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π
of
preposition
showing
that
something
belongs
to
or
is
connected
with
someone
or
something
β’
The
cover
of
the
book
was
bright
red
.
The
cover
of
the
book
was
bright
red
.
β’
Maria
is
a
friend
of
my
sister
.
Maria
is
a
friend
of
my
sister
.
often
adverb
-
often
,
oftener
,
oftenest
many
times
or
on
many
occasions
β’
I
often
walk
to
work
instead
of
taking
the
bus
.
I
often
walk
to
work
instead
of
taking
the
bus
.
β’
They
often
go
camping
in
the
mountains
during
summer
.
They
often
go
camping
in
the
mountains
during
summer
.
Old
English
β
oft
β
meaning
β
frequently
,β
with
the
βen
suffix
added
in
Middle
English
for
adverbial
use
.
office
noun
a
room
,
set
of
rooms
,
or
building
where
people
do
desk
or
administrative
work
β’
Mia
arrives
at
her
office
every
morning
at
eight
o'clock
.
Mia
arrives
at
her
office
every
morning
at
eight
o'clock
.
β’
During
the
summer
,
the
office
gets
comfortably
cool
thanks
to
the
air-conditioning
.
During
the
summer
,
the
office
gets
comfortably
cool
thanks
to
the
air-conditioning
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
β
office
,β
from
Latin
β
officium
β
meaning
β
service
,
duty
β.
noun
a
position
or
role
with
official
duties
,
especially
in
government
or
an
organization
β’
After
the
election
,
she
took
office
as
the
country's
first
female
mayor
.
After
the
election
,
she
took
office
as
the
country's
first
female
mayor
.
β’
He
hopes
to
run
for
office
when
he
turns
thirty
.
He
hopes
to
run
for
office
when
he
turns
thirty
.
Same
Latin
root
β
officium
β
also
gave
the
sense
of
a
role
or
duty
carried
out
for
the
state
or
community
.
noun
a
department
or
agency
of
a
government
or
large
organization
that
deals
with
a
particular
kind
of
work
β’
You
can
renew
your
passport
at
the
passport
office
in
the
city
center
.
You
can
renew
your
passport
at
the
passport
office
in
the
city
center
.
β’
The
tourist
office
gave
us
a
free
map
of
the
town
.
The
tourist
office
gave
us
a
free
map
of
the
town
.
This
sense
developed
as
specific
branches
of
authority
took
on
specialized
duties
,
each
known
as
an
β
office
.β
off
preposition
moving
away
from
or
down
from
a
place
,
surface
,
or
object
β’
The
cat
jumped
off
the
table
.
The
cat
jumped
off
the
table
.
β’
Please
take
your
feet
off
the
chair
.
Please
take
your
feet
off
the
chair
.
adverb
in
a
state
of
not
operating
because
power
or
supply
has
been
stopped
β’
The
lights
are
off
while
we
watch
the
movie
.
The
lights
are
off
while
we
watch
the
movie
.
β’
Turn
the
tap
off
when
you
finish
.
Turn
the
tap
off
when
you
finish
.
adverb
leaving
or
starting
a
journey
or
activity
β’
I
β
m
off
to
the
gym
now
.
I
β
m
off
to
the
gym
now
.
β’
We
set
off
early
to
avoid
traffic
.
We
set
off
early
to
avoid
traffic
.
adverb
showing
a
reduction
in
the
regular
price
β’
All
shoes
are
30%
off
this
weekend
.
All
shoes
are
30%
off
this
weekend
.
β’
The
coupon
takes
five
dollars
off
your
bill
.
The
coupon
takes
five
dollars
off
your
bill
.
adjective
(
of
food
or
drink
)
spoiled
and
no
longer
safe
to
eat
or
drink
β’
The
milk
smells
off
,
so
pour
it
away
.
The
milk
smells
off
,
so
pour
it
away
.
β’
We
threw
the
chicken
out
because
it
looked
off
.
We
threw
the
chicken
out
because
it
looked
off
.
adjective
strange
,
wrong
,
or
not
quite
right
β’
Something
felt
off
about
his
story
.
Something
felt
off
about
his
story
.
β’
The
colors
on
the
screen
look
a
bit
off
.
The
colors
on
the
screen
look
a
bit
off
.
preposition
located
near
but
not
directly
on
something
β’
They
live
just
off
the
main
road
.
They
live
just
off
the
main
road
.
β’
The
island
lies
twenty
miles
off
the
coast
.
The
island
lies
twenty
miles
off
the
coast
.
offer
verb
to
present
something
to
someone
so
they
can
accept
or
refuse
it
β’
She
offered
her
seat
to
the
elderly
man
on
the
crowded
bus
.
She
offered
her
seat
to
the
elderly
man
on
the
crowded
bus
.
β’
At
the
picnic
,
the
boy
politely
offered
his
last
slice
of
watermelon
to
his
friend
.
At
the
picnic
,
the
boy
politely
offered
his
last
slice
of
watermelon
to
his
friend
.
Old
English
offrian
,
from
Latin
offerre
β
to
present
,
bring
before
β.
noun
a
special
price
or
deal
that
lets
you
buy
something
more
cheaply
than
usual
β’
The
supermarket
had
a
β
buy
one
get
one
free
β
offer
on
cereal
this
week
.
The
supermarket
had
a
β
buy
one
get
one
free
β
offer
on
cereal
this
week
.
β’
I
found
a
great
holiday
offer
online
that
includes
flights
and
hotels
.
I
found
a
great
holiday
offer
online
that
includes
flights
and
hotels
.
Commercial
sense
developed
in
the
20th
century
as
marketing
language
for
discounts
.
verb
to
say
you
are
willing
to
do
or
give
something
β’
He
offered
to
carry
the
heavy
suitcase
up
the
stairs
.
He
offered
to
carry
the
heavy
suitcase
up
the
stairs
.
β’
Maria
offered
to
stay
late
at
the
office
to
finish
the
report
.
Maria
offered
to
stay
late
at
the
office
to
finish
the
report
.
Developed
from
the
earlier
sense
of
β
presenting
something
β,
extending
to
the
speaker
β
s
willingness
.
verb
to
provide
or
make
something
available
β’
The
museum
offers
guided
tours
in
several
languages
.
The
museum
offers
guided
tours
in
several
languages
.
β’
This
smartphone
offers
twelve
hours
of
battery
life
on
a
single
charge
.
This
smartphone
offers
twelve
hours
of
battery
life
on
a
single
charge
.
Sense
broadened
in
the
19th
century
to
describe
services
and
opportunities
made
available
.
noun
a
proposal
to
give
something
or
to
do
something
,
waiting
for
acceptance
β’
They
accepted
the
job
offer
within
an
hour
.
They
accepted
the
job
offer
within
an
hour
.
β’
The
buyer
β
s
first
offer
on
the
house
was
too
low
.
The
buyer
β
s
first
offer
on
the
house
was
too
low
.
Derived
from
the
verb
use
,
first
recorded
as
a
noun
meaning
β
proposal
β
in
the
late
16th
century
.
official
adjective
coming
from
,
approved
by
,
or
representing
a
person
or
group
that
has
formal
power
or
authority
β’
The
company
released
an
official
statement
about
the
merger
.
The
company
released
an
official
statement
about
the
merger
.
β’
Only
documents
with
an
official
stamp
are
accepted
at
the
embassy
.
Only
documents
with
an
official
stamp
are
accepted
at
the
embassy
.
adjective
connected
to
the
duties
,
events
,
or
things
someone
does
as
part
of
their
job
or
position
,
not
their
private
life
β’
Her
official
title
is
β
Chief
Financial
Officer
.β
Her
official
title
is
β
Chief
Financial
Officer
.β
β’
During
an
official
visit
to
Japan
,
the
president
met
the
emperor
.
During
an
official
visit
to
Japan
,
the
president
met
the
emperor
.
noun
a
person
who
holds
an
important
job
in
a
government
,
organization
,
or
sporting
event
and
has
the
power
to
make
decisions
β’
A
city
official
inspected
the
restaurant
β
s
kitchen
.
A
city
official
inspected
the
restaurant
β
s
kitchen
.
β’
The
soccer
official
blew
the
whistle
to
start
the
match
.
The
soccer
official
blew
the
whistle
to
start
the
match
.
officer
noun
a
member
of
the
police
who
has
official
authority
to
enforce
the
law
β’
Two
officers
stood
at
the
crossroads
,
calmly
directing
traffic
.
Two
officers
stood
at
the
crossroads
,
calmly
directing
traffic
.
β’
The
officer
asked
to
see
my
driver's
license
.
The
officer
asked
to
see
my
driver's
license
.
Middle
English
:
from
Anglo-Norman
French
,
from
Old
French
oficier
,
based
on
Latin
officium
β
office
β.
noun
a
person
in
the
armed
forces
who
holds
a
position
of
authority
,
usually
obtained
by
a
commission
β’
The
naval
officer
gave
the
order
to
raise
the
anchor
.
The
naval
officer
gave
the
order
to
raise
the
anchor
.
β’
Cadets
dream
of
becoming
officers
after
graduation
.
Cadets
dream
of
becoming
officers
after
graduation
.
noun
a
person
with
an
important
position
and
responsibility
in
a
company
,
government
department
,
or
other
organization
β’
The
chief
financial
officer
presented
the
annual
report
to
shareholders
.
The
chief
financial
officer
presented
the
annual
report
to
shareholders
.
β’
As
a
safety
officer
,
she
checks
every
machine
each
morning
.
As
a
safety
officer
,
she
checks
every
machine
each
morning
.
verb
to
provide
with
officers
or
to
command
as
an
officer
β’
Experienced
captains
officer
the
training
vessel
each
summer
.
Experienced
captains
officer
the
training
vessel
each
summer
.
β’
The
company
officered
the
project
with
seasoned
managers
.
The
company
officered
the
project
with
seasoned
managers
.
offense
noun
an
action
that
breaks
the
law
;
a
crime
.
β’
Shoplifting
is
a
minor
offense
but
can
still
lead
to
a
fine
.
Shoplifting
is
a
minor
offense
but
can
still
lead
to
a
fine
.
β’
Driving
under
the
influence
is
a
serious
offense
in
every
state
.
Driving
under
the
influence
is
a
serious
offense
in
every
state
.
From
Old
French
offense
,
from
Latin
offensa
meaning
β
a
striking
against
β.
noun
words
or
behavior
that
upset
or
insult
someone
;
the
feeling
of
being
hurt
by
them
.
β’
I
meant
no
offense
by
my
comment
.
I
meant
no
offense
by
my
comment
.
β’
He
took
offense
at
the
joke
and
left
the
room
.
He
took
offense
at
the
joke
and
left
the
room
.
Extended
from
the
legal
sense
to
emotional
hurt
in
the
14th
century
.
noun
the
group
of
players
or
tactics
used
to
attack
and
score
points
in
a
sport
or
game
.
β’
The
team's
offense
scored
three
touchdowns
in
the
first
quarter
.
The
team's
offense
scored
three
touchdowns
in
the
first
quarter
.
β’
Our
new
coach
focuses
on
a
fast-paced
offense
.
Our
new
coach
focuses
on
a
fast-paced
offense
.
Sports
sense
developed
in
American
English
in
the
late
19th
century
from
military
use
meaning
β
attacking
force
β.
offence
noun
an
action
that
breaks
the
law
;
a
crime
.
β’
Shoplifting
is
a
minor
offence
but
can
still
lead
to
a
fine
.
Shoplifting
is
a
minor
offence
but
can
still
lead
to
a
fine
.
β’
Drink-driving
is
a
serious
offence
in
the
UK
.
Drink-driving
is
a
serious
offence
in
the
UK
.
From
Old
French
offense
,
later
adapted
in
British
spelling
to
offence
.
noun
words
or
behaviour
that
upset
or
insult
someone
;
the
feeling
of
being
hurt
by
them
.
β’
I
meant
no
offence
by
what
I
said
.
I
meant
no
offence
by
what
I
said
.
β’
She
took
offence
at
his
remarks
about
her
accent
.
She
took
offence
at
his
remarks
about
her
accent
.
Parallel
development
in
British
English
following
the
legal
sense
.
noun
the
group
of
players
or
tactics
used
to
attack
and
score
points
in
a
sport
or
game
.
β’
The
team's
offence
dominated
throughout
the
match
.
The
team's
offence
dominated
throughout
the
match
.
β’
Their
coach
prefers
a
possession-based
offence
.
Their
coach
prefers
a
possession-based
offence
.
Borrowed
from
American
sporting
terminology
, β
offence
β
entered
UK
sports
writing
in
the
20th
century
.
offensive
adjective
rude
or
insulting
in
a
way
that
makes
people
feel
hurt
,
angry
,
or
upset
β’
Many
people
found
his
joke
deeply
offensive
.
Many
people
found
his
joke
deeply
offensive
.
β’
Please
avoid
using
offensive
language
in
the
classroom
.
Please
avoid
using
offensive
language
in
the
classroom
.
From
Middle
French
offensif
,
from
Latin
offendere
β
to
strike
against
,
to
displease
.β
adjective
designed
for
attacking
rather
than
defending
,
especially
in
war
or
sports
β’
The
army
prepared
an
offensive
operation
to
capture
the
bridge
.
The
army
prepared
an
offensive
operation
to
capture
the
bridge
.
β’
Our
football
coach
prefers
an
offensive
style
with
quick
passes
.
Our
football
coach
prefers
an
offensive
style
with
quick
passes
.
noun
the
part
of
a
sports
team
or
its
strategy
that
tries
to
score
points
or
goals
β’
Our
team's
offensive
struggled
against
their
strong
defense
.
Our
team's
offensive
struggled
against
their
strong
defense
.
β’
The
coach
redesigned
the
offensive
to
create
more
scoring
chances
.
The
coach
redesigned
the
offensive
to
create
more
scoring
chances
.
noun
a
large
planned
military
attack
against
an
enemy
β’
The
winter
offensive
caught
the
enemy
by
surprise
.
The
winter
offensive
caught
the
enemy
by
surprise
.
β’
They
delayed
the
offensive
until
reinforcements
arrived
.
They
delayed
the
offensive
until
reinforcements
arrived
.
officially
adverb
in
a
way
that
has
formal
approval
or
authority
,
as
recorded
or
announced
by
an
official
body
β’
The
city
officially
opened
its
new
bridge
with
a
ribbon-cutting
ceremony
.
The
city
officially
opened
its
new
bridge
with
a
ribbon-cutting
ceremony
.
β’
She
became
an
adult
officially
when
she
turned
eighteen
and
received
her
national
ID
card
.
She
became
an
adult
officially
when
she
turned
eighteen
and
received
her
national
ID
card
.
adverb
used
informally
to
emphasize
that
something
is
completely
or
definitely
true
or
decided
β’
I
am
officially
exhausted
after
running
that
marathon
.
I
am
officially
exhausted
after
running
that
marathon
.
β’
They
were
officially
the
last
people
to
leave
the
party
at
dawn
.
They
were
officially
the
last
people
to
leave
the
party
at
dawn
.
offering
noun
a
gift
presented
to
a
deity
,
spirit
,
or
sacred
place
as
a
sign
of
respect
,
thanks
,
or
request
β’
During
the
harvest
festival
,
villagers
laid
baskets
of
rice
as
an
offering
at
the
shrine
.
During
the
harvest
festival
,
villagers
laid
baskets
of
rice
as
an
offering
at
the
shrine
.
β’
The
priest
burned
incense
over
the
golden
bowl
that
held
the
sacred
offering
.
The
priest
burned
incense
over
the
golden
bowl
that
held
the
sacred
offering
.
noun
a
product
or
service
that
a
company
,
artist
,
or
organization
makes
available
for
people
to
buy
or
experience
β’
The
carmaker
β
s
newest
electric
SUV
is
its
most
impressive
offering
to
date
.
The
carmaker
β
s
newest
electric
SUV
is
its
most
impressive
offering
to
date
.
β’
Streaming
services
compete
by
adding
more
original
movies
to
their
content
offering
.
Streaming
services
compete
by
adding
more
original
movies
to
their
content
offering
.
noun
the
act
of
presenting
or
proposing
something
such
as
help
,
money
,
or
ideas
to
someone
β’
His
generous
offering
of
time
showed
how
much
he
cared
about
the
community
project
.
His
generous
offering
of
time
showed
how
much
he
cared
about
the
community
project
.
β’
At
the
meeting
,
Clara
β
s
offering
of
new
marketing
ideas
impressed
the
entire
team
.
At
the
meeting
,
Clara
β
s
offering
of
new
marketing
ideas
impressed
the
entire
team
.
noun
a
sale
of
a
company
β
s
shares
or
other
securities
to
the
public
,
especially
for
the
first
time
β’
Investors
rushed
to
buy
stock
during
the
company
β
s
initial
public
offering
.
Investors
rushed
to
buy
stock
during
the
company
β
s
initial
public
offering
.
β’
The
secondary
offering
helped
the
firm
raise
funds
for
overseas
expansion
.
The
secondary
offering
helped
the
firm
raise
funds
for
overseas
expansion
.
offend
verb
-
offend
,
offending
,
offends
,
offended
to
make
someone
feel
upset
,
annoyed
,
or
hurt
β’
I
didn't
mean
to
offend
you
with
my
joke
.
I
didn't
mean
to
offend
you
with
my
joke
.
β’
His
rude
comments
offended
everyone
at
the
meeting
.
His
rude
comments
offended
everyone
at
the
meeting
.
From
Latin
offendere
β
to
strike
against
,
displease
β.
verb
-
offend
,
offending
,
offends
,
offended
to
break
a
law
or
rule
;
to
commit
an
illegal
act
β’
Young
people
who
first
offend
often
receive
a
warning
instead
of
a
fine
.
Young
people
who
first
offend
often
receive
a
warning
instead
of
a
fine
.
β’
She
promised
the
judge
she
would
never
offend
again
.
She
promised
the
judge
she
would
never
offend
again
.
Legal
sense
developed
in
English
during
the
14th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
β
striking
against
β
to
β
striking
against
the
law
β.
verb
-
offend
,
offending
,
offends
,
offended
to
be
very
unpleasant
to
someone's
senses
or
moral
feelings
β’
The
factory
β
s
smoke
offended
the
villagers
β
sense
of
smell
.
The
factory
β
s
smoke
offended
the
villagers
β
sense
of
smell
.
β’
The
neon
sign
was
so
bright
it
seemed
to
offend
the
night
sky
.
The
neon
sign
was
so
bright
it
seemed
to
offend
the
night
sky
.
Extended
figurative
use
from
15th
century
,
applying
β
striking
against
β
to
senses
and
morals
.
offender
noun
a
person
who
commits
a
crime
or
breaks
the
law
β’
The
offender
was
arrested
shortly
after
leaving
the
store
.
The
offender
was
arrested
shortly
after
leaving
the
store
.
β’
First-time
offenders
often
receive
lighter
sentences
than
repeat
criminals
.
First-time
offenders
often
receive
lighter
sentences
than
repeat
criminals
.
From
offend
+β
-er
,
recorded
in
English
since
the
15th
century
.
noun
someone
or
something
that
causes
trouble
,
annoyance
,
or
a
problem
β’
When
the
computer
crashed
,
we
discovered
the
real
offender
was
a
loose
cable
.
When
the
computer
crashed
,
we
discovered
the
real
offender
was
a
loose
cable
.
β’
In
his
messy
room
,
the
smelly
shoes
were
the
main
offender
.
In
his
messy
room
,
the
smelly
shoes
were
the
main
offender
.
Extended
figurative
sense
recorded
since
the
19th
century
,
applying
the
idea
of
a
criminal
to
anything
causing
a
problem
.
professor
noun
a
teacher
at
a
college
or
university
,
especially
one
who
holds
the
highest
academic
rank
and
also
does
research
β’
After
class
,
the
professor
stayed
to
answer
the
students'
questions
.
After
class
,
the
professor
stayed
to
answer
the
students'
questions
.
β’
The
professor
published
a
new
paper
on
climate
change
.
The
professor
published
a
new
paper
on
climate
change
.
from
Latin
"
professor
"
meaning
"
one
who
declares
publicly
,"
later
"
person
who
teaches
a
branch
of
knowledge
"
Professor
noun
-
Professor
a
respectful
title
placed
before
someone's
last
name
to
show
that
the
person
is
a
professor
β’
Professor
Chen
will
chair
the
meeting
at
noon
.
Professor
Chen
will
chair
the
meeting
at
noon
.
β’
We
invited
Professor
Adams
to
deliver
the
commencement
speech
.
We
invited
Professor
Adams
to
deliver
the
commencement
speech
.
title
use
started
in
the
18th
century
,
capitalized
before
a
name
coffee
noun
a
hot
or
cold
drink
made
by
passing
water
through
ground
roasted
coffee
beans
β’
I
like
to
drink
coffee
every
morning
to
wake
up
.
I
like
to
drink
coffee
every
morning
to
wake
up
.
β’
Would
you
like
a
cup
of
coffee
with
your
dessert
?
Would
you
like
a
cup
of
coffee
with
your
dessert
?
From
Arabic
β
qahwa
β
through
Turkish
β
kahve
β
and
Italian
β
caffè
,β
entering
English
in
the
16th
century
.
noun
the
roasted
beans
or
brown
powder
from
the
coffee
plant
that
are
used
to
make
the
drink
β’
We
ground
fresh
coffee
for
the
guests
.
We
ground
fresh
coffee
for
the
guests
.
β’
The
kitchen
smelled
of
roasted
coffee
and
cinnamon
.
The
kitchen
smelled
of
roasted
coffee
and
cinnamon
.
noun
an
informal
meeting
or
short
break
when
people
get
together
to
talk
,
usually
while
drinking
coffee
β’
Let's
meet
for
coffee
after
class
.
Let's
meet
for
coffee
after
class
.
β’
Our
manager
called
the
team
to
a
quick
coffee
at
10
a
.
m
.
Our
manager
called
the
team
to
a
quick
coffee
at
10
a
.
m
.
noun
-
coffee
a
dark
brown
colour
that
looks
like
the
drink
β’
He
painted
the
wall
a
warm
shade
of
coffee
.
He
painted
the
wall
a
warm
shade
of
coffee
.
β’
The
designer
chose
a
coffee
sofa
for
the
living
room
.
The
designer
chose
a
coffee
sofa
for
the
living
room
.
software
noun
-
software
the
programs
,
apps
,
and
other
digital
instructions
that
tell
a
computer
or
electronic
device
what
to
do
β’
I
installed
new
software
to
edit
my
vacation
photos
.
I
installed
new
software
to
edit
my
vacation
photos
.
β’
The
company
updates
its
security
software
every
week
to
protect
customers
β
data
.
The
company
updates
its
security
software
every
week
to
protect
customers
β
data
.
Coined
in
the
late
1940s
by
analogy
with
hardware
:
soft
(
not
physical
)
+
ware
(
products
or
goods
).
Originally
referred
to
punched
cards
and
later
to
digital
programs
.
soft
adjective
-
soft
,
softer
,
softest
easy
to
press
,
bend
,
or
cut
;
not
hard
or
firm
β’
The
puppy's
fur
felt
soft
against
Mia's
cheek
.
The
puppy's
fur
felt
soft
against
Mia's
cheek
.
β’
After
soaking
in
water
,
the
clay
became
soft
and
easy
to
shape
.
After
soaking
in
water
,
the
clay
became
soft
and
easy
to
shape
.
Old
English
β
sΕfte
β,
meaning
gentle
or
easily
yielding
,
related
to
German
β
sacht
β.
adjective
-
soft
,
softer
,
softest
gentle
and
not
loud
,
bright
,
or
harsh
β’
She
played
a
soft
melody
on
the
piano
as
the
baby
slept
.
She
played
a
soft
melody
on
the
piano
as
the
baby
slept
.
β’
Morning
sunlight
cast
a
soft
glow
over
the
beach
.
Morning
sunlight
cast
a
soft
glow
over
the
beach
.
adjective
-
soft
,
softer
,
softest
not
strict
,
severe
,
or
tough
;
kind
or
lenient
β’
Mr
.
Reed
is
soft
on
late
homework
and
often
gives
extra
time
.
Mr
.
Reed
is
soft
on
late
homework
and
often
gives
extra
time
.
β’
The
coach
took
a
soft
approach
,
focusing
on
fun
rather
than
winning
.
The
coach
took
a
soft
approach
,
focusing
on
fun
rather
than
winning
.
profit
noun
money
that
you
gain
when
what
you
earn
is
greater
than
what
you
spend
β’
The
company
made
a
record
profit
last
year
after
launching
its
new
product
line
.
The
company
made
a
record
profit
last
year
after
launching
its
new
product
line
.
β’
If
you
sell
the
house
for
more
than
you
paid
,
the
difference
is
your
profit
.
If
you
sell
the
house
for
more
than
you
paid
,
the
difference
is
your
profit
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
*profit*
,
from
Latin
*prΕfectus*
"
advance
,
gain
",
from
*prΕficere*
"
to
advance
".
noun
a
useful
advantage
or
benefit
β’
There
is
little
profit
in
arguing
over
minor
details
.
There
is
little
profit
in
arguing
over
minor
details
.
β’
Reading
widely
brings
great
profit
to
the
mind
.
Reading
widely
brings
great
profit
to
the
mind
.
verb
-
profit
,
profiting
,
profits
,
profited
to
earn
money
or
receive
a
financial
gain
β’
Smart
investors
profit
when
the
stock
market
rises
.
Smart
investors
profit
when
the
stock
market
rises
.
β’
The
cafΓ©
profited
greatly
after
it
started
selling
breakfast
.
The
cafΓ©
profited
greatly
after
it
started
selling
breakfast
.
verb
-
profit
,
profiting
,
profits
,
profited
to
give
an
advantage
or
be
useful
to
someone
or
something
β’
The
extra
practice
will
profit
you
when
the
real
exam
comes
.
The
extra
practice
will
profit
you
when
the
real
exam
comes
.
β’
Clear
instructions
profit
the
whole
team
.
Clear
instructions
profit
the
whole
team
.
proof
noun
facts
or
information
that
show
something
is
true
or
real
β’
The
fingerprints
on
the
glass
were
clear
proof
that
the
burglar
had
been
inside
.
The
fingerprints
on
the
glass
were
clear
proof
that
the
burglar
had
been
inside
.
β’
Do
you
have
any
proof
that
the
package
was
mailed
last
week
?
Do
you
have
any
proof
that
the
package
was
mailed
last
week
?
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
β
preve
β,
from
Latin
β
proba
β
meaning
β
test
β.
adjective
able
to
resist
or
not
be
harmed
by
something
,
especially
water
,
fire
,
or
bullets
β’
The
safe
is
fire-proof
and
can
protect
documents
during
a
blaze
.
The
safe
is
fire-proof
and
can
protect
documents
during
a
blaze
.
β’
She
bought
a
water-proof
jacket
for
the
hiking
trip
.
She
bought
a
water-proof
jacket
for
the
hiking
trip
.
Extension
of
the
noun
sense
β
test
β:
something
that
has
passed
the
test
is
β
proof
β
against
it
.
noun
a
preliminary
printed
copy
of
a
text
or
photo
made
so
that
mistakes
can
be
found
and
fixed
β’
The
editor
marked
the
first
proof
with
bright
red
ink
.
The
editor
marked
the
first
proof
with
bright
red
ink
.
β’
Please
read
the
page
proofs
carefully
before
we
go
to
press
.
Please
read
the
page
proofs
carefully
before
we
go
to
press
.
Use
in
printing
dates
from
the
1600s
,
when
trial
sheets
were
pulled
from
a
press
to
β
prove
β
type
was
set
correctly
.
noun
a
logical
set
of
steps
that
shows
a
mathematical
statement
must
be
true
β’
In
today
β
s
class
we
wrote
a
proof
for
the
Pythagorean
theorem
.
In
today
β
s
class
we
wrote
a
proof
for
the
Pythagorean
theorem
.
β’
A
rigorous
proof
leaves
no
room
for
doubt
or
guesswork
.
A
rigorous
proof
leaves
no
room
for
doubt
or
guesswork
.
The
idea
of
formal
mathematical
proof
was
developed
by
ancient
Greek
mathematicians
such
as
Euclid
.
noun
-
proof
a
number
showing
the
strength
of
an
alcoholic
drink
β’
The
rum
is
bottled
at
100
proof
,
making
it
quite
strong
.
The
rum
is
bottled
at
100
proof
,
making
it
quite
strong
.
β’
In
the
United
States
,
80
proof
spirits
are
common
in
stores
.
In
the
United
States
,
80
proof
spirits
are
common
in
stores
.
Derived
from
the
18th-century
practice
of
β
proving
β
spirits
by
mixing
them
with
gunpowder
to
test
flammability
β
if
it
ignited
,
the
spirit
was
β
above
proof
β.
verb
to
treat
or
cover
something
so
that
it
becomes
resistant
to
water
,
fire
,
etc
.
β’
We
need
to
proof
the
tent
before
our
camping
trip
.
We
need
to
proof
the
tent
before
our
camping
trip
.
β’
The
laboratory
proofed
the
fabric
against
chemical
spills
.
The
laboratory
proofed
the
fabric
against
chemical
spills
.
Verb
use
comes
from
the
idea
of
β
making
something
proof
ββ
ensuring
it
passes
a
test
of
resistance
.
verb
to
allow
bread
dough
to
rest
so
that
it
rises
before
baking
β’
Cover
the
bowl
and
let
the
dough
proof
for
an
hour
.
Cover
the
bowl
and
let
the
dough
proof
for
an
hour
.
β’
The
baker
proofed
the
baguette
dough
twice
for
better
texture
.
The
baker
proofed
the
baguette
dough
twice
for
better
texture
.
Baking
sense
arose
in
the
19th
century
from
β
prove
the
yeast
ββ
testing
that
it
was
active
by
letting
dough
rise
.
profile
noun
A
view
or
outline
of
a
person
β
s
face
,
head
,
or
another
object
seen
from
the
side
.
β’
The
artist
sketched
Maria
β
s
profile
as
she
gazed
out
the
window
.
The
artist
sketched
Maria
β
s
profile
as
she
gazed
out
the
window
.
β’
The
old
coin
shows
the
queen
β
s
profile
in
fine
detail
.
The
old
coin
shows
the
queen
β
s
profile
in
fine
detail
.
From
French
profil
,
based
on
Italian
profilo
β
outline
.β
noun
A
short
written
or
spoken
description
that
gives
key
facts
about
a
person
,
organization
,
or
subject
.
β’
The
magazine
ran
a
profile
of
the
young
inventor
in
its
latest
issue
.
The
magazine
ran
a
profile
of
the
young
inventor
in
its
latest
issue
.
β’
Before
the
interview
,
I
read
the
applicant
β
s
short
profile
.
Before
the
interview
,
I
read
the
applicant
β
s
short
profile
.
noun
A
collection
of
personal
information
and
settings
that
identifies
a
user
in
a
computer
system
or
online
service
.
β’
She
updated
her
social
media
profile
with
a
new
photo
.
She
updated
her
social
media
profile
with
a
new
photo
.
β’
To
play
the
game
online
,
you
must
create
a
user
profile
.
To
play
the
game
online
,
you
must
create
a
user
profile
.
noun
The
amount
of
public
attention
or
visibility
that
someone
or
something
has
.
β’
The
charity
β
s
profile
rose
after
the
television
campaign
.
The
charity
β
s
profile
rose
after
the
television
campaign
.
β’
The
actor
tries
to
keep
a
low
profile
when
he
is
not
filming
.
The
actor
tries
to
keep
a
low
profile
when
he
is
not
filming
.
verb
-
profile
,
profiling
,
profiles
,
profiled
To
write
about
or
present
the
most
important
facts
about
someone
or
something
.
β’
The
documentary
profiles
several
families
living
in
the
desert
.
The
documentary
profiles
several
families
living
in
the
desert
.
β’
The
newspaper
will
profile
the
mayor
in
Sunday
β
s
edition
.
The
newspaper
will
profile
the
mayor
in
Sunday
β
s
edition
.
verb
-
profile
,
profiling
,
profiles
,
profiled
To
collect
information
about
people
and
sort
them
into
categories
,
often
to
predict
behavior
,
sometimes
unfairly
.
β’
Some
stores
use
cameras
to
profile
shoppers
and
target
ads
.
Some
stores
use
cameras
to
profile
shoppers
and
target
ads
.
β’
Civil
rights
groups
warn
against
profiling
people
based
on
race
.
Civil
rights
groups
warn
against
profiling
people
based
on
race
.
roof
noun
the
structure
that
covers
the
top
of
a
building
or
vehicle
and
protects
the
inside
from
rain
,
sun
,
or
snow
β’
Heavy
rain
drummed
on
the
metal
roof
of
the
barn
.
Heavy
rain
drummed
on
the
metal
roof
of
the
barn
.
β’
They
climbed
onto
the
flat
roof
to
watch
the
fireworks
.
They
climbed
onto
the
flat
roof
to
watch
the
fireworks
.
Old
English
β
hrΕf
β
meaning
β
covering
β
or
β
ceiling
,β
related
to
German
β
Ruf
,β
originally
referring
to
any
overhead
covering
.
verb
to
put
or
build
a
roof
on
something
;
to
cover
the
top
of
a
building
β’
They
hired
experts
to
roof
the
new
house
with
solar
panels
.
They
hired
experts
to
roof
the
new
house
with
solar
panels
.
β’
The
shed
was
quickly
roofed
with
corrugated
sheets
before
the
storm
arrived
.
The
shed
was
quickly
roofed
with
corrugated
sheets
before
the
storm
arrived
.
Old
English
β
hrΕfian
,β
from
the
noun
β
roof
,β
meaning
β
to
provide
with
a
covering
above
.β
noun
a
maximum
level
or
limit
that
something
cannot
go
beyond
β’
The
government
set
a
roof
on
rent
increases
to
protect
tenants
.
The
government
set
a
roof
on
rent
increases
to
protect
tenants
.
β’
With
interest
rates
through the roof
,
many
families
struggle
to
buy
homes
.
With
interest
rates
through the roof
,
many
families
struggle
to
buy
homes
.
Extended
figurative
use
of
the
concrete
sense
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
20th
century
,
comparing
a
rising
quantity
to
something
hitting
a
building
β
s
roof
.
professional
noun
a
person
with
special
training
and
qualifications
who
does
a
skilled
job
as
their
main
paid
work
β’
The
hospital
hired
a
professional
to
maintain
its
computer
network
.
The
hospital
hired
a
professional
to
maintain
its
computer
network
.
β’
If
you
are
unsure
about
your
taxes
,
talk
to
a
financial
professional
.
If
you
are
unsure
about
your
taxes
,
talk
to
a
financial
professional
.
noun
a
person
who
earns
money
by
playing
a
sport
or
doing
an
activity
that
many
people
do
only
for
fun
β’
After
years
of
practice
,
Maya
finally
became
a
tennis
professional
.
After
years
of
practice
,
Maya
finally
became
a
tennis
professional
.
β’
The
golf
professional
gave
us
a
lesson
on
improving
our
swing
.
The
golf
professional
gave
us
a
lesson
on
improving
our
swing
.
adjective
connected
with
the
work
,
standards
,
or
rules
of
people
who
are
specially
trained
in
a
particular
job
β’
She
wore
a
suit
to
give
a
professional
presentation
to
the
clients
.
She
wore
a
suit
to
give
a
professional
presentation
to
the
clients
.
β’
The
company
is
seeking
professional
advice
before
expanding
overseas
.
The
company
is
seeking
professional
advice
before
expanding
overseas
.
adjective
done
as
a
paid
occupation
rather
than
as
a
hobby
β’
He
bought
a
high-end
camera
because
he
is
a
professional
photographer
.
He
bought
a
high-end
camera
because
he
is
a
professional
photographer
.
β’
The
town
invited
a
professional
chef
to
judge
the
cooking
contest
.
The
town
invited
a
professional
chef
to
judge
the
cooking
contest
.
adjective
showing
the
skill
,
care
,
and
responsible
behaviour
expected
in
paid
skilled
work
β’
Despite
the
noisy
crowd
,
the
actor
stayed
professional
on
stage
.
Despite
the
noisy
crowd
,
the
actor
stayed
professional
on
stage
.
β’
Her
email
was
short
,
clear
,
and
professional
.
Her
email
was
short
,
clear
,
and
professional
.
profession
noun
a
paid
job
or
career
that
needs
special
training
and
skills
β’
After
years
of
study
,
Maria
finally
entered
the
medical
profession
.
After
years
of
study
,
Maria
finally
entered
the
medical
profession
.
β’
Teaching
is
a
highly
rewarding
profession
for
people
who
love
helping
others
learn
.
Teaching
is
a
highly
rewarding
profession
for
people
who
love
helping
others
learn
.
Middle
English
:
from
Anglo-French
,
from
Latin
professio
(
n-
) β
public
declaration
,
occupation
β,
from
profiteri
β
declare
publicly
β.
noun
the
act
of
openly
stating
a
belief
,
feeling
,
or
intention
,
especially
in
public
β’
His
sudden
profession
of
love
surprised
everyone
at
the
party
.
His
sudden
profession
of
love
surprised
everyone
at
the
party
.
β’
The
monk
made
a
solemn
profession
of
his
vows
in
the
ancient
chapel
.
The
monk
made
a
solemn
profession
of
his
vows
in
the
ancient
chapel
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
evolving
from
the
idea
of
publicly
declaring
one
β
s
beliefs
.
playoff
noun
an
extra
series
of
games
held
after
the
regular
season
in
which
the
highest-ranked
teams
play
each
other
to
decide
the
champion
β’
Our
team
clinched
a
spot
in
the
playoff
after
a
dramatic
last-minute
goal
.
Our
team
clinched
a
spot
in
the
playoff
after
a
dramatic
last-minute
goal
.
β’
Tickets
for
the
basketball
playoff
sold
out
within
an
hour
.
Tickets
for
the
basketball
playoff
sold
out
within
an
hour
.
Formed
from
play
+
off
,
first
used
in
American
sports
writing
in
the
early
1900s
for
extra
games
to
decide
a
championship
.
noun
a
single
extra
game
,
hole
,
or
period
played
when
competitors
are
tied
,
used
to
decide
the
winner
β’
Both
golfers
were
tied
after
18
holes
,
so
they
went
to
a
sudden-death
playoff
.
Both
golfers
were
tied
after
18
holes
,
so
they
went
to
a
sudden-death
playoff
.
β’
She
sank
a
long
putt
to
win
the
playoff
and
claim
the
trophy
.
She
sank
a
long
putt
to
win
the
playoff
and
claim
the
trophy
.
Extension
of
the
broader
sports
sense
:
first
recorded
in
golf
and
tennis
to
refer
to
an
extra
contest
breaking
a
tie
.
nonprofit
noun
an
organization
that
does
not
try
to
earn
money
for
owners
but
uses
any
extra
funds
to
achieve
a
social
,
charitable
,
or
public
benefit
goal
β’
The
local
nonprofit
provides
free
dinners
to
homeless
people
every
evening
.
The
local
nonprofit
provides
free
dinners
to
homeless
people
every
evening
.
β’
She
donates
part
of
her
salary
to
a
children's
health
nonprofit
.
She
donates
part
of
her
salary
to
a
children's
health
nonprofit
.
Formed
from
the
prefix
β
non-
β
meaning
β
not
β
and
β
profit
,β
first
appearing
in
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
to
describe
charitable
corporations
.
adjective
not
seeking
to
make
a
financial
profit
for
private
owners
or
shareholders
β’
He
works
for
a
nonprofit
theatre
company
that
stages
free
plays
.
He
works
for
a
nonprofit
theatre
company
that
stages
free
plays
.
β’
The
city
partnered
with
a
nonprofit
group
to
plant
more
trees
downtown
.
The
city
partnered
with
a
nonprofit
group
to
plant
more
trees
downtown
.
Derived
from
the
noun
use
of
β
nonprofit
,β
first
used
adjectivally
to
modify
nouns
like
β
organization
β
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
profound
adjective
very
great
or
intense
,
felt
or
experienced
deeply
β’
The
graduation
speaker's
words
had
a
profound
effect
on
the
students
,
leaving
many
in
tears
of
inspiration
.
The
graduation
speaker's
words
had
a
profound
effect
on
the
students
,
leaving
many
in
tears
of
inspiration
.
β’
After
his
grandfather
died
,
he
felt
a
profound
sadness
that
lasted
for
months
.
After
his
grandfather
died
,
he
felt
a
profound
sadness
that
lasted
for
months
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
'profundus'
meaning
'deep'
.
adjective
showing
deep
understanding
or
insight
β’
The
scientist
offered
a
profound
insight
that
changed
the
course
of
the
discussion
.
The
scientist
offered
a
profound
insight
that
changed
the
course
of
the
discussion
.
β’
Her
novel
is
full
of
profound
reflections
on
friendship
and
loss
.
Her
novel
is
full
of
profound
reflections
on
friendship
and
loss
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
:
Latin
'profundus'
,
figuratively
applied
to
thought
in
the
15th
century
.
adjective
very
deep
,
reaching
far
below
the
surface
(
literal
,
often
literary
)
β’
Divers
explored
the
profound
depths
of
the
ocean
trench
.
Divers
explored
the
profound
depths
of
the
ocean
trench
.
β’
The
mining
drill
reached
a
profound
layer
of
rock
beneath
the
desert
.
The
mining
drill
reached
a
profound
layer
of
rock
beneath
the
desert
.
From
Latin
'profundus'
meaning
'deep'
;
used
in
English
since
the
14th
century
to
describe
physical
depth
.
pillow
noun
-
pillow
,
pillowing
,
pillows
,
pillowed
,
pillow-soft
,
pillow-softer
,
pillow-softest
a
soft
,
padded
cloth
bag
filled
with
feathers
,
foam
,
or
other
material
,
used
to
support
the
head
or
body
while
resting
or
sleeping
β’
She
fluffed
her
pillow
before
going
to
sleep
.
She
fluffed
her
pillow
before
going
to
sleep
.
β’
He
tucked
an
extra
pillow
under
his
knees
to
ease
his
back
pain
.
He
tucked
an
extra
pillow
under
his
knees
to
ease
his
back
pain
.
Old
English
"
pyle
"
and
Old
Norse
"
pΓΊΓ°r
"
blended
over
time
,
eventually
forming
Middle
English
"
pilwe
,"
leading
to
modern
"
pillow
."
softly
adverb
in
a
quiet
voice
or
with
very
little
noise
β’
In
the
library
,
Anna
spoke
softly
so
she
wouldn
β
t
disturb
other
readers
.
In
the
library
,
Anna
spoke
softly
so
she
wouldn
β
t
disturb
other
readers
.
β’
The
baby
fell
asleep
as
his
father
sang
softly
beside
the
crib
.
The
baby
fell
asleep
as
his
father
sang
softly
beside
the
crib
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
β
soft
β
+
adverbial
suffix
β
-ly
β,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
adverb
in
a
gentle
way
,
without
force
or
harshness
β’
He
placed
the
fragile
vase
softly
on
the
shelf
to
avoid
breaking
it
.
He
placed
the
fragile
vase
softly
on
the
shelf
to
avoid
breaking
it
.
β’
The
snow
began
to
fall
softly
over
the
quiet
town
.
The
snow
began
to
fall
softly
over
the
quiet
town
.
Derived
from
β
soft
β
+
β
-ly
β;
sense
of
gentle
touch
recorded
since
the
14th
century
.
in spite of
preposition
without
being
prevented
or
affected
by
something
;
despite
β’
They
went
hiking
in
spite
of
the
pouring
rain
.
They
went
hiking
in spite of
the
pouring
rain
.
β’
In
spite
of
his
fear
of
heights
,
Jack
climbed
the
tall
ladder
.
In spite of
his
fear
of
heights
,
Jack
climbed
the
tall
ladder
.
Formed
in
Middle
English
as
a
prepositional
phrase
using
the
noun
β
spite
β
to
mean
contempt
or
opposition
,
later
generalized
to
β
despite
β.