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mention
verb
to
say
or
write
something
about
a
person
or
thing
briefly
,
without
going
into
detail
•
Please
mention
my
name
when
you
see
the
manager
.
Please
mention
my
name
when
you
see
the
manager
.
•
He
didn't
mention
the
broken
window
during
the
meeting
.
He
didn't
mention
the
broken
window
during
the
meeting
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
mencion
,
from
Latin
mentio
meaning
‘
a
speaking
of
’.
noun
a
brief
reference
to
someone
or
something
•
The
article
made
no
mention
of
the
new
law
.
The
article
made
no
mention
of
the
new
law
.
•
Thanks
for
the
mention
in
your
speech
.
Thanks
for
the
mention
in
your
speech
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
mencion
,
from
Latin
mentio
meaning
‘
a
speaking
of
’.
mental
adjective
relating
to
the
mind
,
thinking
,
or
emotional
processes
rather
than
the
body
•
After
the
accident
,
he
needed
time
for
mental
recovery
before
going
back
to
work
.
After
the
accident
,
he
needed
time
for
mental
recovery
before
going
back
to
work
.
•
Puzzles
like
chess
are
good
mental
exercise
for
older
adults
.
Puzzles
like
chess
are
good
mental
exercise
for
older
adults
.
From
late
Latin
mentalis
,
from
Latin
mens
“
mind
”.
adjective
(
informal
)
crazy
,
wild
,
or
extremely
exciting
•
That
roller
coaster
was
absolutely
mental
!
That
roller
coaster
was
absolutely
mental
!
•
My
friends
went
mental
when
they
heard
the
band
announce
a
surprise
show
.
My
friends
went
mental
when
they
heard
the
band
announce
a
surprise
show
.
Extension
of
the
standard
adjective
"
mental
"
to
slang
meaning
"
crazy
"
in
British
English
,
recorded
since
the
late
20th
century
.
adjective
(
anatomy
)
situated
near
or
relating
to
the
chin
•
The
dentist
injected
anesthesia
near
the
patient's
mental
nerve
.
The
dentist
injected
anesthesia
near
the
patient's
mental
nerve
.
•
A
small
cut
was
found
on
the
mental
region
after
the
fall
.
A
small
cut
was
found
on
the
mental
region
after
the
fall
.
From
Latin
mentum
“
chin
”,
giving
a
separate
anatomical
sense
distinct
from
the
mind-related
meaning
.
menu
noun
a
list
of
the
dishes
and
drinks
that
a
restaurant
,
café
,
or
similar
place
offers
,
usually
with
prices
•
The
waiter
handed
Sarah
a
menu
before
taking
her
drink
order
.
The
waiter
handed
Sarah
a
menu
before
taking
her
drink
order
.
•
The
children
’
s
eyes
lit
up
when
they
saw
pizza
listed
on
the
menu
.
The
children
’
s
eyes
lit
up
when
they
saw
pizza
listed
on
the
menu
.
noun
a
list
of
commands
or
options
displayed
by
a
computer
program
or
device
that
you
can
choose
from
•
Click
the
'File'
menu
to
save
your
document
.
Click
the
'File'
menu
to
save
your
document
.
•
A
drop-down
menu
appeared
when
she
right-clicked
the
picture
.
A
drop-down
menu
appeared
when
she
right-clicked
the
picture
.
noun
a
selection
of
dishes
offered
together
as
a
meal
for
a
fixed
price
•
The
restaurant
offers
a
three-course
menu
for
twenty
dollars
.
The
restaurant
offers
a
three-course
menu
for
twenty
dollars
.
•
We
chose
the
vegetarian
menu
at
the
wedding
banquet
.
We
chose
the
vegetarian
menu
at
the
wedding
banquet
.
mentor
noun
a
person
,
usually
older
or
more
experienced
,
who
gives
guidance
,
advice
,
and
support
to
someone
with
less
experience
•
Julia's
mentor
helped
her
prepare
for
the
job
interview
.
Julia's
mentor
helped
her
prepare
for
the
job
interview
.
•
A
good
mentor
listens
before
giving
advice
.
A
good
mentor
listens
before
giving
advice
.
From
Mentor
,
the
name
of
the
wise
friend
of
Odysseus
who
guided
Telemachus
in
Greek
mythology
,
popularized
through
Homer
’
s
Odyssey
.
verb
-
mentor
,
mentoring
,
mentors
,
mentored
to
guide
,
teach
,
and
support
someone
less
experienced
over
a
period
of
time
•
Experienced
engineers
mentor
new
hires
during
their
first
year
.
Experienced
engineers
mentor
new
hires
during
their
first
year
.
•
She
promised
to
mentor
three
students
from
the
local
school
.
She
promised
to
mentor
three
students
from
the
local
school
.
Verb
use
developed
from
the
noun
sense
,
meaning
“
to
act
as
a
Mentor
.”
mentally
adverb
in
the
mind
rather
than
by
using
the
body
or
spoken
words
•
During
the
school
race
,
Maya
counted
her
remaining
laps
mentally
so
she
would
not
slow
down
to
check
her
watch
.
During
the
school
race
,
Maya
counted
her
remaining
laps
mentally
so
she
would
not
slow
down
to
check
her
watch
.
•
The
architect
had
already
designed
the
house
mentally
before
drawing
the
first
line
on
his
blueprint
.
The
architect
had
already
designed
the
house
mentally
before
drawing
the
first
line
on
his
blueprint
.
From
Latin
mentalis
“
of
the
mind
”
+
-ly
adverb
suffix
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
early
15th
century
.
adverb
concerning
a
person
’
s
mind
or
mental
health
•
The
clinic
offers
counseling
for
people
who
are
mentally
ill
and
need
support
.
The
clinic
offers
counseling
for
people
who
are
mentally
ill
and
need
support
.
•
After
weeks
of
exams
,
Daniel
felt
exhausted
both
physically
and
mentally
.
After
weeks
of
exams
,
Daniel
felt
exhausted
both
physically
and
mentally
.
Same
origin
as
the
other
sense
:
Latin
mentalis
+
-ly
;
the
health-related
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
as
medicine
began
distinguishing
mental
from
physical
illness
.
man
noun
-
man
,
men
a
grown
male
person
,
not
a
boy
•
A
friendly
man
held
the
door
open
for
Maya
.
A
friendly
man
held
the
door
open
for
Maya
.
•
The
old
man
told
stories
about
the
sea
.
The
old
man
told
stories
about
the
sea
.
Old
English
mann
,
originally
meaning
a
human
being
regardless
of
gender
;
later
specialized
to
adult
male
.
noun
-
man
,
men
a
playing
piece
used
in
board
games
such
as
chess
,
checkers
,
or
backgammon
•
Hannah
crowned
her
last
man
and
won
the
game
of
checkers
.
Hannah
crowned
her
last
man
and
won
the
game
of
checkers
.
•
A
captured
man
is
removed
from
the
board
immediately
.
A
captured
man
is
removed
from
the
board
immediately
.
Extended
sense
from
the
idea
of
each
piece
representing
a
person
in
battle-like
board
games
.
woman
noun
-
woman
,
women
an
adult
human
female
•
The
scientist
was
the
first
woman
to
walk
on
the
moon
.
The
scientist
was
the
first
woman
to
walk
on
the
moon
.
•
A
little
girl
pointed
to
the
statue
and
said
, “
That
brave
woman
saved
our
town
!”
A
little
girl
pointed
to
the
statue
and
said
, “
That
brave
woman
saved
our
town
!”
Old
English
wīfmann
(‘
female
human
’),
from
wīf
(‘
woman
,
wife
’)
+
mann
(‘
person
’);
over
time
the
initial
consonant
sound
changed
,
and
the
plural
women
adopted
a
different
vowel
sound
.
government
noun
the
group
of
people
who
officially
control
and
run
a
country
,
state
,
city
,
or
other
political
unit
•
After
the
election
,
the
new
government
promised
to
lower
taxes
.
After
the
election
,
the
new
government
promised
to
lower
taxes
.
•
The
government
announced
emergency
aid
after
the
hurricane
.
The
government
announced
emergency
aid
after
the
hurricane
.
From
Middle
English
gouernement
,
from
Old
French
governement
,
from
Latin
gubernāre
meaning
“
to
steer
,
govern
.”
noun
-
government
the
system
,
method
,
or
process
by
which
a
country
or
community
is
ruled
•
Students
debated
whether
democracy
is
the
best
form
of
government
.
Students
debated
whether
democracy
is
the
best
form
of
government
.
•
Good
government
requires
clear
laws
and
honest
officials
.
Good
government
requires
clear
laws
and
honest
officials
.
Same
origin
as
sense
1
,
ultimately
from
Latin
gubernāre
“
to
steer
.”
moment
noun
a
very
short
period
of
time
•
"
Just
a
moment
,
please
,"
the
receptionist
said
while
checking
the
schedule
.
"
Just
a
moment
,
please
,"
the
receptionist
said
while
checking
the
schedule
.
•
The
puppy
sat
still
for
only
a
moment
before
darting
off
again
.
The
puppy
sat
still
for
only
a
moment
before
darting
off
again
.
From
Middle
English
moment
,
from
Old
French
moment
,
from
Latin
momentum
meaning
‘
movement
,
short
time
’.
noun
a
particular
point
in
time
,
especially
when
something
happens
or
is
experienced
•
Winning
the
award
was
the
proudest
moment
of
her
life
.
Winning
the
award
was
the
proudest
moment
of
her
life
.
•
I
remember
the
moment
the
power
came
back
after
the
storm
.
I
remember
the
moment
the
power
came
back
after
the
storm
.
noun
the
turning
effect
produced
by
a
force
acting
at
a
distance
from
a
pivot
•
The
engineer
calculated
the
bending
moment
on
the
bridge
beam
.
The
engineer
calculated
the
bending
moment
on
the
bridge
beam
.
•
Increasing
the
wrench
length
increases
the
moment
applied
to
the
bolt
.
Increasing
the
wrench
length
increases
the
moment
applied
to
the
bolt
.
noun
in
mathematics
and
statistics
,
a
quantity
found
by
multiplying
each
value
by
a
power
of
its
distance
from
a
point
,
used
to
describe
a
distribution
•
The
second
moment
about
the
mean
equals
the
variance
of
the
data
.
The
second
moment
about
the
mean
equals
the
variance
of
the
data
.
•
Higher-order
moments
reveal
the
skewness
and
kurtosis
of
a
distribution
.
Higher-order
moments
reveal
the
skewness
and
kurtosis
of
a
distribution
.
development
noun
-
development
the
gradual
process
of
growing
,
changing
,
or
becoming
more
advanced
or
complete
•
Early
childhood
is
a
critical
time
for
mental
development
.
Early
childhood
is
a
critical
time
for
mental
development
.
•
Regular
exercise
supports
healthy
muscle
development
.
Regular
exercise
supports
healthy
muscle
development
.
From
develop
+
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
,
originally
referring
to
the
unfolding
of
something
that
was
rolled
up
.
noun
a
recent
event
or
piece
of
news
that
changes
a
situation
•
In
a
surprising
development
,
the
underdog
team
won
the
championship
.
In
a
surprising
development
,
the
underdog
team
won
the
championship
.
•
The
police
will
brief
the
media
on
any
new
developments
.
The
police
will
brief
the
media
on
any
new
developments
.
noun
a
group
of
new
buildings
or
houses
planned
and
built
together
•
They
bought
a
house
in
a
quiet
lakeside
development
.
They
bought
a
house
in
a
quiet
lakeside
development
.
•
The
new
shopping
development
will
create
hundreds
of
jobs
.
The
new
shopping
development
will
create
hundreds
of
jobs
.
noun
-
development
the
work
of
creating
or
improving
a
product
,
idea
,
or
project
before
it
is
finished
•
The
new
smartphone
is
still
in
development
.
The
new
smartphone
is
still
in
development
.
•
Research
and
development
take
up
a
large
part
of
the
budget
.
Research
and
development
take
up
a
large
part
of
the
budget
.
department
noun
a
part
of
a
large
organization
such
as
a
company
,
university
,
or
hospital
that
deals
with
one
particular
kind
of
work
or
subject
•
Emma
applied
for
a
job
in
the
marketing
department
.
Emma
applied
for
a
job
in
the
marketing
department
.
•
The
physics
department
organized
a
weekly
seminar
for
graduate
students
.
The
physics
department
organized
a
weekly
seminar
for
graduate
students
.
Borrowed
from
Middle
French
departement
,
from
Old
French
departir
“
to
divide
.”
noun
a
branch
of
national
,
state
,
or
local
government
that
is
responsible
for
a
particular
area
of
public
policy
•
The
Department
of
Education
announced
new
guidelines
today
.
The
Department
of
Education
announced
new
guidelines
today
.
•
Funding
for
the
health
department
was
increased
by
the
city
council
.
Funding
for
the
health
department
was
increased
by
the
city
council
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
later
specialized
to
government
usage
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
informal
:
a
particular
area
of
life
,
skill
,
or
quality
used
when
comparing
people
or
things
•
When
it
comes
to
the
patience
department
,
my
brother
is
lacking
.
When
it
comes
to
the
patience
department
,
my
brother
is
lacking
.
•
Liz
is
doing
great
in
the
creativity
department
.
Liz
is
doing
great
in
the
creativity
department
.
Figurative
extension
from
the
literal
sense
of
an
organizational
division
,
first
recorded
in
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
.
environment
noun
the
natural
world
,
especially
the
air
,
water
,
land
,
and
living
things
,
considered
as
a
whole
and
affected
by
human
activity
•
Scientists
warn
that
plastic
pollution
is
harming
the
environment
.
Scientists
warn
that
plastic
pollution
is
harming
the
environment
.
•
The
government
introduced
new
laws
to
protect
the
environment
from
industrial
waste
.
The
government
introduced
new
laws
to
protect
the
environment
from
industrial
waste
.
From
French
environnement
,
from
environner
“
to
surround
,”
from
environ
“
round
about
.”
noun
the
conditions
,
influences
,
and
surroundings
that
affect
how
a
person
,
animal
,
or
thing
lives
or
operates
•
A
calm
classroom
creates
a
positive
learning
environment
.
A
calm
classroom
creates
a
positive
learning
environment
.
•
He
grew
up
in
an
artistic
environment
filled
with
music
and
paintings
.
He
grew
up
in
an
artistic
environment
filled
with
music
and
paintings
.
noun
in
computing
,
the
combination
of
hardware
,
software
,
and
settings
in
which
a
program
or
system
runs
•
The
app
crashed
because
it
was
launched
in
the
wrong
environment
.
The
app
crashed
because
it
was
launched
in
the
wrong
environment
.
•
Developers
test
new
features
in
a
staging
environment
before
going
live
.
Developers
test
new
features
in
a
staging
environment
before
going
live
.
statement
noun
something
you
say
or
write
to
give
information
,
an
opinion
,
or
an
explanation
•
Mia
’
s
unexpected
statement
silenced
the
room
.
Mia
’
s
unexpected
statement
silenced
the
room
.
•
The
mayor
released
a
brief
statement
about
the
approaching
hurricane
.
The
mayor
released
a
brief
statement
about
the
approaching
hurricane
.
From
the
verb
'state'
+
the
noun-forming
suffix
'-ment'
,
appearing
in
English
since
the
14th
century
to
mean
‘
the
act
of
expressing
something
’.
noun
an
official
spoken
or
written
account
given
to
the
police
,
a
court
,
or
the
public
•
The
witness
signed
a
statement
describing
what
she
saw
.
The
witness
signed
a
statement
describing
what
she
saw
.
•
After
the
accident
,
the
driver
gave
a
statement
to
the
police
.
After
the
accident
,
the
driver
gave
a
statement
to
the
police
.
noun
a
printed
or
electronic
document
that
lists
the
money
that
has
come
into
and
gone
out
of
your
bank
or
other
financial
account
•
My
bank
sends
me
a
monthly
statement
by
email
.
My
bank
sends
me
a
monthly
statement
by
email
.
•
Please
attach
the
latest
credit-card
statement
to
your
expense
report
.
Please
attach
the
latest
credit-card
statement
to
your
expense
report
.
noun
something
,
such
as
a
bold
piece
of
clothing
or
an
action
,
that
attracts
attention
and
shows
a
clear
style
or
opinion
•
Her
bright
red
coat
made
a
real
fashion
statement
on
the
snowy
street
.
Her
bright
red
coat
made
a
real
fashion
statement
on
the
snowy
street
.
•
Painting
the
house
purple
was
his
personal
statement
of
creativity
.
Painting
the
house
purple
was
his
personal
statement
of
creativity
.
noun
in
mathematics
or
logic
,
a
sentence
that
is
either
true
or
false
•
The
statement
“
2
is
an
even
number
”
is
true
.
The
statement
“
2
is
an
even
number
”
is
true
.
•
In
logic
,
a
conditional
statement
links
two
simpler
statements
with
“
if…then
”.
In
logic
,
a
conditional
statement
links
two
simpler
statements
with
“
if…then
”.
movement
noun
the
act
or
process
of
moving
or
being
moved
from
one
place
or
position
to
another
•
The
sudden
movement
of
the
train
made
everyone
grab
the
handrails
.
The
sudden
movement
of
the
train
made
everyone
grab
the
handrails
.
•
Slow
movement
of
the
clouds
hinted
at
calm
weather
.
Slow
movement
of
the
clouds
hinted
at
calm
weather
.
late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
mouvement
,
from
Latin
movere
‘
to
move
’.
noun
a
group
of
people
working
together
to
achieve
a
shared
social
,
political
,
or
artistic
aim
•
The
movement
for
equal
pay
gained
support
across
the
country
.
The
movement
for
equal
pay
gained
support
across
the
country
.
•
He
joined
a
youth
movement
that
plants
trees
in
cities
.
He
joined
a
youth
movement
that
plants
trees
in
cities
.
noun
a
change
or
shift
in
level
,
position
,
or
value
of
something
•
There
was
little
movement
in
the
stock
market
today
.
There
was
little
movement
in
the
stock
market
today
.
•
Any
movement
of
two
degrees
in
temperature
triggers
the
alarm
.
Any
movement
of
two
degrees
in
temperature
triggers
the
alarm
.
noun
one
of
the
main
separate
parts
of
a
long
piece
of
classical
music
•
The
second
movement
of
the
symphony
is
slow
and
sweet
.
The
second
movement
of
the
symphony
is
slow
and
sweet
.
•
She
performed
the
final
movement
without
sheet
music
.
She
performed
the
final
movement
without
sheet
music
.
noun
the
set
of
working
parts
inside
a
watch
or
clock
that
make
it
keep
time
•
The
watch
stopped
because
its
movement
needs
cleaning
.
The
watch
stopped
because
its
movement
needs
cleaning
.
•
Swiss
craftsmen
are
famous
for
their
precise
mechanical
movement
.
Swiss
craftsmen
are
famous
for
their
precise
mechanical
movement
.
noun
the
act
of
passing
solid
waste
from
the
body
•
The
doctor
asked
about
her
last
movement
to
check
her
digestion
.
The
doctor
asked
about
her
last
movement
to
check
her
digestion
.
•
Eating
more
fiber
can
make
each
movement
easier
.
Eating
more
fiber
can
make
each
movement
easier
.
treatment
noun
Medical
care
given
to
cure
or
improve
an
illness
or
injury
.
•
The
doctor
decided
that
the
best
treatment
was
a
course
of
antibiotics
.
The
doctor
decided
that
the
best
treatment
was
a
course
of
antibiotics
.
•
After
the
accident
,
he
needed
emergency
treatment
at
the
hospital
.
After
the
accident
,
he
needed
emergency
treatment
at
the
hospital
.
from
treat
+
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
,
meaning
the
action
of
treating
a
disease
.
noun
The
way
someone
behaves
toward
another
person
or
thing
.
•
Workers
demanded
equal
treatment
regardless
of
their
background
.
Workers
demanded
equal
treatment
regardless
of
their
background
.
•
Parents
should
give
fair
treatment
to
all
their
children
.
Parents
should
give
fair
treatment
to
all
their
children
.
sense
extended
from
medical
use
in
the
17th
century
to
mean
handling
of
people
.
noun
A
process
applied
to
a
material
,
substance
,
or
surface
to
change
,
clean
,
or
protect
it
.
•
The
city
invests
millions
in
water
treatment
to
remove
pollutants
.
The
city
invests
millions
in
water
treatment
to
remove
pollutants
.
•
Wood
treatment
prevents
decks
from
rotting
in
wet
climates
.
Wood
treatment
prevents
decks
from
rotting
in
wet
climates
.
Industrial
sense
developed
in
the
late
19th
century
as
technology
advanced
.
noun
A
cosmetic
or
beauty
procedure
or
product
intended
to
improve
appearance
or
condition
.
•
I
booked
a
deep-conditioning
hair
treatment
at
the
salon
.
I
booked
a
deep-conditioning
hair
treatment
at
the
salon
.
•
The
spa
offers
a
mud-mask
facial
treatment
.
The
spa
offers
a
mud-mask
facial
treatment
.
Beauty
sense
became
common
in
the
mid-20th
century
with
growth
of
consumer
cosmetics
.
argument
noun
a
spoken
disagreement
,
often
angry
,
between
people
•
Maya
and
her
brother
had
a
loud
argument
about
who
should
wash
the
dishes
.
Maya
and
her
brother
had
a
loud
argument
about
who
should
wash
the
dishes
.
•
The
teammates
got
into
an
argument
in
the
locker
room
after
the
match
.
The
teammates
got
into
an
argument
in
the
locker
room
after
the
match
.
From
Latin
argumentum
“
evidence
,
proof
,
discourse
,”
from
arguere
“
to
make
clear
,
prove
.”
noun
a
reason
or
set
of
reasons
used
to
show
that
something
is
true
or
right
•
The
scientist
presented
a
strong
argument
for
cutting
plastic
use
in
the
lab
.
The
scientist
presented
a
strong
argument
for
cutting
plastic
use
in
the
lab
.
•
Her
main
argument
was
that
regular
exercise
improves
concentration
.
Her
main
argument
was
that
regular
exercise
improves
concentration
.
Same
Latin
root
as
sense
1
;
extended
in
Middle
English
to
mean
“
a
reason
offered
.”
noun
in
mathematics
,
logic
,
or
computing
,
a
value
or
piece
of
information
that
is
passed
to
a
function
,
command
,
or
operation
•
In
the
function
call
print
(
temperature
), “
temperature
”
is
the
argument
.
In
the
function
call
print
(
temperature
), “
temperature
”
is
the
argument
.
•
The
program
crashed
because
no
argument
was
supplied
to
the
command
.
The
program
crashed
because
no
argument
was
supplied
to
the
command
.
Adopted
in
19th-century
mathematics
and
early
computing
from
the
general
sense
“
something
offered
”
to
mean
“
value
supplied
to
a
function
.”
management
noun
-
management
the
act
or
process
of
organizing
and
controlling
people
,
resources
,
or
situations
•
Good
management
kept
the
project
on
schedule
.
Good
management
kept
the
project
on
schedule
.
•
Efficient
water
management
allows
farmers
to
grow
crops
in
the
desert
.
Efficient
water
management
allows
farmers
to
grow
crops
in
the
desert
.
From
manage
+
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
16th
century
,
from
Italian
‘
maneggiare
’
meaning
‘
to
handle
’.
noun
-
management
the
people
who
direct
and
control
a
company
or
organization
•
Management
announced
a
new
bonus
policy
today
.
Management
announced
a
new
bonus
policy
today
.
•
The
workers
went
on
strike
to
pressure
management
for
better
safety
standards
.
The
workers
went
on
strike
to
pressure
management
for
better
safety
standards
.
noun
-
management
the
skill
of
planning
,
organizing
,
and
directing
effectively
•
Her
excellent
classroom
management
kept
every
student
engaged
.
Her
excellent
classroom
management
kept
every
student
engaged
.
•
Effective
money
management
can
prevent
debt
.
Effective
money
management
can
prevent
debt
.
document
noun
a
piece
of
written
,
printed
,
or
digital
material
that
gives
information
or
serves
as
an
official
record
•
Please
bring
your
passport
and
the
document
that
proves
your
address
.
Please
bring
your
passport
and
the
document
that
proves
your
address
.
•
He
saved
the
report
as
a
PDF
document
on
his
laptop
.
He
saved
the
report
as
a
PDF
document
on
his
laptop
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
documentum
‘
lesson
,
proof
,
example
’,
from
docere
‘
to
teach
’.
verb
-
document
,
documenting
,
documents
,
documented
to
record
information
about
something
by
writing
,
photographing
,
or
collecting
evidence
•
Scientists
documented
the
bird
’
s
migration
patterns
over
ten
years
.
Scientists
documented
the
bird
’
s
migration
patterns
over
ten
years
.
•
Use
your
phone
to
document
any
damage
before
you
move
in
.
Use
your
phone
to
document
any
damage
before
you
move
in
.
From
the
noun
‘
document
’;
earliest
verbal
use
recorded
in
the
18th
century
.
agreement
noun
the
state
of
having
the
same
opinion
,
feeling
,
or
decision
as
someone
else
•
After
a
long
discussion
,
the
teammates
finally
reached
an
agreement
on
the
plan
.
After
a
long
discussion
,
the
teammates
finally
reached
an
agreement
on
the
plan
.
•
There
was
general
agreement
that
the
movie
was
excellent
.
There
was
general
agreement
that
the
movie
was
excellent
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
agrement
,
from
agreer
‘
to
agree
’.
noun
a
formal
arrangement
or
contract
,
often
written
,
that
states
what
two
or
more
sides
promise
to
do
•
Both
companies
signed
an
agreement
to
share
research
data
.
Both
companies
signed
an
agreement
to
share
research
data
.
•
Please
read
the
rental
agreement
carefully
before
you
sign
.
Please
read
the
rental
agreement
carefully
before
you
sign
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
;
extended
in
15th
century
to
cover
legal
contracts
.
noun
-
agreement
in
grammar
,
the
correct
match
in
number
,
gender
,
or
person
between
words
such
as
a
subject
and
its
verb
•
In
the
sentence
"
She
walks
",
there
is
agreement
between
subject
and
verb
.
In
the
sentence
"
She
walks
",
there
is
agreement
between
subject
and
verb
.
•
Good
writers
check
their
nouns
and
pronouns
for
agreement
.
Good
writers
check
their
nouns
and
pronouns
for
agreement
.
Term
adopted
in
18th-century
grammar
writing
to
translate
Latin
‘
concordia
’
used
for
matching
word
endings
.
investment
noun
-
investment
the
act
of
putting
money
,
time
,
effort
,
or
other
resources
into
something
in
the
hope
of
gaining
a
future
benefit
or
profit
•
Regular
investment
in
your
education
can
open
many
doors
in
your
career
.
Regular
investment
in
your
education
can
open
many
doors
in
your
career
.
•
The
government
announced
a
huge
investment
in
renewable
energy
projects
.
The
government
announced
a
huge
investment
in
renewable
energy
projects
.
Borrowed
in
the
early
17th
century
from
the
verb
“
invest
”
+
“
-ment
”,
originally
denoting
the
act
of
clothing
or
surrounding
,
later
shifting
to
the
financial
sense
.
noun
something
—
such
as
money
,
property
,
or
a
purchase
—
that
is
put
into
a
venture
with
the
expectation
it
will
gain
value
or
bring
a
useful
return
•
Maria's
bookstore
turned
out
to
be
a
smart
investment
that
doubled
in
value
.
Maria's
bookstore
turned
out
to
be
a
smart
investment
that
doubled
in
value
.
•
He
keeps
a
separate
file
for
each
stock
investment
he
owns
.
He
keeps
a
separate
file
for
each
stock
investment
he
owns
.
See
etymology
for
Sense
1
;
the
meaning
widened
to
include
the
thing
invested
by
the
mid-19th
century
.
apartment
noun
a
set
of
rooms
,
usually
on
one
floor
of
a
larger
building
,
where
a
person
or
family
lives
.
•
After
college
,
Mia
rented
her
first
apartment
in
the
city
center
.
After
college
,
Mia
rented
her
first
apartment
in
the
city
center
.
•
The
smell
of
fresh
coffee
drifted
through
the
apartment
on
Sunday
morning
.
The
smell
of
fresh
coffee
drifted
through
the
apartment
on
Sunday
morning
.
Borrowed
into
American
English
in
the
17th
century
from
French
"
appartement
",
itself
from
Italian
"
appartamento
",
related
to
"
appartare
" (
to
separate
),
originally
describing
separate
sets
of
rooms
.
noun
a
grand
or
special
set
of
rooms
for
an
important
person
in
a
palace
,
large
house
,
or
hotel
.
•
The
king
withdrew
to
his
private
apartment
after
the
ceremony
.
The
king
withdrew
to
his
private
apartment
after
the
ceremony
.
•
Visitors
can
tour
the
royal
apartments
at
the
castle
.
Visitors
can
tour
the
royal
apartments
at
the
castle
.
Same
origin
as
the
modern
meaning
—
derived
from
French
"
appartement
"—
but
historically
referred
to
separate
suites
of
rooms
in
palaces
.
environmental
adjective
connected
with
the
natural
world
and
how
human
activities
affect
it
•
The
city
launched
an
environmental
campaign
to
reduce
plastic
waste
.
The
city
launched
an
environmental
campaign
to
reduce
plastic
waste
.
•
Many
students
joined
the
school
’
s
environmental
club
to
plant
trees
around
campus
.
Many
students
joined
the
school
’
s
environmental
club
to
plant
trees
around
campus
.
Formed
from
environment
+
-al
in
the
late
19th
century
to
describe
matters
concerning
the
natural
surroundings
.
adjective
relating
to
the
physical
or
social
surroundings
that
influence
how
someone
or
something
behaves
or
develops
•
Good
lighting
is
an
environmental
factor
that
affects
productivity
.
Good
lighting
is
an
environmental
factor
that
affects
productivity
.
•
The
study
looked
at
the
environmental
risks
in
the
workplace
.
The
study
looked
at
the
environmental
risks
in
the
workplace
.
Extension
of
sense
from
the
natural
world
to
any
set
of
surrounding
conditions
in
early
20th
century
academic
writing
.
element
noun
a
basic
part
or
piece
of
something
larger
•
Patience
is
an
important
element
of
good
teaching
.
Patience
is
an
important
element
of
good
teaching
.
•
The
chef
added
a
spicy
element
to
the
soup
by
using
chili
flakes
.
The
chef
added
a
spicy
element
to
the
soup
by
using
chili
flakes
.
noun
a
pure
substance
that
cannot
be
broken
down
into
simpler
substances
by
chemical
means
•
Gold
is
an
element
that
shines
with
a
deep
yellow
color
.
Gold
is
an
element
that
shines
with
a
deep
yellow
color
.
•
Oxygen
is
the
element
we
breathe
every
day
.
Oxygen
is
the
element
we
breathe
every
day
.
elements
noun
rough
weather
conditions
such
as
wind
,
rain
,
and
snow
•
The
hikers
fought
the elements
during
the
thunderstorm
.
The
hikers
fought
the elements
during
the
thunderstorm
.
•
The
old
lighthouse
has
withstood
the elements
for
more
than
a
century
.
The
old
lighthouse
has
withstood
the elements
for
more
than
a
century
.
recommend
verb
to
say
that
someone
or
something
is
good
or
suitable
so
other
people
will
choose
or
use
it
•
I
highly
recommend
this
little
Italian
restaurant
;
the
pasta
is
delicious
.
I
highly
recommend
this
little
Italian
restaurant
;
the
pasta
is
delicious
.
•
Our
teacher
recommended
a
fascinating
history
book
for
us
to
read
over
the
summer
.
Our
teacher
recommended
a
fascinating
history
book
for
us
to
read
over
the
summer
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
‘
recommendare
’
meaning
‘
commit
to
one
’
s
care
again
’,
from
‘
re-
’ (
again
)
+
‘
commendare
’ (
commit
,
entrust
).
verb
to
advise
someone
that
a
particular
action
is
the
best
thing
to
do
•
Doctors
recommend
that
you
rest
for
at
least
a
week
after
the
operation
.
Doctors
recommend
that
you
rest
for
at
least
a
week
after
the
operation
.
•
I
would
recommend
taking
the
train
instead
of
driving
during
rush
hour
.
I
would
recommend
taking
the
train
instead
of
driving
during
rush
hour
.
verb
to
make
someone
or
something
attractive
or
suitable
for
a
particular
purpose
•
His
honesty
recommended
him
for
the
position
of
treasurer
.
His
honesty
recommended
him
for
the
position
of
treasurer
.
•
The
cottage's
beautiful
view
recommends
it
to
anyone
seeking
a
peaceful
retreat
.
The
cottage's
beautiful
view
recommends
it
to
anyone
seeking
a
peaceful
retreat
.
assessment
noun
a
test
or
other
task
designed
to
measure
a
student
’
s
knowledge
,
skills
,
or
progress
•
The
final
math
assessment
will
cover
algebra
and
geometry
.
The
final
math
assessment
will
cover
algebra
and
geometry
.
•
All
trainees
completed
an
online
assessment
at
the
end
of
the
course
.
All
trainees
completed
an
online
assessment
at
the
end
of
the
course
.
Educational
use
expanded
in
the
20th
century
,
influenced
by
standardized
testing
.
noun
a
careful
judgment
or
opinion
about
the
quality
,
value
,
or
importance
of
someone
or
something
•
The
manager
’
s
assessment
of
the
project
was
very
positive
.
The
manager
’
s
assessment
of
the
project
was
very
positive
.
•
After
the
rehearsal
,
the
director
shared
her
honest
assessment
of
the
actors
’
performances
.
After
the
rehearsal
,
the
director
shared
her
honest
assessment
of
the
actors
’
performances
.
From
assess
+
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
16th
century
.
noun
an
official
calculation
of
the
value
of
something
,
especially
for
the
purpose
of
charging
tax
or
a
fee
;
the
amount
determined
•
The
city
sent
us
an
assessment
for
road
repairs
on
our
street
.
The
city
sent
us
an
assessment
for
road
repairs
on
our
street
.
•
Our
property
tax
assessment
increased
after
the
renovation
.
Our
property
tax
assessment
increased
after
the
renovation
.
Legal
and
financial
use
dates
from
the
18th
century
,
tied
to
systems
of
property
taxation
.
equipment
noun
-
equipment
the
tools
,
machines
,
clothing
,
or
other
things
you
need
for
a
particular
job
,
sport
,
or
activity
•
The
firefighters
checked
their
equipment
before
entering
the
burning
house
.
The
firefighters
checked
their
equipment
before
entering
the
burning
house
.
•
You
will
need
camping
equipment
like
a
tent
,
a
sleeping
bag
,
and
a
stove
.
You
will
need
camping
equipment
like
a
tent
,
a
sleeping
bag
,
and
a
stove
.
from
the
verb
'equip'
+
'-ment'
,
first
used
in
English
in
the
1600s
,
borrowed
from
French
'équipement'
noun
-
equipment
the
skills
,
qualities
,
or
knowledge
that
a
person
has
and
needs
to
do
something
successfully
•
His
military
training
gave
him
the
mental
equipment
to
stay
calm
under
pressure
.
His
military
training
gave
him
the
mental
equipment
to
stay
calm
under
pressure
.
•
Good
listening
skills
are
essential
equipment
for
a
counselor
.
Good
listening
skills
are
essential
equipment
for
a
counselor
.
figurative
extension
of
the
concrete
sense
of
'equipment'
to
abstract
qualities
,
recorded
since
the
late
19th
century
requirement
noun
something
that
you
must
have
or
do
because
it
is
necessary
or
because
a
rule
,
law
,
or
situation
says
so
•
A
passport
is
a
basic
requirement
for
international
travel
.
A
passport
is
a
basic
requirement
for
international
travel
.
•
Good
eyesight
is
a
requirement
for
becoming
a
pilot
.
Good
eyesight
is
a
requirement
for
becoming
a
pilot
.
early
15th
century
,
from
the
verb
“
require
”
+
“
-ment
”,
modeled
on
French
"
réquerrement
"
noun
a
clear
,
detailed
statement
of
what
a
system
,
product
,
or
project
must
be
able
to
do
or
have
•
The
client
emailed
a
list
of
software
requirements
to
the
development
team
.
The
client
emailed
a
list
of
software
requirements
to
the
development
team
.
•
Before
construction
begins
,
the
engineer
reviews
safety
requirements
.
Before
construction
begins
,
the
engineer
reviews
safety
requirements
.
Sense
evolved
in
the
mid-20th
century
with
the
rise
of
systems
engineering
and
software
development
,
extending
the
general
idea
of
a
need
to
formal
project
specifications
.
chairman
noun
-
chairman
,
chairmen
the
person
who
leads
or
is
in
charge
of
a
meeting
,
committee
,
or
organization
•
The
chairman
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o'clock
.
The
chairman
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o'clock
.
•
After
years
on
the
board
,
she
became
the
chairman
of
the
company
.
After
years
on
the
board
,
she
became
the
chairman
of
the
company
.
From
chair
+
man
;
originally
referred
to
the
person
who
presided
over
a
meeting
while
literally
sitting
in
the
chair
at
the
head
of
the
table
.
noun
-
chairman
,
chairmen
(
historical
)
a
man
whose
job
was
to
carry
people
in
a
covered
chair
through
the
streets
•
In
18th-century
London
,
a
chairman
waited
outside
the
theatre
to
carry
wealthy
patrons
home
.
In
18th-century
London
,
a
chairman
waited
outside
the
theatre
to
carry
wealthy
patrons
home
.
•
The
novel
described
how
the
exhausted
chairman
struggled
up
the
cobblestone
hill
.
The
novel
described
how
the
exhausted
chairman
struggled
up
the
cobblestone
hill
.
In
the
17th–19th
centuries
,
sedan
chairs
were
a
common
means
of
transport
in
European
cities
;
the
men
who
carried
them
were
called
“
chairmen
.”
amendment
noun
a
formal
change
added
to
an
official
law
,
constitution
,
contract
,
or
other
written
document
•
The
senator
proposed
an
amendment
to
the
bill
that
would
protect
small
businesses
.
The
senator
proposed
an
amendment
to
the
bill
that
would
protect
small
businesses
.
•
The
First
Amendment
guarantees
freedom
of
speech
in
the
United
States
.
The
First
Amendment
guarantees
freedom
of
speech
in
the
United
States
.
from
Middle
English
amendement
,
borrowed
from
Old
French
,
ultimately
from
Latin
emendare
meaning
“
to
correct
”
noun
the
act
or
process
of
changing
something
to
make
it
better
•
Our
team
suggested
one
small
amendment
to
the
project
plan
to
save
time
.
Our
team
suggested
one
small
amendment
to
the
project
plan
to
save
time
.
•
Sometimes
a
minor
amendment
in
wording
can
change
the
meaning
of
a
sentence
.
Sometimes
a
minor
amendment
in
wording
can
change
the
meaning
of
a
sentence
.
noun
a
substance
such
as
compost
,
manure
,
or
lime
that
is
mixed
into
soil
to
improve
its
quality
•
Gardeners
often
add
compost
as
an
amendment
to
improve
soil
drainage
.
Gardeners
often
add
compost
as
an
amendment
to
improve
soil
drainage
.
•
The
soil
test
showed
low
acidity
,
so
lime
amendments
were
recommended
.
The
soil
test
showed
low
acidity
,
so
lime
amendments
were
recommended
.
commitment
noun
something
you
have
agreed
to
do
that
takes
your
time
or
limits
your
freedom
at
a
particular
moment
•
Sorry
,
I
can
’
t
come
to
dinner
tonight
;
I
have
a
prior
commitment
.
Sorry
,
I
can
’
t
come
to
dinner
tonight
;
I
have
a
prior
commitment
.
•
Balancing
family
commitments
and
work
can
be
challenging
.
Balancing
family
commitments
and
work
can
be
challenging
.
noun
a
promise
or
firm
decision
to
do
something
or
to
support
someone
or
something
•
Mia
made
a
commitment
to
practice
the
piano
every
day
.
Mia
made
a
commitment
to
practice
the
piano
every
day
.
•
The
couple
exchanged
rings
as
a
sign
of
their
lifelong
commitment
.
The
couple
exchanged
rings
as
a
sign
of
their
lifelong
commitment
.
From
commit
+
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
the
quality
of
being
dedicated
and
willing
to
give
time
and
energy
to
a
cause
or
activity
•
The
athletes
’
commitment
to
excellence
impressed
the
coach
.
The
athletes
’
commitment
to
excellence
impressed
the
coach
.
•
Successful
gardens
require
daily
commitment
and
care
.
Successful
gardens
require
daily
commitment
and
care
.
noun
the
official
act
of
sending
someone
to
prison
or
to
a
mental
health
facility
by
legal
order
•
The
judge
ordered
the
commitment
of
the
defendant
to
the
county
jail
.
The
judge
ordered
the
commitment
of
the
defendant
to
the
county
jail
.
•
Emergency
commitment
can
occur
when
a
patient
poses
a
danger
to
themselves
.
Emergency
commitment
can
occur
when
a
patient
poses
a
danger
to
themselves
.
payment
noun
the
act
of
giving
money
for
goods
,
services
,
or
to
settle
a
debt
•
Online
banking
makes
payment
of
bills
quick
and
easy
.
Online
banking
makes
payment
of
bills
quick
and
easy
.
•
She
received
confirmation
that
her
rent
payment
had
been
processed
.
She
received
confirmation
that
her
rent
payment
had
been
processed
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Anglo-Norman
and
Old
French
“
paiment
,”
from
“
paier
”
meaning
“
to
pay
.”
noun
a
sum
of
money
that
is
paid
,
especially
one
of
several
parts
of
a
total
amount
•
They
divided
the
cost
into
twelve
monthly
payments
.
They
divided
the
cost
into
twelve
monthly
payments
.
•
Your
first
payment
is
due
at
the
end
of
the
month
.
Your
first
payment
is
due
at
the
end
of
the
month
.
See
etymology
for
Sense
1
.
experiment
noun
a
scientific
test
carried
out
under
controlled
conditions
to
discover
,
prove
,
or
demonstrate
something
•
The
students
built
a
simple
circuit
to
perform
an
experiment
in
their
physics
class
.
The
students
built
a
simple
circuit
to
perform
an
experiment
in
their
physics
class
.
•
The
famous
double-slit
experiment
showed
that
light
behaves
like
both
a
wave
and
a
particle
.
The
famous
double-slit
experiment
showed
that
light
behaves
like
both
a
wave
and
a
particle
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
experimentum
‘
a
test
,
trial
’,
from
experiri
‘
to
try
’.
verb
to
try
or
test
new
ideas
,
methods
,
or
activities
to
discover
what
effect
they
have
•
Painters
often
experiment
with
different
colors
to
create
unique
textures
.
Painters
often
experiment
with
different
colors
to
create
unique
textures
.
•
The
chef
decided
to
experiment
by
adding
chocolate
to
the
chili
recipe
.
The
chef
decided
to
experiment
by
adding
chocolate
to
the
chili
recipe
.
noun
an
attempt
to
try
something
new
to
see
what
happens
and
learn
from
the
result
•
Opening
a
pop-up
café
was
an
experiment
in
selling
healthy
fast
food
.
Opening
a
pop-up
café
was
an
experiment
in
selling
healthy
fast
food
.
•
Their
new
schedule
is
only
an
experiment
;
it
might
change
if
it
doesn
’
t
work
.
Their
new
schedule
is
only
an
experiment
;
it
might
change
if
it
doesn
’
t
work
.
comment
noun
a
spoken
or
written
statement
that
gives
an
opinion
or
reaction
about
something
•
The
teacher
wrote
a
helpful
comment
in
the
margin
of
my
essay
.
The
teacher
wrote
a
helpful
comment
in
the
margin
of
my
essay
.
•
After
the
movie
,
everyone
shared
their
comments
about
the
ending
.
After
the
movie
,
everyone
shared
their
comments
about
the
ending
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
commentum
‘
interpretation
,
annotation
’,
from
comminisci
‘
devise
,
contrive
’.
verb
to
say
or
write
something
that
expresses
your
opinion
or
reaction
•
The
mayor
refused
to
comment
on
the
investigation
.
The
mayor
refused
to
comment
on
the
investigation
.
•
Could
you
comment
on
my
presentation
draft
before
tomorrow
?
Could
you
comment
on
my
presentation
draft
before
tomorrow
?
noun
a
short
line
of
explanatory
text
in
computer
code
that
is
ignored
by
the
computer
•
Add
a
comment
above
this
loop
to
explain
what
it
does
.
Add
a
comment
above
this
loop
to
explain
what
it
does
.
•
Without
clear
comments
,
the
code
is
hard
to
maintain
.
Without
clear
comments
,
the
code
is
hard
to
maintain
.
verb
to
add
a
line
of
explanatory
text
to
computer
code
,
often
to
help
others
understand
it
•
Please
comment
your
code
so
others
can
understand
it
.
Please
comment
your
code
so
others
can
understand
it
.
•
I
commented
the
old
function
because
we
don't
need
it
anymore
.
I
commented
the
old
function
because
we
don't
need
it
anymore
.
improvement
noun
the
process
of
becoming
better
,
or
of
making
something
better
•
After
months
of
practice
,
there
was
noticeable
improvement
in
her
piano
playing
.
After
months
of
practice
,
there
was
noticeable
improvement
in
her
piano
playing
.
•
Daily
jogging
brought
a
steady
improvement
in
his
stamina
and
mood
.
Daily
jogging
brought
a
steady
improvement
in
his
stamina
and
mood
.
From
the
verb
improve
+
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
1600s
.
noun
a
change
or
addition
that
makes
something
better
than
it
was
before
•
The
new
search
feature
is
a
big
improvement
over
the
old
app
.
The
new
search
feature
is
a
big
improvement
over
the
old
app
.
•
Installing
better
lighting
was
an
improvement
that
made
the
kitchen
feel
welcoming
.
Installing
better
lighting
was
an
improvement
that
made
the
kitchen
feel
welcoming
.
From
the
verb
improve
+
-ment
,
meaning
a
result
of
improving
,
attested
since
the
17th
century
.
judgment
noun
-
judgment
the
ability
to
make
sensible
decisions
or
form
sensible
opinions
•
Even
as
a
child
,
Mia
showed
excellent
judgment
about
whom
to
trust
.
Even
as
a
child
,
Mia
showed
excellent
judgment
about
whom
to
trust
.
•
Pilots
rely
on
quick
judgment
when
weather
suddenly
changes
.
Pilots
rely
on
quick
judgment
when
weather
suddenly
changes
.
noun
an
official
decision
made
by
a
court
or
a
judge
•
The
judge
delivered
her
final
judgment
after
a
week-long
trial
.
The
judge
delivered
her
final
judgment
after
a
week-long
trial
.
•
The
company
plans
to
appeal
the
judgment
ordering
it
to
pay
damages
.
The
company
plans
to
appeal
the
judgment
ordering
it
to
pay
damages
.
judgement
noun
-
judgement
the
ability
to
make
sensible
decisions
or
form
sensible
opinions
•
Ella's
calm
judgement
helped
the
team
choose
the
safest
hiking
route
.
Ella's
calm
judgement
helped
the
team
choose
the
safest
hiking
route
.
•
Drivers
need
quick
judgement
when
a
child
runs
into
the
road
.
Drivers
need
quick
judgement
when
a
child
runs
into
the
road
.
noun
an
official
decision
made
by
a
court
or
a
judge
•
The
High
Court's
judgement
set
a
new
legal
precedent
.
The
High
Court's
judgement
set
a
new
legal
precedent
.
•
Solicitors
reviewed
the
lengthy
judgement
overnight
.
Solicitors
reviewed
the
lengthy
judgement
overnight
.
gentleman
noun
-
gentleman
,
gentlemen
a
man
who
behaves
in
a
polite
,
kind
,
and
respectful
way
toward
other
people
•
The
gentleman
opened
the
door
for
the
family
and
smiled
politely
.
The
gentleman
opened
the
door
for
the
family
and
smiled
politely
.
•
Be
a
gentleman
and
let
your
guests
take
the
first
slice
of
cake
.
Be
a
gentleman
and
let
your
guests
take
the
first
slice
of
cake
.
From
Middle
English
gentilman
,
originally
meaning
a
man
of
noble
birth
,
combining
gentle
(
noble
)
+
man
.
noun
-
gentleman
,
gentlemen
(
historical
)
a
man
of
good
social
position
,
especially
one
just
below
the
nobility
in
Britain
in
the
past
•
In
the
18th
century
,
a
gentleman
was
expected
to
live
off
his
land
and
not
work
for
wages
.
In
the
18th
century
,
a
gentleman
was
expected
to
live
off
his
land
and
not
work
for
wages
.
•
Only
those
born
into
certain
families
could
truly
call
themselves
gentleman
in
Victorian
Britain
.
Only
those
born
into
certain
families
could
truly
call
themselves
gentleman
in
Victorian
Britain
.
Sense
developed
in
the
late
Middle
Ages
;
by
the
16th
century
it
referred
to
men
entitled
to
a
coat
of
arms
,
ranking
below
the
nobility
.
implement
noun
a
tool
or
piece
of
equipment
used
for
a
particular
purpose
•
The
farmer
repaired
the
broken
implement
before
returning
to
the
field
.
The
farmer
repaired
the
broken
implement
before
returning
to
the
field
.
•
A
toothbrush
is
a
simple
implement
for
keeping
teeth
clean
.
A
toothbrush
is
a
simple
implement
for
keeping
teeth
clean
.
From
Latin
'implementum'
meaning
'filling
up
,
fulfillment'
,
later
'tool
,
equipment'
,
from
the
verb
'implere'
‘
to
fill
’.
verb
-
implement
,
implementing
,
implements
,
implemented
to
put
a
plan
,
decision
,
or
system
into
action
•
The
school
will
implement
the
new
dress
code
next
semester
.
The
school
will
implement
the
new
dress
code
next
semester
.
•
After
months
of
planning
,
the
city
finally
implemented
the
recycling
program
.
After
months
of
planning
,
the
city
finally
implemented
the
recycling
program
.
Extended
from
the
noun
sense
;
first
used
as
a
verb
in
the
mid-19th
century
,
meaning
‘
to
put
something
into
effect
’.
enforcement
noun
-
enforcement
the
act
or
process
of
making
sure
that
people
obey
a
law
,
rule
,
or
agreement
•
Strict
enforcement
of
the
speed
limit
has
reduced
accidents
on
the
highway
.
Strict
enforcement
of
the
speed
limit
has
reduced
accidents
on
the
highway
.
•
The
school
hired
extra
staff
to
improve
the
enforcement
of
its
no-bullying
policy
.
The
school
hired
extra
staff
to
improve
the
enforcement
of
its
no-bullying
policy
.
Derived
from
the
verb
“
enforce
” (
to
compel
observance
),
plus
the
suffix
“
-ment
”,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
14th
century
.
noun
-
enforcement
the
police
and
other
official
organizations
responsible
for
making
sure
laws
are
obeyed
•
Local
enforcement
arrived
within
minutes
of
the
alarm
going
off
.
Local
enforcement
arrived
within
minutes
of
the
alarm
going
off
.
•
She
hopes
to
join
federal
enforcement
after
graduating
from
the
academy
.
She
hopes
to
join
federal
enforcement
after
graduating
from
the
academy
.
Sense
developed
in
the
19th
century
as
a
shorthand
for
“
law
enforcement
”,
referring
collectively
to
police
and
related
agencies
.
instrument
noun
a
device
that
produces
musical
sounds
when
it
is
played
•
Maya
practiced
the
instrument
every
evening
until
her
song
sounded
perfect
.
Maya
practiced
the
instrument
every
evening
until
her
song
sounded
perfect
.
•
The
school
bought
several
new
instruments
for
the
marching
band
.
The
school
bought
several
new
instruments
for
the
marching
band
.
noun
a
tool
or
piece
of
equipment
made
for
a
particular
delicate
or
scientific
task
•
The
surgeon
chose
a
fine
instrument
to
remove
the
tiny
splinter
.
The
surgeon
chose
a
fine
instrument
to
remove
the
tiny
splinter
.
•
Scientists
used
special
instruments
to
measure
the
volcano
’
s
gas
levels
.
Scientists
used
special
instruments
to
measure
the
volcano
’
s
gas
levels
.
noun
a
gauge
or
display
inside
a
vehicle
or
machine
that
shows
information
such
as
speed
,
temperature
,
or
pressure
•
The
pilot
checked
every
instrument
before
take-off
.
The
pilot
checked
every
instrument
before
take-off
.
•
A
warning
light
flashed
on
the
dashboard
instrument
when
the
engine
overheated
.
A
warning
light
flashed
on
the
dashboard
instrument
when
the
engine
overheated
.
noun
someone
or
something
that
serves
as
a
means
of
achieving
a
goal
or
causing
something
to
happen
•
Education
can
be
an
instrument
of
social
change
.
Education
can
be
an
instrument
of
social
change
.
•
The
detective
believed
fear
was
the
murderer
’
s
chief
instrument
.
The
detective
believed
fear
was
the
murderer
’
s
chief
instrument
.
noun
an
official
legal
or
financial
document
such
as
a
contract
,
bond
,
or
certificate
•
The
parties
signed
the
instrument
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
The
parties
signed
the
instrument
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
•
A
deed
is
an
instrument
that
transfers
ownership
of
property
.
A
deed
is
an
instrument
that
transfers
ownership
of
property
.
verb
-
instrument
,
instrumenting
,
instruments
,
instrumented
to
equip
something
with
measuring
devices
or
controls
•
Engineers
will
instrument
the
bridge
to
monitor
stress
during
the
test
.
Engineers
will
instrument
the
bridge
to
monitor
stress
during
the
test
.
•
The
research
team
instrumented
the
spacecraft
with
temperature
probes
.
The
research
team
instrumented
the
spacecraft
with
temperature
probes
.
entertainment
noun
activities
such
as
games
,
movies
,
or
music
that
make
people
enjoy
themselves
•
Streaming
movies
has
become
a
popular
form
of
entertainment
on
weekends
.
Streaming
movies
has
become
a
popular
form
of
entertainment
on
weekends
.
•
The
cruise
ship
offers
live
music
and
games
for
passengers'
entertainment
.
The
cruise
ship
offers
live
music
and
games
for
passengers'
entertainment
.
From
entertain
+
-ment
;
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
noun
a
performance
,
show
,
or
event
that
people
watch
for
enjoyment
•
Tonight
’
s
entertainment
is
a
magic
show
in
the
main
hall
.
Tonight
’
s
entertainment
is
a
magic
show
in
the
main
hall
.
•
The
festival
promises
street
entertainments
like
juggling
and
fire
dancing
.
The
festival
promises
street
entertainments
like
juggling
and
fire
dancing
.
noun
-
entertainment
the
act
of
welcoming
and
providing
food
,
drink
,
or
lodging
to
guests
•
The
lord
offered
lavish
entertainment
to
visiting
nobles
.
The
lord
offered
lavish
entertainment
to
visiting
nobles
.
•
In
the
18th
century
,
grand
houses
competed
in
the
scale
of
their
entertainment
of
guests
.
In
the
18th
century
,
grand
houses
competed
in
the
scale
of
their
entertainment
of
guests
.
employment
noun
-
employment
the
state
or
condition
of
having
regular
paid
work
•
After
months
of
searching
,
Maria
finally
found
employment
at
a
local
bookstore
.
After
months
of
searching
,
Maria
finally
found
employment
at
a
local
bookstore
.
•
Stable
employment
helps
people
plan
for
the
future
.
Stable
employment
helps
people
plan
for
the
future
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
employement
,
based
on
Latin
implicare
‘
enfold
,
involve
’.
noun
-
employment
the
act
of
using
something
for
a
particular
purpose
•
The
employment
of
seat
belts
has
saved
many
lives
.
The
employment
of
seat
belts
has
saved
many
lives
.
•
Modern
farming
relies
on
the
employment
of
advanced
machinery
.
Modern
farming
relies
on
the
employment
of
advanced
machinery
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Old
French
employement
,
based
on
Latin
implicare
.
achievement
noun
something
important
that
you
succeed
in
doing
after
working
hard
•
Winning
the
science
fair
was
a
huge
achievement
for
Maya
.
Winning
the
science
fair
was
a
huge
achievement
for
Maya
.
•
Climbing
to
the
summit
of
the
mountain
felt
like
the
greatest
achievement
of
his
life
.
Climbing
to
the
summit
of
the
mountain
felt
like
the
greatest
achievement
of
his
life
.
late
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
achevement
,
from
achiever
‘
bring
to
a
head
,
accomplish
’
noun
the
act
or
process
of
successfully
reaching
a
goal
•
Hard
work
is
essential
for
the
achievement
of
your
goals
.
Hard
work
is
essential
for
the
achievement
of
your
goals
.
•
Rapid
economic
achievement
cannot
happen
without
investment
in
education
.
Rapid
economic
achievement
cannot
happen
without
investment
in
education
.
noun
a
digital
badge
or
reward
given
when
a
player
completes
a
specific
task
in
a
video
game
•
I
unlocked
a
rare
achievement
for
finishing
the
level
without
taking
damage
.
I
unlocked
a
rare
achievement
for
finishing
the
level
without
taking
damage
.
•
Collecting
every
hidden
coin
will
earn
you
a
secret
achievement
.
Collecting
every
hidden
coin
will
earn
you
a
secret
achievement
.
retirement
noun
the
act
of
permanently
stopping
work
,
usually
because
you
have
reached
a
certain
age
•
After
forty
years
at
the
factory
,
Maria
celebrated
her
retirement
with
a
big
party
.
After
forty
years
at
the
factory
,
Maria
celebrated
her
retirement
with
a
big
party
.
•
Teachers
in
the
country
can
choose
early
retirement
after
thirty
years
of
service
.
Teachers
in
the
country
can
choose
early
retirement
after
thirty
years
of
service
.
from
retire
+-ment
,
first
recorded
in
the
1600s
meaning
“
withdrawal
,”
later
applied
to
leaving
employment
noun
the
period
of
life
after
you
have
stopped
working
•
During
his
retirement
,
James
travels
the
world
with
his
wife
.
During
his
retirement
,
James
travels
the
world
with
his
wife
.
•
Many
people
move
to
coastal
towns
in
retirement
for
the
mild
weather
.
Many
people
move
to
coastal
towns
in
retirement
for
the
mild
weather
.
noun
the
act
of
removing
something
from
service
or
use
•
The
airline
announced
the
retirement
of
its
last
jumbo
jet
.
The
airline
announced
the
retirement
of
its
last
jumbo
jet
.
•
Engineers
planned
the
retirement
of
the
old
bridge
once
the
new
one
opened
.
Engineers
planned
the
retirement
of
the
old
bridge
once
the
new
one
opened
.
noun
the
act
of
paying
off
or
cancelling
a
debt
,
bond
,
or
other
financial
obligation
•
Early
retirement
of
the
loan
saved
the
company
thousands
in
interest
.
Early
retirement
of
the
loan
saved
the
company
thousands
in
interest
.
•
The
government
announced
the
retirement
of
several
high-interest
bonds
.
The
government
announced
the
retirement
of
several
high-interest
bonds
.
fundamental
adjective
forming
the
basic
and
most
important
part
of
something
•
Understanding
the
water
cycle
is
fundamental
to
grasping
how
weather
works
.
Understanding
the
water
cycle
is
fundamental
to
grasping
how
weather
works
.
•
Trust
is
fundamental
in
any
strong
friendship
.
Trust
is
fundamental
in
any
strong
friendship
.
From
late
Latin
fundamentalis
“
of
the
foundation
”,
from
Latin
fundamentum
“
foundation
”.
noun
a
basic
principle
,
rule
,
or
fact
that
is
essential
to
understanding
something
•
Before
learning
algebra
,
you
must
master
the
fundamentals
of
basic
arithmetic
.
Before
learning
algebra
,
you
must
master
the
fundamentals
of
basic
arithmetic
.
•
The
professor
began
the
biology
course
by
explaining
the
fundamental
of
cell
theory
.
The
professor
began
the
biology
course
by
explaining
the
fundamental
of
cell
theory
.
same
as
adjective
sense
noun
the
lowest
natural
frequency
at
which
something
vibrates
,
producing
the
main
pitch
of
a
sound
•
The
fundamental
of
the
note
A
is
440
hertz
.
The
fundamental
of
the
note
A
is
440
hertz
.
•
You
can
hear
the
overtones
as
well
as
the
fundamental
when
the
guitar
string
is
plucked
.
You
can
hear
the
overtones
as
well
as
the
fundamental
when
the
guitar
string
is
plucked
.
technical
extension
of
the
general
noun
sense
to
acoustics
and
physics
settlement
noun
a
small
community
or
village
where
people
live
,
especially
one
that
is
newly
created
in
a
remote
area
•
The
gold
miners
built
a
settlement
near
the
river
during
the
rush
.
The
gold
miners
built
a
settlement
near
the
river
during
the
rush
.
•
After
trekking
for
days
through
the
desert
,
the
explorers
finally
spotted
a
distant
settlement
of
mud-brick
houses
.
After
trekking
for
days
through
the
desert
,
the
explorers
finally
spotted
a
distant
settlement
of
mud-brick
houses
.
From
Middle
English
setelment
,
from
settle
+
-ment
,
originally
meaning
the
act
of
settling
and
later
the
place
where
people
settle
.
noun
an
official
agreement
that
ends
a
dispute
or
lawsuit
,
often
involving
payment
of
money
•
The
two
companies
reached
a
settlement
instead
of
going
to
court
.
The
two
companies
reached
a
settlement
instead
of
going
to
court
.
•
Under
the
divorce
settlement
,
Maria
kept
the
house
and
shared
custody
of
the
children
.
Under
the
divorce
settlement
,
Maria
kept
the
house
and
shared
custody
of
the
children
.
Sense
developed
in
the
17th
century
from
the
broader
idea
of
‘
setting
matters
to
rest
’.
noun
the
act
or
process
of
people
moving
to
and
establishing
homes
in
a
new
area
•
The
settlement
of
the
island
began
in
the
18th
century
.
The
settlement
of
the
island
began
in
the
18th
century
.
•
Early
settlement
of
the
American
West
transformed
the
landscape
.
Early
settlement
of
the
American
West
transformed
the
landscape
.
Originally
referred
to
the
action
of
‘
settling
’
in
a
place
;
recorded
in
English
from
the
late
Middle
Ages
.
noun
the
slow
sinking
or
downward
movement
of
the
ground
or
a
structure
over
time
•
Cracks
in
the
walls
showed
that
the
house
had
suffered
settlement
over
the
years
.
Cracks
in
the
walls
showed
that
the
house
had
suffered
settlement
over
the
years
.
•
Engineers
monitor
the
settlement
of
the
bridge
’
s
foundations
with
precision
sensors
.
Engineers
monitor
the
settlement
of
the
bridge
’
s
foundations
with
precision
sensors
.
Engineering
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
from
the
idea
of
a
structure
‘
coming
to
rest
’.
phenomenon
noun
-
phenomenon
,
phenomena
something
that
can
be
seen
,
felt
,
or
measured
,
especially
when
it
is
unusual
or
hard
to
explain
•
Tourists
huddled
under
blankets
to
watch
the
Northern
Lights
,
a
natural
phenomenon
of
swirling
green
and
purple
light
across
the
sky
.
Tourists
huddled
under
blankets
to
watch
the
Northern
Lights
,
a
natural
phenomenon
of
swirling
green
and
purple
light
across
the
sky
.
•
The
sudden
disappearance
of
honeybees
is
a
worrying
phenomenon
that
scientists
are
racing
to
understand
.
The
sudden
disappearance
of
honeybees
is
a
worrying
phenomenon
that
scientists
are
racing
to
understand
.
from
Greek
phainomenon
‘
thing
appearing
to
view
’,
from
phainein
‘
to
show
’
noun
-
phenomenon
,
phenomena
a
person
or
thing
that
is
extremely
impressive
,
successful
,
or
popular
•
The
teenage
chess
prodigy
was
a
phenomenon
,
defeating
grandmasters
twice
his
age
.
The
teenage
chess
prodigy
was
a
phenomenon
,
defeating
grandmasters
twice
his
age
.
•
The
small
indie
film
turned
into
a
global
phenomenon
,
topping
box-office
charts
for
weeks
.
The
small
indie
film
turned
into
a
global
phenomenon
,
topping
box-office
charts
for
weeks
.
extension
of
the
main
sense
‘
remarkable
thing
observed
’
to
describe
outstanding
people
or
trends
noun
-
phenomenon
,
phenomena
in
philosophy
,
a
thing
as
it
appears
to
and
is
experienced
by
the
senses
,
not
necessarily
as
it
is
in
itself
•
The
professor
explained
that
the
rainbow
we
see
is
a
phenomenon
,
while
the
real
properties
of
light
exist
independently
of
our
sight
.
The
professor
explained
that
the
rainbow
we
see
is
a
phenomenon
,
while
the
real
properties
of
light
exist
independently
of
our
sight
.
•
According
to
Kant
,
the
tree
in
front
of
you
is
a
phenomenon
shaped
by
your
senses
and
mind
.
According
to
Kant
,
the
tree
in
front
of
you
is
a
phenomenon
shaped
by
your
senses
and
mind
.
adopted
into
philosophical
use
in
the
18th
century
,
especially
by
Immanuel
Kant
,
to
contrast
with
‘
noumenon
’,
the
thing-in-itself
recommendation
noun
advice
or
a
helpful
suggestion
about
what
someone
should
do
or
choose
•
My
dentist
gave
me
a
strong
recommendation
to
floss
daily
.
My
dentist
gave
me
a
strong
recommendation
to
floss
daily
.
•
Can
you
give
me
a
restaurant
recommendation
for
tonight
?
Can
you
give
me
a
restaurant
recommendation
for
tonight
?
from
Latin
recommendatio
,
meaning
"
bringing
back
to
mind
,
commendation
"
noun
a
written
or
spoken
statement
praising
someone
’
s
abilities
or
character
,
often
used
when
they
are
applying
for
a
job
,
school
,
or
position
•
Her
former
manager
wrote
a
glowing
recommendation
for
the
job
application
.
Her
former
manager
wrote
a
glowing
recommendation
for
the
job
application
.
•
I
got
the
apartment
thanks
to
a
friend's
personal
recommendation
.
I
got
the
apartment
thanks
to
a
friend's
personal
recommendation
.
Sense
developed
in
English
in
the
17th
century
for
letters
praising
a
person
.
noun
an
official
proposal
or
course
of
action
suggested
by
a
committee
,
report
,
or
authority
•
The
committee's
first
recommendation
was
to
reduce
class
sizes
.
The
committee's
first
recommendation
was
to
reduce
class
sizes
.
•
Parliament
accepted
the
report's
recommendation
to
increase
funding
.
Parliament
accepted
the
report's
recommendation
to
increase
funding
.
Extended
bureaucratic
use
arose
in
the
19th
century
as
governments
and
organizations
formalized
advice
into
official
reports
.
involvement
noun
-
involvement
the
act
of
taking
part
in
an
activity
or
situation
•
Student
involvement
in
the
science
fair
was
higher
than
ever
this
year
.
Student
involvement
in
the
science
fair
was
higher
than
ever
this
year
.
•
Her
involvement
in
community
theater
helped
her
make
new
friends
.
Her
involvement
in
community
theater
helped
her
make
new
friends
.
from
involve
+
-ment
,
first
attested
in
the
early
19th
century
noun
-
involvement
the
state
of
being
connected
with
or
implicated
in
something
,
especially
something
wrong
or
difficult
•
Police
are
investigating
his
possible
involvement
in
the
robbery
.
Police
are
investigating
his
possible
involvement
in
the
robbery
.
•
She
denied
any
involvement
with
the
illegal
exports
.
She
denied
any
involvement
with
the
illegal
exports
.
noun
a
romantic
or
sexual
relationship
with
another
person
•
They
ended
their
brief
involvement
after
realizing
they
wanted
different
things
.
They
ended
their
brief
involvement
after
realizing
they
wanted
different
things
.
•
His
first
serious
involvement
lasted
nearly
three
years
.
His
first
serious
involvement
lasted
nearly
three
years
.
dimension
noun
a
measurable
extent
such
as
length
,
width
,
or
height
of
an
object
or
space
•
The
carpenter
measured
each
dimension
of
the
table
before
cutting
the
wood
.
The
carpenter
measured
each
dimension
of
the
table
before
cutting
the
wood
.
•
Our
new
fridge
fits
because
its
dimensions
are
smaller
than
the
old
one
.
Our
new
fridge
fits
because
its
dimensions
are
smaller
than
the
old
one
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
dimension
or
Latin
dimensio
‘
measurement
’,
from
dimetiri
‘
to
measure
out
’.
noun
a
particular
aspect
,
quality
,
or
way
of
looking
at
a
situation
or
idea
•
Respect
adds
an
important
dimension
to
any
friendship
.
Respect
adds
an
important
dimension
to
any
friendship
.
•
The
cultural
dimension
of
the
project
was
often
overlooked
.
The
cultural
dimension
of
the
project
was
often
overlooked
.
noun
a
separate
universe
or
realm
of
existence
imagined
in
science
fiction
and
fantasy
•
The
story
follows
a
hero
who
falls
into
a
strange
dimension
filled
with
talking
animals
.
The
story
follows
a
hero
who
falls
into
a
strange
dimension
filled
with
talking
animals
.
•
Scientists
in
the
movie
opened
a
portal
to
another
dimension
.
Scientists
in
the
movie
opened
a
portal
to
another
dimension
.
noun
in
mathematics
and
physics
,
one
of
the
independent
directions
or
coordinates
needed
to
describe
the
position
of
a
point
or
the
properties
of
space
•
In
math
class
,
we
learned
that
a
line
has
one
dimension
.
In
math
class
,
we
learned
that
a
line
has
one
dimension
.
•
A
cube
extends
into
a
third
dimension
.
A
cube
extends
into
a
third
dimension
.
verb
-
dimension
,
dimensioning
,
dimensions
,
dimensioned
to
mark
,
specify
,
or
design
the
measurements
of
something
•
The
engineer
dimensioned
each
bolt
hole
to
the
nearest
millimeter
.
The
engineer
dimensioned
each
bolt
hole
to
the
nearest
millimeter
.
•
Please
dimension
the
component
so
the
machinist
knows
its
size
.
Please
dimension
the
component
so
the
machinist
knows
its
size
.
arrangement
noun
plans
and
preparations
you
make
so
that
something
can
happen
later
•
We
made
all
the
travel
arrangements
weeks
before
the
holiday
.
We
made
all
the
travel
arrangements
weeks
before
the
holiday
.
•
The
school
handled
the
seating
arrangements
for
the
graduation
ceremony
.
The
school
handled
the
seating
arrangements
for
the
graduation
ceremony
.
From
arrange
+
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
early
18th
century
.
noun
the
way
things
are
placed
or
organized
,
or
a
collection
of
items
put
in
a
particular
order
or
pattern
•
The
florist
created
a
beautiful
flower
arrangement
for
the
wedding
.
The
florist
created
a
beautiful
flower
arrangement
for
the
wedding
.
•
I
like
the
furniture
arrangement
in
this
living
room
;
it
feels
open
and
welcoming
.
I
like
the
furniture
arrangement
in
this
living
room
;
it
feels
open
and
welcoming
.
noun
an
agreement
or
understanding
between
people
about
what
they
will
do
or
how
something
will
be
handled
•
After
some
discussion
,
they
reached
an
arrangement
on
the
monthly
rent
.
After
some
discussion
,
they
reached
an
arrangement
on
the
monthly
rent
.
•
The
divorce
was
peaceful
because
a
financial
arrangement
had
been
settled
in
advance
.
The
divorce
was
peaceful
because
a
financial
arrangement
had
been
settled
in
advance
.
noun
a
piece
of
music
that
has
been
changed
so
it
can
be
performed
by
different
instruments
or
in
a
new
style
•
The
jazz
trio
played
an
upbeat
arrangement
of
a
classic
folk
song
.
The
jazz
trio
played
an
upbeat
arrangement
of
a
classic
folk
song
.
•
This
orchestral
arrangement
adds
horns
and
strings
to
the
original
piano
piece
.
This
orchestral
arrangement
adds
horns
and
strings
to
the
original
piano
piece
.
elementary
adjective
basic
and
uncomplicated
;
dealing
with
the
simplest
or
most
fundamental
parts
of
something
•
Before
trying
advanced
problems
,
you
must
master
the
elementary
rules
of
algebra
.
Before
trying
advanced
problems
,
you
must
master
the
elementary
rules
of
algebra
.
•
The
chef
explained
the
elementary
steps
of
making
bread
,
starting
with
mixing
flour
and
water
.
The
chef
explained
the
elementary
steps
of
making
bread
,
starting
with
mixing
flour
and
water
.
From
Latin
elementarius
“
belonging
to
the
first
principles
,”
from
elementum
“
rudiment
,
first
principle
.”
adjective
relating
to
the
first
years
of
formal
schooling
,
especially
for
children
aged
about
5–11
•
She
teaches
fourth
grade
at
an
elementary
school
in
Boston
.
She
teaches
fourth
grade
at
an
elementary
school
in
Boston
.
•
Many
parents
volunteer
for
activities
during
the
elementary
years
.
Many
parents
volunteer
for
activities
during
the
elementary
years
.
interjection
used
humorously
to
say
that
something
is
very
obvious
or
easy
to
understand
•
When
the
answer
became
clear
,
she
snapped
her
fingers
and
exclaimed
, "
Elementary
!"
When
the
answer
became
clear
,
she
snapped
her
fingers
and
exclaimed
, "
Elementary
!"
•
"
It
’
s
elementary
,
my
dear
Watson
,"
the
detective
said
after
spotting
the
clue
.
"
It
’
s
elementary
,
my
dear
Watson
,"
the
detective
said
after
spotting
the
clue
.
Popularized
by
Sir
Arthur
Conan
Doyle
’
s
fictional
detective
Sherlock
Holmes
,
who
often
said
“
Elementary
,
my
dear
Watson
.”
unemployment
noun
-
unemployment
the
situation
in
which
people
who
are
able
and
willing
to
work
cannot
find
a
paid
job
•
After
losing
his
factory
job
,
Carlos
spent
six
months
looking
for
work
and
struggling
with
unemployment
.
After
losing
his
factory
job
,
Carlos
spent
six
months
looking
for
work
and
struggling
with
unemployment
.
•
High
unemployment
can
lead
to
increased
poverty
in
a
country
.
High
unemployment
can
lead
to
increased
poverty
in
a
country
.
early
19th
century
:
from
un-
‘
not
’
+
employment
appointment
noun
a
planned
meeting
with
someone
at
a
specific
time
and
place
•
I
have
an
appointment
with
the
dentist
at
3
p
.
m
.
I
have
an
appointment
with
the
dentist
at
3
p
.
m
.
•
Please
book
an
appointment
before
you
come
to
the
embassy
.
Please
book
an
appointment
before
you
come
to
the
embassy
.
From
Middle
French
appointement
,
from
Old
French
apointement
,
from
apointer
“
to
arrange
,
settle
;
to
appoint
.”
noun
a
job
or
position
given
to
someone
,
especially
in
government
or
an
organization
•
Her
most
recent
appointment
is
as
ambassador
to
Spain
.
Her
most
recent
appointment
is
as
ambassador
to
Spain
.
•
The
committee
approved
his
appointment
to
the
board
of
directors
.
The
committee
approved
his
appointment
to
the
board
of
directors
.
Sense
developed
from
the
idea
of
something
formally
arranged
: “
a
position
assigned
.”
noun
the
act
of
choosing
someone
for
a
job
or
position
•
The
appointment
of
a
new
CEO
boosted
investor
confidence
.
The
appointment
of
a
new
CEO
boosted
investor
confidence
.
•
Parliament
debated
the
appointment
of
the
chief
justice
for
hours
.
Parliament
debated
the
appointment
of
the
chief
justice
for
hours
.
Derived
from
earlier
sense
of
‘
appoint
’
meaning
‘
assign
officially
.’
establishment
noun
-
establishment
the
act
of
starting
or
creating
something
so
that
it
is
able
to
continue
•
The
establishment
of
the
new
community
garden
brought
neighbours
together
.
The
establishment
of
the
new
community
garden
brought
neighbours
together
.
•
After
years
of
conflict
,
the
establishment
of
peace
was
celebrated
across
the
country
.
After
years
of
conflict
,
the
establishment
of
peace
was
celebrated
across
the
country
.
Derived
from
the
verb
establish
+
-ment
;
recorded
in
English
since
the
1400s
.
noun
a
business
,
organisation
,
or
public
institution
that
occupies
a
place
and
provides
goods
or
services
•
The
little
coffee
establishment
on
the
corner
serves
amazing
pastries
.
The
little
coffee
establishment
on
the
corner
serves
amazing
pastries
.
•
We
drove
past
a
historic
establishment
that
has
been
a
hotel
since
1890
.
We
drove
past
a
historic
establishment
that
has
been
a
hotel
since
1890
.
Sense
developed
in
the
1700s
to
describe
settled
commercial
premises
.
Establishment
noun
-
Establishment
the
group
of
people
who
hold
power
and
influence
in
a
society
,
especially
in
politics
,
business
,
or
the
military
•
Many
young
voters
feel
the
establishment
no
longer
represents
them
.
Many
young
voters
feel
the
establishment
no
longer
represents
them
.
•
She
campaigned
against
the
political
establishment
and
promised
real
change
.
She
campaigned
against
the
political
establishment
and
promised
real
change
.
Capitalised
use
arose
in
the
mid-20th
century
,
especially
in
British
journalism
,
to
label
the
entrenched
ruling
class
.
congressman
noun
-
congressman
,
congressmen
a
man
(
or
sometimes
any
member
)
elected
to
the
U
.
S
.
House
of
Representatives
•
The
congressman
spoke
at
the
town
hall
about
the
new
education
bill
.
The
congressman
spoke
at
the
town
hall
about
the
new
education
bill
.
•
After
winning
the
election
,
he
was
sworn
in
as
a
congressman
in
Washington
,
D
.
C
.
After
winning
the
election
,
he
was
sworn
in
as
a
congressman
in
Washington
,
D
.
C
.
coined
in
the
United
States
in
the
early
19th
century
from
congress
+
-man
,
modeled
after
earlier
terms
like
"
assemblyman
"
tournament
noun
a
sports
or
gaming
competition
in
which
many
teams
or
players
play
several
matches
to
decide
an
overall
winner
•
Our
school's
basketball
team
won
the
regional
tournament
last
weekend
.
Our
school's
basketball
team
won
the
regional
tournament
last
weekend
.
•
Players
from
ten
countries
gathered
in
Tokyo
for
the
chess
tournament
.
Players
from
ten
countries
gathered
in
Tokyo
for
the
chess
tournament
.
Borrowed
from
Old
French
tournoiement
,
from
tornoier
“
to
turn
about
,
joust
.”
noun
in
the
Middle
Ages
,
a
formal
contest
where
knights
fought
on
horseback
,
especially
in
jousting
,
to
display
skill
and
bravery
•
The
king
organized
a
grand
tournament
to
celebrate
the
prince's
birthday
.
The
king
organized
a
grand
tournament
to
celebrate
the
prince's
birthday
.
•
Knights
wore
brightly
painted
shields
when
they
rode
into
the
tournament
field
.
Knights
wore
brightly
painted
shields
when
they
rode
into
the
tournament
field
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
but
the
earlier
meaning
referred
specifically
to
knightly
combat
displays
.
spokesman
noun
-
spokesman
,
spokesmen
a
man
who
speaks
officially
for
a
group
,
organization
,
or
person
and
gives
information
to
the
public
or
the
press
.
•
The
company
spokesman
announced
the
new
product
at
a
crowded
press
conference
.
The
company
spokesman
announced
the
new
product
at
a
crowded
press
conference
.
•
After
the
summit
,
a
government
spokesman
told
reporters
that
negotiations
had
made
good
progress
.
After
the
summit
,
a
government
spokesman
told
reporters
that
negotiations
had
made
good
progress
.
measurement
noun
the
act
or
process
of
finding
out
the
size
,
amount
,
or
degree
of
something
using
standard
units
•
Accurate
measurement
of
temperature
is
vital
when
baking
bread
.
Accurate
measurement
of
temperature
is
vital
when
baking
bread
.
•
The
scientist
repeated
the
measurement
three
times
to
make
sure
the
results
were
correct
.
The
scientist
repeated
the
measurement
three
times
to
make
sure
the
results
were
correct
.
From
Middle
French
mesurement
,
from
mesurer
“
to
measure
”
+
-ment
,
appearing
in
English
in
the
late
16th
century
.
noun
a
size
,
length
,
or
amount
that
has
been
found
by
measuring
•
Check
the
room
’
s
exact
measurements
before
you
buy
a
new
sofa
.
Check
the
room
’
s
exact
measurements
before
you
buy
a
new
sofa
.
•
The
recipe
calls
for
a
measurement
of
200
milliliters
of
milk
.
The
recipe
calls
for
a
measurement
of
200
milliliters
of
milk
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
over
time
,
the
noun
came
also
to
mean
the
numerical
result
obtained
from
measuring
.
segment
noun
one
of
the
separate
parts
that
something
is
divided
into
•
The
pie
was
cut
into
eight
equal
segments
for
everyone
.
The
pie
was
cut
into
eight
equal
segments
for
everyone
.
•
Only
a
small
segment
of
the
wall
needed
repainting
.
Only
a
small
segment
of
the
wall
needed
repainting
.
from
Latin
segmentum
“
a
piece
cut
off
”,
from
secare
“
to
cut
”
noun
a
short
part
of
a
television
,
radio
,
or
online
program
•
The
interview
will
air
in
the
final
segment
of
the
show
.
The
interview
will
air
in
the
final
segment
of
the
show
.
•
I
missed
the
weather
segment
because
I
answered
the
phone
.
I
missed
the
weather
segment
because
I
answered
the
phone
.
extended
media
sense
from
the
general
meaning
of
“
part
.”
noun
in
geometry
,
a
part
of
a
line
or
circle
between
two
points
or
boundaries
•
On
the
board
,
the
teacher
drew
a
segment
between
points
A
and
B
.
On
the
board
,
the
teacher
drew
a
segment
between
points
A
and
B
.
•
Find
the
length
of
the
shaded
segment
of
the
circle
.
Find
the
length
of
the
shaded
segment
of
the
circle
.
technical
use
adopted
in
18th-century
mathematics
for
bounded
parts
of
figures
.
noun
a
clearly
separated
part
of
an
animal
or
plant
body
,
especially
one
of
the
repeating
sections
in
worms
or
insects
•
An
earthworm
’
s
body
is
made
of
many
ring-like
segments
.
An
earthworm
’
s
body
is
made
of
many
ring-like
segments
.
•
The
insect
’
s
abdomen
has
three
main
segments
.
The
insect
’
s
abdomen
has
three
main
segments
.
specialized
biological
sense
recorded
in
the
19th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
a
cut-off
piece
to
anatomy
.
verb
to
divide
something
into
parts
,
or
to
become
divided
into
parts
•
They
segment
the
video
into
short
clips
for
social
media
.
They
segment
the
video
into
short
clips
for
social
media
.
•
The
database
will
segment
customers
by
age
and
location
.
The
database
will
segment
customers
by
age
and
location
.
verb
use
from
the
noun
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
.
implementation
noun
the
act
of
putting
a
plan
,
decision
,
or
system
into
action
so
that
it
operates
in
the
real
world
•
The
implementation
of
the
new
recycling
program
began
last
month
.
The
implementation
of
the
new
recycling
program
began
last
month
.
•
Successful
implementation
requires
careful
planning
and
training
.
Successful
implementation
requires
careful
planning
and
training
.
from
implement
+
-ation
;
implement
traces
back
to
Latin
implēre
“
to
fill
,
accomplish
”
noun
a
specific
version
or
way
of
carrying
out
a
design
,
idea
,
or
technical
specification
,
especially
in
computing
•
The
open-source
library
is
just
one
implementation
of
the
algorithm
.
The
open-source
library
is
just
one
implementation
of
the
algorithm
.
•
Each
smartphone
brand
has
its
own
implementation
of
the
Android
operating
system
.
Each
smartphone
brand
has
its
own
implementation
of
the
Android
operating
system
.
Same
origin
as
other
sense
:
implement
+
-ation
;
technical
sense
arose
in
20th-century
computing
.
engagement
noun
an
agreement
that
two
people
will
marry
each
other
•
They
announced
their
engagement
during
a
joyful
family
dinner
.
They
announced
their
engagement
during
a
joyful
family
dinner
.
•
Maria
proudly
showed
her
friends
the
ring
from
her
engagement
.
Maria
proudly
showed
her
friends
the
ring
from
her
engagement
.
noun
a
planned
arrangement
or
appointment
to
meet
,
perform
,
or
take
part
in
something
at
a
specific
time
•
I
’
m
sorry
,
I
can
’
t
join
you
;
I
have
an
engagement
at
the
dentist
this
afternoon
.
I
’
m
sorry
,
I
can
’
t
join
you
;
I
have
an
engagement
at
the
dentist
this
afternoon
.
•
The
author
’
s
next
speaking
engagement
will
be
at
the
city
library
tomorrow
evening
.
The
author
’
s
next
speaking
engagement
will
be
at
the
city
library
tomorrow
evening
.
noun
the
act
of
being
involved
in
or
paying
active
attention
to
something
•
Teachers
used
games
to
increase
student
engagement
in
the
lesson
.
Teachers
used
games
to
increase
student
engagement
in
the
lesson
.
•
High
viewer
engagement
helped
the
video
become
popular
overnight
.
High
viewer
engagement
helped
the
video
become
popular
overnight
.
noun
a
short
fight
between
armed
forces
•
The
soldiers
prepared
for
an
engagement
with
enemy
troops
at
dawn
.
The
soldiers
prepared
for
an
engagement
with
enemy
troops
at
dawn
.
•
The
brief
engagement
lasted
only
an
hour
but
caused
heavy
losses
.
The
brief
engagement
lasted
only
an
hour
but
caused
heavy
losses
.
assignment
noun
a
piece
of
work
or
task
that
a
teacher
or
employer
gives
someone
to
complete
•
Maria
stayed
up
late
to
finish
her
math
assignment
before
class
.
Maria
stayed
up
late
to
finish
her
math
assignment
before
class
.
•
The
manager
gave
each
intern
a
small
research
assignment
for
the
week
.
The
manager
gave
each
intern
a
small
research
assignment
for
the
week
.
From
Middle
French
assignement
,
from
Old
French
assigner
“
to
allot
.”
noun
the
act
of
giving
someone
a
particular
task
,
role
,
or
share
of
work
•
The
assignment
of
duties
was
discussed
at
Monday
’
s
meeting
.
The
assignment
of
duties
was
discussed
at
Monday
’
s
meeting
.
•
Fair
assignment
of
chores
keeps
peace
among
roommates
.
Fair
assignment
of
chores
keeps
peace
among
roommates
.
noun
a
particular
job
or
posting
that
someone
is
sent
to
do
,
often
for
a
limited
time
•
The
reporter
’
s
next
assignment
was
to
cover
the
election
in
Brazil
.
The
reporter
’
s
next
assignment
was
to
cover
the
election
in
Brazil
.
•
After
six
months
at
sea
,
the
sailor
received
a
shore
assignment
.
After
six
months
at
sea
,
the
sailor
received
a
shore
assignment
.
noun
the
legal
or
technical
act
of
transferring
rights
,
property
,
or
a
value
to
another
party
•
The
contract
prohibits
the
assignment
of
rights
without
written
consent
.
The
contract
prohibits
the
assignment
of
rights
without
written
consent
.
•
Variable
assignment
in
this
language
uses
the
equals
sign
.
Variable
assignment
in
this
language
uses
the
equals
sign
.
punishment
noun
the
act
of
causing
someone
to
suffer
a
penalty
for
doing
something
wrong
,
or
the
penalty
itself
•
The
judge
gave
the
thief
a
harsh
punishment
.
The
judge
gave
the
thief
a
harsh
punishment
.
•
Some
parents
believe
gentle
methods
work
better
than
corporal
punishment
.
Some
parents
believe
gentle
methods
work
better
than
corporal
punishment
.
from
Middle
English
punishement
,
from
Old
French
punissement
,
based
on
Latin
punīre
“
to
punish
”
noun
rough
treatment
,
damage
,
or
strain
that
something
or
someone
endures
•
After
driving
across
the
desert
,
the
tires
had
taken
a
lot
of
punishment
.
After
driving
across
the
desert
,
the
tires
had
taken
a
lot
of
punishment
.
•
The
old
laptop
still
works
despite
years
of
punishment
.
The
old
laptop
still
works
despite
years
of
punishment
.
figurative
extension
of
the
primary
sense
of
suffering
a
penalty
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
19th
century
in
sports
writing
tremendous
adjective
extremely
large
,
powerful
,
or
intense
in
amount
,
size
,
or
degree
.
•
The
company
made
a
tremendous
profit
last
year
.
The
company
made
a
tremendous
profit
last
year
.
•
The
earthquake
caused
tremendous
damage
to
the
city
.
The
earthquake
caused
tremendous
damage
to
the
city
.
Early
17th
century
:
from
Latin
tremendus
‘
to
be
trembled
at
’,
from
tremere
‘
to
tremble
’.
adjective
excellent
,
very
good
,
or
extremely
enjoyable
.
•
You
did
a
tremendous
job
on
your
presentation
.
You
did
a
tremendous
job
on
your
presentation
.
•
We
had
a
tremendous
time
at
the
festival
.
We
had
a
tremendous
time
at
the
festival
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
:
Latin
tremendus
‘
to
be
trembled
at
’,
shifting
over
time
to
mean
‘
remarkably
great
’
or
‘
excellent
’.
adjustment
noun
a
small
change
made
to
something
so
it
works
or
fits
better
•
After
tightening
the
screws
,
the
technician
made
a
final
adjustment
to
the
camera
lens
so
the
picture
was
perfectly
sharp
.
After
tightening
the
screws
,
the
technician
made
a
final
adjustment
to
the
camera
lens
so
the
picture
was
perfectly
sharp
.
•
The
bicycle
seat
felt
too
low
,
so
Emma
stopped
and
did
a
quick
adjustment
by
the
roadside
.
The
bicycle
seat
felt
too
low
,
so
Emma
stopped
and
did
a
quick
adjustment
by
the
roadside
.
noun
the
process
of
becoming
familiar
with
a
new
situation
and
learning
to
deal
with
it
•
Moving
to
the
city
was
a
big
adjustment
for
Liam
after
years
of
living
on
a
farm
.
Moving
to
the
city
was
a
big
adjustment
for
Liam
after
years
of
living
on
a
farm
.
•
It
took
only
a
short
adjustment
period
before
the
puppy
felt
at
home
with
its
new
family
.
It
took
only
a
short
adjustment
period
before
the
puppy
felt
at
home
with
its
new
family
.
noun
a
change
made
in
a
financial
record
to
show
the
correct
amount
•
The
accountant
recorded
an
adjustment
to
correct
the
previous
month's
sales
figures
.
The
accountant
recorded
an
adjustment
to
correct
the
previous
month's
sales
figures
.
•
After
auditing
the
books
,
they
discovered
several
small
adjustments
were
needed
.
After
auditing
the
books
,
they
discovered
several
small
adjustments
were
needed
.
announcement
noun
a
written
or
spoken
statement
that
gives
people
important
or
new
information
•
The
principal
made
an
announcement
that
school
would
close
early
because
of
snow
.
The
principal
made
an
announcement
that
school
would
close
early
because
of
snow
.
•
A
loudspeaker
announcement
at
the
airport
told
passengers
to
board
the
plane
.
A
loudspeaker
announcement
at
the
airport
told
passengers
to
board
the
plane
.
from
announce
+
-ment
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
15th
century
,
borrowing
from
French
"
annoncement
"
noun
-
announcement
the
act
of
officially
telling
people
something
•
The
sudden
announcement
of
the
results
filled
the
room
with
cheers
.
The
sudden
announcement
of
the
results
filled
the
room
with
cheers
.
•
Her
parents
’
announcement
that
they
were
moving
shocked
her
.
Her
parents
’
announcement
that
they
were
moving
shocked
her
.
same
origin
as
the
countable
sense
,
from
Middle
French
“
annoncement
”,
meaning
the
act
of
proclaiming
freshman
noun
-
freshman
,
freshmen
a
student
in
their
first
year
at
a
high
school
,
college
,
or
university
•
On
her
first
day
of
college
,
Maria
felt
excited
and
nervous
to
be
a
freshman
on
the
huge
campus
.
On
her
first
day
of
college
,
Maria
felt
excited
and
nervous
to
be
a
freshman
on
the
huge
campus
.
•
The
high
school
organized
an
orientation
to
help
every
freshman
find
their
classrooms
.
The
high
school
organized
an
orientation
to
help
every
freshman
find
their
classrooms
.
Mid-16th
century
:
from
fresh
+
man
,
originally
meaning
‘
new
or
inexperienced
person
’;
the
academic
sense
arose
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
-
freshman
,
freshmen
a
person
in
their
first
year
of
a
new
position
or
activity
,
especially
in
politics
,
business
,
or
sports
•
The
newly
elected
freshman
senator
gave
his
very
first
speech
in
the
chamber
.
The
newly
elected
freshman
senator
gave
his
very
first
speech
in
the
chamber
.
•
As
a
freshman
employee
,
Clara
spent
her
first
week
learning
the
company
’
s
software
.
As
a
freshman
employee
,
Clara
spent
her
first
week
learning
the
company
’
s
software
.
Extension
of
the
academic
sense
of
freshman
to
other
fields
such
as
politics
and
sports
in
the
19th–20th
centuries
.
experimental
adjective
made
or
done
to
test
an
idea
scientifically
and
see
what
happens
•
The
experimental
vaccine
was
tested
on
volunteers
.
The
experimental
vaccine
was
tested
on
volunteers
.
•
A
team
of
engineers
built
an
experimental
car
that
runs
on
algae
.
A
team
of
engineers
built
an
experimental
car
that
runs
on
algae
.
From
experiment
+-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
1600s
.
adjective
using
new
and
unusual
ideas
,
styles
,
or
methods
,
and
not
yet
widely
accepted
•
The
director's
experimental
film
had
no
dialogue
at
all
.
The
director's
experimental
film
had
no
dialogue
at
all
.
•
He
loves
listening
to
experimental
jazz
that
mixes
electronic
sounds
.
He
loves
listening
to
experimental
jazz
that
mixes
electronic
sounds
.
From
experiment
+-al
,
broadened
in
the
early
1900s
to
arts
and
culture
.
replacement
noun
the
act
of
putting
someone
or
something
new
in
the
place
of
what
was
there
before
•
The
replacement
of
the
broken
window
took
only
an
hour
.
The
replacement
of
the
broken
window
took
only
an
hour
.
•
Software
updates
often
involve
the
gradual
replacement
of
old
code
.
Software
updates
often
involve
the
gradual
replacement
of
old
code
.
formed
from
replace
+
the
noun
suffix
-ment
in
the
mid-17th
century
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
takes
the
place
of
another
•
When
our
teacher
got
sick
,
a
replacement
arrived
the
next
day
.
When
our
teacher
got
sick
,
a
replacement
arrived
the
next
day
.
•
This
battery
is
a
cheap
replacement
for
the
original
.
This
battery
is
a
cheap
replacement
for
the
original
.
formed
from
replace
+
the
noun
suffix
-ment
in
the
mid-17th
century
basement
noun
the
lowest
floor
of
a
building
,
usually
partly
or
completely
below
ground
level
•
After
the
storm
,
we
stored
the
patio
furniture
in
the
basement
.
After
the
storm
,
we
stored
the
patio
furniture
in
the
basement
.
•
The
kids
turned
the
basement
into
a
makeshift
playroom
with
bright
posters
and
beanbags
.
The
kids
turned
the
basement
into
a
makeshift
playroom
with
bright
posters
and
beanbags
.
Borrowed
from
French
“
bas
”,
meaning
“
low
”,
+
“
-ment
”.
Used
in
English
since
the
18th
century
for
the
low
or
underground
part
of
a
building
.
noun
the
lowest
or
worst
level
in
a
ranking
,
list
,
or
set
of
results
•
After
losing
five
games
,
the
team
found
itself
in
the
basement
of
the
league
standings
.
After
losing
five
games
,
the
team
found
itself
in
the
basement
of
the
league
standings
.
•
The
company
’
s
stock
price
has
been
stuck
in
the
basement
for
months
.
The
company
’
s
stock
price
has
been
stuck
in
the
basement
for
months
.
Extension
of
the
architectural
sense
to
metaphorical
rankings
,
first
recorded
in
sports
journalism
in
the
early
20th
century
.
documentary
noun
-
documentary
,
documentaries
a
film
,
television
or
radio
programme
that
tells
the
facts
about
real
people
,
places
,
or
events
•
The
class
watched
a
documentary
about
endangered
tigers
.
The
class
watched
a
documentary
about
endangered
tigers
.
•
My
sister
is
making
a
documentary
on
street
artists
in
Berlin
.
My
sister
is
making
a
documentary
on
street
artists
in
Berlin
.
From
document
+
-ary
;
first
used
in
the
film
sense
in
the
1930s
.
adjective
consisting
of
or
based
on
written
records
,
photographs
,
or
other
documents
;
strictly
factual
•
The
lawyer
presented
documentary
evidence
to
support
her
case
.
The
lawyer
presented
documentary
evidence
to
support
her
case
.
•
Historians
value
letters
as
important
documentary
sources
.
Historians
value
letters
as
important
documentary
sources
.
Derived
from
document
+
-ary
in
the
sense
‘
consisting
of
documents
’ (
mid-19th
century
).
advertisement
noun
a
public
notice
in
print
,
online
,
on
television
,
or
in
another
medium
that
tries
to
sell
,
promote
,
or
inform
people
about
a
product
,
service
,
event
,
or
opportunity
•
She
noticed
an
advertisement
for
discounted
laptops
on
the
bus
stop
shelter
.
She
noticed
an
advertisement
for
discounted
laptops
on
the
bus
stop
shelter
.
•
The
company
placed
a
colorful
advertisement
in
the
Sunday
newspaper
to
attract
customers
.
The
company
placed
a
colorful
advertisement
in
the
Sunday
newspaper
to
attract
customers
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
French
'advertissement'
,
from
'advertir'
meaning
‘
turn
toward
,
inform
’.
The
ending
was
altered
in
English
by
association
with
words
like
'statement'
and
'agreement'
.
noun
something
that
clearly
shows
the
good
qualities
or
success
of
a
person
,
place
,
or
thing
and
therefore
makes
other
people
interested
in
it
•
The
clean
streets
are
a
fine
advertisement
for
the
city's
recycling
program
.
The
clean
streets
are
a
fine
advertisement
for
the
city's
recycling
program
.
•
Her
excellent
customer
service
is
the
best
advertisement
for
the
shop
.
Her
excellent
customer
service
is
the
best
advertisement
for
the
shop
.
Extension
of
the
main
meaning
of
'advertisement'
from
‘
public
notice
’
to
‘
visible
demonstration
of
quality
’,
first
recorded
in
the
19th
century
.
excitement
noun
a
strong
,
lively
feeling
of
happiness
,
interest
,
and
eager
anticipation
•
The
children
could
hardly
sleep
because
of
their
excitement
about
the
school
trip
.
The
children
could
hardly
sleep
because
of
their
excitement
about
the
school
trip
.
•
Her
hands
shook
with
excitement
as
she
opened
the
long-awaited
letter
of
acceptance
.
Her
hands
shook
with
excitement
as
she
opened
the
long-awaited
letter
of
acceptance
.
Late
17th
century
,
from
the
verb
“
excite
”
+
noun
suffix
“
-ment
”,
originally
meaning
‘
stimulation
’,
later
developing
the
sense
of
‘
lively
emotional
feeling
’.
noun
a
thing
,
event
,
or
activity
that
makes
people
feel
excited
•
The
city
offers
endless
excitements
for
tourists
,
from
street
markets
to
live
music
.
The
city
offers
endless
excitements
for
tourists
,
from
street
markets
to
live
music
.
•
He
moved
to
the
countryside
to
escape
the
excitements
of
urban
life
.
He
moved
to
the
countryside
to
escape
the
excitements
of
urban
life
.
Same
origin
as
sense
1
;
developed
into
a
concrete
use
in
the
18th–19th
centuries
to
refer
to
the
things
that
arouse
excitement
.
parliament
noun
the
main
law-making
body
in
some
countries
,
made
up
of
elected
or
appointed
representatives
who
debate
and
pass
laws
•
After
the
election
,
the
new
parliament
met
to
choose
a
prime
minister
.
After
the
election
,
the
new
parliament
met
to
choose
a
prime
minister
.
•
The
bill
was
debated
in
Parliament
for
several
weeks
before
it
became
law
.
The
bill
was
debated
in
Parliament
for
several
weeks
before
it
became
law
.
Middle
English
"
parlement
"
borrowed
from
Old
French
,
literally
"
speaking
",
from
"
parler
"
meaning
"
to
speak
";
first
used
in
England
for
the
king
’
s
council
in
the
13th
century
.
noun
a
formal
period
or
session
during
which
a
parliament
meets
and
carries
out
its
work
•
The
first
parliament
of
the
new
government
opened
with
a
speech
from
the
monarch
.
The
first
parliament
of
the
new
government
opened
with
a
speech
from
the
monarch
.
•
Several
important
reforms
were
passed
during
this
parliament
.
Several
important
reforms
were
passed
during
this
parliament
.
noun
a
group
of
owls
•
At
dusk
,
a
parliament
of
owls
gathered
on
the
old
barn
roof
.
At
dusk
,
a
parliament
of
owls
gathered
on
the
old
barn
roof
.
•
The
wildlife
guide
pointed
out
a
parliament
of
snowy
owls
resting
on
the
fence
.
The
wildlife
guide
pointed
out
a
parliament
of
snowy
owls
resting
on
the
fence
.
Collective
nouns
for
animals
were
popularized
in
late
Middle
English
hunting
manuals
; “
parliament
”
for
owls
possibly
refers
to
their
wise
,
serious
appearance
when
gathered
together
.
sentiment
noun
a
gentle
or
strong
feeling
or
emotion
,
such
as
love
,
sadness
,
or
nostalgia
•
She
felt
a
warm
sentiment
of
gratitude
toward
her
teacher
for
the
extra
help
.
She
felt
a
warm
sentiment
of
gratitude
toward
her
teacher
for
the
extra
help
.
•
A
wave
of
patriotic
sentiment
swept
over
the
crowd
as
the
national
flag
was
hoisted
.
A
wave
of
patriotic
sentiment
swept
over
the
crowd
as
the
national
flag
was
hoisted
.
From
Middle
French
sentiment
,
from
Medieval
Latin
sentimentum
,
from
Latin
sentīre
“
to
feel
”.
noun
an
opinion
or
attitude
that
comes
mainly
from
emotion
rather
than
careful
reasoning
•
I
completely
share
your
sentiment
that
we
should
protect
local
parks
.
I
completely
share
your
sentiment
that
we
should
protect
local
parks
.
•
Public
sentiments
favored
the
new
bicycle
lanes
despite
the
cost
.
Public
sentiments
favored
the
new
bicycle
lanes
despite
the
cost
.
noun
the
overall
mood
or
attitude
of
investors
,
consumers
,
or
the
public
toward
economic
or
market
conditions
•
Positive
investor
sentiment
pushed
stock
prices
higher
throughout
the
week
.
Positive
investor
sentiment
pushed
stock
prices
higher
throughout
the
week
.
•
Consumer
sentiment
dropped
after
reports
of
rising
unemployment
.
Consumer
sentiment
dropped
after
reports
of
rising
unemployment
.
momentum
noun
-
momentum
,
momenta
,
none
The
energy
or
force
that
keeps
an
event
,
idea
,
or
process
developing
or
moving
forward
.
•
After
the
surprise
victory
,
the
team
gained
enough
momentum
to
win
the
championship
.
After
the
surprise
victory
,
the
team
gained
enough
momentum
to
win
the
championship
.
•
The
charity
campaign
gathered
momentum
as
more
people
shared
it
online
.
The
charity
campaign
gathered
momentum
as
more
people
shared
it
online
.
Originally
a
scientific
term
,
the
figurative
sense
of
"
momentum
"
was
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
to
describe
growing
political
or
social
movements
.
noun
-
momentum
,
momenta
,
none
In
physics
,
the
quantity
of
motion
of
a
moving
object
,
equal
to
its
mass
multiplied
by
its
velocity
.
•
In
space
,
a
satellite
will
keep
its
momentum
unless
acted
upon
by
another
force
.
In
space
,
a
satellite
will
keep
its
momentum
unless
acted
upon
by
another
force
.
•
The
billiard
ball
lost
momentum
after
striking
the
cushion
and
rolled
to
a
gentle
stop
.
The
billiard
ball
lost
momentum
after
striking
the
cushion
and
rolled
to
a
gentle
stop
.
From
Latin
“
movēre
”
meaning
“
to
move
,”
through
the
Medieval
Latin
phrase
“
quantitas
motus
” (
quantity
of
motion
),
later
shortened
to
“
momentum
”
in
scientific
English
.
commentary
noun
-
commentary
,
commentaries
spoken
description
of
an
event
given
while
it
is
happening
,
especially
on
radio
,
television
,
or
online
video
•
The
football
fan
turned
up
the
volume
to
hear
the
commentary
during
the
match
.
The
football
fan
turned
up
the
volume
to
hear
the
commentary
during
the
match
.
•
Without
the
excited
commentary
,
the
race
would
have
felt
flat
.
Without
the
excited
commentary
,
the
race
would
have
felt
flat
.
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
commentarius
‘
notebook
,
annotation
’,
from
commentari
‘
to
comment
’.
noun
-
commentary
,
commentaries
a
set
of
notes
that
explain
,
interpret
,
or
criticize
a
text
,
especially
a
literary
or
religious
work
•
Our
English
teacher
handed
out
a
commentary
on
Shakespeare's
sonnets
.
Our
English
teacher
handed
out
a
commentary
on
Shakespeare's
sonnets
.
•
The
scholar's
commentary
on
the
ancient
poem
clarified
many
obscure
references
.
The
scholar's
commentary
on
the
ancient
poem
clarified
many
obscure
references
.
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
commentarius
‘
notebook
,
annotation
’.
noun
-
commentary
,
commentaries
an
expression
of
opinions
or
criticism
about
a
situation
,
event
,
or
trend
•
The
film
is
a
biting
commentary
on
consumer
culture
.
The
film
is
a
biting
commentary
on
consumer
culture
.
•
Her
painting
serves
as
a
social
commentary
on
urban
poverty
.
Her
painting
serves
as
a
social
commentary
on
urban
poverty
.
Extended
figurative
use
of
earlier
senses
meaning
‘
explanation
’.
Mentor
noun
-
Mentor
the
friend
of
Odysseus
in
Greek
mythology
who
cared
for
Telemachus
and
whose
name
became
a
symbol
of
wise
guidance
•
In
Homer's
Odyssey
,
Mentor
looks
after
Telemachus
.
In
Homer's
Odyssey
,
Mentor
looks
after
Telemachus
.
•
Athena
disguises
herself
as
Mentor
to
guide
the
young
prince
.
Athena
disguises
herself
as
Mentor
to
guide
the
young
prince
.
Ancient
Greek
Μέντωρ
(
Méntōr
),
the
son
of
Alcimus
and
trusted
companion
of
Odysseus
,
appearing
in
Homer
’
s
Odyssey
.
harassment
noun
-
harassment
repeated
unwanted
behaviour
that
annoys
,
frightens
,
or
pressures
someone
•
Online
harassment
forced
the
young
woman
to
close
her
social
media
accounts
.
Online
harassment
forced
the
young
woman
to
close
her
social
media
accounts
.
•
The
neighbors'
constant
loud
music
felt
like
a
kind
of
harassment
to
the
elderly
couple
.
The
neighbors'
constant
loud
music
felt
like
a
kind
of
harassment
to
the
elderly
couple
.
From
the
verb
“
harass
”
+
noun
suffix
“
-ment
”,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
early
1600s
;
ultimately
from
French
“
harasser
”
meaning
“
to
tire
out
,
worry
”.
noun
-
harassment
unwelcome
or
hostile
behaviour
,
especially
in
the
workplace
,
that
targets
someone
because
of
sex
,
race
,
religion
,
or
other
protected
traits
,
violating
their
legal
rights
•
The
company
dismissed
the
manager
after
an
investigation
confirmed
sexual
harassment
.
The
company
dismissed
the
manager
after
an
investigation
confirmed
sexual
harassment
.
•
All
employees
must
attend
annual
training
on
preventing
workplace
harassment
.
All
employees
must
attend
annual
training
on
preventing
workplace
harassment
.
Legal
sense
developed
in
the
late
20th
century
alongside
civil
rights
laws
that
protected
workers
from
discriminatory
treatment
.
accomplishment
noun
something
successful
that
you
have
done
after
a
lot
of
effort
or
skill
•
Running
a
full
marathon
was
a
major
accomplishment
for
Maria
.
Running
a
full
marathon
was
a
major
accomplishment
for
Maria
.
•
Finishing
the
project
ahead
of
schedule
was
a
real
accomplishment
for
the
team
.
Finishing
the
project
ahead
of
schedule
was
a
real
accomplishment
for
the
team
.
noun
the
act
of
completing
or
achieving
something
•
The
accomplishment
of
the
bridge
took
five
years
of
hard
work
.
The
accomplishment
of
the
bridge
took
five
years
of
hard
work
.
•
Careful
planning
made
the
accomplishment
of
their
goals
easier
.
Careful
planning
made
the
accomplishment
of
their
goals
easier
.
noun
a
skill
or
ability
that
someone
has
learned
and
is
proud
of
•
Playing
the
violin
is
an
accomplishment
she
is
proud
of
.
Playing
the
violin
is
an
accomplishment
she
is
proud
of
.
•
Good
handwriting
was
once
considered
an
important
accomplishment
for
young
ladies
.
Good
handwriting
was
once
considered
an
important
accomplishment
for
young
ladies
.
businessman
noun
-
businessman
,
businessmen
a
man
whose
job
is
to
work
in
commerce
,
especially
one
who
owns
,
manages
,
or
has
an
important
position
in
a
company
•
The
businessman
shook
hands
with
his
new
partners
after
signing
the
contract
.
The
businessman
shook
hands
with
his
new
partners
after
signing
the
contract
.
•
At
the
airport
lounge
,
a
tired
businessman
checked
his
laptop
while
waiting
for
the
evening
flight
.
At
the
airport
lounge
,
a
tired
businessman
checked
his
laptop
while
waiting
for
the
evening
flight
.
formed
in
the
early
19th
century
by
combining
business
+
man
,
following
earlier
compounds
like
tradesman
.
disappointment
noun
a
feeling
of
sadness
or
unhappiness
because
something
did
not
happen
as
hoped
or
expected
•
When
her
flight
was
cancelled
at
the
last
minute
,
Maria
felt
overwhelming
disappointment
.
When
her
flight
was
cancelled
at
the
last
minute
,
Maria
felt
overwhelming
disappointment
.
•
The
team
walked
off
the
field
in
silent
disappointment
after
losing
the
championship
match
.
The
team
walked
off
the
field
in
silent
disappointment
after
losing
the
championship
match
.
from
Middle
French
'desapointement'
,
originally
“
the
act
of
removing
from
office
,”
later
“
frustration
of
expectations
”,
formed
from
'disappoint'
+
'-ment'
noun
something
or
someone
that
fails
to
satisfy
hopes
or
expectations
•
The
highly
advertised
movie
turned
out
to
be
a
huge
disappointment
.
The
highly
advertised
movie
turned
out
to
be
a
huge
disappointment
.
•
For
his
parents
,
failing
the
exam
was
his
greatest
disappointment
.
For
his
parents
,
failing
the
exam
was
his
greatest
disappointment
.
same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
evolving
to
refer
to
the
person
or
thing
causing
the
feeling
developmental
adjective
connected
with
the
natural
growth
and
change
that
happen
as
a
person
,
animal
,
or
plant
gets
older
•
The
pediatrician
checked
the
baby's
developmental
milestones
during
the
visit
.
The
pediatrician
checked
the
baby's
developmental
milestones
during
the
visit
.
•
Playing
with
blocks
helps
improve
fine
motor
skills
at
this
early
developmental
stage
.
Playing
with
blocks
helps
improve
fine
motor
skills
at
this
early
developmental
stage
.
Derived
from
development
+
-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
to
describe
processes
of
growth
.
adjective
describing
an
early
or
experimental
version
created
to
test
or
refine
a
product
,
idea
,
or
process
•
The
startup
showcased
a
developmental
prototype
of
its
solar-powered
drone
.
The
startup
showcased
a
developmental
prototype
of
its
solar-powered
drone
.
•
This
drug
is
still
in
the
developmental
stage
and
has
not
entered
clinical
trials
yet
.
This
drug
is
still
in
the
developmental
stage
and
has
not
entered
clinical
trials
yet
.
Extended
from
sense
referring
to
growth
;
applied
to
products
and
technology
in
the
mid-20th
century
to
mean
‘
still
being
developed
’.
placement
noun
the
act
of
putting
or
arranging
something
in
a
particular
position
•
The
careful
placement
of
the
vase
in
the
center
of
the
table
made
the
whole
room
look
elegant
.
The
careful
placement
of
the
vase
in
the
center
of
the
table
made
the
whole
room
look
elegant
.
•
A
builder
checked
the
placement
of
each
brick
with
a
level
before
adding
the
next
layer
.
A
builder
checked
the
placement
of
each
brick
with
a
level
before
adding
the
next
layer
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
place
+
-ment
,
modelled
on
French
placement
.
noun
the
act
of
assigning
someone
to
a
particular
job
or
position
•
After
college
,
he
found
placement
in
a
large
accounting
firm
.
After
college
,
he
found
placement
in
a
large
accounting
firm
.
•
The
recruitment
agency
guarantees
placement
for
all
successful
trainees
.
The
recruitment
agency
guarantees
placement
for
all
successful
trainees
.
noun
a
period
of
practical
work
experience
,
especially
for
students
,
in
a
workplace
related
to
their
field
of
study
•
As
part
of
the
course
,
students
do
a
six-month
placement
with
a
local
company
.
As
part
of
the
course
,
students
do
a
six-month
placement
with
a
local
company
.
•
During
her
placement
at
a
radio
station
,
she
learned
how
to
edit
interviews
.
During
her
placement
at
a
radio
station
,
she
learned
how
to
edit
interviews
.
noun
the
act
of
arranging
for
someone
,
especially
a
child
,
to
live
with
a
particular
family
or
in
a
specific
care
situation
•
The
social
worker
arranged
the
child
’
s
placement
with
a
loving
foster
family
.
The
social
worker
arranged
the
child
’
s
placement
with
a
loving
foster
family
.
•
Emergency
placement
was
needed
after
the
storm
damaged
the
orphanage
.
Emergency
placement
was
needed
after
the
storm
damaged
the
orphanage
.
noun
the
practice
of
showing
or
using
a
brand's
product
in
a
film
,
TV
show
,
or
other
media
as
a
subtle
advertisement
•
The
movie
’
s
obvious
placement
of
the
sports
drink
annoyed
some
viewers
.
The
movie
’
s
obvious
placement
of
the
sports
drink
annoyed
some
viewers
.
•
Clever
placement
of
the
smartphone
in
the
drama
boosted
sales
overnight
.
Clever
placement
of
the
smartphone
in
the
drama
boosted
sales
overnight
.
monument
noun
a
statue
,
building
,
or
other
large
structure
built
to
honor
and
remember
a
famous
person
,
group
,
or
event
•
Tourists
lined
up
to
take
photos
of
the
monument
to
the
city's
founders
.
Tourists
lined
up
to
take
photos
of
the
monument
to
the
city's
founders
.
•
Every
year
,
veterans
gather
at
the
war
monument
to
lay
wreaths
.
Every
year
,
veterans
gather
at
the
war
monument
to
lay
wreaths
.
From
Latin
monumentum
“
reminder
,
memorial
,
monument
,”
from
monere
“
to
remind
.”
noun
a
building
,
place
,
or
natural
feature
that
is
officially
protected
because
of
its
historical
,
cultural
,
or
environmental
importance
•
The
ancient
temple
was
declared
a
national
monument
in
1985
.
The
ancient
temple
was
declared
a
national
monument
in
1985
.
•
Visitors
must
buy
a
ticket
before
entering
the
protected
monument
.
Visitors
must
buy
a
ticket
before
entering
the
protected
monument
.
noun
something
lasting
,
such
as
a
book
or
achievement
,
that
serves
as
a
permanent
reminder
of
a
person
,
idea
,
or
period
•
Her
groundbreaking
research
is
a
monument
to
human
curiosity
.
Her
groundbreaking
research
is
a
monument
to
human
curiosity
.
•
The
novel
remains
a
lasting
monument
to
the
struggles
of
that
era
.
The
novel
remains
a
lasting
monument
to
the
struggles
of
that
era
.
noun
a
fixed
stone
or
metal
marker
placed
by
surveyors
to
show
a
land
boundary
or
reference
point
•
The
property
line
is
marked
by
a
small
concrete
monument
at
the
corner
of
the
lot
.
The
property
line
is
marked
by
a
small
concrete
monument
at
the
corner
of
the
lot
.
•
Surveyors
set
a
bronze
monument
on
the
mountaintop
as
a
reference
point
.
Surveyors
set
a
bronze
monument
on
the
mountaintop
as
a
reference
point
.
testament
noun
a
legal
document
in
which
a
person
says
how
their
money
and
property
should
be
given
away
after
they
die
•
After
her
grandmother
passed
away
,
the
testament
revealed
that
she
had
left
the
farmhouse
to
a
local
animal
shelter
.
After
her
grandmother
passed
away
,
the
testament
revealed
that
she
had
left
the
farmhouse
to
a
local
animal
shelter
.
•
The
family
gathered
in
the
dining
room
while
the
attorney
read
their
late
uncle
’
s
testament
.
The
family
gathered
in
the
dining
room
while
the
attorney
read
their
late
uncle
’
s
testament
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
testamentum
‘
a
will
’,
literally
‘
something
witnessed
’,
from
testari
‘
to
testify
’.
noun
clear
proof
or
strong
evidence
that
a
particular
fact
,
quality
,
or
achievement
is
real
•
The
packed
concert
hall
was
a
testament
to
the
band
’
s
worldwide
popularity
.
The
packed
concert
hall
was
a
testament
to
the
band
’
s
worldwide
popularity
.
•
His
flawless
presentation
served
as
a
testament
to
months
of
hard
work
and
rehearsal
.
His
flawless
presentation
served
as
a
testament
to
months
of
hard
work
and
rehearsal
.
Extended
figurative
use
from
the
legal
sense
of
‘
testament
’,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
Testament
noun
either
of
the
two
main
parts
of
the
Christian
Bible
:
the
Old
Testament
or
the
New
Testament
•
Many
Christians
read
a
passage
from
the
New
Testament
every
morning
.
Many
Christians
read
a
passage
from
the
New
Testament
every
morning
.
•
The
Old
Testament
contains
stories
that
are
thousands
of
years
old
.
The
Old
Testament
contains
stories
that
are
thousands
of
years
old
.
From
Latin
testamentum
‘
covenant
’,
used
in
the
Latin
Bible
to
translate
Hebrew
berith
‘
covenant
’.