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up
adverb
towards
or
in
a
higher
place
or
position
•
The
boy
climbed
up
to
the
top
of
the
tree
.
The
boy
climbed
up
to
the
top
of
the
tree
.
•
Hot
air
rose
up
into
the
clear
blue
sky
from
the
campfire
.
Hot
air
rose
up
into
the
clear
blue
sky
from
the
campfire
.
preposition
to
a
higher
place
along
or
on
something
•
We
hiked
up
the
mountain
before
sunrise
.
We
hiked
up
the
mountain
before
sunrise
.
•
Walk
up
the
stairs
and
turn
left
.
Walk
up
the
stairs
and
turn
left
.
adjective
standing
or
awake
,
not
lying
down
or
asleep
•
The
baby
is
finally
up
and
ready
to
play
.
The
baby
is
finally
up
and
ready
to
play
.
•
I
was
up
all
night
studying
for
my
exam
.
I
was
up
all
night
studying
for
my
exam
.
adjective
working
or
available
again
after
being
stopped
or
broken
•
The
website
is
back
up
after
the
crash
.
The
website
is
back
up
after
the
crash
.
•
Is
the
coffee
machine
up
yet
?
Is
the
coffee
machine
up
yet
?
verb
-
up
,
upping
,
ups
,
upped
to
increase
or
raise
something
•
The
company
plans
to
up
production
next
year
.
The
company
plans
to
up
production
next
year
.
•
If
demand
grows
,
we
will
up
our
orders
.
If
demand
grows
,
we
will
up
our
orders
.
upon
preposition
on
top
of
or
resting
on
something
•
The
cat
jumped
upon
the
table
to
reach
the
food
.
The
cat
jumped
upon
the
table
to
reach
the
food
.
•
Snow
lay
thick
upon
the
rooftops
after
the
storm
.
Snow
lay
thick
upon
the
rooftops
after
the
storm
.
Middle
English
,
contraction
of
up
+
on
,
originally
meaning
the
same
as
“
up
on
.”
preposition
immediately
after
or
at
the
moment
that
something
happens
•
Upon
hearing
the
alarm
,
everyone
left
the
building
.
Upon
hearing
the
alarm
,
everyone
left
the
building
.
•
The
crowd
cheered
upon
the
team's
arrival
.
The
crowd
cheered
upon
the
team's
arrival
.
preposition
used
after
certain
verbs
to
show
the
person
or
thing
affected
,
dealt
with
,
or
toward
which
an
action
is
directed
•
The
charity
called
upon
volunteers
to
help
.
The
charity
called
upon
volunteers
to
help
.
•
A
great
responsibility
now
rests
upon
you
.
A
great
responsibility
now
rests
upon
you
.
upper
adjective
situated
above
or
at
a
higher
level
or
part
•
The
upper
shelf
was
too
high
for
the
child
to
reach
.
The
upper
shelf
was
too
high
for
the
child
to
reach
.
•
Our
apartment
is
on
the
upper
floor
overlooking
the
river
.
Our
apartment
is
on
the
upper
floor
overlooking
the
river
.
From
Old
English
ufera
“
higher
,
upper
,”
comparative
of
ufe
“
above
.”
noun
the
part
of
a
shoe
or
boot
that
covers
the
top
and
sides
of
the
foot
above
the
sole
•
The
leather
upper
of
my
sneakers
tore
after
months
of
hiking
.
The
leather
upper
of
my
sneakers
tore
after
months
of
hiking
.
•
These
boots
have
a
waterproof
upper
that
keeps
my
feet
dry
.
These
boots
have
a
waterproof
upper
that
keeps
my
feet
dry
.
Noun
sense
recorded
from
the
17th
century
,
referring
to
the
“
upper
part
”
of
a
shoe
.
noun
an
illegal
or
prescription
drug
or
other
substance
that
makes
you
feel
more
awake
and
energetic
•
Some
truck
drivers
take
uppers
to
stay
awake
during
long
overnight
journeys
.
Some
truck
drivers
take
uppers
to
stay
awake
during
long
overnight
journeys
.
•
The
doctor
warned
her
that
mixing
uppers
with
alcohol
could
be
dangerous
.
The
doctor
warned
her
that
mixing
uppers
with
alcohol
could
be
dangerous
.
Slang
sense
emerged
in
the
1960s
from
the
idea
of
a
drug
that
“
lifts
”
or
“
ups
”
your
energy
.
update
verb
-
update
,
updating
,
updates
,
updated
to
change
something
so
it
is
newer
,
more
accurate
,
or
matches
the
latest
information
•
I
need
to
update
my
phone
’
s
software
to
fix
the
bugs
.
I
need
to
update
my
phone
’
s
software
to
fix
the
bugs
.
•
The
museum
updated
its
history
exhibit
with
new
artifacts
.
The
museum
updated
its
history
exhibit
with
new
artifacts
.
From
up
+
date
,
originally
(
1940s
)
in
US
business
jargon
meaning
‘
bring
or
bring
someone
up
to
date
’.
verb
-
update
,
updating
,
updates
,
updated
to
give
someone
the
most
recent
news
or
information
•
Let
me
update
you
on
the
project
status
.
Let
me
update
you
on
the
project
status
.
•
Our
teacher
updated
us
about
the
schedule
change
.
Our
teacher
updated
us
about
the
schedule
change
.
noun
a
change
or
addition
that
makes
something
more
modern
or
accurate
•
The
latest
software
update
added
new
emojis
.
The
latest
software
update
added
new
emojis
.
•
After
the
renovation
,
the
kitchen
got
a
stylish
update
.
After
the
renovation
,
the
kitchen
got
a
stylish
update
.
noun
the
most
recent
piece
of
news
or
information
about
a
situation
•
Here
is
an
update
on
the
weather
:
the
storm
has
passed
.
Here
is
an
update
on
the
weather
:
the
storm
has
passed
.
•
The
reporter
gave
a
live
update
from
the
scene
.
The
reporter
gave
a
live
update
from
the
scene
.
upset
adjective
feeling
unhappy
,
worried
,
or
angry
•
After
losing
her
phone
,
Maria
looked
upset
all
evening
.
After
losing
her
phone
,
Maria
looked
upset
all
evening
.
•
The
small
boy
grew
upset
when
his
ice-cream
fell
on
the
sidewalk
.
The
small
boy
grew
upset
when
his
ice-cream
fell
on
the
sidewalk
.
From
the
verb
“
upset
”
meaning
“
to
overturn
or
disturb
”
that
later
broadened
to
emotional
disturbance
.
verb
-
upset
,
upsetting
,
upsets
to
make
someone
feel
unhappy
,
worried
,
or
angry
•
The
rude
comment
upset
her
so
much
that
she
left
the
room
.
The
rude
comment
upset
her
so
much
that
she
left
the
room
.
•
Please
don
’
t
upset
the
baby
by
turning
on
the
vacuum
cleaner
.
Please
don
’
t
upset
the
baby
by
turning
on
the
vacuum
cleaner
.
Old
sense
of
physically
“
overturning
”
extended
metaphorically
to
emotions
in
the
18th
century
.
verb
-
upset
,
upsetting
,
upsets
to
knock
something
over
so
it
spills
or
falls
•
I
accidentally
upset
the
cup
and
coffee
splashed
everywhere
.
I
accidentally
upset
the
cup
and
coffee
splashed
everywhere
.
•
A
strong
wind
upset
the
picnic
basket
,
scattering
sandwiches
over
the
grass
.
A
strong
wind
upset
the
picnic
basket
,
scattering
sandwiches
over
the
grass
.
Earliest
14th-century
sense
of
physically
turning
something
on
its
side
or
head
.
noun
a
state
of
worry
or
emotional
disturbance
,
or
a
problem
with
normal
functioning
(
especially
of
the
stomach
)
•
The
argument
caused
a
lot
of
family
upset
.
The
argument
caused
a
lot
of
family
upset
.
•
Spicy
food
often
gives
me
stomach
upset
.
Spicy
food
often
gives
me
stomach
upset
.
From
earlier
sense
of
“
disturbance
;
disorder
”
in
the
18th
century
,
applied
both
to
emotions
and
digestion
.
verb
-
upset
,
upsetting
,
upsets
to
defeat
someone
who
is
expected
to
win
•
The
underdogs
upset
the
defending
champions
in
a
2–1
victory
.
The
underdogs
upset
the
defending
champions
in
a
2–1
victory
.
•
Her
surprise
win
upset
the
tournament
’
s
top
seed
.
Her
surprise
win
upset
the
tournament
’
s
top
seed
.
Sports
writers
adopted
the
emotional
sense
to
describe
shocking
victories
in
the
early
20th
century
.
noun
an
unexpected
defeat
,
especially
in
sports
or
competitions
•
The
match
was
the
biggest
upset
of
the
season
.
The
match
was
the
biggest
upset
of
the
season
.
•
Fans
cheered
wildly
after
the
dramatic
upset
.
Fans
cheered
wildly
after
the
dramatic
upset
.
Evolved
from
the
verb
sense
in
early
20th-century
American
sports
journalism
.
adjective
not
upright
;
turned
over
or
overturned
•
The
canoe
drifted
down
the
river
,
completely
upset
.
The
canoe
drifted
down
the
river
,
completely
upset
.
•
We
found
the
trash
bin
upset
by
raccoons
during
the
night
.
We
found
the
trash
bin
upset
by
raccoons
during
the
night
.
Oldest
sense
(
14th
century
)
describing
objects
physically
turned
over
.
upstairs
adverb
to
or
on
a
higher
floor
of
a
building
•
After
dinner
,
the
children
ran
upstairs
to
play
video
games
.
After
dinner
,
the
children
ran
upstairs
to
play
video
games
.
•
Could
you
bring
my
laptop
upstairs
when
you
come
?
Could
you
bring
my
laptop
upstairs
when
you
come
?
adjective
located
on
an
upper
floor
of
a
building
•
The
upstairs
bathroom
needs
a
new
light
bulb
.
The
upstairs
bathroom
needs
a
new
light
bulb
.
•
Their
upstairs
neighbors
invited
them
for
coffee
.
Their
upstairs
neighbors
invited
them
for
coffee
.
noun
-
upstairs
the
upper
floor
of
a
building
•
I'll
meet
you
downstairs
;
you
can
hear
the
music
from
upstairs
.
I'll
meet
you
downstairs
;
you
can
hear
the
music
from
upstairs
.
•
She
keeps
all
the
guest
towels
in
the
upstairs
.
She
keeps
all
the
guest
towels
in
the
upstairs
.
adverb
(
informal
)
in
or
relating
to
a
person's
mind
or
mental
abilities
•
He
might
be
brilliant
upstairs
,
but
he's
hopeless
in
the
kitchen
.
He
might
be
brilliant
upstairs
,
but
he's
hopeless
in
the
kitchen
.
•
After
staying
awake
for
two
nights
,
I
felt
like
nothing
worked
upstairs
.
After
staying
awake
for
two
nights
,
I
felt
like
nothing
worked
upstairs
.
upcoming
adjective
happening
or
planned
to
happen
soon
•
The
school
is
preparing
for
the
upcoming
science
fair
next
month
.
The
school
is
preparing
for
the
upcoming
science
fair
next
month
.
•
Tickets
for
the
band
’
s
upcoming
concert
sold
out
in
hours
.
Tickets
for
the
band
’
s
upcoming
concert
sold
out
in
hours
.
Formed
in
English
from
the
prefix
“
up-
”,
meaning
“
toward
or
in
the
direction
of
”,
and
“
coming
”,
the
present
participle
of
“
come
”,
with
the
sense
of
something
that
is
on
its
way
.
upgrade
verb
-
upgrade
,
upgrading
,
upgrades
,
upgraded
to
move
someone
or
something
to
a
higher
level
of
quality
,
value
,
rank
,
or
performance
•
The
airline
upgraded
us
to
first
class
after
our
flight
was
delayed
.
The
airline
upgraded
us
to
first
class
after
our
flight
was
delayed
.
•
I
need
to
upgrade
my
phone
because
its
battery
dies
quickly
.
I
need
to
upgrade
my
phone
because
its
battery
dies
quickly
.
From
up
+
grade
,
first
used
in
19th-century
American
English
to
describe
raising
a
railroad
track
to
a
higher
level
,
later
generalized
to
improvement
.
noun
a
new
improved
version
of
something
,
or
the
act
of
improving
it
•
The
free
software
upgrade
fixed
all
the
bugs
.
The
free
software
upgrade
fixed
all
the
bugs
.
•
Our
kitchen
got
a
major
upgrade
with
new
stainless
steel
appliances
.
Our
kitchen
got
a
major
upgrade
with
new
stainless
steel
appliances
.
Derived
from
the
verb
sense
in
the
mid-20th
century
to
mean
the
result
of
upgrading
.
noun
a
section
of
road
,
track
,
or
path
that
slopes
upward
•
The
cyclists
slowed
down
on
the
steep
upgrade
near
the
finish
line
.
The
cyclists
slowed
down
on
the
steep
upgrade
near
the
finish
line
.
•
The
truck
struggled
to
climb
the
long
upgrade
out
of
the
valley
.
The
truck
struggled
to
climb
the
long
upgrade
out
of
the
valley
.
Originally
19th-century
American
railroad
jargon
combining
up
+
grade
to
describe
a
rising
track
.
group
noun
a
number
of
people
or
things
that
are
together
or
share
a
characteristic
•
A
group
of
children
played
soccer
in
the
park
.
A
group
of
children
played
soccer
in
the
park
.
•
The
tour
group
waited
outside
the
museum
entrance
.
The
tour
group
waited
outside
the
museum
entrance
.
Borrowed
into
Middle
English
from
French
groupe
,
ultimately
from
Italian
gruppo
,
meaning
a
knot
or
cluster
.
verb
-
group
,
grouping
,
groups
,
grouped
to
put
people
or
things
together
based
on
shared
features
•
Please
group
the
files
by
month
before
you
send
them
.
Please
group
the
files
by
month
before
you
send
them
.
•
The
teacher
grouped
the
students
according
to
their
interests
.
The
teacher
grouped
the
students
according
to
their
interests
.
Developed
from
the
noun
sense
in
the
17th
century
,
shifting
from
the
idea
of
a
cluster
to
the
action
of
forming
one
.
noun
a
vertical
column
in
the
periodic
table
containing
elements
with
similar
outer-electron
configurations
•
Sodium
is
in
Group
1
of
the
periodic
table
.
Sodium
is
in
Group
1
of
the
periodic
table
.
•
Elements
in
the
same
group
often
have
similar
chemical
properties
.
Elements
in
the
same
group
often
have
similar
chemical
properties
.
The
chemical
sense
arose
in
the
late
19th
century
as
scientists
organized
the
periodic
table
into
columns
called
groups
.
noun
in
mathematics
,
a
set
with
an
operation
that
combines
any
two
elements
to
produce
a
third
element
,
following
the
rules
of
closure
,
associativity
,
identity
,
and
inverse
•
In
algebra
,
the
integers
under
addition
form
a
group
.
In
algebra
,
the
integers
under
addition
form
a
group
.
•
He
spent
hours
proving
that
the
set
is
not
a
group
.
He
spent
hours
proving
that
the
set
is
not
a
group
.
Adopted
into
mathematical
terminology
in
the
early
19th
century
by
French
mathematician
Évariste
Galois
.
support
noun
help
,
encouragement
,
or
approval
that
you
give
to
someone
or
something
so
they
can
succeed
or
feel
stronger
.
•
Her
parents
offered
constant
support
during
her
studies
.
Her
parents
offered
constant
support
during
her
studies
.
•
The
new
park
project
has
gained
strong
community
support
.
The
new
park
project
has
gained
strong
community
support
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
"
support
" (
noun
),
from
Latin
"
supportare
"
meaning
"
to
carry
,
bring
up
".
verb
-
support
,
supporting
,
supports
,
supported
to
help
,
encourage
,
or
approve
of
someone
or
something
.
•
We
all
came
to
support
our
team
at
the
final
match
.
We
all
came
to
support
our
team
at
the
final
match
.
•
I
fully
support
your
decision
.
I
fully
support
your
decision
.
From
Old
French
"
supporter
"
and
Latin
"
supportare
",
literally
"
to
carry
under
".
noun
a
strong
object
that
holds
something
up
so
it
does
not
fall
.
•
Wooden
supports
keep
the
old
bridge
safe
.
Wooden
supports
keep
the
old
bridge
safe
.
•
The
shelf
slipped
because
the
metal
support
was
loose
.
The
shelf
slipped
because
the
metal
support
was
loose
.
Sense
evolved
from
the
idea
of
"
carrying
a
weight
"
in
Latin
"
supportare
".
verb
-
support
,
supporting
,
supports
,
supported
to
hold
something
up
or
keep
it
in
position
so
that
it
does
not
fall
.
•
Strong
cables
support
the
suspension
bridge
.
Strong
cables
support
the
suspension
bridge
.
•
Use
a
stick
to
support
the
young
plant
.
Use
a
stick
to
support
the
young
plant
.
From
Latin
"
supportare
"
meaning
"
to
carry
from
below
";
the
physical
sense
dates
to
the
14th
century
.
couple
noun
Two
people
who
are
in
a
romantic
relationship
,
married
or
not
.
•
The
couple
held
hands
as
they
walked
along
the
beach
at
sunset
.
The
couple
held
hands
as
they
walked
along
the
beach
at
sunset
.
•
Everyone
applauded
when
the
couple
shared
their
first
dance
at
the
wedding
.
Everyone
applauded
when
the
couple
shared
their
first
dance
at
the
wedding
.
noun
A
small
,
usually
two
or
three
,
number
of
people
or
things
.
•
I'll
be
ready
in
a
couple
of
minutes
.
I'll
be
ready
in
a
couple
of
minutes
.
•
He
bought
a
couple
of
tickets
for
the
movie
.
He
bought
a
couple
of
tickets
for
the
movie
.
verb
-
couple
,
coupling
,
couples
,
coupled
To
join
or
connect
two
things
so
that
they
move
or
work
together
.
•
The
engineer
coupled
the
new
carriage
to
the
train
before
departure
.
The
engineer
coupled
the
new
carriage
to
the
train
before
departure
.
•
You
can
couple
the
trailer
to
the
truck
using
this
hitch
.
You
can
couple
the
trailer
to
the
truck
using
this
hitch
.
verb
-
couple
,
coupling
,
couples
,
coupled
(
of
animals
)
to
mate
or
have
sexual
intercourse
in
order
to
produce
young
.
•
In
spring
,
the
frogs
couple
loudly
in
the
pond
.
In
spring
,
the
frogs
couple
loudly
in
the
pond
.
•
The
zookeeper
observed
the
pandas
as
they
coupled
for
the
first
time
.
The
zookeeper
observed
the
pandas
as
they
coupled
for
the
first
time
.
cup
noun
-
cup
,
cupping
,
cups
,
cupped
A
small
bowl-shaped
container
,
usually
with
a
handle
,
used
for
drinking
hot
liquids
such
as
tea
or
coffee
.
•
She
poured
steaming
tea
into
her
favourite
blue
cup
.
She
poured
steaming
tea
into
her
favourite
blue
cup
.
•
The
toddler
grabbed
the
plastic
cup
and
took
a
sip
of
water
.
The
toddler
grabbed
the
plastic
cup
and
took
a
sip
of
water
.
Old
English
"
cuppe
",
from
Late
Latin
"
cuppa
"
meaning
a
drinking
vessel
.
noun
-
cup
,
cupping
,
cups
,
cupped
A
standard
unit
of
volume
used
in
cooking
,
equal
to
about
240
millilitres
in
the
US
and
250
millilitres
in
the
UK
and
Australia
.
•
The
recipe
calls
for
one
cup
of
sugar
.
The
recipe
calls
for
one
cup
of
sugar
.
•
He
measured
three
cups
of
flour
before
mixing
the
dough
.
He
measured
three
cups
of
flour
before
mixing
the
dough
.
noun
-
cup
,
cupping
,
cups
,
cupped
A
large
ornamental
drinking
vessel-shaped
trophy
awarded
to
the
winner
of
a
sports
competition
.
•
The
captain
lifted
the
silver
cup
high
above
his
head
in
celebration
.
The
captain
lifted
the
silver
cup
high
above
his
head
in
celebration
.
•
Their
team
has
won
the
national
cup
three
years
in
a
row
.
Their
team
has
won
the
national
cup
three
years
in
a
row
.
noun
-
cup
,
cupping
,
cups
,
cupped
The
part
of
a
bra
that
surrounds
and
supports
one
breast
.
•
She
bought
a
bra
with
a
larger
cup
for
better
comfort
.
She
bought
a
bra
with
a
larger
cup
for
better
comfort
.
•
The
store
offers
sizes
from
A
cup
to
D
cup
.
The
store
offers
sizes
from
A
cup
to
D
cup
.
verb
-
cup
,
cupping
,
cups
,
cupped
To
shape
your
hand
or
hands
into
a
curved
form
around
something
so
you
can
hold
or
protect
it
gently
.
•
He
gently
cupped
the
injured
bird
in
his
hands
.
He
gently
cupped
the
injured
bird
in
his
hands
.
•
She
cupped
her
ear
to
hear
the
distant
music
.
She
cupped
her
ear
to
hear
the
distant
music
.
supposed
adjective
used
after
a
form
of
‘
be
’
and
followed
by
an
infinitive
to
say
what
someone
is
expected
,
required
,
or
intended
to
do
•
You
are
supposed to
finish
your
homework
before
playing
video
games
.
You
are
supposed to
finish
your
homework
before
playing
video
games
.
•
We
were
supposed to
meet
at
six
,
but
she
arrived
late
.
We
were
supposed to
meet
at
six
,
but
she
arrived
late
.
verb
-
suppose
,
supposing
,
supposes
,
supposed
past
tense
and
past
participle
form
of
the
verb
‘
suppose
’
•
I
supposed
she
would
be
at
work
,
but
the
office
was
empty
.
I
supposed
she
would
be
at
work
,
but
the
office
was
empty
.
•
They
supposed
that
the
test
would
be
easy
,
so
they
didn
’
t
study
.
They
supposed
that
the
test
would
be
easy
,
so
they
didn
’
t
study
.
adjective
believed
or
claimed
to
be
a
particular
thing
,
often
without
clear
proof
•
The
supposed
treasure
map
turned
out
to
be
a
fake
.
The
supposed
treasure
map
turned
out
to
be
a
fake
.
•
He
is
the
supposed
expert
,
but
he
couldn
’
t
answer
our
questions
.
He
is
the
supposed
expert
,
but
he
couldn
’
t
answer
our
questions
.
stupid
adjective
-
stupid
,
stupider
,
stupidest
Having
or
showing
very
little
intelligence
or
good
judgment
;
not
sensible
or
smart
.
•
It
was
stupid
of
me
to
leave
the
door
unlocked
all
night
.
It
was
stupid
of
me
to
leave
the
door
unlocked
all
night
.
•
The
comedy
was
so
stupid
that
everyone
in
the
theater
burst
out
laughing
.
The
comedy
was
so
stupid
that
everyone
in
the
theater
burst
out
laughing
.
From
Latin
'stupidus'
meaning
'amazed
,
stunned
,
dull'
,
which
comes
from
'stupere'
meaning
'to
be
stunned
or
numbed'
.
noun
An
informal
and
insulting
term
for
a
person
who
behaves
foolishly
or
lacks
good
sense
.
•
Stop
being
a
stupid
and
pay
attention
to
the
road
signs
.
Stop
being
a
stupid
and
pay
attention
to
the
road
signs
.
•
Don
’
t
call
your
brother
a
stupid
;
it
hurts
his
feelings
.
Don
’
t
call
your
brother
a
stupid
;
it
hurts
his
feelings
.
interjection
Used
to
show
annoyance
or
frustration
with
someone
or
something
that
is
not
working
or
behaving
as
desired
.
•
Stupid
phone
!
It
froze
again
right
before
my
interview
.
Stupid
phone
!
It
froze
again
right
before
my
interview
.
•
Stupid
rain
—
now
the
picnic
is
ruined
.
Stupid
rain
—
now
the
picnic
is
ruined
.
adverb
(
US
slang
)
Extremely
;
used
before
an
adjective
or
adverb
to
emphasize
degree
.
•
These
sneakers
are
stupid
expensive
.
These
sneakers
are
stupid
expensive
.
•
We
stayed
up
stupid
late
finishing
the
project
.
We
stayed
up
stupid
late
finishing
the
project
.
supply
noun
-
supply
,
supplies
items
or
equipment
that
people
need
for
a
particular
purpose
•
The
art
teacher
handed
out
painting
supplies
to
the
students
.
The
art
teacher
handed
out
painting
supplies
to
the
students
.
•
We
packed
camping
supplies
like
a
tent
and
matches
.
We
packed
camping
supplies
like
a
tent
and
matches
.
Developed
from
the
broader
noun
sense
of
‘
amount
available
’,
later
referring
specifically
to
the
things
themselves
.
verb
-
supply
,
supplies
,
supplying
,
supplied
to
give
or
provide
something
that
is
needed
or
wanted
•
The
camp
organizers
will
supply
clean
water
to
the
hikers
.
The
camp
organizers
will
supply
clean
water
to
the
hikers
.
•
During
the
storm
,
neighbors
supplied
candles
to
each
other
.
During
the
storm
,
neighbors
supplied
candles
to
each
other
.
Middle
English
from
Old
French
souplier
,
based
on
Latin
supplere
“
fill
up
,
complete
”.
noun
-
supply
,
supplies
an
amount
of
something
that
is
available
to
be
used
•
Our
town's
water
supply
comes
from
the
mountains
.
Our
town's
water
supply
comes
from
the
mountains
.
•
After
a
long
drought
,
the
river's
supply
of
fish
dropped
sharply
.
After
a
long
drought
,
the
river's
supply
of
fish
dropped
sharply
.
Same
origin
as
the
verb
sense
:
from
Latin
supplere
“
fill
up
”.
supreme
adjective
-
supreme
,
supremer
,
supremest
higher
or
better
than
everything
or
everyone
else
;
the
greatest
or
most
important
•
The
supreme
commander
gave
the
final
order
.
The
supreme
commander
gave
the
final
order
.
•
Achieving
world
peace
became
her
supreme
goal
.
Achieving
world
peace
became
her
supreme
goal
.
From
Latin
supremus
meaning
“
highest
”
or
“
uppermost
,”
through
French
suprême
,
keeping
the
sense
of
the
greatest
or
highest
degree
.
noun
a
boneless
,
skinless
piece
of
chicken
,
fish
,
or
other
poultry
,
often
cooked
and
served
in
a
delicate
sauce
•
The
chef
served
a
chicken
supreme
with
a
creamy
mushroom
sauce
.
The
chef
served
a
chicken
supreme
with
a
creamy
mushroom
sauce
.
•
I
ordered
the
salmon
supreme
for
dinner
,
and
it
was
delicious
.
I
ordered
the
salmon
supreme
for
dinner
,
and
it
was
delicious
.
Borrowed
from
French
cuisine
,
where
suprême
refers
to
the
choicest
part
of
poultry
or
fish
prepared
with
a
rich
sauce
.
noun
a
neat
segment
of
citrus
fruit
,
such
as
an
orange
or
grapefruit
,
with
all
peel
,
pith
,
and
membrane
carefully
removed
•
The
salad
sparkled
with
each
grapefruit
supreme
.
The
salad
sparkled
with
each
grapefruit
supreme
.
•
Use
a
sharp
knife
to
cut
an
orange
into
perfect
supremes
.
Use
a
sharp
knife
to
cut
an
orange
into
perfect
supremes
.
Adopted
from
French
culinary
terminology
,
where
suprême
describes
the
finest
cut
or
section
—
in
this
case
,
the
best
part
of
a
citrus
fruit
.
suppose
verb
-
suppose
,
supposing
,
supposes
,
supposed
to
think
that
something
is
probably
true
,
even
if
you
are
not
completely
sure
•
I
suppose
she's
already
at
the
station
by
now
.
I
suppose
she's
already
at
the
station
by
now
.
•
Do
you
suppose
the
meeting
will
finish
early
?
Do
you
suppose
the
meeting
will
finish
early
?
From
Middle
English
supposen
,
from
Old
French
supposer
“
to
imagine
,
assume
,”
from
Latin
suppōnere
“
to
put
under
,
substitute
,
assume
.”
conjunction
used
to
introduce
a
suggestion
or
possible
situation
,
similar
to
“
what
if
”
•
Suppose
you
lose
your
keys
—
how
will
you
get
in
?
Suppose
you
lose
your
keys
—
how
will
you
get
in
?
•
Suppose
they
call
while
we
’
re
out
;
who
can
take
the
message
?
Suppose
they
call
while
we
’
re
out
;
who
can
take
the
message
?
verb
-
suppose
,
supposing
,
supposes
,
supposed
to
imagine
a
situation
or
accept
something
as
true
for
the
purpose
of
discussion
or
explanation
•
Suppose
we
doubled
the
budget
—
could
we
finish
earlier
?
Suppose
we
doubled
the
budget
—
could
we
finish
earlier
?
•
Let
’
s
suppose
that
everyone
arrives
on
time
.
Let
’
s
suppose
that
everyone
arrives
on
time
.
super
adjective
excellent
;
extremely
good
or
pleasing
.
•
The
kids
thought
the
roller
coaster
was
super
fun
.
The
kids
thought
the
roller
coaster
was
super
fun
.
•
You
did
a
super
job
cleaning
your
room
.
You
did
a
super
job
cleaning
your
room
.
Shortened
form
of
“
superior
”
in
early
19th-century
American
English
,
later
popularized
in
advertising
slogans
of
the
1920s
.
adverb
to
a
very
large
degree
;
extremely
.
•
It
was
super
cold
this
morning
,
so
I
wore
two
jackets
.
It
was
super
cold
this
morning
,
so
I
wore
two
jackets
.
•
I'm
super
excited
about
the
concert
tonight
!
I'm
super
excited
about
the
concert
tonight
!
Adverbial
use
developed
from
the
adjective
sense
during
the
mid-20th
century
,
especially
in
American
slang
.
interjection
used
to
express
approval
,
satisfaction
,
or
enthusiasm
.
•
“
Super
!”
the
teacher
said
when
she
saw
the
neat
handwriting
.
“
Super
!”
the
teacher
said
when
she
saw
the
neat
handwriting
.
•
We
can
leave
early
?
Super
!
We
can
leave
early
?
Super
!
Interjective
use
emerged
in
mid-20th-century
colloquial
speech
,
echoing
the
adjective
’
s
meaning
of
excellence
.
noun
informal
:
the
superintendent
of
an
apartment
building
,
responsible
for
maintenance
and
repairs
.
•
If
the
sink
leaks
,
call
the
super
to
fix
it
.
If
the
sink
leaks
,
call
the
super
to
fix
it
.
•
The
tenants
thanked
their
super
for
repainting
the
hallway
.
The
tenants
thanked
their
super
for
repainting
the
hallway
.
Clipped
form
of
“
superintendent
,”
first
recorded
in
American
English
in
the
late
19th
century
.
super-
prefix
above
,
beyond
,
or
greater
than
normal
.
•
Comic
books
often
feature
super-heroes
with
extraordinary
powers
.
Comic
books
often
feature
super-heroes
with
extraordinary
powers
.
•
Astronomers
study
super-massive
black
holes
at
the
centers
of
galaxies
.
Astronomers
study
super-massive
black
holes
at
the
centers
of
galaxies
.
From
Latin
super
“
above
,
over
”
used
as
a
prefix
in
classical
Latin
and
adopted
into
English
via
French
from
the
late
Middle
English
period
.
supporter
noun
a
person
who
actively
helps
,
defends
,
or
cheers
for
someone
,
a
team
,
an
idea
,
or
a
cause
•
Thousands
of
loyal
supporters
filled
the
stadium
,
waving
blue
flags
and
singing
.
Thousands
of
loyal
supporters
filled
the
stadium
,
waving
blue
flags
and
singing
.
•
When
Maya
launched
her
online
art
shop
,
her
friends
became
her
first
supporters
and
shared
every
post
.
When
Maya
launched
her
online
art
shop
,
her
friends
became
her
first
supporters
and
shared
every
post
.
From
the
verb
“
support
”
+
“
-er
”,
meaning
someone
who
supports
.
noun
an
object
or
structural
part
that
holds
something
up
or
keeps
it
in
position
•
The
bridge
’
s
steel
supporters
were
painted
bright
red
to
prevent
rust
.
The
bridge
’
s
steel
supporters
were
painted
bright
red
to
prevent
rust
.
•
Place
a
wooden
supporter
under
the
shelf
so
it
doesn
’
t
sag
in
the
middle
.
Place
a
wooden
supporter
under
the
shelf
so
it
doesn
’
t
sag
in
the
middle
.
Derived
from
the
physical
sense
of
the
verb
“
support
,”
meaning
to
bear
weight
or
hold
up
.
noun
in
heraldry
,
a
figure
or
animal
drawn
beside
a
shield
,
appearing
to
hold
it
up
•
The
royal
coat
of
arms
features
two
lions
as
supporters
flanking
the
shield
.
The
royal
coat
of
arms
features
two
lions
as
supporters
flanking
the
shield
.
•
In
her
design
,
mythical
griffins
serve
as
supporters
to
emphasize
strength
and
vigilance
.
In
her
design
,
mythical
griffins
serve
as
supporters
to
emphasize
strength
and
vigilance
.
Adopted
in
the
15th
century
for
figures
that
seem
to
‘
support
’
a
shield
in
coats
of
arms
.
noun
a
tight
undergarment
worn
by
males
,
especially
in
sports
,
to
hold
the
genitals
firmly
in
place
;
a
jockstrap
•
Coaches
advise
every
player
to
wear
a
supporter
during
practice
to
avoid
injury
.
Coaches
advise
every
player
to
wear
a
supporter
during
practice
to
avoid
injury
.
•
Paul
forgot
his
athletic
supporter
and
had
to
sit
out
the
game
.
Paul
forgot
his
athletic
supporter
and
had
to
sit
out
the
game
.
Shortened
from
“
athletic
supporter
,”
first
recorded
in
late
19th-century
American
sports
.
occupy
verb
-
occupy
,
occupying
,
occupies
,
occupied
to
take
up
or
fill
a
certain
amount
of
space
,
area
,
or
time
•
The
large
sofa
occupies
most
of
the
living
room
.
The
large
sofa
occupies
most
of
the
living
room
.
•
Our
meeting
will
occupy
the
first
hour
of
the
afternoon
.
Our
meeting
will
occupy
the
first
hour
of
the
afternoon
.
From
Latin
occupāre
‘
seize
,
take
possession
of
’.
verb
-
occupy
,
occupying
,
occupies
,
occupied
to
live
in
,
use
,
or
hold
a
building
,
room
,
seat
,
or
position
•
The
tenants
occupy
the
house
until
the
end
of
the
year
.
The
tenants
occupy
the
house
until
the
end
of
the
year
.
•
Please
occupy
any
empty
seat
in
the
front
row
.
Please
occupy
any
empty
seat
in
the
front
row
.
From
Latin
occupāre
‘
take
possession
of
’.
verb
-
occupy
,
occupying
,
occupies
,
occupied
to
keep
someone
busy
or
to
hold
their
attention
or
thoughts
•
The
puzzle
occupied
the
children
for
hours
.
The
puzzle
occupied
the
children
for
hours
.
•
Thoughts
of
the
upcoming
exam
occupy
his
mind
day
and
night
.
Thoughts
of
the
upcoming
exam
occupy
his
mind
day
and
night
.
Same
Latin
root
occupāre
,
extended
figuratively
to
mental
engagement
in
the
late
16th
century
.
verb
-
occupy
,
occupying
,
occupies
,
occupied
to
enter
and
take
control
of
a
place
,
especially
by
military
force
•
The
invading
army
occupied
the
capital
within
two
days
.
The
invading
army
occupied
the
capital
within
two
days
.
•
Protesters
planned
to
occupy
the
square
to
demand
reforms
.
Protesters
planned
to
occupy
the
square
to
demand
reforms
.
The
military
sense
emerged
in
the
early
16th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
‘
taking
possession
’.
superior
adjective
located
higher
than
something
else
in
position
,
level
,
or
physical
height
•
Passengers
stored
their
bags
in
the
superior
compartments
above
the
seats
.
Passengers
stored
their
bags
in
the
superior
compartments
above
the
seats
.
•
The
bird
built
its
nest
on
a
superior
branch
high
above
the
river
.
The
bird
built
its
nest
on
a
superior
branch
high
above
the
river
.
adjective
better
in
quality
,
ability
,
or
value
than
something
or
someone
else
•
This
brand
of
chocolate
tastes
superior
to
the
cheaper
one
.
This
brand
of
chocolate
tastes
superior
to
the
cheaper
one
.
•
Researchers
found
the
new
battery
had
superior
performance
in
cold
weather
.
Researchers
found
the
new
battery
had
superior
performance
in
cold
weather
.
From
Latin
superior
“
higher
,
upper
,
better
,”
the
comparative
of
superus
“
above
.”
noun
a
person
who
is
higher
than
you
in
rank
or
position
,
especially
at
work
•
If
you
have
any
questions
,
please
ask
your
superior
.
If
you
have
any
questions
,
please
ask
your
superior
.
•
The
soldier
saluted
his
superior
before
entering
the
tent
.
The
soldier
saluted
his
superior
before
entering
the
tent
.
adjective
(
anatomy
)
situated
above
or
toward
the
head
when
comparing
parts
of
the
body
•
The
heart
sits
superior
to
the
diaphragm
in
the
chest
cavity
.
The
heart
sits
superior
to
the
diaphragm
in
the
chest
cavity
.
•
In
fish
,
the
dorsal
fin
is
located
on
the
superior
surface
.
In
fish
,
the
dorsal
fin
is
located
on
the
superior
surface
.
soup
noun
-
soupy
,
soupier
,
soupiest
a
hot
or
cold
liquid
food
,
usually
made
by
slowly
cooking
meat
,
fish
,
or
vegetables
in
water
or
stock
,
often
served
in
a
bowl
and
eaten
with
a
spoon
.
•
Grandma
ladled
steaming
chicken
soup
into
our
bowls
on
the
snowy
evening
.
Grandma
ladled
steaming
chicken
soup
into
our
bowls
on
the
snowy
evening
.
•
At
the
café
,
Tom
ordered
a
bowl
of
tomato
soup
with
his
grilled-cheese
sandwich
.
At
the
café
,
Tom
ordered
a
bowl
of
tomato
soup
with
his
grilled-cheese
sandwich
.
Middle
English
“
soupe
”,
from
Old
French
“
so
(
u
)
pe
”
meaning
bread
soaked
in
broth
;
related
to
the
verb
“
sop
” (
to
soak
).
noun
-
soupy
,
soupier
,
soupiest
a
thick
or
messy
liquid
mixture
such
as
dense
fog
,
muddy
water
,
or
a
chemical
solution
,
often
making
movement
or
visibility
difficult
.
•
A
heavy
soup
of
fog
settled
over
the
harbor
,
hiding
the
boats
from
sight
.
A
heavy
soup
of
fog
settled
over
the
harbor
,
hiding
the
boats
from
sight
.
•
After
the
storm
,
the
dirt
road
turned
into
a
brown
soup
that
sucked
at
our
boots
.
After
the
storm
,
the
dirt
road
turned
into
a
brown
soup
that
sucked
at
our
boots
.
Extension
of
the
food
sense
to
describe
any
thick
or
cloudy
liquid
from
the
late
19th
century
.
makeup
noun
-
makeup
coloured
creams
,
powders
,
or
other
products
put
on
the
face
to
improve
or
change
how
someone
looks
•
Before
the
play
started
,
the
actress
carefully
applied
her
makeup
in
front
of
the
mirror
.
Before
the
play
started
,
the
actress
carefully
applied
her
makeup
in
front
of
the
mirror
.
•
He
always
removes
his
makeup
before
going
to
bed
to
keep
his
skin
healthy
.
He
always
removes
his
makeup
before
going
to
bed
to
keep
his
skin
healthy
.
From
the
verb
phrase
“
make
up
”
meaning
“
to
put
in
order
or
prepare
”,
which
later
narrowed
to
preparing
one
’
s
face
for
appearance
on
stage
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
-
makeup
the
combination
of
different
parts
,
qualities
,
or
substances
that
form
something
or
someone
•
Researchers
analysed
the
genetic
makeup
of
the
rare
dolphin
species
.
Researchers
analysed
the
genetic
makeup
of
the
rare
dolphin
species
.
•
The
social
makeup
of
the
city
has
changed
dramatically
over
the
last
decade
.
The
social
makeup
of
the
city
has
changed
dramatically
over
the
last
decade
.
Derived
from
the
sense
of
“
make
up
”
meaning
“
constitute
,
form
”;
first
recorded
in
the
early
1800s
.
noun
an
additional
class
,
test
,
game
,
or
amount
of
work
arranged
to
replace
one
that
was
missed
or
cancelled
•
Because
of
the
snowstorm
,
the
school
scheduled
a
makeup
class
on
Saturday
.
Because
of
the
snowstorm
,
the
school
scheduled
a
makeup
class
on
Saturday
.
•
Students
who
missed
the
quiz
can
take
a
makeup
exam
next
Monday
.
Students
who
missed
the
quiz
can
take
a
makeup
exam
next
Monday
.
Adapted
from
the
phrasal
verb
“
make
up
”
in
the
sense
of
“
compensate
for
a
deficiency
”;
became
a
noun
in
North
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
.
corruption
noun
dishonest
or
illegal
behaviour
by
people
in
power
who
abuse
their
position
for
personal
gain
•
The
journalist
uncovered
massive
corruption
in
the
city
government
.
The
journalist
uncovered
massive
corruption
in
the
city
government
.
•
Citizens
marched
in
protest
,
demanding
an
end
to
political
corruption
.
Citizens
marched
in
protest
,
demanding
an
end
to
political
corruption
.
From
Latin
‘
corruptio
’ (
spoiling
,
breaking
down
),
from
‘
corrumpere
’
meaning
‘
to
destroy
or
spoil
’.
noun
the
process
of
something
becoming
spoiled
,
impure
,
or
morally
decayed
•
High
humidity
caused
the
metal
to
weaken
through
corruption
over
time
.
High
humidity
caused
the
metal
to
weaken
through
corruption
over
time
.
•
The
historian
studied
the
moral
corruption
that
ruined
the
ancient
empire
.
The
historian
studied
the
moral
corruption
that
ruined
the
ancient
empire
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
;
Latin
roots
relating
to
‘
spoiling
’
or
‘
breaking
apart
’.
noun
a
change
or
error
in
language
,
text
,
or
computer
data
that
makes
it
damaged
,
inaccurate
,
or
unusable
•
A
sudden
power
cut
resulted
in
the
corruption
of
the
saved
file
.
A
sudden
power
cut
resulted
in
the
corruption
of
the
saved
file
.
•
Scholars
debate
whether
the
manuscript
shows
corruption
in
its
copied
lines
.
Scholars
debate
whether
the
manuscript
shows
corruption
in
its
copied
lines
.
Extended
modern
sense
influenced
by
computer
science
jargon
in
the
1960s
,
applying
the
older
idea
of
‘
spoiling
’
to
electronic
data
.
interrupt
verb
-
interrupt
,
interrupting
,
interrupts
,
interrupted
to
stop
someone
from
speaking
or
stop
an
activity
for
a
short
time
,
usually
by
speaking
,
making
a
noise
,
or
causing
a
break
•
Please
don
’
t
interrupt
while
I
’
m
explaining
the
rules
.
Please
don
’
t
interrupt
while
I
’
m
explaining
the
rules
.
•
A
loud
thunderclap
interrupted
the
outdoor
wedding
ceremony
.
A
loud
thunderclap
interrupted
the
outdoor
wedding
ceremony
.
From
Latin
“
interrumpere
”
meaning
“
break
between
” (“
inter
”
between
+
“
rumpere
”
to
break
).
noun
-
interrupt
,
interrupting
,
interrupts
,
interrupted
in
computing
,
a
signal
sent
to
a
processor
to
temporarily
halt
what
it
is
doing
so
it
can
deal
with
something
more
urgent
•
Pressing
a
key
on
the
keyboard
generates
an
interrupt
that
the
CPU
must
handle
.
Pressing
a
key
on
the
keyboard
generates
an
interrupt
that
the
CPU
must
handle
.
•
Each
device
has
its
own
interrupt
line
in
the
system
’
s
hardware
design
.
Each
device
has
its
own
interrupt
line
in
the
system
’
s
hardware
design
.
Adopted
by
computer
scientists
in
the
1950s
,
extending
the
general
verb
meaning
of
stopping
a
process
.
bankruptcy
noun
-
bankruptcy
,
bankruptcies
the
legal
state
in
which
a
person
or
business
cannot
pay
the
money
owed
and
is
officially
declared
insolvent
by
a
court
•
After
losing
his
job
and
facing
huge
medical
bills
,
Mark
filed
for
bankruptcy
to
protect
his
home
.
After
losing
his
job
and
facing
huge
medical
bills
,
Mark
filed
for
bankruptcy
to
protect
his
home
.
•
The
company
narrowly
avoided
bankruptcy
by
securing
a
last-minute
loan
from
investors
.
The
company
narrowly
avoided
bankruptcy
by
securing
a
last-minute
loan
from
investors
.
Derived
from
Italian
‘
banca
rotta
’
meaning
‘
broken
bench
’,
referring
to
moneylenders
’
benches
being
broken
as
a
sign
of
insolvency
in
medieval
Italy
.
noun
-
bankruptcy
,
bankruptcies
a
complete
failure
or
total
lack
of
something
important
,
such
as
morals
,
ideas
,
or
creativity
•
The
scandal
revealed
the
moral
bankruptcy
of
the
government
’
s
leaders
.
The
scandal
revealed
the
moral
bankruptcy
of
the
government
’
s
leaders
.
•
Critics
accused
the
sequel
of
creative
bankruptcy
,
saying
it
repeated
every
old
joke
.
Critics
accused
the
sequel
of
creative
bankruptcy
,
saying
it
repeated
every
old
joke
.
occupation
noun
a
job
,
profession
,
or
type
of
paid
work
someone
does
•
After
university
,
Maria
found
an
occupation
as
a
graphic
designer
at
a
small
studio
.
After
university
,
Maria
found
an
occupation
as
a
graphic
designer
at
a
small
studio
.
•
Nursing
is
a
demanding
occupation
that
requires
compassion
and
patience
.
Nursing
is
a
demanding
occupation
that
requires
compassion
and
patience
.
From
Latin
occupātiō
(“
seizure
,
business
,
employment
”),
from
occupō
(“
to
seize
,
take
possession
of
”).
noun
an
activity
or
hobby
that
someone
spends
time
doing
,
especially
for
enjoyment
•
In
his
free
time
,
chess
became
John
’
s
favorite
occupation
.
In
his
free
time
,
chess
became
John
’
s
favorite
occupation
.
•
Reading
is
an
occupation
that
relaxes
her
after
a
long
day
.
Reading
is
an
occupation
that
relaxes
her
after
a
long
day
.
Extended
from
the
sense
of
"
what
occupies
one
’
s
time
"
in
late
Middle
English
.
noun
the
control
and
settlement
of
a
place
by
a
foreign
military
or
political
power
•
The
city
suffered
greatly
during
the
enemy
occupation
.
The
city
suffered
greatly
during
the
enemy
occupation
.
•
After
years
of
occupation
,
the
country
finally
regained
independence
.
After
years
of
occupation
,
the
country
finally
regained
independence
.
Sense
of
"
military
holding
of
territory
"
recorded
from
the
late
18th
century
,
evolving
from
the
broader
meaning
of
"
taking
possession
."
sum up
verb
to
state
the
main
points
of
something
briefly
;
to
summarize
.
•
To
sum
up
,
the
project
finished
on
time
and
under
budget
.
To
sum up
,
the
project
finished
on
time
and
under
budget
.
•
The
professor
summed
up
the
lecture
in
three
clear
points
.
The
professor
summed up
the
lecture
in
three
clear
points
.
companion
noun
-
companion
,
superlative
a
person
or
animal
you
spend
time
with
so
you
are
not
alone
•
Ella
took
her
dog
along
as
a
faithful
companion
on
the
mountain
hike
.
Ella
took
her
dog
along
as
a
faithful
companion
on
the
mountain
hike
.
•
During
lunch
,
Ben
sat
with
his
newest
companion
from
the
chess
club
.
During
lunch
,
Ben
sat
with
his
newest
companion
from
the
chess
club
.
supervisor
noun
a
person
who
oversees
and
guides
the
work
or
study
of
others
to
make
sure
it
is
done
correctly
•
The
factory
supervisor
walked
along
the
assembly
line
,
checking
each
station
.
The
factory
supervisor
walked
along
the
assembly
line
,
checking
each
station
.
•
If
you
need
help
,
ask
the
supervisor
at
the
front
desk
.
If
you
need
help
,
ask
the
supervisor
at
the
front
desk
.
Borrowed
from
Medieval
Latin
super-
‘
over
’
+
visere
‘
to
look
at
’,
literally
‘
one
who
looks
over
’.
noun
a
control
program
in
an
operating
system
that
manages
the
execution
of
other
programs
and
system
resources
•
The
kernel
’
s
supervisor
switches
rapidly
between
user
processes
to
keep
the
system
responsive
.
The
kernel
’
s
supervisor
switches
rapidly
between
user
processes
to
keep
the
system
responsive
.
•
When
the
supervisor
detects
a
fault
,
it
immediately
halts
the
offending
program
.
When
the
supervisor
detects
a
fault
,
it
immediately
halts
the
offending
program
.
Extension
of
the
general
sense
‘
one
who
oversees
’
to
computer
science
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
backup
noun
a
copy
of
computer
data
kept
so
the
original
can
be
restored
if
it
is
lost
or
damaged
•
Before
updating
her
laptop
,
Mia
made
a
backup
of
every
important
document
.
Before
updating
her
laptop
,
Mia
made
a
backup
of
every
important
document
.
•
The
technician
restored
the
entire
server
from
a
backup
taken
the
previous
night
.
The
technician
restored
the
entire
server
from
a
backup
taken
the
previous
night
.
From
back
+
up
,
originally
as
a
phrasal
verb
“
back
up
” (
to
support
or
make
a
copy
);
the
solid
noun
form
“
backup
”
appeared
in
the
early
20th
century
with
the
rise
of
data
storage
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
kept
ready
to
take
someone
’
s
place
or
provide
extra
help
if
needed
•
The
coach
kept
a
rookie
as
a
backup
quarterback
in
case
the
starter
was
injured
.
The
coach
kept
a
rookie
as
a
backup
quarterback
in
case
the
starter
was
injured
.
•
Emma
always
carries
a
backup
pen
during
exams
.
Emma
always
carries
a
backup
pen
during
exams
.
Formed
from
the
verb
phrase
“
back
up
”
meaning
‘
support
’;
noun
sense
of
‘
extra
person
or
thing
’
recorded
mid-20th
century
.
noun
a
long
line
of
slowly
moving
or
stopped
vehicles
;
a
traffic
jam
•
A
minor
accident
on
the
bridge
caused
a
huge
backup
during
rush
hour
.
A
minor
accident
on
the
bridge
caused
a
huge
backup
during
rush
hour
.
•
We
were
stuck
in
a
ten-mile
backup
on
the
highway
.
We
were
stuck
in
a
ten-mile
backup
on
the
highway
.
American
English
,
mid-20th
century
,
figuratively
extending
the
idea
of
something
‘
backing
up
’
and
causing
a
blockage
.
supposedly
adverb
according
to
what
people
say
or
believe
,
although
it
may
not
actually
be
true
•
The
treasure
was
supposedly
buried
under
the
old
oak
tree
,
so
the
kids
brought
shovels
and
flashlights
at
dawn
.
The
treasure
was
supposedly
buried
under
the
old
oak
tree
,
so
the
kids
brought
shovels
and
flashlights
at
dawn
.
•
He
is
supposedly
the
fastest
runner
in
the
school
,
but
he
came
in
third
today
.
He
is
supposedly
the
fastest
runner
in
the
school
,
but
he
came
in
third
today
.
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
intended
,
required
,
or
expected
to
happen
or
be
the
case
•
You
are
supposedly
studying
for
your
exams
,
yet
you
keep
scrolling
through
videos
.
You
are
supposedly
studying
for
your
exams
,
yet
you
keep
scrolling
through
videos
.
•
The
bus
was
supposedly
arriving
at
8
p
.
m
.,
but
it
didn
’
t
show
up
until
midnight
.
The
bus
was
supposedly
arriving
at
8
p
.
m
.,
but
it
didn
’
t
show
up
until
midnight
.
pickup
noun
a
small
truck
with
an
open
cargo
area
behind
the
cab
,
used
for
carrying
goods
,
tools
,
or
equipment
•
Jake
loaded
the
ladder
into
his
red
pickup
and
drove
to
the
construction
site
.
Jake
loaded
the
ladder
into
his
red
pickup
and
drove
to
the
construction
site
.
•
The
farmer
carried
hay
bales
across
the
field
in
his
battered
green
pickup
.
The
farmer
carried
hay
bales
across
the
field
in
his
battered
green
pickup
.
formed
in
early
20th-century
American
English
from
the
verb
phrase
“
pick
up
,”
describing
a
truck
meant
to
‘
pick
up
’
and
carry
loads
noun
the
act
or
time
of
collecting
someone
or
something
,
especially
by
vehicle
or
courier
•
Airport
pickup
is
at
3
p
.
m
.,
so
meet
me
at
the
arrivals
gate
.
Airport
pickup
is
at
3
p
.
m
.,
so
meet
me
at
the
arrivals
gate
.
•
The
courier
scheduled
a
pickup
of
the
package
from
our
office
.
The
courier
scheduled
a
pickup
of
the
package
from
our
office
.
developed
mid-20th
century
from
the
sense
of
a
vehicle
‘
picking
up
’
items
or
people
adjective
arranged
quickly
and
informally
without
official
teams
or
prior
planning
•
After
work
,
a
few
colleagues
started
a
pickup
basketball
game
at
the
local
court
.
After
work
,
a
few
colleagues
started
a
pickup
basketball
game
at
the
local
court
.
•
The
musicians
formed
a
pickup
band
to
play
at
the
street
festival
.
The
musicians
formed
a
pickup
band
to
play
at
the
street
festival
.
from
the
idea
of
players
‘
picking
up
’
a
game
on
the
spot
,
first
recorded
mid-20th
century
noun
a
rise
or
quick
improvement
in
speed
,
activity
,
or
condition
•
There
has
been
a
noticeable
pickup
in
sales
since
the
holiday
season
started
.
There
has
been
a
noticeable
pickup
in
sales
since
the
holiday
season
started
.
•
Meteorologists
expect
a
pickup
in
wind
speed
later
tonight
.
Meteorologists
expect
a
pickup
in
wind
speed
later
tonight
.
abstract
noun
use
of
verb
phrase
"
pick
up
"
meaning
‘
to
improve
’
noun
a
small
electronic
device
that
converts
vibrations
from
strings
or
surfaces
into
an
electrical
signal
,
especially
on
a
guitar
•
He
installed
a
new
humbucker
pickup
on
his
electric
guitar
for
a
richer
tone
.
He
installed
a
new
humbucker
pickup
on
his
electric
guitar
for
a
richer
tone
.
•
The
bass
sounded
weak
until
the
faulty
pickup
was
replaced
.
The
bass
sounded
weak
until
the
faulty
pickup
was
replaced
.
1940s
musical
slang
,
from
the
idea
of
‘
picking
up
’
string
vibrations
noun
the
ability
of
a
vehicle
to
accelerate
quickly
from
a
stop
•
This
compact
car
has
great
pickup
for
merging
onto
the
highway
.
This
compact
car
has
great
pickup
for
merging
onto
the
highway
.
•
She
pressed
the
gas
pedal
,
but
the
old
van
had
little
pickup
.
She
pressed
the
gas
pedal
,
but
the
old
van
had
little
pickup
.
based
on
the
action
of
the
engine
‘
picking
up
’
speed
,
first
used
by
drivers
in
the
early
1900s
supportive
adjective
willing
to
give
help
,
sympathy
,
or
encouragement
to
someone
•
When
Maya
failed
her
exam
,
her
friends
were
very
supportive
and
helped
her
study
.
When
Maya
failed
her
exam
,
her
friends
were
very
supportive
and
helped
her
study
.
•
A
supportive
teacher
can
make
students
feel
confident
.
A
supportive
teacher
can
make
students
feel
confident
.
From
the
verb
“
support
”
+
suffix
“
-ive
,”
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
,
meaning
“
providing
support
.”
adjective
designed
to
hold
something
firmly
or
make
the
body
more
comfortable
or
stable
•
She
bought
a
pair
of
supportive
running
shoes
to
avoid
knee
pain
.
She
bought
a
pair
of
supportive
running
shoes
to
avoid
knee
pain
.
•
After
the
accident
,
the
doctor
gave
him
a
supportive
neck
brace
.
After
the
accident
,
the
doctor
gave
him
a
supportive
neck
brace
.
Adapted
from
general
sense
of
“
support
”
to
describe
physical
reinforcement
in
medical
and
design
contexts
during
the
mid-20th
century
.
corrupt
adjective
dishonest
and
willing
to
abuse
power
or
break
rules
for
personal
gain
•
Many
citizens
demanded
the
corrupt
mayor
resign
after
the
bribery
scandal
.
Many
citizens
demanded
the
corrupt
mayor
resign
after
the
bribery
scandal
.
•
A
corrupt
police
officer
was
exposed
for
taking
money
from
criminals
.
A
corrupt
police
officer
was
exposed
for
taking
money
from
criminals
.
From
Latin
‘
corruptus
’,
past
participle
of
‘
corrumpere
’
meaning
‘
to
break
completely
,
spoil
’.
adjective
containing
errors
or
damage
so
that
data
,
a
file
,
or
a
device
no
longer
works
properly
•
The
report
would
not
open
because
the
file
was
corrupt
.
The
report
would
not
open
because
the
file
was
corrupt
.
•
A
virus
left
all
of
Jorge
’
s
photos
corrupt
and
unreadable
.
A
virus
left
all
of
Jorge
’
s
photos
corrupt
and
unreadable
.
verb
-
corrupt
,
corrupting
,
corrupts
,
corrupted
to
make
a
person
or
group
dishonest
,
immoral
,
or
ineffective
by
giving
gifts
,
money
,
or
bad
influence
•
Unlimited
power
can
corrupt
even
the
most
honest
leaders
.
Unlimited
power
can
corrupt
even
the
most
honest
leaders
.
•
The
gang
tried
to
corrupt
the
judge
with
expensive
gifts
.
The
gang
tried
to
corrupt
the
judge
with
expensive
gifts
.
verb
-
corrupt
,
corrupting
,
corrupts
,
corrupted
to
damage
computer
data
or
files
so
they
cannot
be
opened
or
used
correctly
•
A
power
surge
corrupted
the
hard
drive
and
erased
the
data
.
A
power
surge
corrupted
the
hard
drive
and
erased
the
data
.
•
If
you
remove
the
USB
stick
too
quickly
,
you
might
corrupt
the
files
.
If
you
remove
the
USB
stick
too
quickly
,
you
might
corrupt
the
files
.
adjective
(
archaic
)
spoiled
,
rotten
,
or
decayed
•
The
sailors
threw
the
corrupt
meat
overboard
to
avoid
sickness
.
The
sailors
threw
the
corrupt
meat
overboard
to
avoid
sickness
.
•
A
foul
smell
rose
from
the
corrupt
fruit
in
the
cellar
.
A
foul
smell
rose
from
the
corrupt
fruit
in
the
cellar
.
verb
-
corrupt
,
corrupting
,
corrupts
,
corrupted
(
archaic
)
to
spoil
,
rot
,
or
make
impure
•
Heat
and
moisture
will
quickly
corrupt
the
stored
grain
.
Heat
and
moisture
will
quickly
corrupt
the
stored
grain
.
•
They
feared
that
immoral
tales
would
corrupt
the
youth
’
s
minds
.
They
feared
that
immoral
tales
would
corrupt
the
youth
’
s
minds
.