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preposition
shows
movement
or
direction
toward
a
person
,
place
,
or
thing
•
We
walked
to
the
park
after
lunch
.
We
walked
to
the
park
after
lunch
.
•
She
gave
the
book
to
her
younger
brother
.
She
gave
the
book
to
her
younger
brother
.
preposition
used
before
the
base
form
of
a
verb
to
make
the
infinitive
,
often
showing
purpose
or
intention
•
I
like
to
swim
in
the
ocean
.
I
like
to
swim
in
the
ocean
.
•
She
went
to
the
store
to
buy
milk
.
She
went
to
the
store
to
buy
milk
.
preposition
shows
movement
toward
a
place
,
person
,
or
position
•
After
school
,
the
children
ran
to
the
ice-cream
truck
.
After
school
,
the
children
ran
to
the
ice-cream
truck
.
•
We
drove
to
the
beach
at
dawn
.
We
drove
to
the
beach
at
dawn
.
preposition
shows
the
person
or
thing
that
receives
or
is
affected
by
an
action
•
Please
give
the
message
to
your
sister
.
Please
give
the
message
to
your
sister
.
•
The
teacher
explained
the
rule
to
the
students
.
The
teacher
explained
the
rule
to
the
students
.
preposition
shows
the
end
point
of
a
time
,
amount
,
or
range
,
but
not
beyond
it
•
The
museum
is
open
from
9
a
.
m
.
to
5
p
.
m
.
The
museum
is
open
from
9
a
.
m
.
to
5
p
.
m
.
•
Numbers
one
to
ten
were
written
on
the
board
.
Numbers
one
to
ten
were
written
on
the
board
.
preposition
used
to
say
how
many
minutes
remain
before
the
next
full
hour
•
It's
ten
minutes
to
six
.
It's
ten
minutes
to
six
.
•
The
train
leaves
at
a
quarter
to
nine
.
The
train
leaves
at
a
quarter
to
nine
.
preposition
used
before
the
base
form
of
a
verb
to
make
an
infinitive
•
I
want
to
travel
around
the
world
.
I
want
to
travel
around
the
world
.
•
He
forgot
to
lock
the
door
.
He
forgot
to
lock
the
door
.
preposition
shows
a
ratio
,
score
,
or
comparison
between
two
numbers
or
amounts
•
The
final
score
was
three
to
two
.
The
final
score
was
three
to
two
.
•
Mix
the
solution
in
a
one
to
one
ratio
.
Mix
the
solution
in
a
one
to
one
ratio
.
preposition
connects
two
numbers
to
show
a
range
,
ratio
,
or
score
•
There
were
30
to
40
people
at
the
concert
.
There
were
30
to
40
people
at
the
concert
.
•
The
recipe
calls
for
one
part
sugar
to
two
parts
water
.
The
recipe
calls
for
one
part
sugar
to
two
parts
water
.
too
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
true
or
happens
in
addition
to
what
has
already
been
mentioned
•
Can
I
come
too
?
Can
I
come
too
?
•
She
likes
pizza
and
her
brother
does
too
.
She
likes
pizza
and
her
brother
does
too
.
Old
English
tō
‘
also
,
besides
’,
developing
from
the
preposition
‘
to
’.
adverb
more
than
is
wanted
,
needed
,
or
acceptable
;
excessively
•
The
coffee
is
too
hot
to
drink
.
The
coffee
is
too
hot
to
drink
.
•
He
arrived
too
late
for
the
train
.
He
arrived
too
late
for
the
train
.
Old
English
tō
widely
meant
‘
to
an
excessive
degree
’
as
well
as
‘
in
addition
’.
today
adverb
-
today
on
or
during
the
present
day
,
the
day
that
includes
this
moment
•
I'll
finish
the
project
today
.
I'll
finish
the
project
today
.
•
Are
you
coming
to
the
party
today
?
Are
you
coming
to
the
party
today
?
Old
English
“
tōdæġ
”
from
“
to
” (
at
,
on
)
+
“
dæġ
” (
day
),
literally
“
on
the
day
”.
noun
-
today
the
present
day
,
the
day
that
is
happening
now
•
Today
is
my
birthday
.
Today
is
my
birthday
.
•
Today
marks
the
start
of
summer
vacation
.
Today
marks
the
start
of
summer
vacation
.
Old
English
“
tōdæġ
”
from
“
to
” (
at
,
on
)
+
“
dæġ
” (
day
),
literally
“
on
the
day
”.
noun
-
today
the
present
period
of
time
as
opposed
to
the
past
,
the
world
as
it
is
now
•
Children
today
spend
more
time
online
than
outside
.
Children
today
spend
more
time
online
than
outside
.
•
Cars
today
are
much
safer
than
those
from
the
1990s
.
Cars
today
are
much
safer
than
those
from
the
1990s
.
Extension
of
the
older
meaning
of
‘
today
’
to
refer
to
the
broader
era
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
.
together
adverb
with
or
near
someone
or
something
else
,
in
the
same
place
or
group
•
The
children
played
together
in
the
park
.
The
children
played
together
in
the
park
.
•
Let
’
s
sit
together
at
the
concert
so
we
can
talk
.
Let
’
s
sit
together
at
the
concert
so
we
can
talk
.
adverb
into
one
piece
or
group
after
being
separate
•
She
glued
the
broken
vase
back
together
.
She
glued
the
broken
vase
back
together
.
•
Push
the
desks
together
to
make
one
big
table
.
Push
the
desks
together
to
make
one
big
table
.
adjective
(
informal
)
well-organized
,
calm
,
and
in
control
of
your
life
or
a
situation
•
Jada
is
so
together
—
she
never
forgets
a
deadline
.
Jada
is
so
together
—
she
never
forgets
a
deadline
.
•
After
therapy
,
he
felt
more
together
than
ever
.
After
therapy
,
he
felt
more
together
than
ever
.
together with
preposition
in
addition
to
;
along
with
•
She
sent
the
invoice
together
with
the
signed
contract
.
She
sent
the
invoice
together with
the
signed
contract
.
•
The
teacher
,
together
with
the
students
,
planted
trees
behind
the
school
.
The
teacher
,
together with
the
students
,
planted
trees
behind
the
school
.
toward
preposition
in
the
direction
of
someone
or
something
•
The
children
ran
toward
the
ice-cream
truck
as
soon
as
they
heard
its
bell
.
The
children
ran
toward
the
ice-cream
truck
as
soon
as
they
heard
its
bell
.
•
He
aimed
his
telescope
toward
the
full
moon
glowing
in
the
night
sky
.
He
aimed
his
telescope
toward
the
full
moon
glowing
in
the
night
sky
.
Old
English
tōweard
,
from
tō
(“
to
”)
+
-weard
(“
-ward
,
toward
”).
preposition
showing
feelings
,
attitude
,
or
behavior
in
relation
to
someone
or
something
•
Maria
is
always
gentle
toward
animals
and
volunteers
at
the
shelter
every
weekend
.
Maria
is
always
gentle
toward
animals
and
volunteers
at
the
shelter
every
weekend
.
•
His
attitude
toward
maths
improved
after
he
got
a
new
tutor
.
His
attitude
toward
maths
improved
after
he
got
a
new
tutor
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
.
preposition
contributing
to
or
helping
to
achieve
something
•
I
put
ten
dollars
toward
the
class
gift
for
our
coach
.
I
put
ten
dollars
toward
the
class
gift
for
our
coach
.
•
The
charity
concert
will
go
toward
building
a
new
hospital
wing
.
The
charity
concert
will
go
toward
building
a
new
hospital
wing
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
.
preposition
near
or
approaching
a
particular
time
,
place
,
or
state
•
It
began
to
rain
toward
evening
.
It
began
to
rain
toward
evening
.
•
Traffic
thinned
out
toward
the
edge
of
the
city
.
Traffic
thinned
out
toward
the
edge
of
the
city
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
.
towards
preposition
in
the
direction
of
someone
or
something
•
The
crowd
surged
towards
the
stage
when
the
band
began
to
play
.
The
crowd
surged
towards
the
stage
when
the
band
began
to
play
.
•
He
cycled
towards
the
village
along
a
narrow
country
lane
.
He
cycled
towards
the
village
along
a
narrow
country
lane
.
Old
English
tōweard
,
from
tō
(“
to
”)
+
-weard
(“
-ward
,
toward
”).
preposition
in
the
direction
of
someone
or
something
•
Marley
ran
towards
the
ice-cream
truck
as
it
rang
its
bell
.
Marley
ran
towards
the
ice-cream
truck
as
it
rang
its
bell
.
•
The
flock
of
geese
flew
towards
the
warm
south
in
a
perfect
V-formation
across
a
blue
autumn
sky
.
The
flock
of
geese
flew
towards
the
warm
south
in
a
perfect
V-formation
across
a
blue
autumn
sky
.
From
Old
English
tōweard
(“
toward
,
facing
”),
formed
from
tō
(“
to
”)
+
-weard
(“
-ward
,
toward
”).
Over
time
,
usage
split
into
the
spellings
toward
(
chiefly
North
American
)
and
towards
(
chiefly
British
).
preposition
showing
feelings
,
attitude
,
or
behavior
in
relation
to
someone
or
something
•
The
teacher
was
patient
towards
students
who
needed
extra
help
.
The
teacher
was
patient
towards
students
who
needed
extra
help
.
•
Public
opinion
towards
electric
cars
is
becoming
more
positive
.
Public
opinion
towards
electric
cars
is
becoming
more
positive
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
.
preposition
contributing
to
or
helping
to
achieve
something
•
The
council
pledged
extra
funds
towards
improving
local
parks
.
The
council
pledged
extra
funds
towards
improving
local
parks
.
•
Students
donated
old
laptops
towards
a
community
learning
centre
.
Students
donated
old
laptops
towards
a
community
learning
centre
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
.
preposition
near
or
approaching
a
particular
time
,
place
,
or
state
•
The
sky
turned
pink
towards
dawn
.
The
sky
turned
pink
towards
dawn
.
•
Towards
the
outskirts
,
houses
become
farther
apart
.
Towards
the
outskirts
,
houses
become
farther
apart
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
.
preposition
concerning
the
feelings
,
attitude
,
or
relationship
one
has
for
someone
or
something
•
Ella
’
s
kindness
towards
animals
inspired
her
to
volunteer
at
the
shelter
every
weekend
.
Ella
’
s
kindness
towards
animals
inspired
her
to
volunteer
at
the
shelter
every
weekend
.
•
His
attitude
towards
homework
changed
after
he
saw
his
grades
improve
.
His
attitude
towards
homework
changed
after
he
saw
his
grades
improve
.
Same
historical
origin
as
the
directional
sense
,
but
by
the
14th
century
,
the
preposition
also
took
on
metaphorical
uses
for
feelings
and
relations
.
preposition
as
a
contribution
or
help
in
achieving
or
paying
for
something
•
Grandpa
put
five
dollars
towards
Ethan
’
s
new
bicycle
fund
.
Grandpa
put
five
dollars
towards
Ethan
’
s
new
bicycle
fund
.
•
The
city
offered
grants
towards
the
restoration
of
historic
houses
.
The
city
offered
grants
towards
the
restoration
of
historic
houses
.
This
financial
sense
evolved
from
the
idea
of
moving
resources
in
the
direction
of
a
goal
.
preposition
near
or
approaching
a
particular
time
,
place
,
or
state
•
Towards
evening
,
the
sky
turned
a
brilliant
pink
.
Towards
evening
,
the
sky
turned
a
brilliant
pink
.
•
The
temperature
drops
towards
winter
.
The
temperature
drops
towards
winter
.
The
temporal
sense
developed
by
extension
from
physical
movement
to
metaphorical
movement
through
time
.
tonight
adverb
-
tonight
during
the
evening
or
night
of
the
present
day
•
Let
’
s
go
to
the
movies
tonight
.
Let
’
s
go
to
the
movies
tonight
.
•
I
’
m
cooking
pasta
tonight
for
dinner
.
I
’
m
cooking
pasta
tonight
for
dinner
.
Old
English
tō
niht
("
this
night
").
Over
time
the
space
disappeared
,
and
the
phrase
became
the
single
word
“
tonight
.”
noun
-
tonight
the
evening
or
night
of
the
present
day
•
Tonight
is
our
last
chance
to
rehearse
.
Tonight
is
our
last
chance
to
rehearse
.
•
After
tonight
,
the
circus
leaves
town
.
After
tonight
,
the
circus
leaves
town
.
Old
English
tō
niht
,
literally
“
this
night
,”
which
fused
into
a
single
word
by
Middle
English
.
town
noun
a
place
where
people
live
that
is
larger
than
a
village
but
smaller
than
a
city
•
Maria
moved
to
a
small
town
near
the
mountains
.
Maria
moved
to
a
small
town
near
the
mountains
.
•
The
town
has
a
lively
market
every
Saturday
morning
.
The
town
has
a
lively
market
every
Saturday
morning
.
Old
English
“
tūn
”
meaning
an
enclosure
or
settlement
;
over
time
it
came
to
refer
to
larger
,
fortified
villages
and
eventually
to
the
modern
sense
of
a
settlement
smaller
than
a
city
.
noun
-
town
the
main
shopping
or
business
area
of
a
place
,
especially
the
center
that
people
go
to
for
stores
and
services
•
After
class
,
let
’
s
meet
in
town
for
coffee
.
After
class
,
let
’
s
meet
in
town
for
coffee
.
•
She
drove
into
town
to
buy
groceries
.
She
drove
into
town
to
buy
groceries
.
noun
-
town
the
people
who
live
in
a
particular
town
,
considered
together
as
a
community
•
The
whole
town
cheered
when
the
local
team
won
.
The
whole
town
cheered
when
the
local
team
won
.
•
News
of
the
festival
spread
quickly
through
town
.
News
of
the
festival
spread
quickly
through
town
.
top
noun
the
highest
part
,
point
,
or
surface
of
something
•
He
placed
the
book
on
the
top
of
the
pile
so
it
wouldn't
fall
.
He
placed
the
book
on
the
top
of
the
pile
so
it
wouldn't
fall
.
•
Snow
covered
the
top
of
the
mountain
all
year
round
.
Snow
covered
the
top
of
the
mountain
all
year
round
.
Old
English
“
topp
”
meaning
tuft
or
summit
;
later
extended
to
mean
the
highest
part
of
anything
.
noun
a
small
toy
that
spins
around
a
point
when
you
twist
or
pull
it
•
The
wooden
top
spun
for
nearly
a
minute
on
the
kitchen
floor
.
The
wooden
top
spun
for
nearly
a
minute
on
the
kitchen
floor
.
•
She
pulled
the
string
and
sent
the
top
spinning
.
She
pulled
the
string
and
sent
the
top
spinning
.
noun
a
piece
of
clothing
that
covers
the
upper
part
of
the
body
,
such
as
a
shirt
or
blouse
•
She
wore
a
bright
yellow
top
with
blue
jeans
.
She
wore
a
bright
yellow
top
with
blue
jeans
.
•
Do
you
have
a
warm
top
for
the
hike
?
Do
you
have
a
warm
top
for
the
hike
?
noun
the
highest
or
best
level
,
rank
,
or
position
•
She
finished
at
the
top
of
her
class
.
She
finished
at
the
top
of
her
class
.
•
The
movie
quickly
rose
to
the
top
of
the
box-office
chart
.
The
movie
quickly
rose
to
the
top
of
the
box-office
chart
.
adjective
highest
in
position
,
rank
,
or
quality
•
That
restaurant
is
famous
for
its
top
service
.
That
restaurant
is
famous
for
its
top
service
.
•
She
is
one
of
the
top
scientists
in
her
field
.
She
is
one
of
the
top
scientists
in
her
field
.
verb
-
top
,
topping
,
tops
,
topped
to
be
higher
or
greater
than
something
else
;
to
exceed
•
The
tower
tops
300
meters
in
height
.
The
tower
tops
300
meters
in
height
.
•
Ticket
sales
have
topped
last
year
’
s
record
.
Ticket
sales
have
topped
last
year
’
s
record
.
verb
-
top
,
topping
,
tops
,
topped
to
put
something
on
the
surface
or
highest
part
of
something
else
•
She
topped
the
cake
with
fresh
strawberries
.
She
topped
the
cake
with
fresh
strawberries
.
•
Sprinkle
cheese
to
top
the
pasta
before
serving
.
Sprinkle
cheese
to
top
the
pasta
before
serving
.
total
adjective
including
every
part
or
detail
;
complete
in
all
ways
•
There
was
total
silence
when
the
teacher
entered
the
room
.
There
was
total
silence
when
the
teacher
entered
the
room
.
•
The
blackout
plunged
the
city
into
total
darkness
.
The
blackout
plunged
the
city
into
total
darkness
.
From
Latin
‘
totalis
’
meaning
‘
entire
’
or
‘
whole
’.
noun
the
whole
number
or
amount
you
get
after
everything
is
added
together
•
Please
write
the
total
at
the
bottom
of
the
bill
.
Please
write
the
total
at
the
bottom
of
the
bill
.
•
The
fundraising
event
raised
a
total
of
$10
,
000
.
The
fundraising
event
raised
a
total
of
$10
,
000
.
From
the
same
root
as
the
adjective
,
later
used
in
bookkeeping
to
mean
the
final
sum
.
adjective
-
total
,
totalling
,
totals
,
totaled
,
totalled
complete
;
with
nothing
missing
or
left
out
•
It
was
a
total
surprise
when
her
friends
shouted
"
Happy
Birthday
!"
It
was
a
total
surprise
when
her
friends
shouted
"
Happy
Birthday
!"
•
During
the
blackout
,
the
small
town
fell
into
total
darkness
.
During
the
blackout
,
the
small
town
fell
into
total
darkness
.
From
Latin
“
tōtālis
”
meaning
“
entire
,
whole
”,
from
“
tōtus
” (“
all
,
whole
”).
verb
to
add
numbers
or
amounts
together
or
to
reach
a
particular
amount
•
When
you
total
the
expenses
,
they
come
to
less
than
$50
.
When
you
total
the
expenses
,
they
come
to
less
than
$50
.
•
The
donations
total
more
than
we
expected
.
The
donations
total
more
than
we
expected
.
Verb
use
comes
from
the
noun
,
meaning
‘
to
find
the
total
’.
noun
-
total
,
totalling
,
totals
,
totaled
,
totalled
the
whole
amount
or
number
obtained
by
adding
two
or
more
quantities
•
The
total
of
six
and
four
is
ten
.
The
total
of
six
and
four
is
ten
.
•
Our
monthly
sales
total
was
the
highest
in
the
company
’
s
history
.
Our
monthly
sales
total
was
the
highest
in
the
company
’
s
history
.
First
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
14th
century
as
a
noun
meaning
“
whole
sum
,”
from
Old
French
“
total
”.
verb
-
total
,
totalling
,
totals
,
totaled
,
totalled
to
add
up
numbers
so
as
to
find
the
whole
amount
;
to
amount
to
•
The
bill
totals
fifty
dollars
after
tax
.
The
bill
totals
fifty
dollars
after
tax
.
•
When
you
total
the
points
,
our
team
wins
by
two
.
When
you
total
the
points
,
our
team
wins
by
two
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
and
noun
forms
in
the
early
19th
century
,
meaning
“
to
find
the
total
(
sum
)
of
”.
verb
informal
:
to
damage
a
vehicle
so
badly
that
it
cannot
be
repaired
•
He
totaled
his
car
when
he
hit
the
tree
.
He
totaled
his
car
when
he
hit
the
tree
.
•
The
sports
car
was
totaled
in
the
high-speed
crash
.
The
sports
car
was
totaled
in
the
high-speed
crash
.
Extended
from
the
idea
of
something
being
a
‘
total
loss
’.
tough
adjective
-
tough
,
tougher
,
toughest
difficult
to
do
,
understand
,
or
deal
with
•
The
exam
was
so
tough
that
only
a
few
students
finished
on
time
.
The
exam
was
so
tough
that
only
a
few
students
finished
on
time
.
•
Climbing
the
steep
hill
turned
out
to
be
tough
for
the
hikers
.
Climbing
the
steep
hill
turned
out
to
be
tough
for
the
hikers
.
From
Middle
English
"
tough
",
from
Old
English
"
tōh
"
meaning
"
hard
,
strong
,
tenacious
".
adjective
-
tough
,
tougher
,
toughest
(
of
food
or
material
)
hard
to
cut
,
chew
,
or
bend
•
The
steak
was
tough
,
so
we
sent
it
back
to
the
kitchen
.
The
steak
was
tough
,
so
we
sent
it
back
to
the
kitchen
.
•
After
boiling
too
long
,
the
squid
turned
tough
.
After
boiling
too
long
,
the
squid
turned
tough
.
adjective
-
tough
,
tougher
,
toughest
physically
or
mentally
strong
and
able
to
withstand
hardship
or
damage
•
My
grandmother
is
a
tough
woman
who
still
jogs
every
morning
.
My
grandmother
is
a
tough
woman
who
still
jogs
every
morning
.
•
The
phone
has
a
tough
case
that
protects
it
from
drops
.
The
phone
has
a
tough
case
that
protects
it
from
drops
.
adjective
-
tough
,
tougher
,
toughest
strict
,
firm
,
and
showing
little
sympathy
•
The
school
has
tough
rules
against
cheating
.
The
school
has
tough
rules
against
cheating
.
•
The
judge
took
a
tough
stance
on
corruption
cases
.
The
judge
took
a
tough
stance
on
corruption
cases
.
interjection
used
to
say
that
you
do
not
feel
sorry
for
someone
or
that
they
must
accept
a
difficult
situation
•
“
You
can
’
t
borrow
my
bike
again
.”
–
“
Tough
!”
“
You
can
’
t
borrow
my
bike
again
.”
–
“
Tough
!”
•
“
We
’
re
out
of
cookies
.”
–
“
Tough
!”
his
sister
said
,
grabbing
the
last
one
.
“
We
’
re
out
of
cookies
.”
–
“
Tough
!”
his
sister
said
,
grabbing
the
last
one
.
noun
a
strong
,
aggressive
,
or
violent
person
who
often
uses
threats
or
force
•
The
local
tough
glared
at
anyone
who
entered
his
favorite
bar
.
The
local
tough
glared
at
anyone
who
entered
his
favorite
bar
.
•
In
the
film
,
the
hero
defeats
a
gang
of
hired
toughs
.
In
the
film
,
the
hero
defeats
a
gang
of
hired
toughs
.
tool
noun
an
object
such
as
a
hammer
or
screwdriver
that
you
hold
and
use
to
do
a
particular
job
•
The
carpenter
placed
each
tool
back
into
the
wooden
box
before
leaving
the
site
.
The
carpenter
placed
each
tool
back
into
the
wooden
box
before
leaving
the
site
.
•
A
small
tool
kit
can
save
you
when
your
bike
chain
falls
off
.
A
small
tool
kit
can
save
you
when
your
bike
chain
falls
off
.
Old
English
“
tōl
”,
meaning
an
implement
or
weapon
,
related
to
Old
Norse
“
tól
”,
with
the
same
meaning
.
touch
verb
-
touch
,
touches
,
touching
,
touched
to
put
your
hand
or
another
part
of
your
body
lightly
on
someone
or
something
•
At
the
museum
,
a
guard
reminded
visitors
not
to
touch
the
ancient
statue
.
At
the
museum
,
a
guard
reminded
visitors
not
to
touch
the
ancient
statue
.
•
The
curious
kitten
touched
the
mirror
and
was
surprised
by
its
own
reflection
.
The
curious
kitten
touched
the
mirror
and
was
surprised
by
its
own
reflection
.
From
Old
French
toucher
,
from
Latin
toccare
“
to
knock
,
strike
”.
noun
-
touch
,
touches
the
act
of
putting
your
hand
or
another
part
of
your
body
on
something
or
someone
•
With
a
gentle
touch
,
the
nurse
placed
the
bandage
on
the
boy
’
s
knee
.
With
a
gentle
touch
,
the
nurse
placed
the
bandage
on
the
boy
’
s
knee
.
•
The
machine
stops
at
the
slightest
touch
of
the
safety
bar
.
The
machine
stops
at
the
slightest
touch
of
the
safety
bar
.
See
verb
origin
.
verb
-
touch
,
touches
,
touching
,
touched
to
put
your
hand
,
finger
,
or
another
part
of
your
body
lightly
on
something
•
Please
don
’
t
touch
the
paintings
in
the
museum
.
Please
don
’
t
touch
the
paintings
in
the
museum
.
•
She
touched
the
water
to
check
if
it
was
warm
.
She
touched
the
water
to
check
if
it
was
warm
.
Old
French
toucher
,
from
Vulgar
Latin
*toccare
“
to
strike
lightly
.”
noun
-
touch
the
sense
by
which
your
skin
feels
heat
,
pain
,
pressure
,
or
texture
•
Blind
people
rely
on
their
sense
of
touch
to
read
Braille
.
Blind
people
rely
on
their
sense
of
touch
to
read
Braille
.
•
The
fabric
felt
smooth
to
the
touch
.
The
fabric
felt
smooth
to
the
touch
.
verb
-
touch
,
touches
,
touching
,
touched
to
cause
someone
to
feel
sympathy
,
sadness
,
or
admiration
•
The
soldier
’
s
heartfelt
letter
home
deeply
touched
his
family
.
The
soldier
’
s
heartfelt
letter
home
deeply
touched
his
family
.
•
I
was
touched
by
how
many
people
came
to
help
after
the
storm
.
I
was
touched
by
how
many
people
came
to
help
after
the
storm
.
See
main
verb
sense
for
origin
.
noun
-
touch
the
ability
of
your
skin
to
feel
heat
,
pain
,
texture
,
or
pressure
•
Blindfolded
,
she
relied
on
her
touch
to
sort
the
fabrics
by
texture
.
Blindfolded
,
she
relied
on
her
touch
to
sort
the
fabrics
by
texture
.
•
Babies
explore
the
world
through
touch
long
before
they
can
speak
.
Babies
explore
the
world
through
touch
long
before
they
can
speak
.
See
verb
origin
.
verb
-
touch
,
touches
,
touching
,
touched
to
cause
someone
to
feel
sympathy
,
sadness
,
or
warmth
•
The
story
of
the
stray
dog
touched
everyone
in
the
audience
.
The
story
of
the
stray
dog
touched
everyone
in
the
audience
.
•
I
was
deeply
touched
by
your
kindness
.
I
was
deeply
touched
by
your
kindness
.
noun
-
touch
,
touches
a
small
but
noticeable
detail
or
addition
that
improves
or
completes
something
•
Fresh
flowers
on
the
table
are
a
nice
touch
for
the
party
.
Fresh
flowers
on
the
table
are
a
nice
touch
for
the
party
.
•
The
designer
added
a
final
touch
of
gold
paint
to
the
logo
.
The
designer
added
a
final
touch
of
gold
paint
to
the
logo
.
verb
-
touch
,
touches
,
touching
,
touched
to
reach
a
particular
amount
,
level
,
or
point
•
At
noon
,
the
temperature
touched
40
degrees
Celsius
.
At
noon
,
the
temperature
touched
40
degrees
Celsius
.
•
The
company's
stock
price
briefly
touched
an
all-time
high
before
falling
back
.
The
company's
stock
price
briefly
touched
an
all-time
high
before
falling
back
.
See
main
verb
sense
for
origin
.
noun
-
touch
,
touches
a
small
amount
or
slight
addition
that
improves
or
completes
something
•
She
added
a
touch
of
lemon
to
the
soup
to
brighten
the
flavor
.
She
added
a
touch
of
lemon
to
the
soup
to
brighten
the
flavor
.
•
A
fresh
coat
of
paint
gave
the
old
fence
a
nice
touch
.
A
fresh
coat
of
paint
gave
the
old
fence
a
nice
touch
.
Metaphoric
extension
of
the
verb
‘
touch
’.
verb
-
touch
,
touches
,
touching
,
touched
to
reach
or
be
as
high
as
a
particular
level
or
amount
,
usually
briefly
•
Temperatures
may
touch
40
°C
this
weekend
.
Temperatures
may
touch
40
°C
this
weekend
.
•
During
the
test
dive
the
submersible
touched
6
,
000
meters
.
During
the
test
dive
the
submersible
touched
6
,
000
meters
.
tomorrow
adverb
on
the
day
after
today
•
I'm
flying
to
Paris
tomorrow
.
I'm
flying
to
Paris
tomorrow
.
•
The
exam
is
tomorrow
,
so
I
have
to
study
tonight
.
The
exam
is
tomorrow
,
so
I
have
to
study
tonight
.
Old
English
tō
morgenne
,
meaning
“
on
(
the
)
morrow
,”
where
morrow
meant
morning
or
the
next
day
.
noun
the
day
after
today
•
Tomorrow
will
be
sunny
,
according
to
the
weather
forecast
.
Tomorrow
will
be
sunny
,
according
to
the
weather
forecast
.
•
We
can
finish
the
project
tomorrow
if
everyone
helps
.
We
can
finish
the
project
tomorrow
if
everyone
helps
.
Developed
from
Middle
English
to
morwe
meaning
“
on
the
morrow
.”
noun
the
future
,
especially
the
time
that
comes
after
the
present
•
Scientists
work
today
to
build
a
greener
tomorrow
.
Scientists
work
today
to
build
a
greener
tomorrow
.
•
She
worries
about
what
tomorrow
will
bring
for
her
family
.
She
worries
about
what
tomorrow
will
bring
for
her
family
.
Figurative
extension
of
the
literal
sense
,
used
to
speak
about
the
future
since
the
16th
century
.
totally
adverb
in
a
complete
or
absolute
way
;
entirely
•
After
weeks
of
cleaning
,
the
house
was
totally
spotless
.
After
weeks
of
cleaning
,
the
house
was
totally
spotless
.
•
The
new
phone
is
totally
different
from
the
old
model
.
The
new
phone
is
totally
different
from
the
old
model
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
“
total
”
+
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
interjection
used
to
show
strong
agreement
,
enthusiasm
,
or
affirmation
•
“
Do
you
want
to
go
surfing
this
weekend
?” “
Totally
!”
“
Do
you
want
to
go
surfing
this
weekend
?” “
Totally
!”
•
“
That
concert
was
amazing
.” “
Totally
—
best
night
ever
!”
“
That
concert
was
amazing
.” “
Totally
—
best
night
ever
!”
Extension
of
the
adverb
sense
to
an
affirmative
interjection
,
popularized
in
American
English
from
the
1980s
.
topic
noun
a
subject
that
people
talk
,
write
,
or
think
about
•
For
her
school
report
,
Ava
chose
space
travel
as
her
topic
.
For
her
school
report
,
Ava
chose
space
travel
as
her
topic
.
•
During
dinner
,
politics
was
the
only
topic
everyone
avoided
.
During
dinner
,
politics
was
the
only
topic
everyone
avoided
.
From
Latin
“
topica
” (
matters
for
discussion
)
via
Medieval
Latin
“
topica
”
and
late
16th-century
English
.
noun
(
linguistics
)
the
part
of
a
sentence
that
tells
what
the
rest
of
the
sentence
is
about
•
In
the
sentence
'As
for
the
weather
,
it
looks
sunny
,
'
'the
weather'
is
the
topic
.
In
the
sentence
'As
for
the
weather
,
it
looks
sunny
,
'
'the
weather'
is
the
topic
.
•
Languages
like
Japanese
often
place
the
topic
at
the
beginning
followed
by
a
particle
.
Languages
like
Japanese
often
place
the
topic
at
the
beginning
followed
by
a
particle
.
Adopted
in
modern
linguistics
from
earlier
rhetorical
sense
,
ultimately
from
Greek
“
topos
”
meaning
‘
place
’.
noun
(
archaic
,
medicine
)
a
medicine
or
ointment
applied
directly
to
a
part
of
the
body
•
The
apothecary
prepared
a
soothing
topic
for
the
soldier's
wound
.
The
apothecary
prepared
a
soothing
topic
for
the
soldier's
wound
.
•
Physicians
once
prescribed
mustard
as
a
stimulating
topic
.
Physicians
once
prescribed
mustard
as
a
stimulating
topic
.
From
Medieval
Latin
“
topica
medicina
”
meaning
‘
local
remedy
’.
tour
noun
a
visit
around
a
place
or
through
several
places
for
pleasure
,
learning
,
or
sightseeing
,
usually
arranged
and
guided
•
Our
guide
led
the
group
on
a
two-hour
tour
of
the
ancient
castle
.
Our
guide
led
the
group
on
a
two-hour
tour
of
the
ancient
castle
.
•
During
their
summer
vacation
,
the
family
took
a
bus
tour
of
the
city
’
s
famous
landmarks
.
During
their
summer
vacation
,
the
family
took
a
bus
tour
of
the
city
’
s
famous
landmarks
.
Borrowed
from
French
“
tour
”
meaning
“
turn
,
journey
,”
from
Latin
“
tornus
”
meaning
“
lathe
,
turn
.”
noun
a
planned
series
of
concerts
,
games
,
or
shows
that
entertainers
or
sports
teams
give
in
different
places
•
The
singer
’
s
world
tour
sold
out
in
every
country
she
visited
.
The
singer
’
s
world
tour
sold
out
in
every
country
she
visited
.
•
The
basketball
team
is
on
a
promotional
tour
across
Asia
this
month
.
The
basketball
team
is
on
a
promotional
tour
across
Asia
this
month
.
verb
to
travel
around
a
place
or
through
several
places
for
pleasure
,
learning
,
or
to
perform
•
Next
summer
,
we
plan
to
tour
Australia
in
a
camper
van
.
Next
summer
,
we
plan
to
tour
Australia
in
a
camper
van
.
•
The
theatre
company
will
tour
across
Europe
with
its
new
play
.
The
theatre
company
will
tour
across
Europe
with
its
new
play
.
noun
a
fixed
period
of
time
that
someone
works
in
a
particular
place
or
job
,
especially
in
the
armed
forces
•
Captain
Lee
just
finished
a
six-month
tour
in
Afghanistan
.
Captain
Lee
just
finished
a
six-month
tour
in
Afghanistan
.
•
Her
first
tour
as
an
embassy
worker
was
in
Paris
.
Her
first
tour
as
an
embassy
worker
was
in
Paris
.
tooth
noun
-
tooth
,
teeth
a
hard
white
part
in
the
mouth
that
bites
and
chews
food
•
The
little
girl
lost
her
first
tooth
yesterday
.
The
little
girl
lost
her
first
tooth
yesterday
.
•
Brushing
each
tooth
keeps
your
smile
healthy
.
Brushing
each
tooth
keeps
your
smile
healthy
.
noun
-
tooth
,
teeth
one
of
the
small
sharp
parts
that
stick
out
from
the
edge
or
surface
of
a
tool
or
machine
part
•
One
tooth
on
the
zipper
was
bent
,
so
it
wouldn't
close
properly
.
One
tooth
on
the
zipper
was
bent
,
so
it
wouldn't
close
properly
.
•
The
mechanic
noticed
that
a
tooth
had
broken
off
the
gear
wheel
.
The
mechanic
noticed
that
a
tooth
had
broken
off
the
gear
wheel
.
noun
-
tooth
,
teeth
a
strong
desire
or
liking
for
a
particular
kind
of
food
,
especially
sweet
food
•
I
have
a
sweet tooth
,
so
desserts
are
hard
to
resist
.
I
have
a
sweet tooth
,
so
desserts
are
hard
to
resist
.
•
Even
after
dinner
,
her
sweet tooth
made
her
look
for
chocolate
.
Even
after
dinner
,
her
sweet tooth
made
her
look
for
chocolate
.
tone
noun
-
tone
,
toning
,
tones
,
toned
the
quality
,
pitch
,
or
character
of
a
sound
or
voice
•
Her
friendly
tone
made
the
nervous
child
feel
welcome
.
Her
friendly
tone
made
the
nervous
child
feel
welcome
.
•
The
bell's
clear
tone
echoed
across
the
quiet
valley
.
The
bell's
clear
tone
echoed
across
the
quiet
valley
.
From
Latin
“
tonus
”,
meaning
“
sound
”
or
“
tone
”,
ultimately
from
Ancient
Greek
“
tonos
” (
stretch
,
tone
).
noun
-
tone
,
toning
,
tones
,
toned
a
particular
shade
or
degree
of
lightness
or
darkness
of
a
color
•
She
painted
her
room
in
a
soft
tone
of
blue
.
She
painted
her
room
in
a
soft
tone
of
blue
.
•
The
designer
chose
neutral
tones
to
create
a
calm
atmosphere
.
The
designer
chose
neutral
tones
to
create
a
calm
atmosphere
.
Extended
from
the
musical
sense
to
color
in
the
18th
century
,
comparing
visual
and
auditory
qualities
of
richness
and
depth
.
noun
-
tone
,
toning
,
tones
,
toned
the
general
mood
,
feeling
,
or
attitude
expressed
by
words
,
actions
,
or
a
piece
of
writing
•
The
email
’
s
friendly
tone
made
the
client
feel
valued
.
The
email
’
s
friendly
tone
made
the
client
feel
valued
.
•
His
sarcastic
tone
upset
the
audience
.
His
sarcastic
tone
upset
the
audience
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
sound
to
manner
of
expression
appeared
in
the
15th
century
.
noun
-
tone
,
toning
,
tones
,
toned
the
natural
firmness
and
slight
tension
in
healthy
muscles
•
Physical
therapy
helped
him
regain
muscle
tone
after
the
injury
.
Physical
therapy
helped
him
regain
muscle
tone
after
the
injury
.
•
Good
posture
depends
on
the
tone
of
core
muscles
.
Good
posture
depends
on
the
tone
of
core
muscles
.
Adopted
in
medical
language
in
the
17th
century
,
linking
muscle
tension
to
the
idea
of
tightness
in
musical
strings
.
verb
-
tone
,
toning
,
tones
,
toned
to
make
a
part
of
the
body
,
especially
muscles
,
firmer
and
stronger
through
exercise
•
She
does
yoga
every
morning
to
tone
her
arms
.
She
does
yoga
every
morning
to
tone
her
arms
.
•
These
exercises
will
tone
your
core
muscles
.
These
exercises
will
tone
your
core
muscles
.
Verb
sense
emerged
in
the
late
19th
century
fitness
movement
,
likening
muscle
conditioning
to
tightening
strings
for
a
clearer
musical
tone
.
toy
noun
an
object
children
(
or
adults
)
play
with
for
fun
•
The
little
girl
hugged
her
favorite
toy
teddy
bear
as
she
fell
asleep
.
The
little
girl
hugged
her
favorite
toy
teddy
bear
as
she
fell
asleep
.
•
We
donated
a
box
full
of
colorful
toys
to
the
community
center
.
We
donated
a
box
full
of
colorful
toys
to
the
community
center
.
Middle
English
“
toye
”
meaning
amusement
or
idle
pastime
,
later
narrowing
to
a
plaything
.
verb
-
toy
,
toying
,
toys
,
toyed
to
handle
or
play
with
something
lightly
and
without
real
purpose
•
Nervously
,
he
toyed
with
the
keys
in
his
pocket
while
waiting
.
Nervously
,
he
toyed
with
the
keys
in
his
pocket
while
waiting
.
•
The
baby
kept
toying
with
the
spoon
instead
of
eating
.
The
baby
kept
toying
with
the
spoon
instead
of
eating
.
The
verb
sense
arose
in
the
16th
century
from
the
idea
of
engaging
in
trifling
amusement
.
adjective
much
smaller
than
normal
size
;
miniature
•
They
adopted
a
tiny
toy
poodle
that
weighs
less
than
two
kilos
.
They
adopted
a
tiny
toy
poodle
that
weighs
less
than
two
kilos
.
•
On
the
shelf
sat
a
working
toy
piano
no
bigger
than
a
notebook
.
On
the
shelf
sat
a
working
toy
piano
no
bigger
than
a
notebook
.
Developed
from
the
noun
sense
of
something
small
and
playful
,
applied
to
breeds
or
models
in
the
late
19th
century
.
verb
-
toy
,
toying
,
toys
,
toyed
to
think
about
or
consider
something
without
being
serious
or
committed
•
They
have
been
toying
with
the
idea
of
opening
a
café
.
They
have
been
toying
with
the
idea
of
opening
a
café
.
•
Don't
toy
with
my
feelings
;
I
need
an
honest
answer
.
Don't
toy
with
my
feelings
;
I
need
an
honest
answer
.
Metaphoric
extension
of
handling
something
lightly
to
treating
ideas
or
feelings
lightly
,
recorded
from
the
1700s
.
to boot
adverb
as
an
extra
thing
;
in
addition
•
She
offered
us
a
free
dessert
,
and
brought
coffee
to
boot
.
She
offered
us
a
free
dessert
,
and
brought
coffee
to boot
.
•
He
’
s
smart
,
charming
,
and
wealthy
to
boot
.
He
’
s
smart
,
charming
,
and
wealthy
to boot
.
Middle
English
phrase
meaning
"
in
addition
",
from
Old
English
"
tō
bōte
"
meaning
"
to
advantage
".
tower
noun
a
tall
,
narrow
building
or
structure
that
rises
high
above
the
ground
•
The
old
stone
church
had
a
tall
bell
tower
that
could
be
seen
for
miles
.
The
old
stone
church
had
a
tall
bell
tower
that
could
be
seen
for
miles
.
•
Lightning
struck
the
radio
tower
during
the
thunderstorm
,
lighting
up
the
dark
sky
.
Lightning
struck
the
radio
tower
during
the
thunderstorm
,
lighting
up
the
dark
sky
.
From
Old
English
“
tor
”
and
Old
French
“
tur
”
meaning
a
high
building
;
influenced
by
Latin
“
turris
” (
tower
).
verb
to
rise
very
high
above
the
things
around
it
•
Snow-capped
mountains
tower
over
the
quiet
lakeside
village
.
Snow-capped
mountains
tower
over
the
quiet
lakeside
village
.
•
Glass
skyscrapers
tower
above
the
busy
downtown
streets
.
Glass
skyscrapers
tower
above
the
busy
downtown
streets
.
Verb
use
from
the
noun
sense
:
something
that
acts
like
a
tower
by
standing
high
.
noun
a
tall
upright
case
that
holds
the
main
parts
of
a
desktop
computer
•
He
bought
a
large
PC
tower
to
fit
a
high-end
graphics
card
.
He
bought
a
large
PC
tower
to
fit
a
high-end
graphics
card
.
•
The
dusty
old
computer
tower
on
the
floor
needed
cleaning
.
The
dusty
old
computer
tower
on
the
floor
needed
cleaning
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
the
main
noun
sense
,
comparing
the
upright
computer
case
to
a
small
tower
.
toss
verb
-
toss
,
tosses
,
tossing
,
tossed
to
throw
something
lightly
or
casually
with
a
quick
movement
of
the
hand
•
He
tossed
the
keys
across
the
table
to
me
.
He
tossed
the
keys
across
the
table
to
me
.
•
She
tossed
a
pebble
into
the
pond
and
watched
the
ripples
spread
.
She
tossed
a
pebble
into
the
pond
and
watched
the
ripples
spread
.
Late
Middle
English
,
possibly
from
Old
Norse
'tossa'
meaning
'to
pull
or
push'
.
verb
-
toss
,
tosses
,
tossing
,
tossed
to
throw
a
coin
into
the
air
to
make
a
decision
by
chance
•
Let's
toss
a
coin
to
decide
who
goes
first
.
Let's
toss
a
coin
to
decide
who
goes
first
.
•
The
referee
tossed
the
coin
before
the
match
began
.
The
referee
tossed
the
coin
before
the
match
began
.
Specialized
sporting
use
recorded
from
the
mid-19th
century
.
verb
-
toss
,
tosses
,
tossing
,
tossed
to
move
or
cause
to
move
violently
up
and
down
or
from
side
to
side
,
especially
by
wind
,
waves
,
or
turbulence
•
The
small
boat
was
tossed
by
the
rough
sea
all
night
.
The
small
boat
was
tossed
by
the
rough
sea
all
night
.
•
Strong
winds
tossed
the
branches
back
and
forth
.
Strong
winds
tossed
the
branches
back
and
forth
.
Figurative
extension
of
the
basic
sense
'throw'
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
in
nautical
contexts
.
verb
-
toss
,
tosses
,
tossing
,
tossed
to
mix
food
lightly
by
lifting
and
dropping
it
quickly
,
often
with
a
utensil
or
the
hands
•
She
tossed
the
salad
with
a
light
vinaigrette
.
She
tossed
the
salad
with
a
light
vinaigrette
.
•
Add
the
pasta
and
toss
it
with
the
sauce
.
Add
the
pasta
and
toss
it
with
the
sauce
.
Culinary
sense
first
recorded
in
the
early
20th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
a
light
upward
motion
.
noun
-
toss
,
tosses
,
tossing
,
tossed
a
light
or
quick
throw
•
With
a
quick
toss
,
he
sent
the
ball
to
first
base
.
With
a
quick
toss
,
he
sent
the
ball
to
first
base
.
•
Her
coin
reached
the
bucket
in
a
single
toss
.
Her
coin
reached
the
bucket
in
a
single
toss
.
Noun
sense
from
the
verb
,
documented
since
the
early
18th
century
.
tomato
noun
-
tomato
,
tomatoes
a
round
,
juicy
red
fruit
with
smooth
skin
and
many
seeds
,
often
eaten
raw
or
cooked
in
salads
,
sauces
,
and
other
dishes
•
At
lunchtime
,
Maria
sliced
a
ripe
tomato
for
her
sandwich
.
At
lunchtime
,
Maria
sliced
a
ripe
tomato
for
her
sandwich
.
•
The
salad
looked
colorful
with
red
tomato
and
green
lettuce
.
The
salad
looked
colorful
with
red
tomato
and
green
lettuce
.
Early
17th
century
:
from
Spanish
‘
tomate
’,
of
Nahuatl
origin
(‘
tomatl
’)
noun
-
tomato
,
tomatoes
the
leafy
,
bushy
plant
with
hairy
stems
and
yellow
flowers
that
produces
tomato
fruits
•
The
gardener
watered
each
tomato
every
morning
to
help
it
grow
tall
.
The
gardener
watered
each
tomato
every
morning
to
help
it
grow
tall
.
•
After
a
few
weeks
,
the
small
tomato
began
to
sprout
yellow
flowers
.
After
a
few
weeks
,
the
small
tomato
began
to
sprout
yellow
flowers
.
noun
-
tomato
,
tomatoes
(
slang
,
dated
)
an
attractive
young
woman
,
especially
one
considered
stylish
or
sexually
appealing
•
In
the
old
movie
,
the
detective
calls
the
singer
a
real
tomato
.
In
the
old
movie
,
the
detective
calls
the
singer
a
real
tomato
.
•
His
grandpa
still
uses
the
term
tomato
to
talk
about
pretty
girls
.
His
grandpa
still
uses
the
term
tomato
to
talk
about
pretty
girls
.
American
slang
from
the
1920s
,
possibly
comparing
a
woman
’
s
attractiveness
to
the
bright
,
eye-catching
color
of
a
ripe
tomato
tongue
noun
the
soft
,
movable
muscle
inside
the
mouth
that
helps
with
tasting
,
swallowing
,
and
speaking
•
The
cat
licked
milk
off
its
rough
tongue
.
The
cat
licked
milk
off
its
rough
tongue
.
•
Stick
out
your
tongue
and
say
“
ah
,”
instructed
the
doctor
.
Stick
out
your
tongue
and
say
“
ah
,”
instructed
the
doctor
.
Old
English
“
tunge
,”
from
Proto-Germanic
*tungō
,
related
to
Latin
“
lingua
.”
noun
a
language
;
the
words
and
grammar
used
by
the
people
of
a
particular
nation
or
community
•
Mandarin
is
her
mother
tongue
,
but
she
learned
English
at
school
.
Mandarin
is
her
mother
tongue
,
but
she
learned
English
at
school
.
•
The
ancient
manuscript
is
written
in
a
lost
tongue
.
The
ancient
manuscript
is
written
in
a
lost
tongue
.
Sense
of
“
language
”
appeared
in
Middle
English
,
expanding
from
the
physical
organ
to
speech
and
then
to
specific
languages
.
noun
the
style
or
tone
in
which
someone
speaks
•
He
has
a
sharp
tongue
when
he
is
angry
.
He
has
a
sharp
tongue
when
he
is
angry
.
•
With
a
silver
tongue
,
the
politician
charmed
the
audience
.
With
a
silver
tongue
,
the
politician
charmed
the
audience
.
Metaphorical
use
for
style
of
speech
dates
back
to
the
14th
century
.
noun
a
long
narrow
piece
of
material
or
metal
that
sticks
out
on
something
,
such
as
the
flap
under
shoelaces
or
the
pin
of
a
belt
buckle
•
He
straightened
the
tongue
of
his
shoe
before
tying
the
laces
.
He
straightened
the
tongue
of
his
shoe
before
tying
the
laces
.
•
The
belt
’
s
tongue
slid
easily
into
the
buckle
.
The
belt
’
s
tongue
slid
easily
into
the
buckle
.
Named
for
its
shape
,
first
recorded
for
footwear
in
the
16th
century
.
verb
-
tongue
,
tonguing
,
tongues
,
tongued
to
touch
or
move
over
something
with
the
tongue
•
The
snake
tongued
the
air
to
sense
its
surroundings
.
The
snake
tongued
the
air
to
sense
its
surroundings
.
•
She
tongued
the
reed
carefully
while
practicing
the
clarinet
.
She
tongued
the
reed
carefully
while
practicing
the
clarinet
.
Verb
use
arose
in
the
15th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
“
to
lick
as
with
a
tongue
.”
tourist
noun
a
person
who
travels
to
places
for
pleasure
rather
than
for
work
or
to
live
there
•
The
tourist
stopped
to
take
photos
of
the
ancient
temple
.
The
tourist
stopped
to
take
photos
of
the
ancient
temple
.
•
Many
tourists
flock
to
the
city
during
the
cherry
blossom
season
.
Many
tourists
flock
to
the
city
during
the
cherry
blossom
season
.
From
French
touriste
,
from
tour
meaning
“
a
journey
or
excursion
”,
ultimately
from
Latin
tornus
“
tool
for
making
a
circle
”.
noun
informal
:
someone
who
briefly
tries
an
activity
,
job
,
or
scene
without
real
skill
or
commitment
•
The
veteran
climbers
could
tell
he
was
a
tourist
after
he
fumbled
with
his
gear
.
The
veteran
climbers
could
tell
he
was
a
tourist
after
he
fumbled
with
his
gear
.
•
Serious
gamers
often
complain
when
a
tourist
joins
their
ranked
matches
.
Serious
gamers
often
complain
when
a
tourist
joins
their
ranked
matches
.
tournament
noun
a
sports
or
gaming
competition
in
which
many
teams
or
players
play
several
matches
to
decide
an
overall
winner
•
Our
school's
basketball
team
won
the
regional
tournament
last
weekend
.
Our
school's
basketball
team
won
the
regional
tournament
last
weekend
.
•
Players
from
ten
countries
gathered
in
Tokyo
for
the
chess
tournament
.
Players
from
ten
countries
gathered
in
Tokyo
for
the
chess
tournament
.
Borrowed
from
Old
French
tournoiement
,
from
tornoier
“
to
turn
about
,
joust
.”
noun
in
the
Middle
Ages
,
a
formal
contest
where
knights
fought
on
horseback
,
especially
in
jousting
,
to
display
skill
and
bravery
•
The
king
organized
a
grand
tournament
to
celebrate
the
prince's
birthday
.
The
king
organized
a
grand
tournament
to
celebrate
the
prince's
birthday
.
•
Knights
wore
brightly
painted
shields
when
they
rode
into
the
tournament
field
.
Knights
wore
brightly
painted
shields
when
they
rode
into
the
tournament
field
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
but
the
earlier
meaning
referred
specifically
to
knightly
combat
displays
.
toilet
noun
a
room
,
especially
in
a
public
place
or
a
home
,
that
contains
a
toilet
and
usually
a
sink
,
where
people
can
relieve
themselves
•
Excuse
me
,
could
you
tell
me
where
the
nearest
toilet
is
?
Excuse
me
,
could
you
tell
me
where
the
nearest
toilet
is
?
•
The
cafe's
toilet
was
clean
and
bright
.
The
cafe's
toilet
was
clean
and
bright
.
noun
a
fixed
bowl
connected
to
plumbing
,
with
a
seat
and
a
flushing
system
,
used
for
urinating
and
defecating
•
He
lifted
the
lid
of
the
toilet
and
flushed
.
He
lifted
the
lid
of
the
toilet
and
flushed
.
•
The
plumber
replaced
the
broken
toilet
in
the
bathroom
.
The
plumber
replaced
the
broken
toilet
in
the
bathroom
.
noun
(
dated
)
the
act
or
process
of
washing
,
grooming
,
and
dressing
oneself
•
The
lady
finished
her
morning
toilet
before
breakfast
.
The
lady
finished
her
morning
toilet
before
breakfast
.
•
His
late
arrival
was
blamed
on
the
length
of
his
nightly
toilet
.
His
late
arrival
was
blamed
on
the
length
of
his
nightly
toilet
.
verb
-
toilet
,
toileting
,
toilets
,
toileted
to
wash
,
groom
,
or
otherwise
care
for
the
body
of
a
person
or
an
animal
•
The
nurse
gently
toileted
the
patient
and
changed
the
sheets
.
The
nurse
gently
toileted
the
patient
and
changed
the
sheets
.
•
Handlers
carefully
toilet
the
show
dogs
before
they
enter
the
ring
.
Handlers
carefully
toilet
the
show
dogs
before
they
enter
the
ring
.
touchdown
noun
In
American
football
and
some
similar
sports
,
a
score
made
when
a
player
carries
the
ball
into
or
catches
it
in
the
opponents'
end
zone
.
•
With
only
seconds
remaining
,
the
quarterback
dived
across
the
line
for
the
winning
touchdown
.
With
only
seconds
remaining
,
the
quarterback
dived
across
the
line
for
the
winning
touchdown
.
•
The
crowd
erupted
when
the
rookie
wide
receiver
caught
his
first
professional
touchdown
.
The
crowd
erupted
when
the
rookie
wide
receiver
caught
his
first
professional
touchdown
.
Formed
from
the
verb
phrase
“
touch
down
,”
originally
used
in
rugby
in
the
late
19th
century
for
grounding
the
ball
behind
the
goal
line
,
later
adopted
by
American
football
.
noun
The
moment
when
an
aircraft
,
spacecraft
,
or
other
vehicle
first
makes
contact
with
the
ground
or
another
surface
at
the
end
of
a
flight
.
•
The
passengers
applauded
after
the
plane
made
a
smooth
touchdown
on
the
wet
runway
.
The
passengers
applauded
after
the
plane
made
a
smooth
touchdown
on
the
wet
runway
.
•
Mission
control
cheered
as
the
lunar
module
achieved
a
successful
touchdown
on
the
Moon's
surface
.
Mission
control
cheered
as
the
lunar
module
achieved
a
successful
touchdown
on
the
Moon's
surface
.
Extension
of
the
sports
term
,
first
recorded
in
aviation
around
1918
to
describe
wheels
meeting
the
runway
,
later
used
for
spacecraft
landings
.
tobacco
noun
the
dried
and
prepared
leaves
of
the
tobacco
plant
that
people
smoke
,
chew
,
or
sniff
•
The
old
sailor
rolled
his
own
tobacco
into
a
paper
for
a
quick
smoke
.
The
old
sailor
rolled
his
own
tobacco
into
a
paper
for
a
quick
smoke
.
•
The
store
near
campus
sells
flavored
pipe
tobacco
.
The
store
near
campus
sells
flavored
pipe
tobacco
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
mid-16th
century
from
Spanish
“
tabaco
,”
likely
from
Taíno
“
tabáko
,”
the
name
of
the
pipe
used
by
indigenous
peoples
of
the
Caribbean
.
noun
a
tall
,
leafy
plant
(
genus
Nicotiana
)
grown
for
its
leaves
,
which
are
processed
into
tobacco
products
•
Rows
of
tobacco
waved
gently
in
the
breeze
across
the
southern
farm
.
Rows
of
tobacco
waved
gently
in
the
breeze
across
the
southern
farm
.
•
The
scientist
studied
a
tobacco
leaf
under
the
microscope
to
understand
plant
viruses
.
The
scientist
studied
a
tobacco
leaf
under
the
microscope
to
understand
plant
viruses
.
Same
origin
as
sense
1
:
from
Spanish
“
tabaco
,”
referring
to
both
the
plant
and
the
smoking
pipe
used
by
the
Taíno
.
toe
noun
one
of
the
five
small
parts
at
the
end
of
each
human
foot
,
or
the
similar
part
on
an
animal
’
s
foot
•
Lia
stubbed
her
toe
on
the
coffee
table
and
yelped
in
pain
.
Lia
stubbed
her
toe
on
the
coffee
table
and
yelped
in
pain
.
•
A
baby
wiggled
all
ten
toes
while
lying
on
the
changing
mat
.
A
baby
wiggled
all
ten
toes
while
lying
on
the
changing
mat
.
Old
English
tā
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Dutch
teen
and
German
Zehe
.
noun
the
front
end
or
tip
of
a
shoe
,
sock
,
or
similar
object
•
There
was
a
tiny
hole
in
the
toe
of
my
favorite
sock
.
There
was
a
tiny
hole
in
the
toe
of
my
favorite
sock
.
•
The
dancer
scuffed
the
leather
toe
of
her
ballet
shoe
on
the
rough
floor
.
The
dancer
scuffed
the
leather
toe
of
her
ballet
shoe
on
the
rough
floor
.
verb
-
toe
,
toeing
,
toes
,
toed
to
touch
,
push
,
or
move
something
with
your
toes
or
the
front
of
your
shoe
,
or
to
adjust
wheels
so
their
front
edges
point
slightly
inward
or
outward
•
Ella
carefully
toed
the
door
shut
without
using
her
hands
.
Ella
carefully
toed
the
door
shut
without
using
her
hands
.
•
He
toed
the
soccer
ball
forward
to
his
teammate
.
He
toed
the
soccer
ball
forward
to
his
teammate
.
tell
verb
-
tell
,
telling
,
tells
,
told
to
give
someone
information
by
speaking
or
writing
•
Please
tell
me
your
name
.
Please
tell
me
your
name
.
•
She
told
her
friends
the
good
news
during
lunch
.
She
told
her
friends
the
good
news
during
lunch
.
Old
English
‘
tellan
’,
meaning
‘
count
’
or
‘
relate
’.
verb
-
tell
,
telling
,
tells
,
told
to
order
or
instruct
someone
to
do
something
•
The
teacher
told
the
class
to
open
their
books
.
The
teacher
told
the
class
to
open
their
books
.
•
Mom
tells
us
to
wash
our
hands
before
dinner
.
Mom
tells
us
to
wash
our
hands
before
dinner
.
verb
-
tell
,
telling
,
tells
,
told
to
know
or
recognize
something
by
noticing
signs
or
details
•
You
can
tell
that
he
is
nervous
by
the
way
he
fidgets
.
You
can
tell
that
he
is
nervous
by
the
way
he
fidgets
.
•
Can
you
tell
which
painting
is
the
original
?
Can
you
tell
which
painting
is
the
original
?
verb
-
tell
,
telling
,
tells
,
told
to
have
a
noticeable
effect
,
usually
a
harmful
one
,
after
some
time
•
Years
of
hard
work
began
to
tell
on
his
health
.
Years
of
hard
work
began
to
tell
on
his
health
.
•
The
long
drought
is
starting
to
tell
on
the
crops
.
The
long
drought
is
starting
to
tell
on
the
crops
.
into
preposition
to
the
inside
of
a
place
or
object
•
The
cat
jumped
into
the
empty
cardboard
box
.
The
cat
jumped
into
the
empty
cardboard
box
.
•
Please
put
the
groceries
into
the
fridge
before
they
spoil
.
Please
put
the
groceries
into
the
fridge
before
they
spoil
.
preposition
toward
and
hitting
or
touching
something
•
A
cyclist
crashed into
a
parked
car
but
was
not
hurt
.
A
cyclist
crashed into
a
parked
car
but
was
not
hurt
.
•
The
ball
rolled
into
the
fence
and
stopped
.
The
ball
rolled
into
the
fence
and
stopped
.
preposition
showing
change
from
one
form
,
condition
,
or
result
to
another
•
The
snow
quickly
turned into
water
when
the
sun
came
out
.
The
snow
quickly
turned into
water
when
the
sun
came
out
.
•
Our
small
idea
grew into
a
successful
business
.
Our
small
idea
grew into
a
successful
business
.
preposition
showing
strong
interest
in
or
enthusiasm
for
something
•
My
brother
is
really
into
classical
music
lately
.
My
brother
is
really
into
classical
music
lately
.
•
She
got into
yoga
during
college
.
She
got into
yoga
during
college
.
preposition
used
to
show
division
,
meaning
how
many
times
one
number
is
contained
in
another
•
How
many
times
does
four
go into
twenty
?
How
many
times
does
four
go into
twenty
?
•
Five
into
fifteen
is
three
.
Five
into
fifteen
is
three
.
take
verb
-
take
,
taking
,
takes
,
took
,
taken
to
get
hold
of
something
with
your
hands
and
move
or
carry
it
to
another
place
•
Take
your
coat
and
follow
me
.
Take
your
coat
and
follow
me
.
•
The
mother
carefully
takes
the
baby
out
of
the
crib
.
The
mother
carefully
takes
the
baby
out
of
the
crib
.
verb
-
take
,
taking
,
takes
,
took
,
taken
to
swallow
or
use
medicine
,
vitamins
,
or
similar
substances
•
You
should
take
this
pill
after
meals
.
You
should
take
this
pill
after
meals
.
•
He
takes
vitamins
every
morning
.
He
takes
vitamins
every
morning
.
verb
-
take
,
taking
,
takes
,
took
,
taken
to
need
or
require
a
certain
amount
of
time
,
effort
,
or
resources
•
The
repair
will
take
about
two
hours
.
The
repair
will
take
about
two
hours
.
•
Learning
a
new
language
takes
patience
.
Learning
a
new
language
takes
patience
.
story
noun
-
story
,
stories
one
level
of
a
building
•
The
new
office
tower
is
twenty
stories
high
.
The
new
office
tower
is
twenty
stories
high
.
•
Our
apartment
is
on
the
tenth
story
,
so
the
view
is
amazing
.
Our
apartment
is
on
the
tenth
story
,
so
the
view
is
amazing
.
Adopted
in
American
English
in
the
19th
century
,
likely
from
earlier
sense
of
“
stage
”
or
“
history
”
layers
,
influenced
by
the
narrative
sense
.
noun
-
story
,
stories
a
spoken
or
written
account
of
real
or
imaginary
events
told
to
entertain
,
inform
,
or
explain
•
Grandpa
loves
telling
the
story
of
how
he
met
Grandma
during
the
war
.
Grandpa
loves
telling
the
story
of
how
he
met
Grandma
during
the
war
.
•
The
news
article
included
a
moving
human-interest
story
about
a
rescued
dog
.
The
news
article
included
a
moving
human-interest
story
about
a
rescued
dog
.
Middle
English
“
storie
”,
from
Anglo-Norman
and
Old
French
“
estorie
”,
originally
meaning
“
history
”,
later
“
narrative
”.
storey
noun
one
of
the
horizontal
levels
of
a
building
•
Their
new
home
is
a
charming
three-storey
cottage
.
Their
new
home
is
a
charming
three-storey
cottage
.
•
The
office
block
rises
to
twelve
storeys
above
the
street
.
The
office
block
rises
to
twelve
storeys
above
the
street
.
Variant
spelling
influenced
by
Old
French
“
estorie
.”
The
‘
e
’
was
kept
in
British
English
while
American
English
simplified
it
to
“
story
.”
understand
verb
-
understand
,
understanding
,
understands
,
understood
to
know
what
something
means
or
what
someone
is
saying
•
Do
you
understand
the
instructions
on
the
packet
?
Do
you
understand
the
instructions
on
the
packet
?
•
Lena
can
understand
French
,
but
she
feels
shy
about
speaking
it
.
Lena
can
understand
French
,
but
she
feels
shy
about
speaking
it
.
verb
-
understand
,
understanding
,
understands
,
understood
to
know
how
someone
feels
and
show
sympathy
•
I
understand
how
nervous
you
feel
before
the
test
.
I
understand
how
nervous
you
feel
before
the
test
.
•
Good
friends
understand
each
other
in
hard
times
.
Good
friends
understand
each
other
in
hard
times
.
verb
-
understand
,
understanding
,
understands
,
understood
to
think
or
believe
something
is
true
because
of
what
you
have
been
told
or
have
read
•
I
understand
that
the
meeting
has
been
moved
to
Friday
.
I
understand
that
the
meeting
has
been
moved
to
Friday
.
•
From
what
I
understand
,
the
movie
was
filmed
in
Spain
.
From
what
I
understand
,
the
movie
was
filmed
in
Spain
.
stop
verb
-
stop
,
stopping
,
stops
,
stopped
to
come
to
an
end
,
or
to
make
something
come
to
an
end
,
especially
movement
or
an
activity
•
Please
stop
making
so
much
noise
;
the
baby
is
sleeping
.
Please
stop
making
so
much
noise
;
the
baby
is
sleeping
.
•
The
driver
pressed
the
brakes
and
the
car
stopped
just
in
time
at
the
red
light
.
The
driver
pressed
the
brakes
and
the
car
stopped
just
in
time
at
the
red
light
.
Old
English
‘
stoppian
’
meaning
‘
to
plug
or
block
’,
later
broadened
to
the
modern
sense
of
bringing
something
to
an
end
.
interjection
used
to
tell
someone
to
cease
what
they
are
doing
immediately
•
Stop
!
That
pan
is
hot
.
Stop
!
That
pan
is
hot
.
•
Stop
right
there
,
please
.
Stop
right
there
,
please
.
verb
-
stop
,
stopping
,
stops
,
stopped
to
come
to
an
end
or
no
longer
move
or
continue
•
The
bus
will
stop
at
the
next
corner
.
The
bus
will
stop
at
the
next
corner
.
•
It
finally
stopped
raining
after
three
hours
.
It
finally
stopped
raining
after
three
hours
.
From
Old
English
‘
stoppian
’,
meaning
to
plug
or
block
,
related
to
German
‘
stopfen
’.
verb
-
stop
,
stopping
,
stops
,
stopped
to
make
someone
or
something
no
longer
do
something
,
move
,
or
continue
•
He
stopped
the
video
to
answer
the
phone
.
He
stopped
the
video
to
answer
the
phone
.
•
The
police
officer
stopped
the
traffic
to
let
the
ambulance
pass
.
The
police
officer
stopped
the
traffic
to
let
the
ambulance
pass
.
Same
origin
as
intransitive
sense
,
emphasizing
the
causative
use
developed
in
Middle
English
.
noun
a
place
where
buses
,
trains
,
or
other
vehicles
regularly
pick
up
or
drop
off
passengers
•
We
waited
at
the
bus
stop
for
twenty
minutes
.
We
waited
at
the
bus
stop
for
twenty
minutes
.
•
The
next
stop
on
this
train
is
Central
Station
.
The
next
stop
on
this
train
is
Central
Station
.
Developed
from
the
verb
’
s
sense
of
halting
;
first
recorded
for
tram
and
bus
services
in
the
19th
century
.
verb
-
stop
,
stopping
,
stops
,
stopped
to
prevent
something
from
happening
or
continuing
•
Good
sunscreen
stops
your
skin
from
burning
.
Good
sunscreen
stops
your
skin
from
burning
.
•
He
put
up
a
fence
to
stop
the
dog
from
running
away
.
He
put
up
a
fence
to
stop
the
dog
from
running
away
.
noun
a
pause
or
halt
in
movement
or
activity
•
After
a
quick
stop
for
coffee
,
we
continued
our
trip
.
After
a
quick
stop
for
coffee
,
we
continued
our
trip
.
•
The
train
came
to
a
complete
stop
.
The
train
came
to
a
complete
stop
.
noun
a
place
where
buses
,
trains
,
or
other
vehicles
regularly
pick
up
or
set
down
passengers
•
We
waited
at
the
stop
for
the
number
7
bus
.
We
waited
at
the
stop
for
the
number
7
bus
.
•
The
next
stop
on
this
train
is
Central
Station
.
The
next
stop
on
this
train
is
Central
Station
.
noun
an
act
of
stopping
;
a
pause
or
end
of
movement
or
action
•
Let
’
s
make
a
quick
stop
at
the
grocery
store
.
Let
’
s
make
a
quick
stop
at
the
grocery
store
.
•
The
runner
finished
the
marathon
without
a
single
stop
.
The
runner
finished
the
marathon
without
a
single
stop
.
From
the
verb
;
the
noun
sense
of
‘
halt
or
pause
’
dates
to
the
Middle
English
period
.
stand
verb
-
stand
,
standing
,
stands
,
stood
to
be
on
your
feet
with
your
body
upright
,
not
sitting
or
lying
down
•
Security
guards
often
have
to
stand
for
hours
during
their
shifts
.
Security
guards
often
have
to
stand
for
hours
during
their
shifts
.
•
The
children
were
told
to
stand
quietly
in
a
neat
line
before
the
museum
doors
opened
.
The
children
were
told
to
stand
quietly
in
a
neat
line
before
the
museum
doors
opened
.
Old
English
‘
standan
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
‘
standaną
’,
meaning
‘
to
stand
’.
verb
-
stand
,
standing
,
stands
,
stood
to
be
upright
on
your
feet
rather
than
sitting
or
lying
•
After
sitting
all
morning
,
Anna
decided
to
stand
and
stretch
.
After
sitting
all
morning
,
Anna
decided
to
stand
and
stretch
.
•
The
guards
stood
outside
the
palace
gates
all
night
.
The
guards
stood
outside
the
palace
gates
all
night
.
Old
English
‘
standan
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
‘
standaną
’,
meaning
‘
to
stand
’.
verb
-
stand
,
standing
,
stands
,
stood
to
rise
to
your
feet
from
a
sitting
or
lying
position
•
Please
stand
when
the
judge
enters
the
courtroom
.
Please
stand
when
the
judge
enters
the
courtroom
.
•
After
tying
his
shoes
,
he
stood
and
grabbed
his
backpack
.
After
tying
his
shoes
,
he
stood
and
grabbed
his
backpack
.
noun
-
stand
,
standing
,
stands
,
stood
a
small
stall
,
booth
,
or
table
where
goods
are
sold
or
displayed
•
We
bought
fresh
lemonade
from
a
street
stand
by
the
beach
.
We
bought
fresh
lemonade
from
a
street
stand
by
the
beach
.
•
The
farmer
set
up
a
vegetable
stand
at
the
Saturday
market
.
The
farmer
set
up
a
vegetable
stand
at
the
Saturday
market
.
verb
-
stand
,
standing
,
stands
,
stood
to
tolerate
or
accept
something
unpleasant
•
I
can't
stand
the
smell
of
burnt
popcorn
.
I
can't
stand
the
smell
of
burnt
popcorn
.
•
He
couldn't
stand
the
loud
music
and
left
the
club
early
.
He
couldn't
stand
the
loud
music
and
left
the
club
early
.
noun
-
stand
,
standing
,
stands
,
stood
an
upright
support
or
frame
designed
to
hold
something
,
such
as
a
lamp
or
a
microphone
•
Place
the
guitar
back
on
its
stand
after
you
finish
playing
.
Place
the
guitar
back
on
its
stand
after
you
finish
playing
.
•
The
presenter
adjusted
the
microphone
stand
before
speaking
.
The
presenter
adjusted
the
microphone
stand
before
speaking
.
verb
-
stand
,
standing
,
stands
,
stood
to
tolerate
or
accept
something
unpleasant
•
I
can
’
t
stand
loud
chewing
noises
.
I
can
’
t
stand
loud
chewing
noises
.
•
He
couldn
’
t
stand
the
heat
,
so
he
moved
to
a
cooler
city
.
He
couldn
’
t
stand
the
heat
,
so
he
moved
to
a
cooler
city
.
verb
-
stand
,
standing
,
stands
,
stood
to
remain
valid
,
unchanged
,
or
in
effect
•
Our
offer
still
stands
if
you
change
your
mind
.
Our
offer
still
stands
if
you
change
your
mind
.
•
The
decision
will
stand
unless
new
evidence
appears
.
The
decision
will
stand
unless
new
evidence
appears
.
verb
-
stand
,
standing
,
stands
,
stood
to
put
your
name
forward
as
a
candidate
in
an
election
•
She
decided
to
stand
for
Parliament
next
year
.
She
decided
to
stand
for
Parliament
next
year
.
•
Three
candidates
will
stand
in
the
mayoral
election
.
Three
candidates
will
stand
in
the
mayoral
election
.
history
noun
-
history
,
histories
the
study
of
past
events
and
how
they
shaped
people
and
societies
•
At
school
,
Mia
enjoys
history
because
she
loves
learning
about
ancient
civilizations
.
At
school
,
Mia
enjoys
history
because
she
loves
learning
about
ancient
civilizations
.
•
The
professor
specializes
in
medieval
history
and
travels
to
old
castles
for
research
.
The
professor
specializes
in
medieval
history
and
travels
to
old
castles
for
research
.
From
Latin
"
historia
"
via
Old
French
,
meaning
inquiry
or
narrative
of
past
events
.
noun
-
history
,
histories
all
the
events
that
happened
in
the
past
•
The
sleepy
village
has
a
long
history
dating
back
to
Roman
times
.
The
sleepy
village
has
a
long
history
dating
back
to
Roman
times
.
•
Painters
often
find
inspiration
in
the
city
’
s
rich
history
.
Painters
often
find
inspiration
in
the
city
’
s
rich
history
.
noun
-
history
,
histories
a
written
or
spoken
record
that
describes
past
events
•
She
wrote
a
history
of
her
family
using
old
letters
and
photos
.
She
wrote
a
history
of
her
family
using
old
letters
and
photos
.
•
The
documentary
is
a
fascinating
history
of
jazz
music
.
The
documentary
is
a
fascinating
history
of
jazz
music
.
noun
-
history
,
histories
a
state
of
being
finished
,
defeated
,
or
no
longer
important
,
especially
in
informal
speech
•
Don
’
t
worry
about
that
scratch
on
the
car
—
after
the
paint
job
,
it
’
s
history
.
Don
’
t
worry
about
that
scratch
on
the
car
—
after
the
paint
job
,
it
’
s
history
.
•
“
Touch
my
sandwich
again
and
you
’
re
history
,”
joked
Carlos
to
his
friend
.
“
Touch
my
sandwich
again
and
you
’
re
history
,”
joked
Carlos
to
his
friend
.
according to
preposition
used
to
show
who
says
something
or
to
show
that
something
depends
on
or
follows
something
else
•
According
to
the
weather
forecast
,
heavy
rain
is
expected
this
evening
.
According to
the
weather
forecast
,
heavy
rain
is
expected
this
evening
.
•
The
librarian
shelved
the
books
according
to
their
subjects
so
students
could
find
them
easily
.
The
librarian
shelved
the
books
according to
their
subjects
so
students
could
find
them
easily
.
Formed
from
present
participle
of
the
verb
“
accord
”
+
preposition
“
to
”;
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
to
introduce
a
source
or
authority
.
photo
noun
a
picture
made
with
a
camera
•
I
took
a
beautiful
photo
of
the
sunset
at
the
beach
yesterday
.
I
took
a
beautiful
photo
of
the
sunset
at
the
beach
yesterday
.
•
Could
you
send
me
the
photo
from
last
night's
party
?
Could
you
send
me
the
photo
from
last
night's
party
?
Shortened
form
of
photograph
,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
verb
to
take
a
photograph
of
someone
or
something
•
Tourists
paused
to
let
the
guide
photo
them
in
front
of
the
ancient
temple
.
Tourists
paused
to
let
the
guide
photo
them
in
front
of
the
ancient
temple
.
•
He
loves
to
photo
birds
early
in
the
morning
.
He
loves
to
photo
birds
early
in
the
morning
.
Back-formation
from
the
noun
photo
,
meaning
to
take
a
photograph
,
first
appearing
in
the
early
20th
century
.
doctor
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
treat
sick
or
injured
people
•
The
doctor
listened
to
my
heartbeat
with
a
stethoscope
.
The
doctor
listened
to
my
heartbeat
with
a
stethoscope
.
•
If
you
feel
dizzy
,
you
should
see
a
doctor
as
soon
as
possible
.
If
you
feel
dizzy
,
you
should
see
a
doctor
as
soon
as
possible
.
From
Latin
‘
doctor
’
meaning
‘
teacher
’,
originally
one
who
is
qualified
to
teach
,
later
used
for
medical
practitioners
.
noun
someone
who
has
earned
the
highest
university
degree
in
a
particular
subject
•
After
years
of
research
,
Maria
finally
became
a
doctor
of
physics
.
After
years
of
research
,
Maria
finally
became
a
doctor
of
physics
.
•
The
professor
is
a
doctor
in
medieval
history
.
The
professor
is
a
doctor
in
medieval
history
.
Extension
of
the
Latin
sense
‘
teacher
’
to
anyone
awarded
the
highest
academic
degree
by
a
university
.
verb
to
give
medical
treatment
to
a
person
or
an
animal
•
Paramedics
doctored
the
injured
cyclist
until
the
ambulance
arrived
.
Paramedics
doctored
the
injured
cyclist
until
the
ambulance
arrived
.
•
She
gently
doctored
the
kitten
’
s
paw
with
antiseptic
cream
.
She
gently
doctored
the
kitten
’
s
paw
with
antiseptic
cream
.
Verb
sense
developed
from
the
noun
‘
doctor
’
meaning
a
medical
practitioner
.
verb
to
change
something
in
order
to
deceive
people
or
to
make
it
seem
better
than
it
really
is
•
The
journalist
noticed
that
someone
had
doctored
the
financial
records
.
The
journalist
noticed
that
someone
had
doctored
the
financial
records
.
•
He
was
fired
for
doctoring
the
results
of
the
experiment
.
He
was
fired
for
doctoring
the
results
of
the
experiment
.
Figurative
use
from
the
idea
of
a
doctor
‘
improving
’
or
‘
fixing
’
something
,
later
taking
on
a
sense
of
dishonest
alteration
.
factor
noun
something
that
has
an
influence
on
or
causes
a
particular
result
•
Bad
weather
was
a
major
factor
in
the
delay
of
their
flight
.
Bad
weather
was
a
major
factor
in
the
delay
of
their
flight
.
•
Price
is
the
biggest
factor
for
many
students
buying
a
laptop
.
Price
is
the
biggest
factor
for
many
students
buying
a
laptop
.
noun
a
whole
number
that
divides
another
number
exactly
•
Three
is
a
factor
of
twelve
.
Three
is
a
factor
of
twelve
.
•
The
students
listed
every
factor
of
36
on
the
board
.
The
students
listed
every
factor
of
36
on
the
board
.
verb
-
factor
,
factoring
,
factors
,
factored
to
include
something
when
making
a
calculation
or
decision
,
usually
with
“
in
”
or
“
into
”
•
We
must
factor
shipping
costs
into
the
budget
.
We
must
factor
shipping
costs
into
the
budget
.
•
Did
you
factor
the
traffic
into
your
travel
plan
?
Did
you
factor
the
traffic
into
your
travel
plan
?
verb
-
factor
,
factoring
,
factors
,
factored
to
resolve
a
number
or
algebraic
expression
into
its
factors
•
Please
factor
the
quadratic
equation
on
the
board
.
Please
factor
the
quadratic
equation
on
the
board
.
•
They
quickly
factored
45
into
5
and
9
.
They
quickly
factored
45
into
5
and
9
.
noun
a
substance
such
as
a
gene
or
protein
that
produces
a
particular
biological
effect
•
Insulin
is
a
crucial
factor
in
regulating
blood
sugar
.
Insulin
is
a
crucial
factor
in
regulating
blood
sugar
.
•
The
researcher
studied
a
growth
factor
that
makes
cells
divide
faster
.
The
researcher
studied
a
growth
factor
that
makes
cells
divide
faster
.
noun
a
business
agent
or
company
that
buys
another
firm's
invoices
and
collects
the
payments
•
The
company
sold
its
invoices
to
a
factor
to
get
cash
quickly
.
The
company
sold
its
invoices
to
a
factor
to
get
cash
quickly
.
•
A
factor
charges
a
fee
before
advancing
money
to
the
supplier
.
A
factor
charges
a
fee
before
advancing
money
to
the
supplier
.
store
noun
a
place
where
you
can
go
to
buy
things
•
After
school
,
Mia
walked
to
the
store
to
buy
some
snacks
.
After
school
,
Mia
walked
to
the
store
to
buy
some
snacks
.
•
The
new
store
on
Main
Street
sells
organic
vegetables
.
The
new
store
on
Main
Street
sells
organic
vegetables
.
noun
an
amount
of
something
that
is
kept
so
it
can
be
used
later
•
The
squirrels
gathered
a
store
of
nuts
for
the
winter
.
The
squirrels
gathered
a
store
of
nuts
for
the
winter
.
•
Grandma
always
keeps
a
good
store
of
canned
food
in
the
pantry
.
Grandma
always
keeps
a
good
store
of
canned
food
in
the
pantry
.
verb
-
store
,
storing
,
stores
,
stored
to
put
something
in
a
place
so
you
can
use
it
later
•
Please
store
the
cheese
in
the
refrigerator
.
Please
store
the
cheese
in
the
refrigerator
.
•
He
stored
important
documents
in
a
locked
drawer
.
He
stored
important
documents
in
a
locked
drawer
.
verb
-
store
,
storing
,
stores
,
stored
to
keep
electronic
information
in
a
computer
so
it
can
be
used
later
•
This
app
can
store
your
passwords
securely
.
This
app
can
store
your
passwords
securely
.
•
The
GPS
device
stores
the
route
history
.
The
GPS
device
stores
the
route
history
.
director
noun
a
person
who
leads
and
manages
a
department
,
project
,
or
organization
,
making
important
decisions
and
guiding
its
work
•
After
years
of
hard
work
,
Maria
was
promoted
to
director
of
marketing
.
After
years
of
hard
work
,
Maria
was
promoted
to
director
of
marketing
.
•
The
director
called
an
early-morning
meeting
to
set
new
goals
for
the
team
.
The
director
called
an
early-morning
meeting
to
set
new
goals
for
the
team
.
from
Latin
dirigere
“
to
guide
,
arrange
,”
through
Old
French
directeur
“
one
who
guides
”
noun
a
person
who
is
in
charge
of
making
a
film
,
play
,
or
television
program
,
guiding
actors
and
crew
to
create
the
final
production
•
The
director
shouted
"
Action
!"
and
the
cameras
started
rolling
.
The
director
shouted
"
Action
!"
and
the
cameras
started
rolling
.
•
Critics
praised
the
director
for
the
movie's
beautiful
scenes
.
Critics
praised
the
director
for
the
movie's
beautiful
scenes
.
extended
from
the
sense
of
one
who
guides
,
applied
to
guiding
artistic
performance
in
the
late
19th
century
amount to
verb
to
add
up
to
or
be
equal
to
a
particular
total
or
result
.
•
All
the
small
fees
amount
to
nearly
fifty
dollars
a
month
.
All
the
small
fees
amount to
nearly
fifty
dollars
a
month
.
•
Her
achievements
amount
to
a
remarkable
career
.
Her
achievements
amount to
a
remarkable
career
.
senator
noun
a
politician
elected
to
a
country
’
s
senate
,
the
group
of
lawmakers
who
discuss
,
write
,
and
vote
on
new
laws
•
The
newly
elected
senator
shook
hands
with
cheering
supporters
outside
the
city
hall
.
The
newly
elected
senator
shook
hands
with
cheering
supporters
outside
the
city
hall
.
•
A
group
of
high-school
students
toured
the
Capitol
and
interviewed
a
senator
about
climate
policy
.
A
group
of
high-school
students
toured
the
Capitol
and
interviewed
a
senator
about
climate
policy
.
From
Latin
senātor
,
meaning
‘
member
of
the
senate
’,
from
senātus
‘
senate
’,
literally
‘
council
of
elders
’.
photograph
noun
a
picture
made
with
a
camera
by
capturing
light
on
film
or
a
digital
sensor
•
Maria
framed
her
favorite
photograph
of
the
beach
and
hung
it
on
the
wall
.
Maria
framed
her
favorite
photograph
of
the
beach
and
hung
it
on
the
wall
.
•
The
old
man
showed
me
a
faded
photograph
of
his
army
friends
.
The
old
man
showed
me
a
faded
photograph
of
his
army
friends
.
Mid-19th
century
:
from
photo-
‘
light
’
+
‑graph
‘
something
written
or
drawn
’.
verb
to
take
a
picture
of
someone
or
something
with
a
camera
•
She
loves
to
photograph
wild
animals
in
their
natural
habitat
.
She
loves
to
photograph
wild
animals
in
their
natural
habitat
.
•
Please
don't
photograph
me
;
I'm
not
ready
yet
.
Please
don't
photograph
me
;
I'm
not
ready
yet
.
Derived
from
the
noun
‘
photograph
’,
adopted
as
a
verb
soon
after
cameras
became
common
in
the
19th
century
.
attorney
noun
a
lawyer
:
a
person
licensed
to
give
legal
advice
and
to
represent
people
in
court
•
The
attorney
explained
the
contract
in
simple
language
to
her
client
.
The
attorney
explained
the
contract
in
simple
language
to
her
client
.
•
After
the
accident
,
Jake
hired
an
experienced
attorney
to
handle
his
case
.
After
the
accident
,
Jake
hired
an
experienced
attorney
to
handle
his
case
.
from
Old
French
atorner
“
to
appoint
,
assign
”,
later
meaning
“
one
appointed
”,
adopted
into
Middle
English
as
“
attourney
”
noun
(
archaic
)
an
agent
or
representative
legally
appointed
to
act
for
someone
in
business
or
personal
matters
•
In
1720
,
a
London
merchant
appointed
an
attorney
to
manage
his
affairs
in
the
colonies
.
In
1720
,
a
London
merchant
appointed
an
attorney
to
manage
his
affairs
in
the
colonies
.
•
The
noblewoman's
attorney
collected
rent
from
her
tenants
while
she
traveled
abroad
.
The
noblewoman's
attorney
collected
rent
from
her
tenants
while
she
traveled
abroad
.
Same
origin
as
the
modern
sense
,
but
broadened
in
Middle
English
to
mean
anyone
legally
empowered
to
act
for
another
.
stock
noun
the
goods
that
a
shop
or
warehouse
keeps
to
sell
,
or
the
total
supply
of
goods
available
•
The
toy
store
ran
out
of
stock
before
the
holiday
rush
.
The
toy
store
ran
out
of
stock
before
the
holiday
rush
.
•
We
always
count
our
stock
every
Monday
to
know
what
to
reorder
.
We
always
count
our
stock
every
Monday
to
know
what
to
reorder
.
Old
English
stocc
meant
“
tree
trunk
”
or
“
log
.”
Over
time
the
idea
of
a
stored
pile
of
wood
broadened
to
mean
any
stored
supply
.
noun
a
clear
,
tasty
liquid
made
by
slowly
boiling
meat
,
bones
,
or
vegetables
in
water
,
used
as
the
base
for
soups
and
sauces
•
Grandma
simmered
chicken
bones
for
hours
to
make
rich
chicken
stock
.
Grandma
simmered
chicken
bones
for
hours
to
make
rich
chicken
stock
.
•
A
good
vegetable
stock
adds
depth
to
vegetarian
soups
.
A
good
vegetable
stock
adds
depth
to
vegetarian
soups
.
The
culinary
sense
grew
in
the
17th
century
from
the
idea
of
a
‘
base
supply
’
used
again
and
again
.
verb
to
fill
a
store
,
shelf
,
or
place
with
goods
so
that
they
are
ready
for
people
to
buy
or
use
•
Employees
stock
the
shelves
every
night
after
closing
time
.
Employees
stock
the
shelves
every
night
after
closing
time
.
•
Please
stock
the
fridge
with
drinks
before
the
party
.
Please
stock
the
fridge
with
drinks
before
the
party
.
Verb
use
came
from
the
noun
sense
of
keeping
goods
in
a
‘
store
’,
recorded
since
the
15th
century
.
noun
a
share
of
ownership
in
a
company
that
can
be
bought
and
sold
•
Emma
bought
stock
in
a
solar-energy
company
.
Emma
bought
stock
in
a
solar-energy
company
.
•
The
value
of
the
tech
stock
rose
sharply
after
the
new
product
launch
.
The
value
of
the
tech
stock
rose
sharply
after
the
new
product
launch
.
This
financial
sense
developed
in
the
17th
century
,
comparing
ownership
pieces
to
‘
stumps
’
or
‘
stakes
’
planted
in
a
venture
.
adjective
regular
,
common
,
or
standard
;
not
special
or
custom-made
•
He
gave
a
stock
answer
and
avoided
the
real
issue
.
He
gave
a
stock
answer
and
avoided
the
real
issue
.
•
The
car
comes
with
stock
wheels
unless
you
pay
extra
for
upgrades
.
The
car
comes
with
stock
wheels
unless
you
pay
extra
for
upgrades
.
The
adjective
grew
from
the
idea
of
something
taken
from
ready
‘
stock
’
rather
than
specially
made
.
noun
farm
animals
such
as
cattle
,
sheep
,
or
pigs
kept
for
meat
,
milk
,
or
wool
•
The
rancher
moved
his
stock
to
higher
ground
before
the
flood
.
The
rancher
moved
his
stock
to
higher
ground
before
the
flood
.
•
Healthy
stock
produce
better
wool
and
meat
.
Healthy
stock
produce
better
wool
and
meat
.
From
Old
English
stocc
in
the
sense
of
a
‘
family
lineage
’
of
animals
,
later
referring
to
the
animals
themselves
.
customer
noun
someone
who
buys
goods
or
services
from
a
business
or
person
•
The
coffee
shop
gave
every
customer
a
free
cookie
with
their
drink
.
The
coffee
shop
gave
every
customer
a
free
cookie
with
their
drink
.
•
The
mechanic
explained
the
repairs
to
the
waiting
customer
.
The
mechanic
explained
the
repairs
to
the
waiting
customer
.
From
Middle
English
‘
custumer
’,
from
Anglo-Norman
custumer
,
from
Old
French
coustumier
(“
customs
officer
”),
from
Latin
consuētūdō
(“
custom
”).
Meaning
shifted
from
‘
tax
collector
’
to
‘
person
who
pays
money
’
by
the
15th
century
.
noun
a
person
described
by
a
particular
quality
,
especially
someone
difficult
,
tough
,
or
unusual
•
The
goalkeeper
is
a
tough
customer
for
any
striker
to
beat
.
The
goalkeeper
is
a
tough
customer
for
any
striker
to
beat
.
•
You
don't
want
to
anger
her
;
she's
a
fierce
customer
when
provoked
.
You
don't
want
to
anger
her
;
she's
a
fierce
customer
when
provoked
.
Extension
of
the
main
sense
‘
person
who
pays
money
’
to
mean
‘
person
one
has
to
deal
with
’,
then
generalized
to
any
person
of
a
certain
kind
.
onto
preposition
showing
movement
to
a
position
on
the
surface
of
or
in
contact
with
something
•
The
cat
leaped
onto
the
windowsill
to
watch
the
birds
outside
.
The
cat
leaped
onto
the
windowsill
to
watch
the
birds
outside
.
•
The
waiter
carefully
placed
the
tray
onto
the
table
without
spilling
a
drop
.
The
waiter
carefully
placed
the
tray
onto
the
table
without
spilling
a
drop
.
from
on
+
to
,
first
appearing
as
one
word
in
the
18th
century
adjective
(
mathematics
)
describing
a
function
that
maps
every
element
of
its
codomain
to
at
least
one
element
of
its
domain
;
surjective
•
In
the
graph
on
the
board
,
the
professor
showed
that
function
f
is
onto
.
In
the
graph
on
the
board
,
the
professor
showed
that
function
f
is
onto
.
•
A
surjective
or
onto
mapping
hits
every
point
in
the
codomain
.
A
surjective
or
onto
mapping
hits
every
point
in
the
codomain
.
specialized
use
of
the
common
preposition
in
1930s
mathematical
literature
as
a
synonym
for
"
surjective
"
October
noun
the
tenth
month
of
the
year
,
between
September
and
November
•
Halloween
falls
on
the
last
day
of
October
.
Halloween
falls
on
the
last
day
of
October
.
•
The
maple
trees
in
our
neighborhood
turn
bright
red
and
orange
in
October
.
The
maple
trees
in
our
neighborhood
turn
bright
red
and
orange
in
October
.
From
Latin
“
Octōber
”,
originally
meaning
“
eighth
month
”
in
the
early
Roman
calendar
,
which
began
in
March
;
later
kept
its
name
after
January
and
February
were
added
to
the
front
of
the
year
.
mistake
verb
-
mistake
,
mistaking
,
mistakes
,
mistook
,
mistaken
to
think
wrongly
that
someone
or
something
is
another
person
or
thing
•
Many
people
mistake
me
for
my
older
brother
.
Many
people
mistake
me
for
my
older
brother
.
•
He
mistook
the
salt
for
sugar
and
ruined
the
soup
.
He
mistook
the
salt
for
sugar
and
ruined
the
soup
.
From
Old
Norse
‘
mistaka
’
meaning
“
take
wrongly
”.
The
verb
entered
Middle
English
in
the
14th
century
.
verb
-
mistake
,
mistaking
,
mistakes
,
mistook
,
mistaken
to
understand
something
wrongly
or
give
it
the
wrong
meaning
•
Please
don
’
t
mistake
my
silence
as
disapproval
.
Please
don
’
t
mistake
my
silence
as
disapproval
.
•
She
mistook
the
directions
and
ended
up
at
the
wrong
address
.
She
mistook
the
directions
and
ended
up
at
the
wrong
address
.
Same
Old
Norse
root
as
other
senses
,
with
meaning
extended
to
wrong
understanding
by
the
17th
century
.
steal
verb
-
steal
,
stealing
,
steals
,
stole
,
stolen
to
take
something
that
belongs
to
someone
else
without
permission
or
legal
right
,
intending
not
to
return
it
•
The
pickpocket
tried
to
steal
Maria's
wallet
on
the
crowded
bus
.
The
pickpocket
tried
to
steal
Maria's
wallet
on
the
crowded
bus
.
•
If
you
steal
from
the
store
,
you
could
be
arrested
.
If
you
steal
from
the
store
,
you
could
be
arrested
.
noun
-
steal
,
stealing
,
steals
,
stole
,
stolen
something
bought
or
obtained
at
a
price
much
lower
than
its
real
value
•
This
jacket
was
a
real
steal
at
only
twenty
dollars
.
This
jacket
was
a
real
steal
at
only
twenty
dollars
.
•
Getting
ocean-view
rooms
for
that
price
is
a
steal
.
Getting
ocean-view
rooms
for
that
price
is
a
steal
.
verb
-
steal
,
stealing
,
steals
,
stole
,
stolen
in
sports
,
to
gain
an
advantage
quickly
and
unexpectedly
,
such
as
advancing
to
a
base
in
baseball
or
taking
the
ball
from
an
opponent
•
The
runner
decided
to
steal
second
base
while
the
catcher
wasn't
paying
attention
.
The
runner
decided
to
steal
second
base
while
the
catcher
wasn't
paying
attention
.
•
With
lightning
speed
,
the
guard
stole
the
ball
and
raced
for
a
layup
.
With
lightning
speed
,
the
guard
stole
the
ball
and
raced
for
a
layup
.
verb
-
steal
,
stealing
,
steals
,
stole
,
stolen
to
move
quietly
and
secretly
so
as
not
to
be
noticed
•
She
tried
to
steal
into
the
baby's
room
without
waking
him
.
She
tried
to
steal
into
the
baby's
room
without
waking
him
.
•
The
cat
stole
across
the
garden
,
ready
to
pounce
on
a
butterfly
.
The
cat
stole
across
the
garden
,
ready
to
pounce
on
a
butterfly
.
noun
-
steal
,
stealing
,
steals
,
stole
,
stolen
in
sports
like
basketball
or
hockey
,
an
act
of
legally
taking
the
ball
or
puck
away
from
an
opponent
•
Her
quick
hands
earned
her
another
steal
in
the
third
quarter
.
Her
quick
hands
earned
her
another
steal
in
the
third
quarter
.
•
The
team
had
ten
steals
by
halftime
.
The
team
had
ten
steals
by
halftime
.
editor
noun
a
person
who
selects
,
revises
,
and
decides
what
will
appear
in
a
newspaper
,
magazine
,
book
,
or
online
publication
•
The
editor
rewrote
the
headline
to
make
it
clearer
for
readers
.
The
editor
rewrote
the
headline
to
make
it
clearer
for
readers
.
•
After
months
of
work
,
the
editor
sent
the
author
a
final
proof
of
the
novel
.
After
months
of
work
,
the
editor
sent
the
author
a
final
proof
of
the
novel
.
From
Latin
‘
ēditor
’
meaning
‘
producer
,
publisher
’,
derived
from
‘
ēdere
’ “
to
bring
forth
,
publish
”.
noun
a
computer
program
used
to
create
and
change
text
,
images
,
or
code
•
He
wrote
the
website
using
a
simple
text
editor
.
He
wrote
the
website
using
a
simple
text
editor
.
•
The
photo
editor
lets
you
crop
and
adjust
colors
with
one
click
.
The
photo
editor
lets
you
crop
and
adjust
colors
with
one
click
.
Sense
extended
from
‘
person
who
edits
’
to
‘
tool
that
performs
editing
’
in
computing
jargon
of
the
1960s
.
noun
a
person
who
selects
and
joins
together
recorded
video
or
audio
to
create
a
finished
film
,
show
,
or
song
•
The
film
’
s
editor
spent
weeks
cutting
the
scenes
into
a
smooth
story
.
The
film
’
s
editor
spent
weeks
cutting
the
scenes
into
a
smooth
story
.
•
After
recording
the
podcast
,
the
audio
editor
removed
background
noise
.
After
recording
the
podcast
,
the
audio
editor
removed
background
noise
.
Adopted
in
early
20th-century
film
industry
from
earlier
publishing
sense
,
referring
to
cutting
and
splicing
film
.
stone
noun
a
hard
,
solid
material
that
forms
rocks
and
is
used
for
building
,
paving
,
and
carving
•
The
cottage
was
built
from
large
blocks
of
stone
.
The
cottage
was
built
from
large
blocks
of
stone
.
•
A
sculptor
carefully
chipped
away
at
the
block
of
stone
to
reveal
a
face
.
A
sculptor
carefully
chipped
away
at
the
block
of
stone
to
reveal
a
face
.
noun
a
small
piece
of
rock
that
you
can
hold
in
your
hand
•
The
boy
skipped
a
flat
stone
across
the
pond
.
The
boy
skipped
a
flat
stone
across
the
pond
.
•
She
kept
a
smooth
white
stone
in
her
pocket
for
luck
.
She
kept
a
smooth
white
stone
in
her
pocket
for
luck
.
noun
a
precious
or
semi-precious
jewel
that
has
been
cut
and
polished
•
The
ring
was
set
with
a
sparkling
emerald
stone
.
The
ring
was
set
with
a
sparkling
emerald
stone
.
•
Craftsmen
cut
rough
stones
into
brilliant
gems
.
Craftsmen
cut
rough
stones
into
brilliant
gems
.
noun
the
hard
inner
seed
of
certain
fruits
such
as
peaches
,
cherries
,
or
olives
•
Be
careful
of
the
stone
when
you
eat
that
olive
.
Be
careful
of
the
stone
when
you
eat
that
olive
.
•
He
nearly
cracked
a
tooth
on
the
stone
in
a
plum
.
He
nearly
cracked
a
tooth
on
the
stone
in
a
plum
.
verb
-
stone
,
stoning
,
stones
,
stoned
to
remove
the
hard
seed
from
a
fruit
•
She
stoned
the
cherries
before
baking
the
pie
.
She
stoned
the
cherries
before
baking
the
pie
.
•
You
can
stone
olives
quickly
with
this
tool
.
You
can
stone
olives
quickly
with
this
tool
.
noun
-
stone
a
unit
for
measuring
weight
equal
to
14
pounds
(
about
6
.
35
kilograms
)
•
After
months
of
exercise
,
he
lost
two
stone
.
After
months
of
exercise
,
he
lost
two
stone
.
•
She
weighs
nine
and
a
half
stone
now
.
She
weighs
nine
and
a
half
stone
now
.
verb
-
stone
,
stoning
,
stones
,
stoned
to
throw
stones
at
someone
or
something
•
Angry
villagers
stoned
the
abandoned
house's
windows
.
Angry
villagers
stoned
the
abandoned
house's
windows
.
•
Don't
stone
the
birds
near
the
lake
.
Don't
stone
the
birds
near
the
lake
.
adverb
completely
or
totally
,
used
for
emphasis
before
an
adjective
•
The
soup
was
served
stone
cold
.
The
soup
was
served
stone
cold
.
•
When
the
comedian
finished
,
the
room
fell
stone
silent
.
When
the
comedian
finished
,
the
room
fell
stone
silent
.
victory
noun
-
victory
,
victories
success
in
a
competition
,
battle
,
game
,
or
struggle
•
The
home
team
celebrated
their
victory
with
confetti
and
cheers
.
The
home
team
celebrated
their
victory
with
confetti
and
cheers
.
•
Patience
and
practice
were
the
keys
to
victory
in
the
chess
tournament
.
Patience
and
practice
were
the
keys
to
victory
in
the
chess
tournament
.
from
Latin
victoria
“
conquest
,
success
,”
related
to
vincere
“
to
conquer
”
interjection
an
exclamation
shouted
when
you
win
or
succeed
•
When
the
final
puzzle
piece
clicked
into
place
,
he
threw
his
arms
up
and
shouted
, "
Victory
!"
When
the
final
puzzle
piece
clicked
into
place
,
he
threw
his
arms
up
and
shouted
, "
Victory
!"
•
"
Victory
!"
the
young
woman
exclaimed
as
she
crossed
the
finish
line
ahead
of
everyone
else
.
"
Victory
!"
the
young
woman
exclaimed
as
she
crossed
the
finish
line
ahead
of
everyone
else
.
same
origin
as
the
noun
;
used
as
a
shout
of
triumph
since
the
18th
century
warm to
verb
-
warm
to
,
warming
to
,
warms
to
,
warmed
to
to
gradually
become
enthusiastic
or
friendly
toward
someone
or
something
•
At
first
she
was
shy
,
but
she
soon
warmed
to
her
new
classmates
.
At
first
she
was
shy
,
but
she
soon
warmed to
her
new
classmates
.
•
Investors
slowly
warm
to
the
idea
of
green
energy
funds
.
Investors
slowly
warm to
the
idea
of
green
energy
funds
.
storm
noun
a
period
of
very
bad
weather
with
strong
wind
,
heavy
rain
,
snow
,
thunder
,
or
lightning
•
The
storm
knocked
down
several
trees
in
our
neighborhood
.
The
storm
knocked
down
several
trees
in
our
neighborhood
.
•
Fishermen
hurried
back
to
port
when
they
heard
a
storm
warning
on
the
radio
.
Fishermen
hurried
back
to
port
when
they
heard
a
storm
warning
on
the
radio
.
Old
English
“
storm
”
meaning
violent
disturbance
of
the
atmosphere
;
related
to
Old
Norse
“
stormr
”.
verb
to
enter
or
leave
a
place
suddenly
and
angrily
•
Upset
by
the
comment
,
she
stormed
out
of
the
meeting
.
Upset
by
the
comment
,
she
stormed
out
of
the
meeting
.
•
The
teenager
storms
into
his
room
and
slams
the
door
.
The
teenager
storms
into
his
room
and
slams
the
door
.
verb
(
of
weather
)
to
have
stormy
conditions
with
strong
wind
,
rain
,
or
snow
•
It
stormed
all
night
,
rattling
the
windows
.
It
stormed
all
night
,
rattling
the
windows
.
•
The
forecast
says
it
will
storm
this
afternoon
.
The
forecast
says
it
will
storm
this
afternoon
.
noun
a
sudden
strong
outburst
of
emotion
,
noise
,
or
public
reaction
•
The
mayor's
decision
triggered
a
storm
of
criticism
online
.
The
mayor's
decision
triggered
a
storm
of
criticism
online
.
•
Her
speech
was
met
with
a
storm
of
applause
.
Her
speech
was
met
with
a
storm
of
applause
.
verb
to
suddenly
attack
and
take
control
of
a
place
using
force
•
Rebel
soldiers
stormed
the
palace
at
dawn
.
Rebel
soldiers
stormed
the
palace
at
dawn
.
•
The
SWAT
team
stormed
the
building
to
rescue
the
hostages
.
The
SWAT
team
stormed
the
building
to
rescue
the
hostages
.
actor
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
pretend
to
be
a
character
in
a
play
,
film
,
or
television
show
•
The
actor
bowed
to
the
audience
after
the
play
ended
.
The
actor
bowed
to
the
audience
after
the
play
ended
.
•
My
sister
wants
to
become
an
actor
when
she
grows
up
.
My
sister
wants
to
become
an
actor
when
she
grows
up
.
From
Latin
"
actor
"
meaning
“
doer
,
performer
”,
from
"
agere
" “
to
do
,
drive
”.
noun
someone
or
something
that
takes
part
in
a
particular
situation
or
activity
and
influences
what
happens
•
Local
businesses
are
important
actors
in
the
town
’
s
economy
.
Local
businesses
are
important
actors
in
the
town
’
s
economy
.
•
Several
political
actors
met
to
discuss
the
new
law
.
Several
political
actors
met
to
discuss
the
new
law
.
noun
in
computing
,
an
independent
unit
of
code
that
receives
messages
and
performs
actions
,
used
in
the
actor
model
of
concurrency
•
Each
actor
in
the
system
processes
messages
independently
.
Each
actor
in
the
system
processes
messages
independently
.
•
The
developer
modeled
the
chat
server
as
a
group
of
communicating
actors
.
The
developer
modeled
the
chat
server
as
a
group
of
communicating
actors
.
participate
verb
-
participate
,
participating
,
participates
,
participated
to
take
part
in
an
activity
,
event
,
or
situation
with
other
people
•
All
the
students
agreed
to
participate
in
the
science
fair
.
All
the
students
agreed
to
participate
in
the
science
fair
.
•
If
you
want
to
participate
,
please
sign
up
before
Friday
.
If
you
want
to
participate
,
please
sign
up
before
Friday
.
Mid-16th
century
,
from
Latin
participat-
‘
shared
in
’,
from
participare
‘
share
in
’,
from
pars
,
part-
‘
part
’
+
capere
‘
take
’.
verb
-
participate
,
participating
,
participates
,
participated
to
share
in
or
possess
a
part
of
a
quality
,
characteristic
,
or
element
•
The
novel
participates
in
both
comedy
and
tragedy
.
The
novel
participates
in
both
comedy
and
tragedy
.
•
Her
speech
participated
in
the
optimism
of
the
era
.
Her
speech
participated
in
the
optimism
of
the
era
.
Same
origin
as
the
common
sense
:
from
Latin
participare
“
share
in
”,
emphasizing
the
idea
of
possessing
a
portion
of
something
.
historical
adjective
connected
with
the
study
,
recording
,
or
explanation
of
events
that
happened
in
the
past
•
Our
town
has
a
small
but
fascinating
historical
museum
.
Our
town
has
a
small
but
fascinating
historical
museum
.
•
The
students
used
historical
documents
to
learn
about
the
civil
war
.
The
students
used
historical
documents
to
learn
about
the
civil
war
.
From
Latin
‘
historicus
’ (
historical
,
of
history
)
via
Medieval
Latin
‘
historicalis
’.
adjective
belonging
to
the
past
or
based
on
real
events
that
actually
happened
long
ago
•
The
castle
is
a
historical
landmark
dating
back
to
the
12th
century
.
The
castle
is
a
historical
landmark
dating
back
to
the
12th
century
.
•
They
dressed
up
as
historical
figures
for
the
school
play
.
They
dressed
up
as
historical
figures
for
the
school
play
.
noun
a
book
,
film
,
or
play
that
tells
a
fictional
story
set
in
the
past
•
He
picked
up
a
historical
about
ancient
Rome
.
He
picked
up
a
historical
about
ancient
Rome
.
•
The
bookstore
has
a
special
table
for
best-selling
historicals
.
The
bookstore
has
a
special
table
for
best-selling
historicals
.
bottom
noun
the
lowest
part
,
point
,
or
surface
of
something
•
He
found
his
keys
at
the
bottom
of
his
backpack
.
He
found
his
keys
at
the
bottom
of
his
backpack
.
•
A
layer
of
silt
covered
the
bottom
of
the
pond
.
A
layer
of
silt
covered
the
bottom
of
the
pond
.
noun
the
piece
of
clothing
that
covers
the
lower
part
of
your
body
,
such
as
trousers
,
shorts
,
or
the
lower
half
of
a
set
of
pajamas
•
These
tracksuit
bottoms
are
so
comfortable
.
These
tracksuit
bottoms
are
so
comfortable
.
•
I
can't
find
the
pajama
bottoms
that
match
this
top
.
I
can't
find
the
pajama
bottoms
that
match
this
top
.
noun
the
part
of
the
human
body
that
you
sit
on
;
buttocks
•
The
toddler
slipped
and
landed
on
his
bottom
.
The
toddler
slipped
and
landed
on
his
bottom
.
•
Sit
on
your
bottom
and
slide
down
carefully
.
Sit
on
your
bottom
and
slide
down
carefully
.
noun
the
lowest
level
or
position
in
a
group
,
organization
,
or
scale
•
The
team
finished
at
the
bottom
of
the
league
.
The
team
finished
at
the
bottom
of
the
league
.
•
He
started
at
the
bottom
of
the
company
and
worked
his
way
up
.
He
started
at
the
bottom
of
the
company
and
worked
his
way
up
.
adjective
-
bottom
,
bottomer
,
bottomest
lowest
in
position
or
rank
;
situated
at
or
forming
the
base
•
The
bottom
shelf
is
reserved
for
heavy
items
.
The
bottom
shelf
is
reserved
for
heavy
items
.
•
Our
seats
were
in
the
bottom
row
of
the
theater
.
Our
seats
were
in
the
bottom
row
of
the
theater
.
verb
to
reach
the
lowest
point
before
starting
to
rise
or
improve
•
Housing
prices
finally
bottomed
last
year
.
Housing
prices
finally
bottomed
last
year
.
•
The
stock
bottomed
at
five
dollars
before
recovering
.
The
stock
bottomed
at
five
dollars
before
recovering
.
cop to
verb
-
cop
to
,
copping
to
,
cops
to
,
copped
to
to
admit
or
confess
that
you
did
something
wrong
•
He
finally
copped
to
taking
the
money
.
He
finally
copped to
taking
the
money
.
•
She
refused
to
cop
to
cheating
on
the
test
.
She
refused
to
cop to
cheating
on
the
test
.
Early
20th-century
American
slang
,
extending
the
sense
of
“
seize
”
to
“
seize
ownership
of
wrongdoing
,”
hence
“
admit
.”
used to
verb
a
verb
phrase
showing
that
something
happened
regularly
or
was
true
in
the
past
but
no
longer
happens
or
is
true
•
I
used
to
play
soccer
every
weekend
when
I
was
a
kid
.
I
used to
play
soccer
every
weekend
when
I
was
a
kid
.
•
There
used
to
be
a
movie
theater
on
this
street
.
There
used to
be
a
movie
theater
on
this
street
.
investor
noun
a
person
or
organization
that
puts
money
,
time
,
or
effort
into
a
business
,
project
,
or
asset
hoping
to
make
a
profit
or
gain
•
The
investor
bought
shares
in
several
technology
companies
.
The
investor
bought
shares
in
several
technology
companies
.
•
A
cautious
investor
always
studies
the
market
before
risking
money
.
A
cautious
investor
always
studies
the
market
before
risking
money
.
From
the
verb
invest
+
-or
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
17th
century
to
describe
someone
who
commits
funds
for
profit
.
sector
noun
a
separate
part
of
a
country
’
s
economy
or
industry
,
such
as
technology
,
finance
,
or
agriculture
•
Jobs
in
the
technology
sector
are
growing
rapidly
.
Jobs
in
the
technology
sector
are
growing
rapidly
.
•
After
the
recession
,
the
construction
sector
struggled
to
recover
.
After
the
recession
,
the
construction
sector
struggled
to
recover
.
noun
a
distinct
area
or
zone
within
a
larger
physical
space
,
often
marked
off
for
a
particular
purpose
•
Tourists
love
wandering
through
the
historic
sector
of
the
city
.
Tourists
love
wandering
through
the
historic
sector
of
the
city
.
•
Firefighters
quickly
arrived
to
control
the
blaze
in
the
industrial
sector
.
Firefighters
quickly
arrived
to
control
the
blaze
in
the
industrial
sector
.
noun
the
part
of
a
circle
bounded
by
two
radii
and
the
arc
between
them
•
The
teacher
shaded
a
90-degree
sector
on
the
circle
to
show
a
quarter
of
the
pizza
.
The
teacher
shaded
a
90-degree
sector
on
the
circle
to
show
a
quarter
of
the
pizza
.
•
To
find
the
area
of
a
circular
sector
,
you
multiply
the
radius
squared
by
half
the
angle
in
radians
.
To
find
the
area
of
a
circular
sector
,
you
multiply
the
radius
squared
by
half
the
angle
in
radians
.
noun
the
smallest
fixed-size
unit
of
data
that
can
be
read
from
or
written
to
a
magnetic
or
optical
storage
device
•
A
damaged
sector
on
the
hard
drive
caused
the
video
file
to
become
unreadable
.
A
damaged
sector
on
the
hard
drive
caused
the
video
file
to
become
unreadable
.
•
The
disk-checking
utility
scanned
every
sector
for
errors
.
The
disk-checking
utility
scanned
every
sector
for
errors
.
noun
an
area
of
land
,
sea
,
or
air
assigned
to
a
military
unit
for
control
or
operations
•
The
infantry
unit
was
ordered
to
secure
the
northern
sector
before
dawn
.
The
infantry
unit
was
ordered
to
secure
the
northern
sector
before
dawn
.
•
Fighter
jets
patrolled
the
coastal
sector
to
deter
enemy
ships
.
Fighter
jets
patrolled
the
coastal
sector
to
deter
enemy
ships
.
tear
verb
-
tear
,
tearing
,
tears
,
tore
,
torn
to
pull
something
apart
or
make
a
hole
in
it
with
force
•
Be
careful
not
to
tear
the
wrapping
paper
when
you
open
the
gift
.
Be
careful
not
to
tear
the
wrapping
paper
when
you
open
the
gift
.
•
She
tore
the
letter
into
tiny
pieces
and
threw
it
away
.
She
tore
the
letter
into
tiny
pieces
and
threw
it
away
.
verb
-
tear
,
tearing
,
tears
,
tore
,
torn
to
pull
something
apart
,
or
make
a
hole
in
it
,
especially
suddenly
or
with
force
.
•
Please
don
’
t
tear
the
gift
wrap
before
we
give
the
present
.
Please
don
’
t
tear
the
gift
wrap
before
we
give
the
present
.
•
Angry
,
she
tore
the
letter
in
half
and
threw
it
into
the
bin
.
Angry
,
she
tore
the
letter
in
half
and
threw
it
into
the
bin
.
verb
-
tear
,
tearing
,
tears
,
tore
,
torn
to
move
very
quickly
and
often
noisily
or
recklessly
•
The
kids
tore
down
the
hallway
after
the
final
bell
rang
.
The
kids
tore
down
the
hallway
after
the
final
bell
rang
.
•
A
red
sports
car
tore
past
us
on
the
highway
.
A
red
sports
car
tore
past
us
on
the
highway
.
visitor
noun
someone
who
goes
to
see
a
person
,
place
,
or
event
for
a
short
time
but
does
not
live
or
work
there
•
The
museum
welcomed
over
a
thousand
visitors
on
its
opening
day
.
The
museum
welcomed
over
a
thousand
visitors
on
its
opening
day
.
•
Our
grandma
is
coming
to
stay
,
so
make
sure
the
guest
room
is
tidy
for
our
visitor
.
Our
grandma
is
coming
to
stay
,
so
make
sure
the
guest
room
is
tidy
for
our
visitor
.
From
Anglo-French
visitour
,
from
Old
French
visiteor
,
based
on
Latin
visitare
“
to
go
to
see
”.
noun
in
sports
,
the
player
or
team
that
is
competing
away
from
its
own
ground
•
The
visitors
scored
a
goal
in
the
first
five
minutes
.
The
visitors
scored
a
goal
in
the
first
five
minutes
.
•
Home
fans
cheered
when
the
visitor
missed
the
penalty
.
Home
fans
cheered
when
the
visitor
missed
the
penalty
.
Sporting
sense
recorded
since
the
late
19th
century
,
based
on
the
idea
of
a
team
visiting
another
’
s
ground
.
noun
a
person
who
opens
or
views
a
website
or
online
page
•
The
blog
attracts
hundreds
of
unique
visitors
every
day
.
The
blog
attracts
hundreds
of
unique
visitors
every
day
.
•
We
redesigned
the
homepage
so
visitors
can
find
information
faster
.
We
redesigned
the
homepage
so
visitors
can
find
information
faster
.
Sense
extended
from
physical
visitor
to
online
context
in
the
early
1990s
as
the
World
Wide
Web
grew
.
button
noun
a
small
,
usually
round
object
that
you
push
through
a
hole
or
loop
to
fasten
clothes
or
pieces
of
cloth
together
•
She
sewed
a
new
button
onto
her
coat
after
the
old
one
fell
off
.
She
sewed
a
new
button
onto
her
coat
after
the
old
one
fell
off
.
•
The
baby
loved
playing
with
the
bright
red
buttons
on
his
father's
shirt
.
The
baby
loved
playing
with
the
bright
red
buttons
on
his
father's
shirt
.
Middle
English
botoun
,
from
Old
French
boton
(“
bud
;
knob
”).
noun
a
small
part
on
a
machine
or
device
that
you
press
to
make
it
start
,
stop
,
or
do
something
•
Press
the
green
button
to
start
the
machine
.
Press
the
green
button
to
start
the
machine
.
•
The
elevator's
emergency
button
is
bright
red
and
easy
to
see
.
The
elevator's
emergency
button
is
bright
red
and
easy
to
see
.
Transferred
sense
from
the
clothing
fastener
to
any
small
pressable
knob
(
late
19th
c
.).
verb
-
button
,
buttoning
,
buttons
,
buttoned
to
fasten
or
close
something
by
pushing
buttons
through
the
matching
holes
or
loops
•
It's
cold
outside
,
so
button
your
coat
before
you
leave
.
It's
cold
outside
,
so
button
your
coat
before
you
leave
.
•
She
buttoned
the
baby's
tiny
sweater
carefully
.
She
buttoned
the
baby's
tiny
sweater
carefully
.
From
the
noun
sense
of
the
clothing
fastener
,
recorded
as
a
verb
since
the
16th
century
.
noun
a
clickable
icon
on
a
computer
,
phone
,
or
website
screen
that
you
tap
or
click
to
perform
an
action
•
Click
the
'Submit'
button
to
send
your
application
.
Click
the
'Submit'
button
to
send
your
application
.
•
The
mute
button
on
my
phone's
screen
turns
the
microphone
off
.
The
mute
button
on
my
phone's
screen
turns
the
microphone
off
.
Extended
metaphor
from
physical
buttons
to
virtual
ones
with
the
rise
of
graphical
user
interfaces
in
the
1980s
.
symptom
noun
a
physical
or
mental
change
in
the
body
that
shows
someone
may
have
an
illness
or
medical
condition
•
After
the
long
hike
,
Mia
felt
a
sore
throat
,
the
first
symptom
of
her
cold
.
After
the
long
hike
,
Mia
felt
a
sore
throat
,
the
first
symptom
of
her
cold
.
•
A
high
fever
is
a
common
symptom
of
many
infections
.
A
high
fever
is
a
common
symptom
of
many
infections
.
Borrowed
into
Middle
English
from
Late
Latin
“
symptoma
”,
from
Greek
“
sýmptōma
”
meaning
‘
chance
;
occurrence
’,
from
“
sympiptein
” ‘
to
happen
together
’.
noun
a
sign
that
something
bad
exists
or
is
happening
,
especially
in
a
situation
or
society
•
Traffic
jams
are
a
clear
symptom
of
the
city
’
s
rapid
growth
.
Traffic
jams
are
a
clear
symptom
of
the
city
’
s
rapid
growth
.
•
Falling
grades
were
just
one
symptom
of
his
lack
of
sleep
.
Falling
grades
were
just
one
symptom
of
his
lack
of
sleep
.
Same
historical
origin
as
the
medical
sense
,
but
extended
figuratively
in
the
17th
century
to
refer
to
any
outward
sign
of
an
underlying
condition
.
prosecutor
noun
a
lawyer
who
works
for
the
government
in
a
criminal
case
and
tries
to
prove
that
the
person
on
trial
committed
the
crime
•
The
prosecutor
showed
the
jury
photographs
of
the
crime
scene
.
The
prosecutor
showed
the
jury
photographs
of
the
crime
scene
.
•
After
new
evidence
appeared
,
the
prosecutor
decided
to
drop
all
charges
.
After
new
evidence
appeared
,
the
prosecutor
decided
to
drop
all
charges
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
prōscrīptor
and
later
Medieval
Latin
prōsecūtor
,
literally
“
one
who
follows
up
(
a
legal
action
).”
The
sense
of
a
state
lawyer
developed
in
English
in
the
17th
century
.
territory
noun
-
territory
,
territories
an
area
of
land
that
is
ruled
,
owned
,
or
controlled
by
a
particular
country
,
ruler
,
or
group
•
The
small
island
became
part
of
the
nation's
territory
after
the
treaty
.
The
small
island
became
part
of
the
nation's
territory
after
the
treaty
.
•
Explorers
mapped
the
northern
territory
for
the
king
.
Explorers
mapped
the
northern
territory
for
the
king
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
territorium
,
originally
‘
land
around
a
town
’,
from
terra
‘
land
’.
noun
-
territory
,
territories
the
area
that
an
animal
or
person
regularly
uses
and
defends
against
others
•
The
cat
patrolled
the
garden
,
making
sure
no
other
cat
entered
its
territory
.
The
cat
patrolled
the
garden
,
making
sure
no
other
cat
entered
its
territory
.
•
Male
lions
roar
loudly
to
warn
rivals
away
from
their
territory
.
Male
lions
roar
loudly
to
warn
rivals
away
from
their
territory
.
Transferred
use
from
the
human
sense
of
land
ownership
to
animal
behavior
in
the
early
20th
century
.
noun
-
territory
,
territories
a
subject
,
activity
,
or
area
of
knowledge
that
someone
is
responsible
for
or
familiar
with
•
I'm
happy
to
help
with
grammar
,
but
advanced
physics
is
outside
my
territory
.
I'm
happy
to
help
with
grammar
,
but
advanced
physics
is
outside
my
territory
.
•
The
new
manager
quickly
learned
that
budgeting
was
unfamiliar
territory
for
her
.
The
new
manager
quickly
learned
that
budgeting
was
unfamiliar
territory
for
her
.
Figurative
use
arose
in
the
19th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
physical
land
to
mental
or
professional
areas
.
factory
noun
-
factory
,
factories
a
building
or
group
of
buildings
where
people
and
machines
make
goods
,
usually
in
large
quantities
•
The
new
car
factory
opened
near
the
river
last
month
.
The
new
car
factory
opened
near
the
river
last
month
.
•
During
our
school
trip
,
we
watched
workers
wrap
chocolate
bars
inside
the
old
brick
factory
.
During
our
school
trip
,
we
watched
workers
wrap
chocolate
bars
inside
the
old
brick
factory
.
late
16th
century
:
from
French
factorerie
,
based
on
Latin
factor
‘
doer
,
maker
’;
originally
denoting
an
establishment
for
factors
(
merchants
)
engaged
in
trade
,
later
evolving
to
mean
a
place
where
goods
are
manufactured
.
noun
-
factory
,
factories
in
computing
,
a
function
,
method
,
or
class
that
creates
and
returns
new
objects
of
a
particular
type
•
The
widget
factory
generates
buttons
with
the
correct
color
and
size
for
our
app
.
The
widget
factory
generates
buttons
with
the
correct
color
and
size
for
our
app
.
•
Using
a
factory
prevents
us
from
exposing
complex
constructor
logic
to
other
modules
.
Using
a
factory
prevents
us
from
exposing
complex
constructor
logic
to
other
modules
.
Borrowed
from
the
general
sense
‘
place
where
something
is
produced
’;
adopted
by
programmers
in
the
1980s
to
describe
code
that
‘
manufactures
’
software
objects
.
monitor
noun
a
screen
that
shows
images
and
information
from
a
computer
,
camera
,
or
other
electronic
device
•
In
her
home
office
,
Mia
adjusted
the
height
of
her
new
monitor
so
she
could
see
the
spreadsheet
clearly
.
In
her
home
office
,
Mia
adjusted
the
height
of
her
new
monitor
so
she
could
see
the
spreadsheet
clearly
.
•
The
airport
security
worker
watched
several
monitors
that
displayed
footage
from
every
gate
.
The
airport
security
worker
watched
several
monitors
that
displayed
footage
from
every
gate
.
noun
a
person
whose
job
or
role
is
to
watch
something
carefully
to
make
sure
rules
are
followed
or
to
gather
information
•
A
student
monitor
stood
by
the
door
,
making
sure
everyone
signed
the
attendance
sheet
.
A
student
monitor
stood
by
the
door
,
making
sure
everyone
signed
the
attendance
sheet
.
•
International
election
monitors
observed
voting
stations
to
ensure
fairness
.
International
election
monitors
observed
voting
stations
to
ensure
fairness
.
verb
to
watch
,
check
,
or
keep
track
of
something
carefully
over
a
period
of
time
•
Engineers
monitor
the
bridge
around
the
clock
for
any
sign
of
movement
.
Engineers
monitor
the
bridge
around
the
clock
for
any
sign
of
movement
.
•
The
doctor
monitored
the
patient's
heart
rate
overnight
.
The
doctor
monitored
the
patient's
heart
rate
overnight
.
noun
a
piece
of
equipment
that
measures
and
records
something
,
such
as
a
person
’
s
heart
rate
or
the
level
of
a
gas
•
The
nurse
clipped
a
heart
monitor
onto
the
baby's
tiny
finger
.
The
nurse
clipped
a
heart
monitor
onto
the
baby's
tiny
finger
.
•
A
carbon-dioxide
monitor
on
the
wall
beeped
when
the
levels
rose
.
A
carbon-dioxide
monitor
on
the
wall
beeped
when
the
levels
rose
.
noun
a
large
,
strong
lizard
found
in
Africa
,
Asia
,
and
Australia
,
with
a
long
neck
and
tail
•
The
ranger
pointed
at
a
monitor
basking
on
the
riverbank
in
the
afternoon
sun
.
The
ranger
pointed
at
a
monitor
basking
on
the
riverbank
in
the
afternoon
sun
.
•
Some
people
keep
small
species
of
monitors
as
exotic
pets
.
Some
people
keep
small
species
of
monitors
as
exotic
pets
.
investigator
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
discover
the
facts
about
a
crime
,
accident
,
or
mystery
•
The
investigator
carefully
photographed
the
footprints
at
the
deserted
warehouse
.
The
investigator
carefully
photographed
the
footprints
at
the
deserted
warehouse
.
•
Neighbors
watched
as
an
investigator
collected
fingerprints
from
the
broken
window
.
Neighbors
watched
as
an
investigator
collected
fingerprints
from
the
broken
window
.
noun
a
scientist
or
scholar
who
designs
and
leads
a
research
study
•
The
lead
investigator
presented
the
study's
findings
at
the
medical
conference
.
The
lead
investigator
presented
the
study's
findings
at
the
medical
conference
.
•
Each
investigator
must
obtain
approval
from
the
ethics
committee
before
starting
the
trial
.
Each
investigator
must
obtain
approval
from
the
ethics
committee
before
starting
the
trial
.
potato
noun
-
potato
,
potatoes
a
round
or
oval
starchy
root
vegetable
with
thin
skin
that
grows
underground
and
is
eaten
boiled
,
baked
,
or
fried
•
For
dinner
,
she
served
roast
chicken
with
a
buttery
baked
potato
.
For
dinner
,
she
served
roast
chicken
with
a
buttery
baked
potato
.
•
He
peeled
each
potato
carefully
before
dropping
it
into
the
soup
pot
.
He
peeled
each
potato
carefully
before
dropping
it
into
the
soup
pot
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
16th
century
from
Spanish
“
patata
,”
itself
blending
Taíno
“
batata
” (
sweet
potato
)
and
Quechua
“
papa
” (
potato
).
noun
-
potato
,
potatoes
the
green
plant
of
the
nightshade
family
that
bears
potatoes
underground
and
has
white
or
purple
flowers
•
The
farmer
inspected
each
potato
for
signs
of
blight
.
The
farmer
inspected
each
potato
for
signs
of
blight
.
•
After
flowering
,
the
potato
sends
nutrients
down
to
enlarge
its
tubers
.
After
flowering
,
the
potato
sends
nutrients
down
to
enlarge
its
tubers
.
noun
-
potato
,
potatoes
informal
:
a
person
who
is
lazy
,
awkward
,
or
dull
,
often
spending
long
periods
sitting
indoors
•
After
binge-watching
shows
all
weekend
,
I
felt
like
a
total
potato
.
After
binge-watching
shows
all
weekend
,
I
felt
like
a
total
potato
.
•
Stop
being
a
potato
and
come
play
basketball
with
us
!
Stop
being
a
potato
and
come
play
basketball
with
us
!
noun
-
potato
,
potatoes
slang
:
a
very
low-quality
electronic
device
,
especially
a
camera
or
computer
,
that
produces
poor
results
•
The
picture
is
so
blurry
—
did
you
take
it
with
a
potato
?
The
picture
is
so
blurry
—
did
you
take
it
with
a
potato
?
•
My
old
laptop
is
a
complete
potato
when
it
comes
to
running
new
games
.
My
old
laptop
is
a
complete
potato
when
it
comes
to
running
new
games
.
motor
noun
a
machine
that
changes
electrical
,
fuel
,
or
other
forms
of
energy
into
mechanical
movement
to
make
something
work
or
move
•
The
electric
motor
in
the
fan
stopped
working
during
the
heat
wave
.
The
electric
motor
in
the
fan
stopped
working
during
the
heat
wave
.
•
A
mechanic
showed
us
how
the
car
’
s
motor
turns
fuel
into
motion
.
A
mechanic
showed
us
how
the
car
’
s
motor
turns
fuel
into
motion
.
From
Latin
motus
“
movement
”,
via
Late
Latin
motor
“
mover
,
prime
mover
”,
adopted
into
English
in
the
mid-19th
century
for
machines
that
produce
motion
.
noun
an
informal
word
for
a
car
•
He
bought
a
second-hand
motor
to
drive
to
work
.
He
bought
a
second-hand
motor
to
drive
to
work
.
•
Can
you
give
my
motor
a
clean
before
the
trip
?
Can
you
give
my
motor
a
clean
before
the
trip
?
Extension
of
the
main
sense
“
machine
that
produces
motion
”
to
mean
“
motorcar
”,
first
recorded
in
British
slang
in
the
early
20th
century
.
adjective
relating
to
muscles
,
movement
,
or
the
nerves
that
control
them
•
The
toddler
is
developing
his
fine
motor
skills
by
stacking
blocks
.
The
toddler
is
developing
his
fine
motor
skills
by
stacking
blocks
.
•
After
the
accident
she
needed
therapy
to
regain
motor
control
in
her
left
hand
.
After
the
accident
she
needed
therapy
to
regain
motor
control
in
her
left
hand
.
Adjective
use
dates
from
the
late
19th
century
,
extended
from
the
noun
to
describe
nerves
and
areas
of
the
body
responsible
for
movement
.
verb
-
motor
,
motoring
,
motors
,
motored
to
travel
in
a
motor
vehicle
or
to
move
somewhere
quickly
•
We
motored
down
the
coast
road
enjoying
the
sea
breeze
.
We
motored
down
the
coast
road
enjoying
the
sea
breeze
.
•
They
plan
to
motor
across
Europe
during
the
summer
holidays
.
They
plan
to
motor
across
Europe
during
the
summer
holidays
.
Early
20th-century
extension
of
the
noun
“
motor
”,
first
in
the
sense
“
to
travel
by
motorcar
”,
later
generalized
to
any
fast
movement
.
restore
verb
-
restore
,
restoring
,
restores
,
restored
to
repair
or
clean
something
so
that
it
looks
or
works
like
it
did
when
it
was
new
•
A
team
of
experts
carefully
restore
the
ancient
mural
,
revealing
its
bright
original
colors
.
A
team
of
experts
carefully
restore
the
ancient
mural
,
revealing
its
bright
original
colors
.
•
The
mechanic
promised
to
restore
the
vintage
motorcycle
to
working
order
by
summer
.
The
mechanic
promised
to
restore
the
vintage
motorcycle
to
working
order
by
summer
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
“
restaurare
”
meaning
“
to
rebuild
or
renew
.”
verb
-
restore
,
restoring
,
restores
,
restored
to
make
a
situation
,
feeling
,
or
system
exist
again
after
it
disappeared
or
was
lost
•
Extra
police
were
deployed
to
restore
order
after
the
protest
turned
chaotic
.
Extra
police
were
deployed
to
restore
order
after
the
protest
turned
chaotic
.
•
The
apology
helped
restore
trust
between
the
two
longtime
friends
.
The
apology
helped
restore
trust
between
the
two
longtime
friends
.
verb
-
restore
,
restoring
,
restores
,
restored
to
give
something
back
to
the
person
,
place
,
or
condition
it
rightfully
belongs
to
•
The
museum
agreed
to
restore
the
stolen
sculpture
to
its
original
owners
.
The
museum
agreed
to
restore
the
stolen
sculpture
to
its
original
owners
.
•
The
new
policy
will
restore
land
to
the
indigenous
community
.
The
new
policy
will
restore
land
to
the
indigenous
community
.
noun
an
operation
that
copies
computer
data
back
from
a
backup
so
it
can
be
used
again
•
After
the
crash
,
the
IT
team
performed
a
restore
to
recover
last
night's
files
.
After
the
crash
,
the
IT
team
performed
a
restore
to
recover
last
night's
files
.
•
Running
a
full
restore
may
take
several
hours
,
depending
on
the
size
of
the
database
.
Running
a
full
restore
may
take
several
hours
,
depending
on
the
size
of
the
database
.
historic
adjective
Very
important
or
likely
to
be
remembered
in
history
;
marking
a
significant
moment
.
•
The
signing
of
the
peace
treaty
was
a
historic
event
for
the
region
.
The
signing
of
the
peace
treaty
was
a
historic
event
for
the
region
.
•
Scientists
hailed
the
first
image
of
a
black
hole
as
a
historic
achievement
.
Scientists
hailed
the
first
image
of
a
black
hole
as
a
historic
achievement
.
From
Latin
historicus
,
via
Old
French
historique
,
meaning
‘
narrative
,
important
in
history
’.
adjective
Belonging
to
or
remaining
from
the
past
and
considered
valuable
or
interesting
.
•
The
town
is
full
of
historic
houses
that
date
back
to
the
18th
century
.
The
town
is
full
of
historic
houses
that
date
back
to
the
18th
century
.
•
Tourists
love
walking
along
the
historic
city
walls
.
Tourists
love
walking
along
the
historic
city
walls
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
over
time
it
also
came
to
describe
surviving
things
from
the
past
that
attract
interest
.
educator
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
teach
or
train
other
people
,
especially
in
a
school
,
college
,
or
training
program
•
The
educator
greeted
her
students
with
a
warm
smile
on
the
first
day
of
class
.
The
educator
greeted
her
students
with
a
warm
smile
on
the
first
day
of
class
.
•
As
an
educator
,
Mr
.
Lopez
uses
games
to
make
math
fun
.
As
an
educator
,
Mr
.
Lopez
uses
games
to
make
math
fun
.
From
Latin
educare
“
to
lead
out
,
educate
”
+
the
agent
suffix
-or
.
stomach
noun
the
internal
organ
where
food
goes
after
you
swallow
it
,
beginning
the
process
of
digestion
.
•
After
eating
too
much
candy
,
Maria's
stomach
started
to
hurt
.
After
eating
too
much
candy
,
Maria's
stomach
started
to
hurt
.
•
The
doctor
gently
pressed
on
the
patient's
stomach
during
the
examination
.
The
doctor
gently
pressed
on
the
patient's
stomach
during
the
examination
.
Old
French
estomac
,
from
Latin
stomachus
‘
gullet
,
belly
’,
from
Greek
stomachos
‘
throat
,
belly
’.
noun
-
stomach
the
desire
or
courage
to
face
or
do
something
difficult
or
unpleasant
.
•
She
didn't
have
the
stomach
to
tell
him
the
bad
news
.
She
didn't
have
the
stomach
to
tell
him
the
bad
news
.
•
Many
investors
lost
their
stomach
for
risk
during
the
crisis
.
Many
investors
lost
their
stomach
for
risk
during
the
crisis
.
Extended
figurative
use
of
‘
stomach
’ (
organ
believed
to
be
seat
of
courage
or
desire
)
first
recorded
in
late
Middle
English
.
verb
to
accept
or
tolerate
something
unpleasant
without
becoming
upset
.
•
I
can't
stomach
his
arrogant
attitude
anymore
.
I
can't
stomach
his
arrogant
attitude
anymore
.
•
She
could
barely
stomach
the
bitter
medicine
.
She
could
barely
stomach
the
bitter
medicine
.
Verb
sense
developed
in
16th
century
from
noun
,
influenced
by
idea
of
‘
swallowing
’
displeasure
.
storage
noun
space
,
room
,
or
containers
used
for
keeping
things
•
The
apartment
is
small
but
has
plenty
of
built-in
storage
.
The
apartment
is
small
but
has
plenty
of
built-in
storage
.
•
We
rented
a
self-storage
unit
while
moving
houses
.
We
rented
a
self-storage
unit
while
moving
houses
.
See
main
etymology
above
;
sense
shifted
to
refer
to
the
place
where
things
are
stored
.
noun
-
storage
the
act
or
process
of
keeping
things
in
a
safe
place
until
they
are
needed
•
Good
pickles
develop
their
flavor
during
cool
,
dark
storage
.
Good
pickles
develop
their
flavor
during
cool
,
dark
storage
.
•
When
the
kayaks
aren
’
t
needed
,
they
fold
up
for
easy
storage
in
the
closet
.
When
the
kayaks
aren
’
t
needed
,
they
fold
up
for
easy
storage
in
the
closet
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
store
+
the
suffix
-age
,
indicating
an
action
or
its
result
.
noun
-
storage
the
digital
memory
or
disk
capacity
available
for
saving
data
on
a
computer
or
device
•
My
phone
is
out
of
storage
,
so
I
need
to
delete
some
photos
.
My
phone
is
out
of
storage
,
so
I
need
to
delete
some
photos
.
•
Cloud
storage
lets
you
access
your
files
from
any
device
.
Cloud
storage
lets
you
access
your
files
from
any
device
.
Extended
to
computing
in
the
mid-20th
century
as
digital
memory
became
comparable
to
physical
storage
.
laboratory
noun
-
laboratory
,
laboratories
a
room
or
building
with
special
equipment
where
scientists
,
technicians
,
or
students
carry
out
experiments
,
research
,
or
tests
•
The
students
wore
white
coats
as
they
mixed
chemicals
in
the
school
laboratory
.
The
students
wore
white
coats
as
they
mixed
chemicals
in
the
school
laboratory
.
•
In
the
crime
laboratory
,
a
male
technician
examined
fingerprints
under
a
powerful
microscope
.
In
the
crime
laboratory
,
a
male
technician
examined
fingerprints
under
a
powerful
microscope
.
Late
16th
century
:
from
medieval
Latin
laboratorium
‘
a
place
for
labor
or
work
’,
from
Latin
labor
‘
work
’.
noun
-
laboratory
,
laboratories
a
place
,
situation
,
or
environment
where
new
ideas
,
methods
,
or
activities
are
tested
and
developed
•
Silicon
Valley
is
a
living
laboratory
for
cutting-edge
technology
.
Silicon
Valley
is
a
living
laboratory
for
cutting-edge
technology
.
•
The
island
became
a
real-world
laboratory
of
sustainable
energy
projects
.
The
island
became
a
real-world
laboratory
of
sustainable
energy
projects
.
Extended
figurative
use
dating
from
the
early
20th
century
,
applying
the
idea
of
a
test
environment
to
social
and
creative
fields
.
administrator
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
organise
,
manage
,
and
run
the
daily
operations
of
an
organisation
such
as
a
school
,
company
,
or
government
department
•
The
school
administrator
greeted
parents
at
the
entrance
on
the
first
day
of
classes
.
The
school
administrator
greeted
parents
at
the
entrance
on
the
first
day
of
classes
.
•
As
an
administrator
,
Maria
approves
all
budget
requests
before
they
are
sent
to
the
board
.
As
an
administrator
,
Maria
approves
all
budget
requests
before
they
are
sent
to
the
board
.
from
Latin
administrātor
‘
manager
,
steward
’,
from
administrāre
‘
to
manage
’
narrator
noun
the
person
,
often
unseen
,
who
tells
the
events
of
a
story
in
a
book
,
play
,
film
,
or
other
medium
•
The
narrator
described
the
snow-covered
mountains
in
a
calm
,
gentle
voice
.
The
narrator
described
the
snow-covered
mountains
in
a
calm
,
gentle
voice
.
•
In
many
detective
novels
,
the
narrator
already
knows
who
committed
the
crime
.
In
many
detective
novels
,
the
narrator
already
knows
who
committed
the
crime
.
From
Latin
nārrātor
(“
relater
,
storyteller
”),
from
nārrō
(“
relate
,
tell
”).
Narrator
noun
-
Narrator
the
built-in
Windows
screen-reader
program
that
reads
text
and
interface
elements
aloud
for
people
who
cannot
easily
see
the
screen
•
After
installing
Windows
,
he
turned
on
Narrator
to
set
up
his
account
without
a
mouse
.
After
installing
Windows
,
he
turned
on
Narrator
to
set
up
his
account
without
a
mouse
.
•
Pressing
Windows-Logo+Ctrl+Enter
starts
Narrator
right
away
.
Pressing
Windows-Logo+Ctrl+Enter
starts
Narrator
right
away
.
Named
by
Microsoft
for
its
function
of
“
narrating
”
on-screen
text
.
custom
noun
a
habitual
practice
or
traditional
way
of
behaving
within
a
particular
society
,
group
,
or
family
•
In
many
countries
,
it
is
a
custom
to
shake
hands
when
meeting
someone
.
In
many
countries
,
it
is
a
custom
to
shake
hands
when
meeting
someone
.
•
Removing
your
shoes
before
entering
a
house
is
a
common
custom
in
Japan
.
Removing
your
shoes
before
entering
a
house
is
a
common
custom
in
Japan
.
From
Latin
consuetudinem
(
habit
,
usage
),
via
Old
French
costume
.
noun
regular
business
or
patronage
that
customers
give
to
a
shop
,
service
,
or
company
•
The
friendly
owner
relies
on
local
custom
to
keep
the
café
open
during
winter
.
The
friendly
owner
relies
on
local
custom
to
keep
the
café
open
during
winter
.
•
Tourists
bring
valuable
custom
to
the
seaside
market
each
summer
.
Tourists
bring
valuable
custom
to
the
seaside
market
each
summer
.
Extension
of
the
idea
of
habitual
practice
to
the
habitual
buying
behavior
of
customers
.
adjective
made
or
done
especially
for
a
particular
person
,
purpose
,
or
order
;
tailored
•
He
ordered
a
custom
suit
for
the
wedding
.
He
ordered
a
custom
suit
for
the
wedding
.
•
They
built
a
custom
computer
with
advanced
cooling
.
They
built
a
custom
computer
with
advanced
cooling
.
Adjectival
use
developed
from
the
noun
sense
of
something
ordered
according
to
a
customer's
wishes
.
customs
noun
the
taxes
paid
on
goods
brought
into
a
country
and
the
government
officials
who
collect
them
at
borders
and
airports
•
We
declared
the
souvenirs
at
customs
and
paid
a
small
fee
.
We
declared
the
souvenirs
at
customs
and
paid
a
small
fee
.
•
The
queue
for
customs
moved
quickly
this
morning
.
The
queue
for
customs
moved
quickly
this
morning
.
Originally
plural
of
“
custom
”
meaning
a
tax
payable
to
the
Crown
on
imported
goods
.
historian
noun
a
person
whose
job
or
serious
interest
is
to
study
,
write
about
,
and
explain
past
events
•
The
historian
spent
years
reading
dusty
letters
from
the
Civil
War
.
The
historian
spent
years
reading
dusty
letters
from
the
Civil
War
.
•
As
a
child
,
Maya
dreamed
of
becoming
a
historian
and
exploring
ancient
ruins
.
As
a
child
,
Maya
dreamed
of
becoming
a
historian
and
exploring
ancient
ruins
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
historianus
,
from
historia
meaning
‘
history
’,
which
is
ultimately
from
Ancient
Greek
histor
‘
learned
,
wise
man
’.
buttocks
noun
the
two
rounded
,
fleshy
parts
at
the
back
of
the
hips
on
which
a
person
sits
•
After
sitting
on
the
cold
stone
step
,
Maria
rubbed
her
buttocks
to
warm
them
up
.
After
sitting
on
the
cold
stone
step
,
Maria
rubbed
her
buttocks
to
warm
them
up
.
•
The
toddler
slipped
on
the
grass
and
landed
on
his
buttocks
,
but
he
burst
into
giggles
.
The
toddler
slipped
on
the
grass
and
landed
on
his
buttocks
,
but
he
burst
into
giggles
.
photographer
noun
a
person
who
takes
photographs
,
especially
as
a
hobby
or
job
.
•
The
photographer
asked
the
couple
to
smile
as
he
snapped
their
wedding
pictures
.
The
photographer
asked
the
couple
to
smile
as
he
snapped
their
wedding
pictures
.
•
A
wildlife
photographer
waited
quietly
beside
the
river
to
capture
the
moment
a
bear
caught
a
fish
.
A
wildlife
photographer
waited
quietly
beside
the
river
to
capture
the
moment
a
bear
caught
a
fish
.
Formed
in
the
mid-19th
century
from
photograph
+
the
agent
suffix
‑er
,
meaning
“
person
who
makes
photographs
”.
resort to
verb
-
resort
to
,
resorting
to
,
resorts
to
,
resorted
to
to
do
or
use
something
,
especially
something
undesirable
,
because
no
other
choices
are
available
•
When
the
power
went
out
,
they
resorted
to
candles
for
light
.
When
the
power
went
out
,
they
resorted to
candles
for
light
.
•
Under
pressure
,
the
politician
resorted
to
making
false
promises
.
Under
pressure
,
the
politician
resorted to
making
false
promises
.
From
Middle
French
‘
resortir
à
’
meaning
‘
to
have
recourse
to
’.
The
preposition
‘
to
’
became
fixed
as
the
verb
came
to
mean
turning
to
something
unwanted
.
pile into
verb
to
enter
or
move
into
something
quickly
in
a
large
group
•
The
children
piled
into
the
car
excitedly
.
The
children
piled into
the
car
excitedly
.
•
Fans
piled
into
the
stadium
when
the
gates
opened
.
Fans
piled into
the
stadium
when
the
gates
opened
.
auto
noun
a
car
;
an
automobile
•
After
months
of
saving
,
Mia
finally
bought
a
shiny
red
auto
.
After
months
of
saving
,
Mia
finally
bought
a
shiny
red
auto
.
•
We
packed
our
bags
and
drove
the
auto
to
the
coast
for
the
weekend
.
We
packed
our
bags
and
drove
the
auto
to
the
coast
for
the
weekend
.
Shortened
form
of
“
automobile
,”
first
recorded
in
American
English
in
the
early
1900s
.
adjective
working
by
itself
without
needing
human
control
;
automatic
•
Switch
the
washing
machine
to
the
auto
cycle
before
you
leave
.
Switch
the
washing
machine
to
the
auto
cycle
before
you
leave
.
•
The
camera
adjusts
its
exposure
automatically
in
auto
mode
.
The
camera
adjusts
its
exposure
automatically
in
auto
mode
.
Shortened
from
“
automatic
,”
influenced
by
technical
labeling
on
devices
from
the
mid-20th
century
onward
.
standing
verb
-
stand
,
standing
,
stands
,
stood
present
participle
of
stand
:
to
be
in
an
upright
position
on
your
feet
•
The
children
are
standing
in
a
circle
,
ready
to
play
.
The
children
are
standing
in
a
circle
,
ready
to
play
.
•
He
was
standing
on
the
balcony
when
the
rain
began
.
He
was
standing
on
the
balcony
when
the
rain
began
.
operator
noun
someone
whose
job
is
to
control
a
machine
,
vehicle
,
or
system
•
The
escalator
stopped
because
the
operator
turned
it
off
for
maintenance
.
The
escalator
stopped
because
the
operator
turned
it
off
for
maintenance
.
•
A
skilled
crane
operator
lifted
the
steel
beams
into
place
.
A
skilled
crane
operator
lifted
the
steel
beams
into
place
.
From
Latin
“
operator
”
meaning
‘
worker
’,
from
“
operārī
” ‘
to
work
’.
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
connect
telephone
calls
and
give
information
to
callers
•
When
I
dialed
zero
,
the
operator
asked
which
department
I
wanted
.
When
I
dialed
zero
,
the
operator
asked
which
department
I
wanted
.
•
In
old
movies
,
you
often
see
a
telephone
operator
plugging
cables
into
a
big
board
.
In
old
movies
,
you
often
see
a
telephone
operator
plugging
cables
into
a
big
board
.
Extension
of
the
general
sense
‘
one
who
operates
’,
applied
to
early
telephone
switchboards
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
a
symbol
or
word
in
mathematics
or
computing
that
tells
the
system
to
perform
a
particular
calculation
or
action
•
In
the
equation
3
+
2
,
the
plus
sign
is
an
operator
.
In
the
equation
3
+
2
,
the
plus
sign
is
an
operator
.
•
Use
the
multiplication
operator
*
to
find
the
product
of
two
numbers
in
the
program
.
Use
the
multiplication
operator
*
to
find
the
product
of
two
numbers
in
the
program
.
Technical
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
to
name
symbols
that
‘
operate
’
on
numbers
or
variables
.
noun
informal
:
someone
who
is
very
good
at
making
deals
or
getting
what
they
want
,
often
in
a
clever
or
sometimes
dishonest
way
•
Jake
is
a
real
operator
;
he
always
walks
away
with
the
best
bargain
.
Jake
is
a
real
operator
;
he
always
walks
away
with
the
best
bargain
.
•
The
smooth
operator
convinced
investors
to
fund
his
risky
scheme
.
The
smooth
operator
convinced
investors
to
fund
his
risky
scheme
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
‘
one
who
works
machinery
’
to
‘
one
who
skillfully
works
situations
’,
attested
since
the
early
20th
century
.
downtown
noun
the
main
business
,
shopping
,
and
entertainment
part
of
a
city
,
usually
near
its
center
•
On
Saturday
,
we
took
the
train
to
downtown
for
brunch
.
On
Saturday
,
we
took
the
train
to
downtown
for
brunch
.
•
The
city's
downtown
is
filled
with
historic
theaters
and
cafes
.
The
city's
downtown
is
filled
with
historic
theaters
and
cafes
.
Formed
in
19th-century
American
English
from
down
+
town
,
originally
referring
to
the
lower
part
of
Manhattan
where
business
took
place
.
adverb
in
or
toward
the
main
business
,
shopping
,
and
entertainment
area
of
a
city
•
Let's
go
downtown
and
see
a
movie
.
Let's
go
downtown
and
see
a
movie
.
•
She
works
on
the
edge
of
the
city
but
lives
downtown
.
She
works
on
the
edge
of
the
city
but
lives
downtown
.
adjective
located
in
or
related
to
the
main
business
,
shopping
,
and
entertainment
area
of
a
city
•
They
opened
a
downtown
bookstore
in
an
old
warehouse
.
They
opened
a
downtown
bookstore
in
an
old
warehouse
.
•
Parking
fees
at
downtown
garages
can
be
expensive
.
Parking
fees
at
downtown
garages
can
be
expensive
.
automatically
adverb
without
any
human
control
or
effort
,
by
means
of
a
machine
,
program
,
or
built-in
mechanism
•
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
•
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
From
automatic
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
self-acting
machines
.
adverb
without
conscious
thought
,
because
of
habit
or
instinct
•
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
•
He
automatically
says
“
thank
you
”
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
He
automatically
says
“
thank
you
”
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
Extension
of
the
mechanical
sense
to
human
behavior
in
the
late
19th
century
,
describing
actions
done
‘
as
if
by
machinery
’.
adverb
inevitably
or
by
necessary
rule
,
without
an
extra
decision
•
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
•
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
Legal
and
bureaucratic
writing
in
the
20th
century
adopted
the
adverb
to
mean
‘
as
a
matter
of
course
or
rule
’.
competitor
noun
a
person
who
takes
part
in
a
contest
,
race
,
or
other
competition
,
trying
to
win
against
others
•
Each
competitor
had
to
swim
two
laps
before
starting
the
cycling
part
of
the
triathlon
.
Each
competitor
had
to
swim
two
laps
before
starting
the
cycling
part
of
the
triathlon
.
•
The
youngest
competitor
in
the
spelling
bee
stood
confidently
at
the
microphone
.
The
youngest
competitor
in
the
spelling
bee
stood
confidently
at
the
microphone
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
competĭtor
“
rival
,
seeker
together
”,
from
competere
“
to
strive
together
”.
noun
a
company
,
product
,
or
organization
that
tries
to
win
customers
or
market
share
from
another
•
The
new
coffee
shop
quickly
became
a
serious
competitor
to
the
old
café
across
the
street
.
The
new
coffee
shop
quickly
became
a
serious
competitor
to
the
old
café
across
the
street
.
•
Price
cuts
helped
the
company
stay
ahead
of
its
biggest
competitor
in
the
market
.
Price
cuts
helped
the
company
stay
ahead
of
its
biggest
competitor
in
the
market
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
competĭtor
;
commercial
sense
developed
in
English
in
the
late
19th
century
with
the
rise
of
modern
business
competition
.
instructor
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
teach
a
particular
subject
or
skill
,
especially
in
a
college
,
sports
center
,
or
training
program
•
After
a
few
lessons
,
the
driving
instructor
said
I
was
ready
for
the
test
.
After
a
few
lessons
,
the
driving
instructor
said
I
was
ready
for
the
test
.
•
The
yoga
instructor
guided
the
class
through
a
series
of
relaxing
poses
.
The
yoga
instructor
guided
the
class
through
a
series
of
relaxing
poses
.
early
15th
century
,
from
Latin
‘
instructor
’
meaning
‘
teacher
’,
from
‘
instruere
’ ‘
to
prepare
,
equip
,
teach
’.