekend
.
Our
school's
basketball
team
won
the
regional
tournament
last
weekend
.
β’
Players
from
ten
countries
gathered
in
Tokyo
for
the
chess
tournament
.
Players
from
ten
countries
gathered
in
Tokyo
for
the
chess
tournament
.
Borrowed
from
Old
French
tournoiement
,
from
tornoier
β
to
turn
about
,
joust
.β
noun
in
the
Middle
Ages
,
a
formal
contest
where
knights
fought
on
horseback
,
especially
in
jousting
,
to
display
skill
and
bravery
β’
The
king
organized
a
grand
tournament
to
celebrate
the
prince's
birthday
.
The
king
organized
a
grand
tournament
to
celebrate
the
prince's
birthday
.
β’
Knights
wore
brightly
painted
shields
when
they
rode
into
the
tournament
field
.
Knights
wore
brightly
painted
shields
when
they
rode
into
the
tournament
field
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
but
the
earlier
meaning
referred
specifically
to
knightly
combat
displays
.
spokesman
noun
-
spokesman
,
spokesmen
a
man
who
speaks
officially
for
a
group
,
organization
,
or
person
and
gives
information
to
the
public
or
the
press
.
β’
The
company
spokesman
announced
the
new
product
at
a
crowded
press
conference
.
The
company
spokesman
announced
the
new
product
at
a
crowded
press
conference
.
β’
After
the
summit
,
a
government
spokesman
told
reporters
that
negotiations
had
made
good
progress
.
After
the
summit
,
a
government
spokesman
told
reporters
that
negotiations
had
made
good
progress
.
measurement
noun
the
act
or
process
of
finding
out
the
size
,
amount
,
or
degree
of
something
using
standard
units
β’
Accurate
measurement
of
temperature
is
vital
when
baking
bread
.
Accurate
measurement
of
temperature
is
vital
when
baking
bread
.
β’
The
scientist
repeated
the
measurement
three
times
to
make
sure
the
results
were
correct
.
The
scientist
repeated
the
measurement
three
times
to
make
sure
the
results
were
correct
.
From
Middle
French
mesurement
,
from
mesurer
β
to
measure
β
+
-ment
,
appearing
in
English
in
the
late
16th
century
.
noun
a
size
,
length
,
or
amount
that
has
been
found
by
measuring
β’
The
tailor
wrote
down
my
chest
measurement
before
starting
the
suit
.
The
tailor
wrote
down
my
chest
measurement
before
starting
the
suit
.
β’
Check
the
room
β
s
exact
measurements
before
you
buy
a
new
sofa
.
Check
the
room
β
s
exact
measurements
before
you
buy
a
new
sofa
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
over
time
,
the
noun
came
also
to
mean
the
numerical
result
obtained
from
measuring
.
segment
noun
one
of
the
separate
parts
that
something
is
divided
into
β’
The
pie
was
cut
into
eight
equal
segments
for
everyone
.
The
pie
was
cut
into
eight
equal
segments
for
everyone
.
β’
Only
a
small
segment
of
the
wall
needed
repainting
.
Only
a
small
segment
of
the
wall
needed
repainting
.
from
Latin
segmentum
β
a
piece
cut
off
β,
from
secare
β
to
cut
β
noun
a
short
part
of
a
television
,
radio
,
or
online
program
β’
The
interview
will
air
in
the
final
segment
of
the
show
.
The
interview
will
air
in
the
final
segment
of
the
show
.
β’
I
missed
the
weather
segment
because
I
answered
the
phone
.
I
missed
the
weather
segment
because
I
answered
the
phone
.
extended
media
sense
from
the
general
meaning
of
β
part
.β
noun
in
geometry
,
a
part
of
a
line
or
circle
between
two
points
or
boundaries
β’
On
the
board
,
the
teacher
drew
a
segment
between
points
A
and
B
.
On
the
board
,
the
teacher
drew
a
segment
between
points
A
and
B
.
β’
Find
the
length
of
the
shaded
segment
of
the
circle
.
Find
the
length
of
the
shaded
segment
of
the
circle
.
technical
use
adopted
in
18th-century
mathematics
for
bounded
parts
of
figures
.
noun
a
clearly
separated
part
of
an
animal
or
plant
body
,
especially
one
of
the
repeating
sections
in
worms
or
insects
β’
An
earthworm
β
s
body
is
made
of
many
ring-like
segments
.
An
earthworm
β
s
body
is
made
of
many
ring-like
segments
.
β’
The
insect
β
s
abdomen
has
three
main
segments
.
The
insect
β
s
abdomen
has
three
main
segments
.
specialized
biological
sense
recorded
in
the
19th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
a
cut-off
piece
to
anatomy
.
verb
to
divide
something
into
parts
,
or
to
become
divided
into
parts
β’
They
segment
the
video
into
short
clips
for
social
media
.
They
segment
the
video
into
short
clips
for
social
media
.
β’
The
database
will
segment
customers
by
age
and
location
.
The
database
will
segment
customers
by
age
and
location
.
verb
use
from
the
noun
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
.
implementation
noun
the
act
of
putting
a
plan
,
decision
,
or
system
into
action
so
that
it
operates
in
the
real
world
β’
The
implementation
of
the
new
recycling
program
began
last
month
.
The
implementation
of
the
new
recycling
program
began
last
month
.
β’
Successful
implementation
requires
careful
planning
and
training
.
Successful
implementation
requires
careful
planning
and
training
.
from
implement
+β
-ation
;
implement
traces
back
to
Latin
implΔre
β
to
fill
,
accomplish
β
noun
a
specific
version
or
way
of
carrying
out
a
design
,
idea
,
or
technical
specification
,
especially
in
computing
β’
The
open-source
library
is
just
one
implementation
of
the
algorithm
.
The
open-source
library
is
just
one
implementation
of
the
algorithm
.
β’
Each
smartphone
brand
has
its
own
implementation
of
the
Android
operating
system
.
Each
smartphone
brand
has
its
own
implementation
of
the
Android
operating
system
.
Same
origin
as
other
sense
:
implement
+β
-ation
;
technical
sense
arose
in
20th-century
computing
.
engagement
noun
an
agreement
that
two
people
will
marry
each
other
β’
They
announced
their
engagement
during
a
joyful
family
dinner
.
They
announced
their
engagement
during
a
joyful
family
dinner
.
β’
Maria
proudly
showed
her
friends
the
ring
from
her
engagement
.
Maria
proudly
showed
her
friends
the
ring
from
her
engagement
.
noun
a
planned
arrangement
or
appointment
to
meet
,
perform
,
or
take
part
in
something
at
a
specific
time
β’
I
β
m
sorry
,
I
can
β
t
join
you
;
I
have
an
engagement
at
the
dentist
this
afternoon
.
I
β
m
sorry
,
I
can
β
t
join
you
;
I
have
an
engagement
at
the
dentist
this
afternoon
.
β’
The
author
β
s
next
speaking
engagement
will
be
at
the
city
library
tomorrow
evening
.
The
author
β
s
next
speaking
engagement
will
be
at
the
city
library
tomorrow
evening
.
noun
the
act
of
being
involved
in
or
paying
active
attention
to
something
β’
Teachers
used
games
to
increase
student
engagement
in
the
lesson
.
Teachers
used
games
to
increase
student
engagement
in
the
lesson
.
β’
High
viewer
engagement
helped
the
video
become
popular
overnight
.
High
viewer
engagement
helped
the
video
become
popular
overnight
.
noun
a
short
fight
between
armed
forces
β’
The
soldiers
prepared
for
an
engagement
with
enemy
troops
at
dawn
.
The
soldiers
prepared
for
an
engagement
with
enemy
troops
at
dawn
.
β’
The
brief
engagement
lasted
only
an
hour
but
caused
heavy
losses
.
The
brief
engagement
lasted
only
an
hour
but
caused
heavy
losses
.
assignment
noun
a
piece
of
work
or
task
that
a
teacher
or
employer
gives
someone
to
complete
β’
Maria
stayed
up
late
to
finish
her
math
assignment
before
class
.
Maria
stayed
up
late
to
finish
her
math
assignment
before
class
.
β’
The
manager
gave
each
intern
a
small
research
assignment
for
the
week
.
The
manager
gave
each
intern
a
small
research
assignment
for
the
week
.
From
Middle
French
assignement
,
from
Old
French
assigner
β
to
allot
.β
noun
the
act
of
giving
someone
a
particular
task
,
role
,
or
share
of
work
β’
The
assignment
of
duties
was
discussed
at
Monday
β
s
meeting
.
The
assignment
of
duties
was
discussed
at
Monday
β
s
meeting
.
β’
Fair
assignment
of
chores
keeps
peace
among
roommates
.
Fair
assignment
of
chores
keeps
peace
among
roommates
.
noun
a
particular
job
or
posting
that
someone
is
sent
to
do
,
often
for
a
limited
time
β’
The
reporter
β
s
next
assignment
was
to
cover
the
election
in
Brazil
.
The
reporter
β
s
next
assignment
was
to
cover
the
election
in
Brazil
.
β’
After
six
months
at
sea
,
the
sailor
received
a
shore
assignment
.
After
six
months
at
sea
,
the
sailor
received
a
shore
assignment
.
noun
the
legal
or
technical
act
of
transferring
rights
,
property
,
or
a
value
to
another
party
β’
The
contract
prohibits
the
assignment
of
rights
without
written
consent
.
The
contract
prohibits
the
assignment
of
rights
without
written
consent
.
β’
Variable
assignment
in
this
language
uses
the
equals
sign
.
Variable
assignment
in
this
language
uses
the
equals
sign
.
punishment
noun
the
act
of
causing
someone
to
suffer
a
penalty
for
doing
something
wrong
,
or
the
penalty
itself
β’
The
judge
gave
the
thief
a
harsh
punishment
.
The
judge
gave
the
thief
a
harsh
punishment
.
β’
Some
parents
believe
gentle
methods
work
better
than
corporal
punishment
.
Some
parents
believe
gentle
methods
work
better
than
corporal
punishment
.
from
Middle
English
punishement
,
from
Old
French
punissement
,
based
on
Latin
puniΜre
β
to
punish
β
noun
rough
treatment
,
damage
,
or
strain
that
something
or
someone
endures
β’
After
driving
across
the
desert
,
the
tires
had
taken
a
lot
of
punishment
.
After
driving
across
the
desert
,
the
tires
had
taken
a
lot
of
punishment
.
β’
The
old
laptop
still
works
despite
years
of
punishment
.
The
old
laptop
still
works
despite
years
of
punishment
.
figurative
extension
of
the
primary
sense
of
suffering
a
penalty
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
19th
century
in
sports
writing
tremendous
adjective
extremely
large
,
powerful
,
or
intense
in
amount
,
size
,
or
degree
.
β’
The
company
made
a
tremendous
profit
last
year
.
The
company
made
a
tremendous
profit
last
year
.
β’
The
earthquake
caused
tremendous
damage
to
the
city
.
The
earthquake
caused
tremendous
damage
to
the
city
.
Early
17th
century
:
from
Latin
tremendus
β
to
be
trembled
at
β,
from
tremere
β
to
tremble
β.
adjective
excellent
,
very
good
,
or
extremely
enjoyable
.
β’
You
did
a
tremendous
job
on
your
presentation
.
You
did
a
tremendous
job
on
your
presentation
.
β’
We
had
a
tremendous
time
at
the
festival
.
We
had
a
tremendous
time
at
the
festival
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
:
Latin
tremendus
β
to
be
trembled
at
β,
shifting
over
time
to
mean
β
remarkably
great
β
or
β
excellent
β.
adjustment
noun
a
small
change
made
to
something
so
it
works
or
fits
better
β’
After
tightening
the
screws
,
the
technician
made
a
final
adjustment
to
the
camera
lens
so
the
picture
was
perfectly
sharp
.
After
tightening
the
screws
,
the
technician
made
a
final
adjustment
to
the
camera
lens
so
the
picture
was
perfectly
sharp
.
β’
The
bicycle
seat
felt
too
low
,
so
Emma
stopped
and
did
a
quick
adjustment
by
the
roadside
.
The
bicycle
seat
felt
too
low
,
so
Emma
stopped
and
did
a
quick
adjustment
by
the
roadside
.
noun
the
process
of
becoming
familiar
with
a
new
situation
and
learning
to
deal
with
it
β’
Moving
to
the
city
was
a
big
adjustment
for
Liam
after
years
of
living
on
a
farm
.
Moving
to
the
city
was
a
big
adjustment
for
Liam
after
years
of
living
on
a
farm
.
β’
It
took
only
a
short
adjustment
period
before
the
puppy
felt
at
home
with
its
new
family
.
It
took
only
a
short
adjustment
period
before
the
puppy
felt
at
home
with
its
new
family
.
noun
a
change
made
in
a
financial
record
to
show
the
correct
amount
β’
The
accountant
recorded
an
adjustment
to
correct
the
previous
month's
sales
figures
.
The
accountant
recorded
an
adjustment
to
correct
the
previous
month's
sales
figures
.
β’
After
auditing
the
books
,
they
discovered
several
small
adjustments
were
needed
.
After
auditing
the
books
,
they
discovered
several
small
adjustments
were
needed
.
announcement
noun
a
written
or
spoken
statement
that
gives
people
important
or
new
information
β’
The
principal
made
an
announcement
that
school
would
close
early
because
of
snow
.
The
principal
made
an
announcement
that
school
would
close
early
because
of
snow
.
β’
A
loudspeaker
announcement
at
the
airport
told
passengers
to
board
the
plane
.
A
loudspeaker
announcement
at
the
airport
told
passengers
to
board
the
plane
.
from
announce
+β
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
15th
century
,
borrowing
from
French
"
annoncement
"
noun
-
announcement
the
act
of
officially
telling
people
something
β’
The
sudden
announcement
of
the
results
filled
the
room
with
cheers
.
The
sudden
announcement
of
the
results
filled
the
room
with
cheers
.
β’
Her
parents
β
announcement
that
they
were
moving
shocked
her
.
Her
parents
β
announcement
that
they
were
moving
shocked
her
.
same
origin
as
the
countable
sense
,
from
Middle
French
β
annoncement
β,
meaning
the
act
of
proclaiming
freshman
noun
-
freshman
,
freshmen
a
student
in
their
first
year
at
a
high
school
,
college
,
or
university
β’
On
her
first
day
of
college
,
Maria
felt
excited
and
nervous
to
be
a
freshman
on
the
huge
campus
.
On
her
first
day
of
college
,
Maria
felt
excited
and
nervous
to
be
a
freshman
on
the
huge
campus
.
β’
The
high
school
organized
an
orientation
to
help
every
freshman
find
their
classrooms
.
The
high
school
organized
an
orientation
to
help
every
freshman
find
their
classrooms
.
Mid-16th
century
:
from
fresh
+
man
,
originally
meaning
β
new
or
inexperienced
person
β;
the
academic
sense
arose
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
-
freshman
,
freshmen
a
person
in
their
first
year
of
a
new
position
or
activity
,
especially
in
politics
,
business
,
or
sports
β’
The
newly
elected
freshman
senator
gave
his
very
first
speech
in
the
chamber
.
The
newly
elected
freshman
senator
gave
his
very
first
speech
in
the
chamber
.
β’
As
a
freshman
employee
,
Clara
spent
her
first
week
learning
the
company
β
s
software
.
As
a
freshman
employee
,
Clara
spent
her
first
week
learning
the
company
β
s
software
.
Extension
of
the
academic
sense
of
freshman
to
other
fields
such
as
politics
and
sports
in
the
19thβ20th
centuries
.
experimental
adjective
made
or
done
to
test
an
idea
scientifically
and
see
what
happens
β’
The
experimental
vaccine
was
tested
on
volunteers
.
The
experimental
vaccine
was
tested
on
volunteers
.
β’
A
team
of
engineers
built
an
experimental
car
that
runs
on
algae
.
A
team
of
engineers
built
an
experimental
car
that
runs
on
algae
.
From
experiment
+-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
1600s
.
adjective
using
new
and
unusual
ideas
,
styles
,
or
methods
,
and
not
yet
widely
accepted
β’
The
director's
experimental
film
had
no
dialogue
at
all
.
The
director's
experimental
film
had
no
dialogue
at
all
.
β’
He
loves
listening
to
experimental
jazz
that
mixes
electronic
sounds
.
He
loves
listening
to
experimental
jazz
that
mixes
electronic
sounds
.
From
experiment
+-al
,
broadened
in
the
early
1900s
to
arts
and
culture
.
replacement
noun
the
act
of
putting
someone
or
something
new
in
the
place
of
what
was
there
before
β’
The
replacement
of
the
broken
window
took
only
an
hour
.
The
replacement
of
the
broken
window
took
only
an
hour
.
β’
Software
updates
often
involve
the
gradual
replacement
of
old
code
.
Software
updates
often
involve
the
gradual
replacement
of
old
code
.
formed
from
replace
+
the
noun
suffix
-ment
in
the
mid-17th
century
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
takes
the
place
of
another
β’
When
our
teacher
got
sick
,
a
replacement
arrived
the
next
day
.
When
our
teacher
got
sick
,
a
replacement
arrived
the
next
day
.
β’
This
battery
is
a
cheap
replacement
for
the
original
.
This
battery
is
a
cheap
replacement
for
the
original
.
formed
from
replace
+
the
noun
suffix
-ment
in
the
mid-17th
century