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the
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
show
that
the
speaker
is
talking
about
one
specific
person
,
place
,
or
thing
that
both
the
speaker
and
listener
already
know
about
•
Close
the
door
,
please
.
Close
the
door
,
please
.
•
We
went
to
the
park
after
lunch
.
We
went
to
the
park
after
lunch
.
Old
English
“
þe
,”
a
relative
pronoun
and
definite
article
,
from
Proto-Germanic
roots
related
to
demonstratives
.
adverb
used
with
a
comparative
adjective
or
adverb
to
show
how
one
thing
changes
in
direct
relation
to
another
•
The
more
you
study
,
the
easier
the
test
will
feel
.
The
more
you
study
,
the
easier
the
test
will
feel
.
•
After
a
good
night
’
s
sleep
,
she
felt
all
the
better
.
After
a
good
night
’
s
sleep
,
she
felt
all
the
better
.
Same
origin
as
the
definite
article
,
later
extended
to
this
comparative
construction
in
Middle
English
.
they
pronoun
used
to
refer
to
two
or
more
people
,
animals
,
or
things
already
mentioned
or
easy
to
identify
,
acting
as
the
subject
of
a
verb
•
They
are
playing
soccer
in
the
park
.
They
are
playing
soccer
in
the
park
.
•
They
have
finished
their
homework
and
are
watching
TV
together
.
They
have
finished
their
homework
and
are
watching
TV
together
.
Old
English
hīe
,
hī
,
late
Anglo-Saxon
period
;
related
to
Old
Norse
þeir
.
Modern
form
influenced
by
Scandinavian
languages
.
pronoun
used
to
mean
people
in
general
,
or
an
unnamed
group
such
as
the
government
,
experts
,
or
authorities
•
They
say
that
breakfast
is
the
most
important
meal
of
the
day
.
They
say
that
breakfast
is
the
most
important
meal
of
the
day
.
•
They
have
raised
the
price
of
gas
again
this
month
.
They
have
raised
the
price
of
gas
again
this
month
.
Extension
of
the
plural
pronoun
to
refer
to
an
indefinite
group
dates
back
to
at
least
the
16th
century
.
pronoun
used
as
a
singular
,
gender-neutral
pronoun
to
refer
to
one
person
when
that
person
’
s
gender
is
unknown
,
unspecified
,
or
non-binary
,
functioning
as
the
subject
of
a
verb
•
Sam
said
they
will
be
here
by
six
o
’
clock
.
Sam
said
they
will
be
here
by
six
o
’
clock
.
•
Someone
left
a
wallet
on
the
counter
;
I
hope
they
come
back
for
it
.
Someone
left
a
wallet
on
the
counter
;
I
hope
they
come
back
for
it
.
The
singular
use
developed
in
Middle
English
for
indefinite
or
generic
reference
;
modern
intentional
use
for
non-binary
identity
emerged
in
the
late
20th
century
.
their
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
show
that
something
belongs
to
or
is
connected
with
the
people
already
mentioned
,
or
with
one
person
when
the
person
’
s
gender
is
unknown
•
The
children
put
on
their
coats
before
going
outside
.
The
children
put
on
their
coats
before
going
outside
.
•
The
soccer
team
cheered
and
lifted
a
trophy
to
celebrate
their
victory
.
The
soccer
team
cheered
and
lifted
a
trophy
to
celebrate
their
victory
.
Old
English
thāra
,
genitive
plural
of
thæt
“
they
”,
becoming
Modern
English
“
their
”
under
influence
of
Old
Norse
þeirra
.
these
determiner
Used
before
a
plural
noun
to
talk
about
people
or
things
that
are
close
to
the
speaker
in
space
,
time
,
or
in
the
conversation
.
•
Could
you
help
me
carry
these
boxes
upstairs
?
Could
you
help
me
carry
these
boxes
upstairs
?
•
I
love
these
cookies
you
baked
.
I
love
these
cookies
you
baked
.
Old
English
thēos
,
plural
of
this
,
related
to
Old
Norse
þessar
and
German
diese
.
pronoun
Used
by
itself
to
refer
to
several
people
or
things
that
are
close
to
the
speaker
in
space
,
time
,
or
in
the
conversation
.
•
These
are
the
keys
you
were
looking
for
.
These
are
the
keys
you
were
looking
for
.
•
Take
a
look
at
these
—
aren't
they
beautiful
?
Take
a
look
at
these
—
aren't
they
beautiful
?
Old
English
thēos
,
plural
of
this
;
cognate
with
German
diese
and
Dutch
deze
.
there
adverb
in
,
at
,
or
to
that
place
or
position
•
“
Put
the
vase
there
on
the
shelf
where
everyone
can
see
it
.”
“
Put
the
vase
there
on
the
shelf
where
everyone
can
see
it
.”
•
“
We
stayed
there
for
two
weeks
and
loved
the
beaches
.”
“
We
stayed
there
for
two
weeks
and
loved
the
beaches
.”
Old
English
thǣr
,
ultimately
from
Proto-Germanic
*þaþr
.
adverb
in
,
at
,
or
to
that
place
or
position
•
Please
put
the
books
there
on
the
shelf
next
to
the
window
.
Please
put
the
books
there
on
the
shelf
next
to
the
window
.
•
We
will
sit
there
during
the
concert
because
the
view
is
better
.
We
will
sit
there
during
the
concert
because
the
view
is
better
.
Old
English
“
þǣr
”
meaning
“
in
that
place
,”
related
to
“
that
.”
pronoun
used
at
the
beginning
of
a
sentence
or
clause
to
say
that
something
exists
or
happens
•
There
is
a
spider
on
the
wall
!
There
is
a
spider
on
the
wall
!
•
There
were
only
ten
tickets
left
when
I
arrived
.
There
were
only
ten
tickets
left
when
I
arrived
.
Extension
of
adverb
‘
there
’
to
a
grammatical
subject
role
in
Middle
English
.
pronoun
used
with
the
verb
“
be
”
to
say
that
something
exists
,
happens
,
or
is
present
•
There
is
a
small
café
around
the
corner
that
serves
great
pie
.
There
is
a
small
café
around
the
corner
that
serves
great
pie
.
•
There
were
more
people
at
the
festival
than
we
expected
.
There
were
more
people
at
the
festival
than
we
expected
.
Same
origin
as
the
adverb
sense
;
later
used
in
Middle
English
to
introduce
existence
clauses
.
interjection
used
,
often
repeated
,
to
comfort
or
calm
someone
who
is
upset
•
“
There
,
there
,”
the
nurse
said
softly
as
the
patient
started
to
cry
.
“
There
,
there
,”
the
nurse
said
softly
as
the
patient
started
to
cry
.
•
She
patted
the
toddler
’
s
back
,
murmuring
“
there
,
there
,
it's
all
right
.”
She
patted
the
toddler
’
s
back
,
murmuring
“
there
,
there
,
it's
all
right
.”
Derived
from
the
adverb
,
recorded
as
a
comforting
phrase
since
at
least
the
19th
century
.
interjection
used
to
express
satisfaction
,
triumph
,
or
to
draw
attention
to
something
that
has
been
done
or
given
•
There
!
The
puzzle
is
finished
at
last
.
There
!
The
puzzle
is
finished
at
last
.
•
Here
’
s
the
book
you
wanted
—
there
.
Here
’
s
the
book
you
wanted
—
there
.
Natural
extension
of
adverb
‘
there
’
as
an
exclamation
since
the
14th
century
.
then
adverb
at
that
time
,
either
in
the
past
or
in
the
future
•
Back
then
,
mobile
phones
were
the
size
of
bricks
.
Back
then
,
mobile
phones
were
the
size
of
bricks
.
•
I'll
finish
my
homework
by
six
;
we
can
eat
then
.
I'll
finish
my
homework
by
six
;
we
can
eat
then
.
adverb
after
that
;
next
in
order
or
time
•
We
had
lunch
and
then
took
a
walk
by
the
river
.
We
had
lunch
and
then
took
a
walk
by
the
river
.
•
Press
the
red
button
,
then
the
green
one
.
Press
the
red
button
,
then
the
green
one
.
conjunction
in
that
case
;
as
a
result
or
conclusion
•
If
you
are
tired
,
then
go
to
bed
.
If
you
are
tired
,
then
go
to
bed
.
•
If
the
train
is
late
,
then
we'll
catch
a
taxi
.
If
the
train
is
late
,
then
we'll
catch
a
taxi
.
adjective
existing
or
holding
a
particular
role
at
that
time
in
the
past
•
The
then
president
announced
new
reforms
.
The
then
president
announced
new
reforms
.
•
She
worked
closely
with
her
then
boss
.
She
worked
closely
with
her
then
boss
.
them
pronoun
the
object
form
of
“
they
”,
referring
to
two
or
more
people
,
animals
,
or
things
already
known
or
mentioned
•
I
told
them
about
the
party
,
and
they
were
excited
.
I
told
them
about
the
party
,
and
they
were
excited
.
•
Pick
those
flowers
and
put
them
in
a
vase
.
Pick
those
flowers
and
put
them
in
a
vase
.
Old
English
“
þǣm
”
or
“
him
”,
dative
plural
of
the
demonstrative
pronoun
;
modern
spelling
stabilized
after
Middle
English
.
pronoun
used
as
a
gender-neutral
object
pronoun
for
one
person
when
the
person
’
s
gender
is
unknown
,
not
specified
,
or
non-binary
•
I
met
the
new
designer
yesterday
and
gave
them
the
project
brief
.
I
met
the
new
designer
yesterday
and
gave
them
the
project
brief
.
•
Someone
left
their
umbrella
;
shall
we
return
it
to
them
?
Someone
left
their
umbrella
;
shall
we
return
it
to
them
?
Same
historical
origin
as
the
plural
form
;
the
singular
use
became
common
in
English
writings
from
the
14th
century
and
is
now
widely
accepted
.
themselves
pronoun
the
reflexive
form
of
“
they
”;
used
when
the
people
(
or
a
person
who
uses
they/them
pronouns
)
do
an
action
to
or
for
their
own
selves
•
They
blamed
themselves
for
the
mistake
.
They
blamed
themselves
for
the
mistake
.
•
The
children
hid
themselves
behind
the
sofa
during
hide-and-seek
.
The
children
hid
themselves
behind
the
sofa
during
hide-and-seek
.
pronoun
used
after
“
they
”
or
“
them
”
for
emphasis
,
showing
that
those
people
(
and
not
others
)
are
the
ones
acting
or
being
referred
to
•
The
engineers
themselves
were
amazed
by
the
result
.
The
engineers
themselves
were
amazed
by
the
result
.
•
They
themselves
admitted
the
plan
needed
changes
.
They
themselves
admitted
the
plan
needed
changes
.
the poor
noun
people
who
have
very
little
money
and
live
in
poverty
•
The
charity
raises
funds
to
help
the
poor
.
The
charity
raises
funds
to
help
the poor
.
•
Government
programs
provide
housing
assistance
for
the
poor
.
Government
programs
provide
housing
assistance
for
the poor
.
theory
noun
-
theory
,
theories
a
personal
idea
or
guess
about
why
something
has
happened
or
what
might
be
true
•
My
theory
is
that
the
cat
knocked
the
vase
off
the
shelf
.
My
theory
is
that
the
cat
knocked
the
vase
off
the
shelf
.
•
Do
you
have
a
theory
about
who
will
win
the
game
?
Do
you
have
a
theory
about
who
will
win
the
game
?
noun
-
theory
,
theories
an
idea
or
set
of
ideas
that
explains
how
or
why
something
happens
,
usually
based
on
study
and
evidence
but
not
yet
proven
as
complete
fact
•
Einstein's
theory
of
relativity
changed
how
we
see
time
and
space
.
Einstein's
theory
of
relativity
changed
how
we
see
time
and
space
.
•
The
students
tested
their
new
theory
with
a
simple
experiment
.
The
students
tested
their
new
theory
with
a
simple
experiment
.
from
Late
Latin
theoria
,
from
Greek
theōria
“
contemplation
,
looking
at
”,
from
theōrein
“
to
look
at
,
consider
”
noun
-
theory
,
theories
the
general
principles
and
rules
of
a
subject
,
studied
apart
from
how
they
are
put
into
practice
•
She
understands
music
theory
but
cannot
play
any
instrument
well
.
She
understands
music
theory
but
cannot
play
any
instrument
well
.
•
In
theory
,
the
plan
should
work
,
but
it
might
be
too
expensive
.
In
theory
,
the
plan
should
work
,
but
it
might
be
too
expensive
.
therefore
adverb
for
that
reason
;
as
a
result
•
It
was
raining
heavily
;
therefore
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
.
It
was
raining
heavily
;
therefore
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
.
•
Liam
forgot
his
wallet
and
therefore
couldn
’
t
buy
a
train
ticket
.
Liam
forgot
his
wallet
and
therefore
couldn
’
t
buy
a
train
ticket
.
Middle
English
:
from
Old
English
thǣrfore
,
formed
from
thǣr
‘
there
’
+
fore
‘
for
’
meaning
‘
for
that
(
reason
)’.
conjunction
so
or
consequently
,
introducing
a
conclusion
that
follows
from
what
was
said
•
The
data
were
incomplete
;
therefore
the
researchers
postponed
publishing
their
findings
.
The
data
were
incomplete
;
therefore
the
researchers
postponed
publishing
their
findings
.
•
She
had
no
valid
ID
,
and
therefore
she
was
denied
entry
to
the
club
.
She
had
no
valid
ID
,
and
therefore
she
was
denied
entry
to
the
club
.
Same
origin
as
the
adverb
sense
:
Middle
English
thǣrfore
‘
for
that
reason
’.
the drink
noun
informal
:
the
sea
or
ocean
,
especially
thought
of
as
a
large
body
of
water
someone
might
fall
into
•
The
sailor
slipped
and
vanished
into
the
drink
during
the
storm
.
The
sailor
slipped
and
vanished
into
the drink
during
the
storm
.
•
Rescuers
scanned
the
drink
for
any
sign
of
the
missing
surfer
.
Rescuers
scanned
the drink
for
any
sign
of
the
missing
surfer
.
Sense
arose
in
the
19th
century
as
nautical
slang
,
likening
the
vast
sea
to
an
enormous
swallow
of
liquid
.
theater
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
building
or
outdoor
space
with
a
stage
and
seats
where
people
watch
live
plays
,
concerts
,
or
other
performances
•
Our
class
took
a
trip
to
the
old
brick
theater
downtown
to
watch
a
Shakespeare
play
.
Our
class
took
a
trip
to
the
old
brick
theater
downtown
to
watch
a
Shakespeare
play
.
•
The
lights
dimmed
as
the
audience
settled
into
their
seats
inside
the
grand
theater
.
The
lights
dimmed
as
the
audience
settled
into
their
seats
inside
the
grand
theater
.
From
Middle
English
teatre
,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
theatrum
,
from
Ancient
Greek
theátron
“
place
for
viewing
”.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
building
with
screens
and
seats
where
people
watch
films
•
We
bought
popcorn
before
entering
the
theater
to
see
the
new
superhero
movie
.
We
bought
popcorn
before
entering
the
theater
to
see
the
new
superhero
movie
.
•
The
small
town
finally
got
a
modern
theater
with
reclining
seats
.
The
small
town
finally
got
a
modern
theater
with
reclining
seats
.
Extension
of
Sense
1
after
the
invention
of
motion
pictures
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
the
art
,
craft
,
and
academic
study
of
writing
,
producing
,
and
acting
in
live
dramatic
performances
•
She
majored
in
theater
at
college
and
hopes
to
direct
someday
.
She
majored
in
theater
at
college
and
hopes
to
direct
someday
.
•
Theater
has
been
his
passion
since
childhood
puppet
shows
.
Theater
has
been
his
passion
since
childhood
puppet
shows
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
sterile
room
in
a
hospital
where
surgeons
perform
operations
•
Nurses
wheeled
the
patient
into
the
theater
for
the
heart surgery
.
Nurses
wheeled
the
patient
into
the
theater
for
the
heart surgery
.
•
Only
sterile
clothing
is
allowed
inside
the
hospital
’
s
new
theater
.
Only
sterile
clothing
is
allowed
inside
the
hospital
’
s
new
theater
.
Borrowed
from
the
dramatic
sense
to
describe
a
room
where
action
is
closely
watched
,
first
used
in
18th-century
hospitals
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
large
geographic
area
where
important
military
events
happen
during
a
war
•
The
general
inspected
troops
stationed
in
the
Pacific
theater
.
The
general
inspected
troops
stationed
in
the
Pacific
theater
.
•
Supplies
were
flown
to
the
European
theater
throughout
the
war
.
Supplies
were
flown
to
the
European
theater
throughout
the
war
.
Military
use
arose
in
the
mid-19th
century
,
comparing
large-scale
war
zones
to
a
stage
where
major
actions
are
played
out
.
the wild
noun
-
wild
natural
areas
where
animals
and
plants
live
without
human
control
;
the
state
of
nature
•
After
years
in
captivity
,
the
eagle
was
released
back
into
the
wild
.
After
years
in
captivity
,
the
eagle
was
released
back
into
the
wild
.
•
Survival
experts
teach
people
how
to
find
water
in
the
wild
.
Survival
experts
teach
people
how
to
find
water
in
the
wild
.
theme
noun
-
theme
,
theming
,
themes
,
themed
the
main
subject
or
idea
that
is
repeated
and
developed
in
a
piece
of
writing
,
speech
,
film
,
painting
,
or
any
other
work
of
art
•
Courage
is
the
central
theme
of
the
novel
she
is
reading
.
Courage
is
the
central
theme
of
the
novel
she
is
reading
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
identify
the
theme
of
the
short
story
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
identify
the
theme
of
the
short
story
.
From
Greek
‘
thema
’
meaning
“
proposition
,
subject
”
via
Latin
and
Old
French
.
noun
an
idea
or
style
chosen
to
guide
the
decorations
,
costumes
,
or
activities
of
a
party
,
event
,
or
product
•
The
birthday
party
had
a
superhero
theme
,
so
everyone
wore
capes
.
The
birthday
party
had
a
superhero
theme
,
so
everyone
wore
capes
.
•
They
chose
a
beach
theme
for
their
summer
wedding
.
They
chose
a
beach
theme
for
their
summer
wedding
.
noun
a
recognizable
melody
that
appears
several
times
in
a
piece
of
music
•
The
composer
introduces
the
main
theme
with
violins
in
the
opening
bars
.
The
composer
introduces
the
main
theme
with
violins
in
the
opening
bars
.
•
After
the
dramatic
pause
,
the
trumpet
repeats
the
heroic
theme
.
After
the
dramatic
pause
,
the
trumpet
repeats
the
heroic
theme
.
noun
a
set
of
coordinated
colors
,
fonts
,
and
images
that
changes
the
appearance
of
computer
software
or
a
website
•
She
downloaded
a
dark
theme
for
her
smartphone
to
save
battery
.
She
downloaded
a
dark
theme
for
her
smartphone
to
save
battery
.
•
The
blog
’
s
new
theme
makes
the
text
easier
to
read
.
The
blog
’
s
new
theme
makes
the
text
easier
to
read
.
verb
-
theme
,
theming
,
themes
,
themed
to
give
something
a
particular
style
or
idea
that
guides
its
appearance
or
content
•
They
themed
the
restaurant
around
classic
Hollywood
movies
.
They
themed
the
restaurant
around
classic
Hollywood
movies
.
•
The
organizers
themed
the
conference
to
focus
on
renewable
energy
.
The
organizers
themed
the
conference
to
focus
on
renewable
energy
.
the usual
noun
the
thing
that
someone
regularly
chooses
or
that
usually
happens
,
especially
a
person
’
s
regular
drink
,
meal
,
or
order
•
"
I'll
have
the
usual
,
please
,"
he
told
the
barista
.
"
I'll
have
the usual
,
please
,"
he
told
the
barista
.
•
At
the
diner
,
the
waitress
nodded
when
Sarah
asked
for
the
usual
.
At
the
diner
,
the
waitress
nodded
when
Sarah
asked
for
the usual
.
Nominal
use
of
the
adjective
phrase
“
the
usual
,”
first
recorded
in
the
early
20th
century
in
bar
and
café
slang
.
therapy
noun
-
therapy
,
therapies
treatment
given
to
cure
or
relieve
a
physical
or
mental
illness
or
disability
,
often
using
medicine
,
exercises
,
or
talking
rather
than
surgery
•
After
her
accident
,
Maria
received
physical
therapy
to
help
her
walk
again
.
After
her
accident
,
Maria
received
physical
therapy
to
help
her
walk
again
.
•
The
doctor
said
a
course
of
radiation
therapy
could
shrink
the
tumor
.
The
doctor
said
a
course
of
radiation
therapy
could
shrink
the
tumor
.
Early
19th
century
,
from
Greek
therapeia
‘
healing
’,
from
therapeuein
‘
treat
medically
’.
noun
-
therapy
,
therapies
an
activity
or
experience
that
makes
someone
feel
calmer
,
happier
,
or
less
stressed
•
Playing
the
piano
every
evening
is
pure
therapy
for
me
.
Playing
the
piano
every
evening
is
pure
therapy
for
me
.
•
For
some
people
,
gardening
is
a
form
of
therapy
after
a
stressful
day
.
For
some
people
,
gardening
is
a
form
of
therapy
after
a
stressful
day
.
Figurative
extension
of
the
medical
sense
,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
other
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
mean
the
second
of
two
or
the
remaining
people
or
things
that
have
not
yet
been
mentioned
•
Please
put
these
books
on
the
other
shelf
.
Please
put
these
books
on
the
other
shelf
.
•
I
lost
my
other
glove
on
the
bus
.
I
lost
my
other
glove
on
the
bus
.
Old
English
ōther
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*antheraz
,
related
to
German
anderer
and
Dutch
ander
,
originally
meaning
"
the
second
(
of
two
)."
adjective
different
from
the
one
or
ones
already
mentioned
or
known
•
We
should
look
at
the
other
options
before
deciding
.
We
should
look
at
the
other
options
before
deciding
.
•
Her
other
bag
is
much
lighter
than
this
one
.
Her
other
bag
is
much
lighter
than
this
one
.
Same
origin
as
determiner
sense
,
extending
to
mean
"
different
,
additional
."
pronoun
the
second
of
two
people
or
things
,
or
the
remaining
members
of
a
group
,
when
the
noun
is
not
repeated
•
One
cookie
is
for
you
;
the
other
is
for
me
.
One
cookie
is
for
you
;
the
other
is
for
me
.
•
Some
students
were
on
time
;
others
arrived
late
.
Some
students
were
on
time
;
others
arrived
late
.
Pronoun
use
developed
from
the
adjective/determiner
in
Middle
English
,
allowing
the
noun
to
be
omitted
.
adjective
used
before
a
noun
to
talk
about
an
additional
or
different
person
or
thing
that
is
not
the
one
already
mentioned
•
Could
I
try
the
other
flavor
of
ice
cream
?
Could
I
try
the
other
flavor
of
ice
cream
?
•
He
looked
at
the
other
map
for
more
details
.
He
looked
at
the
other
map
for
more
details
.
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
talk
about
additional
or
different
people
or
things
apart
from
the
ones
already
mentioned
•
Do
you
have
any
other
questions
about
the
homework
?
Do
you
have
any
other
questions
about
the
homework
?
•
He
stored
his
winter
coats
in
the
other
closet
.
He
stored
his
winter
coats
in
the
other
closet
.
adjective
different
from
the
one
or
ones
already
mentioned
or
remaining
after
a
part
has
been
used
or
dealt
with
•
The
puppy
chased
the
ball
to
the
other
side
of
the
garden
.
The
puppy
chased
the
ball
to
the
other
side
of
the
garden
.
•
She
wears
a
bracelet
on
her
other
wrist
when
the
left
one
feels
sore
.
She
wears
a
bracelet
on
her
other
wrist
when
the
left
one
feels
sore
.
pronoun
the
second
person
or
thing
,
or
the
remaining
people
or
things
,
that
have
already
been
mentioned
or
are
understood
•
One
of
the
candles
blew
out
;
the
other
kept
burning
.
One
of
the
candles
blew
out
;
the
other
kept
burning
.
•
Some
kids
were
playing
soccer
;
the
others
sat
under
a
tree
reading
.
Some
kids
were
playing
soccer
;
the
others
sat
under
a
tree
reading
.
pronoun
the
remaining
person
or
thing
in
a
group
of
two
or
more
when
one
has
already
been
mentioned
•
I
have
two
pens
;
one
writes
smoothly
,
but
the
other
is
dry
.
I
have
two
pens
;
one
writes
smoothly
,
but
the
other
is
dry
.
•
Some
students
chose
the
museum
,
and
the
other
preferred
the
park
.
Some
students
chose
the
museum
,
and
the
other
preferred
the
park
.
far
adverb
-
far
,
farther
,
farthest
to
or
at
a
great
distance
in
space
•
Far
down
the
road
,
a
small
farmhouse
stood
alone
among
the
fields
.
Far
down
the
road
,
a
small
farmhouse
stood
alone
among
the
fields
.
•
The
island
is
far
from
the
mainland
,
so
we
took
a
long
ferry
ride
.
The
island
is
far
from
the
mainland
,
so
we
took
a
long
ferry
ride
.
adverb
-
far
,
farther
,
farthest
at
or
to
a
great
distance
in
space
•
The
village
is
far
away
across
the
mountains
.
The
village
is
far
away
across
the
mountains
.
•
Don't
go
too
far
into
the
forest
after
dark
.
Don't
go
too
far
into
the
forest
after
dark
.
adjective
-
far
,
farther
,
farthest
distant
in
space
;
located
at
a
great
distance
•
We
could
see
the
lights
of
a
far
city
on
the
horizon
.
We
could
see
the
lights
of
a
far
city
on
the
horizon
.
•
He
traveled
to
a
far
country
to
study
.
He
traveled
to
a
far
country
to
study
.
adjective
-
far
,
farther
,
farthest
distant
in
space
;
located
a
long
way
away
•
They
dreamed
of
visiting
a
far
country
.
They
dreamed
of
visiting
a
far
country
.
•
She
could
see
a
far
island
on
the
horizon
.
She
could
see
a
far
island
on
the
horizon
.
adverb
-
far
,
farther
,
farthest
at
,
to
,
or
across
a
great
distance
in
space
•
“
How
far
is
the
nearest
train
station
from
here
?”
“
How
far
is
the
nearest
train
station
from
here
?”
•
The
mountain
lodge
is
far
above
the
clouds
.
The
mountain
lodge
is
far
above
the
clouds
.
Old
English
feor
,
feorr
,
related
to
German
fern
,
meaning
“
distant
.”
adverb
-
far
,
farther
,
farthest
very
much
;
to
a
great
degree
or
extent
•
This
plan
is
far
better
than
the
old
one
.
This
plan
is
far
better
than
the
old
one
.
•
Her
answer
was
far
from
correct
.
Her
answer
was
far
from
correct
.
adverb
-
far
,
farther
,
farthest
by
a
great
amount
or
degree
;
very
much
•
He
is
far
better
at
chess
than
I
am
.
He
is
far
better
at
chess
than
I
am
.
•
This
year's
harvest
is
far
worse
than
last
year's
.
This
year's
harvest
is
far
worse
than
last
year's
.
adjective
-
far
,
farther
,
farthest
happening
or
existing
a
long
time
in
the
past
or
future
•
Scientists
hope
to
find
life
on
other
planets
in
the
far
future
.
Scientists
hope
to
find
life
on
other
planets
in
the
far
future
.
•
Stories
from
the
far
past
tell
of
ancient
heroes
.
Stories
from
the
far
past
tell
of
ancient
heroes
.
adjective
-
far
,
farther
,
farthest
extreme
in
position
or
opinion
,
especially
politically
•
Some
people
hold
far
right
views
about
immigration
.
Some
people
hold
far
right
views
about
immigration
.
•
The
party
moved
to
the
far
left
after
the
election
.
The
party
moved
to
the
far
left
after
the
election
.
mother
noun
a
female
parent
•
My
mother
always
reads
me
a
bedtime
story
before
I
go
to
sleep
.
My
mother
always
reads
me
a
bedtime
story
before
I
go
to
sleep
.
•
Ethan
made
breakfast
in
bed
for
his
mother
on
Mother
’
s
Day
.
Ethan
made
breakfast
in
bed
for
his
mother
on
Mother
’
s
Day
.
verb
to
care
for
and
protect
someone
as
a
mother
does
•
The
elder
elephant
gently
mothered
the
orphaned
calf
until
it
could
survive
on
its
own
.
The
elder
elephant
gently
mothered
the
orphaned
calf
until
it
could
survive
on
its
own
.
•
She
often
mothers
her
younger
teammates
,
reminding
them
to
drink
water
and
stretch
.
She
often
mothers
her
younger
teammates
,
reminding
them
to
drink
water
and
stretch
.
noun
the
place
,
cause
,
or
origin
from
which
something
develops
•
People
say
that
necessity
is
the
mother
of
invention
.
People
say
that
necessity
is
the
mother
of
invention
.
•
Ancient
rivers
were
the
mother
of
many
early
civilizations
.
Ancient
rivers
were
the
mother
of
many
early
civilizations
.
noun
a
film
or
mass
of
cellulose
and
beneficial
bacteria
that
forms
on
fermenting
liquids
such
as
vinegar
or
kombucha
•
The
cloudy
mother
at
the
bottom
of
the
jar
shows
that
the
vinegar
is
alive
.
The
cloudy
mother
at
the
bottom
of
the
jar
shows
that
the
vinegar
is
alive
.
•
Before
brewing
kombucha
,
she
transferred
a
piece
of
the
mother
to
a
new
batch
of
sweet
tea
.
Before
brewing
kombucha
,
she
transferred
a
piece
of
the
mother
to
a
new
batch
of
sweet
tea
.
another
determiner
used
before
a
singular
countable
noun
to
talk
about
one
more
person
or
thing
of
the
same
kind
•
Would
you
like
another
slice
of
pizza
?
Would
you
like
another
slice
of
pizza
?
•
He
stayed
up
late
to
read
another
chapter
of
his
book
.
He
stayed
up
late
to
read
another
chapter
of
his
book
.
from
Middle
English
an
other
,
literally
“
one
other
”
pronoun
one
more
person
or
thing
of
the
same
kind
•
These
cookies
are
delicious
;
I
think
I'll
have
another
.
These
cookies
are
delicious
;
I
think
I'll
have
another
.
•
One
cup
of
coffee
wasn't
enough
,
so
he
poured
himself
another
.
One
cup
of
coffee
wasn't
enough
,
so
he
poured
himself
another
.
determiner
one
more
person
or
thing
of
the
same
kind
,
or
a
different
one
replacing
the
first
•
Could
I
have
another
slice
of
cake
,
please
?
Could
I
have
another
slice
of
cake
,
please
?
•
After
the
rainy
morning
,
the
hikers
hoped
for
another
sunny
day
.
After
the
rainy
morning
,
the
hikers
hoped
for
another
sunny
day
.
Middle
English
an
other
,
from
Old
English
ān
ōther
,
literally
“
one
other
.”
pronoun
one
more
person
or
thing
,
used
without
a
following
noun
•
I
already
have
a
pen
;
do
you
need
another
?
I
already
have
a
pen
;
do
you
need
another
?
•
Some
children
chose
soccer
;
another
preferred
painting
.
Some
children
chose
soccer
;
another
preferred
painting
.
Same
origin
as
the
determiner
:
from
Old
English
ān
ōther
, “
one
other
.”
determiner
used
before
a
singular
countable
noun
to
refer
to
a
different
person
or
thing
instead
of
the
one
already
mentioned
•
The
bus
was
full
,
so
we
took
another
route
home
.
The
bus
was
full
,
so
we
took
another
route
home
.
•
If
this
key
doesn't
fit
,
try
another
lock
.
If
this
key
doesn't
fit
,
try
another
lock
.
pronoun
a
different
person
or
thing
instead
of
the
one
already
mentioned
•
This
pen
is
empty
;
hand
me
another
.
This
pen
is
empty
;
hand
me
another
.
•
The
first
answer
was
wrong
,
so
she
wrote
another
.
The
first
answer
was
wrong
,
so
she
wrote
another
.
father
noun
a
male
parent
•
My
father
taught
me
how
to
ride
a
bike
.
My
father
taught
me
how
to
ride
a
bike
.
•
Emma
called
her
father
to
tell
him
the
good
news
.
Emma
called
her
father
to
tell
him
the
good
news
.
Old
English
fæder
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*fader
,
ultimately
from
Proto-Indo-European
*pH₂tér-
,
a
common
root
for
“
father
”
across
many
languages
.
noun
a
man
who
starts
or
invents
something
important
and
is
seen
as
its
originator
•
Alexander
Fleming
is
often
called
the
father
of
antibiotics
.
Alexander
Fleming
is
often
called
the
father
of
antibiotics
.
•
Sir
Tim
Berners-Lee
is
widely
regarded
as
the
father
of
the
World
Wide
Web
.
Sir
Tim
Berners-Lee
is
widely
regarded
as
the
father
of
the
World
Wide
Web
.
verb
to
be
the
male
parent
of
a
child
or
to
create
something
new
•
He
fathered
three
children
before
he
turned
thirty
.
He
fathered
three
children
before
he
turned
thirty
.
•
Scientists
discovered
that
one
male
turtle
had
fathered
over
a
hundred
hatchlings
on
the
island
.
Scientists
discovered
that
one
male
turtle
had
fathered
over
a
hundred
hatchlings
on
the
island
.
Father
noun
a
respectful
title
or
form
of
address
for
a
male
priest
in
some
Christian
churches
•
The
villagers
asked
Father
Miguel
to
bless
the
new
well
.
The
villagers
asked
Father
Miguel
to
bless
the
new
well
.
•
During
confession
,
I
spoke
quietly
with
Father
Thomas
.
During
confession
,
I
spoke
quietly
with
Father
Thomas
.
together
adverb
with
or
near
someone
or
something
else
,
in
the
same
place
or
group
•
The
children
played
together
in
the
park
.
The
children
played
together
in
the
park
.
•
Let
’
s
sit
together
at
the
concert
so
we
can
talk
.
Let
’
s
sit
together
at
the
concert
so
we
can
talk
.
adverb
into
one
piece
or
group
after
being
separate
•
She
glued
the
broken
vase
back
together
.
She
glued
the
broken
vase
back
together
.
•
Push
the
desks
together
to
make
one
big
table
.
Push
the
desks
together
to
make
one
big
table
.
adjective
(
informal
)
well-organized
,
calm
,
and
in
control
of
your
life
or
a
situation
•
Jada
is
so
together
—
she
never
forgets
a
deadline
.
Jada
is
so
together
—
she
never
forgets
a
deadline
.
•
After
therapy
,
he
felt
more
together
than
ever
.
After
therapy
,
he
felt
more
together
than
ever
.
together with
preposition
in
addition
to
;
along
with
•
She
sent
the
invoice
together
with
the
signed
contract
.
She
sent
the
invoice
together with
the
signed
contract
.
•
The
teacher
,
together
with
the
students
,
planted
trees
behind
the
school
.
The
teacher
,
together with
the
students
,
planted
trees
behind
the
school
.
whether
conjunction
used
to
introduce
two
or
more
possibilities
or
to
show
doubt
between
alternatives
•
She's
not
sure
whether
to
study
medicine
or
engineering
.
She's
not
sure
whether
to
study
medicine
or
engineering
.
•
Do
you
know
whether
he
called
last
night
?
Do
you
know
whether
he
called
last
night
?
Old
English
hwæther
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*hwatara
“
which
of
two
”.
conjunction
used
to
say
that
it
makes
no
difference
which
of
the
alternatives
is
true
,
often
followed
by
“
or
not
”
•
We're
going
hiking
tomorrow
whether
it
rains
or
not
.
We're
going
hiking
tomorrow
whether
it
rains
or
not
.
•
I'll
support
you
whether
you
succeed
or
fail
.
I'll
support
you
whether
you
succeed
or
fail
.
Old
English
hwæther
,
same
root
as
the
alternative-introducing
sense
,
later
broadened
to
express
indifference
to
outcome
.
either
determiner
used
before
a
singular
noun
to
mean
one
or
the
other
of
two
things
or
people
•
You
can
take
either
road
to
the
beach
;
they
both
lead
there
.
You
can
take
either
road
to
the
beach
;
they
both
lead
there
.
•
I
don't
mind
;
either
option
works
for
me
.
I
don't
mind
;
either
option
works
for
me
.
Old
English
ǣgther
,
ǣgthera
‘
each
of
two
’,
from
a
Germanic
base
meaning
‘
both
’.
Later
sense
shifted
to
‘
one
or
the
other
’.
pronoun
one
or
the
other
of
two
people
or
things
already
mentioned
•
I
haven't
read
either
of
the
books
you
mentioned
.
I
haven't
read
either
of
the
books
you
mentioned
.
•
We
can
sit
on
these
chairs
—
either
is
fine
.
We
can
sit
on
these
chairs
—
either
is
fine
.
Same
origin
as
determiner
sense
:
Old
English
ǣgther
,
ǣgthera
.
determiner
one
or
the
other
of
two
people
or
things
,
or
each
of
the
two
,
used
before
a
singular
noun
•
You
can
sit
on
either
side
of
the
fireplace
.
You
can
sit
on
either
side
of
the
fireplace
.
•
Either
door
at
the
front
of
the
shop
is
unlocked
.
Either
door
at
the
front
of
the
shop
is
unlocked
.
Old
English
ǣgther
,
ǣghwather
,
meaning
“
each
of
two
,”
from
Proto-Germanic
roots
meaning
“
both
.”
pronoun
one
or
the
other
of
two
people
or
things
when
stated
alone
•
There
are
two
slices
of
cake
;
you
may
have
either
.
There
are
two
slices
of
cake
;
you
may
have
either
.
•
I
haven't
met
either
of
your
brothers
.
I
haven't
met
either
of
your
brothers
.
conjunction
used
with
“
or
”
to
introduce
the
first
of
two
alternatives
•
You
can
either
come
with
us
or
stay
home
.
You
can
either
come
with
us
or
stay
home
.
•
She
will
either
phone
or
email
you
later
.
She
will
either
phone
or
email
you
later
.
conjunction
used
before
the
first
of
two
alternatives
to
link
them
with
‘
or
’
•
Either
you
apologize
,
or
we
end
the
discussion
here
.
Either
you
apologize
,
or
we
end
the
discussion
here
.
•
We
can
either
cook
at
home
,
or
order
pizza
.
We
can
either
cook
at
home
,
or
order
pizza
.
Expanded
from
determiner
sense
in
Middle
English
to
introduce
alternatives
with
‘
or
’.
adverb
used
in
negative
statements
to
mean
‘
also
not
’
or
‘
as
well
’
•
I
don't
like
spinach
,
and
my
brother
doesn't
either
.
I
don't
like
spinach
,
and
my
brother
doesn't
either
.
•
They
weren't
invited
either
.
They
weren't
invited
either
.
Adverbial
use
developed
in
the
17th
century
from
the
conjunction
sense
,
shifting
to
negative
contexts
meaning
‘
also
not
’.
adverb
used
after
a
negative
statement
to
mean
“
also
not
”
•
I
don
’
t
like
spinach
and
she
doesn
’
t
either
.
I
don
’
t
like
spinach
and
she
doesn
’
t
either
.
•
The
museum
wasn't
open
yesterday
either
.
The
museum
wasn't
open
yesterday
either
.
brother
noun
a
boy
or
man
who
has
the
same
parents
as
you
•
My
brother
and
I
built
a
tree
house
in
the
backyard
.
My
brother
and
I
built
a
tree
house
in
the
backyard
.
•
Emily
hugged
her
newborn
brother
gently
in
the
hospital
room
.
Emily
hugged
her
newborn
brother
gently
in
the
hospital
room
.
Old
English
“
brōþor
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*brōþēr
,
related
to
Latin
“
frāter
”.
noun
a
male
member
of
the
same
religious
order
,
organization
,
or
close
group
,
often
used
as
a
title
•
Brother
Michael
rang
the
chapel
bell
at
dawn
.
Brother
Michael
rang
the
chapel
bell
at
dawn
.
•
The
young
monks
treated
every
visitor
as
a
brother
in
faith
.
The
young
monks
treated
every
visitor
as
a
brother
in
faith
.
noun
used
by
one
man
to
address
another
man
in
a
friendly
or
supportive
way
•
“
Thanks
for
your
help
,
brother
!”
he
said
with
a
grin
.
“
Thanks
for
your
help
,
brother
!”
he
said
with
a
grin
.
•
“
Hey
,
brother
,
do
you
need
a
ride
downtown
?”
asked
the
taxi
driver
.
“
Hey
,
brother
,
do
you
need
a
ride
downtown
?”
asked
the
taxi
driver
.
rather
adverb
to
a
fairly
high
degree
,
but
not
extremely
•
It
was
rather
cold
this
morning
,
so
I
wore
a
scarf
.
It
was
rather
cold
this
morning
,
so
I
wore
a
scarf
.
•
The
movie
was
rather
funny
,
and
everyone
in
the
theater
laughed
.
The
movie
was
rather
funny
,
and
everyone
in
the
theater
laughed
.
adverb
to
a
fairly
high
or
noticeable
degree
,
but
not
extremely
•
The
soup
is
rather
salty
tonight
.
The
soup
is
rather
salty
tonight
.
•
It
was
rather
cold
,
so
James
grabbed
his
coat
before
leaving
the
house
.
It
was
rather
cold
,
so
James
grabbed
his
coat
before
leaving
the
house
.
From
Old
English
‘
hrathor
’
meaning
‘
sooner
,
more
readily
’,
later
evolving
to
express
degree
and
preference
.
adverb
used
to
introduce
a
correction
or
a
more
accurate
statement
•
He
was
angry
—
rather
,
disappointed
—
when
he
heard
the
news
.
He
was
angry
—
rather
,
disappointed
—
when
he
heard
the
news
.
•
The
book
is
a
biography
,
or
rather
,
a
memoir
.
The
book
is
a
biography
,
or
rather
,
a
memoir
.
adverb
more
willingly
;
preferably
•
I
’
d
rather
stay
home
tonight
.
I
’
d
rather
stay
home
tonight
.
•
Would
you
rather
have
coffee
or
tea
?
Would
you
rather
have
coffee
or
tea
?
conjunction
used
with
“
than
”
to
show
preference
between
two
things
•
She
chose
water
rather
than
soda
.
She
chose
water
rather
than
soda
.
•
Take
the
train
rather
than
drive
—
it
’
s
quicker
.
Take
the
train
rather
than
drive
—
it
’
s
quicker
.
adverb
to
a
fairly
high
degree
;
a
little
more
than
expected
or
usual
•
It's
rather
cold
outside
for
a
spring
morning
.
It's
rather
cold
outside
for
a
spring
morning
.
•
The
movie
was
rather
interesting
despite
its
small
budget
.
The
movie
was
rather
interesting
despite
its
small
budget
.
From
Middle
English
‘
rather
’
meaning
‘
sooner
,
earlier
’,
from
Old
English
‘
hrathor
’
meaning
‘
more
quickly
’.
adverb
used
with
verbs
like
“
would
”
or
in
the
phrase
“
rather
than
”
to
show
what
you
prefer
•
I
would
rather
stay
home
tonight
than
go
to
the
crowded
club
.
I
would
rather
stay
home
tonight
than
go
to
the
crowded
club
.
•
Would
you
rather
have
tea
or
coffee
?
Would
you
rather
have
tea
or
coffee
?
adverb
used
with
“
would
”
or
another
modal
verb
to
show
preference
for
one
thing
over
another
•
I
’
d
rather
stay
in
and
read
than
go
to
the
party
.
I
’
d
rather
stay
in
and
read
than
go
to
the
party
.
•
Would
you
rather
have
tea
or
coffee
?
Would
you
rather
have
tea
or
coffee
?
adverb
used
to
correct
or
clarify
something
you
have
just
said
•
The
concert
is
on
Friday
—
or
rather
,
very
late
Thursday
night
.
The
concert
is
on
Friday
—
or
rather
,
very
late
Thursday
night
.
•
She
’
s
from
Spain
,
or
rather
,
from
Catalonia
.
She
’
s
from
Spain
,
or
rather
,
from
Catalonia
.
interjection
used
mainly
in
British
English
to
express
strong
,
enthusiastic
agreement
•
“
Fancy
a
game
of
tennis
?” — “
Rather
!”
he
replied
with
a
grin
.
“
Fancy
a
game
of
tennis
?” — “
Rather
!”
he
replied
with
a
grin
.
•
When
asked
if
she
wanted
another
slice
of
cake
,
she
exclaimed
, “
Rather
!”
When
asked
if
she
wanted
another
slice
of
cake
,
she
exclaimed
, “
Rather
!”
adverb
used
to
correct
or
clarify
what
was
just
said
and
state
something
more
accurate
•
It
happened
on
Tuesday
,
or
rather
,
early
Wednesday
morning
.
It
happened
on
Tuesday
,
or
rather
,
early
Wednesday
morning
.
•
He
is
my
colleague
,
or
rather
my
mentor
.
He
is
my
colleague
,
or
rather
my
mentor
.
interjection
used
to
show
strong
and
enthusiastic
agreement
•
“
Fancy
a
game
of
tennis
?” — “
Rather
!”
“
Fancy
a
game
of
tennis
?” — “
Rather
!”
•
“
Was
the
concert
amazing
?” — “
Rather
!”
she
replied
with
a
grin
.
“
Was
the
concert
amazing
?” — “
Rather
!”
she
replied
with
a
grin
.
earth
verb
to
connect
a
piece
of
electrical
equipment
to
the
ground
for
safety
•
The
engineer
earthed
the
metal
casing
to
prevent
shocks
.
The
engineer
earthed
the
metal
casing
to
prevent
shocks
.
•
You
must
earth
the
washing
machine
according
to
the
instructions
.
You
must
earth
the
washing
machine
according
to
the
instructions
.
Verb
use
developed
from
the
noun
‘
earth
’
in
electrical
sense
around
the
1880s
.
verb
to
cover
the
bottom
part
of
a
plant
with
soil
to
protect
or
support
it
•
In
spring
,
gardeners
earth
their
potatoes
to
protect
the
shoots
from
frost
.
In
spring
,
gardeners
earth
their
potatoes
to
protect
the
shoots
from
frost
.
•
She
carefully
earthed
the
young
saplings
so
the
roots
stayed
moist
.
She
carefully
earthed
the
young
saplings
so
the
roots
stayed
moist
.
Agricultural
sense
recorded
from
the
17th
century
,
from
using
soil
(
earth
)
to
mound
around
crops
.
mouth
verb
to
move
your
lips
to
form
words
without
making
any
sound
,
often
so
only
one
person
can
understand
•
During
the
exam
,
she
silently
mouthed
the
answer
to
her
friend
.
During
the
exam
,
she
silently
mouthed
the
answer
to
her
friend
.
•
He
mouthed
“
thank
you
”
across
the
noisy
room
.
He
mouthed
“
thank
you
”
across
the
noisy
room
.
otherwise
adverb
in
a
different
way
or
manner
;
differently
•
The
chef
told
his
apprentice
to
slice
the
carrots
evenly
and
not
otherwise
.
The
chef
told
his
apprentice
to
slice
the
carrots
evenly
and
not
otherwise
.
•
If
you
arrange
the
puzzle
pieces
otherwise
,
the
picture
of
the
castle
will
not
line
up
.
If
you
arrange
the
puzzle
pieces
otherwise
,
the
picture
of
the
castle
will
not
line
up
.
From
Middle
English
otherwise
,
from
Old
English
othrāwīse
(“
in
another
manner
”).
adverb
apart
from
that
;
in
other
respects
•
He
was
exhausted
after
the
hike
,
but
otherwise
he
felt
fine
.
He
was
exhausted
after
the
hike
,
but
otherwise
he
felt
fine
.
•
The
report
needs
a
new
cover
page
;
otherwise
everything
is
ready
for
printing
.
The
report
needs
a
new
cover
page
;
otherwise
everything
is
ready
for
printing
.
conjunction
used
to
say
what
will
happen
if
something
is
not
done
or
does
not
happen
;
if
not
;
or
else
•
Put
on
your
coat
,
otherwise
you
’
ll
catch
a
cold
.
Put
on
your
coat
,
otherwise
you
’
ll
catch
a
cold
.
•
We
must
hurry
,
otherwise
we
will
miss
the
train
.
We
must
hurry
,
otherwise
we
will
miss
the
train
.
adjective
different
from
what
has
just
been
mentioned
;
in
a
different
state
or
condition
•
It
was
an
otherwise
quiet
village
until
the
festival
began
.
It
was
an
otherwise
quiet
village
until
the
festival
began
.
•
An
otherwise
calm
cat
suddenly
jumped
when
the
balloon
popped
.
An
otherwise
calm
cat
suddenly
jumped
when
the
balloon
popped
.
southern
adjective
located
in
,
coming
from
,
or
connected
with
the
south
part
of
a
place
or
the
world
•
Many
species
of
penguin
live
only
in
the
southern
oceans
near
Antarctica
.
Many
species
of
penguin
live
only
in
the
southern
oceans
near
Antarctica
.
•
Tourists
flock
to
the
southern
coast
of
Spain
for
warm
sunshine
in
winter
.
Tourists
flock
to
the
southern
coast
of
Spain
for
warm
sunshine
in
winter
.
Old
English
suðerne
(
from
suð
“
south
”
+
-ern
).
Southern
adjective
relating
to
the
culture
,
people
,
or
traditions
of
the
southern
part
of
a
particular
country
,
especially
the
United
States
•
She
spoke
with
a
gentle
Southern
accent
that
reminded
me
of
Georgia
.
She
spoke
with
a
gentle
Southern
accent
that
reminded
me
of
Georgia
.
•
We
tasted
authentic
Southern
barbecue
at
a
roadside
diner
in
Alabama
.
We
tasted
authentic
Southern
barbecue
at
a
roadside
diner
in
Alabama
.
Capitalized
use
arose
to
denote
cultural
identity
of
the
southern
United
States
(
19th
c
.).
birth
verb
to
give
birth
to
;
to
bring
a
baby
,
animal
,
or
idea
into
existence
•
Sea
turtles
birth
their
young
on
sandy
beaches
.
Sea
turtles
birth
their
young
on
sandy
beaches
.
•
The
farmer's
mare
birthed
a
healthy
foal
last
night
.
The
farmer's
mare
birthed
a
healthy
foal
last
night
.
clothes
noun
items
such
as
shirts
,
trousers
,
and
dresses
that
people
wear
to
cover
their
bodies
.
•
She
folded
her
clothes
and
put
them
in
the
suitcase
.
She
folded
her
clothes
and
put
them
in
the
suitcase
.
•
After
playing
in
the
mud
,
the
boy's
clothes
were
filthy
.
After
playing
in
the
mud
,
the
boy's
clothes
were
filthy
.
From
Old
English
‘
clāþas
’,
plural
of
‘
clāþ
’
meaning
‘
cloth
’.
verb
-
clothe
,
clothing
,
clothes
,
clothed
,
clad
to
put
clothes
on
someone
;
to
dress
.
•
Every
morning
,
the
mother
clothes
her
toddler
before
school
.
Every
morning
,
the
mother
clothes
her
toddler
before
school
.
•
The
charity
worker
clothes
refugees
with
warm
jackets
during
winter
.
The
charity
worker
clothes
refugees
with
warm
jackets
during
winter
.
From
Old
English
‘
clāþian
’,
related
to
‘
cloth
’.
gather
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
bring
things
or
people
together
into
one
place
or
group
•
At
the
end
of
the
picnic
,
we
gather
the
empty
plates
and
cups
into
a
trash
bag
.
At
the
end
of
the
picnic
,
we
gather
the
empty
plates
and
cups
into
a
trash
bag
.
•
The
librarian
asked
visitors
to
gather
their
belongings
before
the
library
closed
.
The
librarian
asked
visitors
to
gather
their
belongings
before
the
library
closed
.
Old
English
gaderian
,
from
a
Germanic
root
meaning
“
come
together
.”
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
come
together
in
a
group
•
A
small
crowd
began
to
gather
outside
the
museum
before
it
opened
.
A
small
crowd
began
to
gather
outside
the
museum
before
it
opened
.
•
On
New
Year's
Eve
,
families
gather
around
the
television
to
watch
the
countdown
.
On
New
Year's
Eve
,
families
gather
around
the
television
to
watch
the
countdown
.
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
understand
or
believe
something
after
considering
information
•
From
her
smile
,
I
gather
that
she
liked
the
surprise
.
From
her
smile
,
I
gather
that
she
liked
the
surprise
.
•
I
gather
you
have
finished
the
report
,
judging
by
your
relaxed
face
.
I
gather
you
have
finished
the
report
,
judging
by
your
relaxed
face
.
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
pull
fabric
together
in
small
folds
•
She
gather
the
fabric
at
the
waist
to
make
the
skirt
look
fuller
.
She
gather
the
fabric
at
the
waist
to
make
the
skirt
look
fuller
.
•
The
seamstress
will
gather
the
sleeves
before
sewing
them
on
.
The
seamstress
will
gather
the
sleeves
before
sewing
them
on
.
noun
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
a
small
fold
or
pleat
made
by
gathering
fabric
•
The
blouse
has
a
neat
gather
at
each
shoulder
.
The
blouse
has
a
neat
gather
at
each
shoulder
.
•
Tiny
gathers
give
the
dress
a
graceful
flow
.
Tiny
gathers
give
the
dress
a
graceful
flow
.
weather
noun
-
weather
the
condition
of
the
air
outside
at
a
particular
time
,
including
temperature
,
sunshine
,
rain
,
wind
,
and
other
factors
•
The
weather
was
sunny
and
warm
,
so
the
family
had
a
picnic
in
the
park
.
The
weather
was
sunny
and
warm
,
so
the
family
had
a
picnic
in
the
park
.
•
According
to
the
forecast
,
cold
weather
will
arrive
tonight
.
According
to
the
forecast
,
cold
weather
will
arrive
tonight
.
Old
English
‘
weder
’
meaning
‘
air
,
sky
,
storm
,
wind
’,
of
Germanic
origin
.
verb
to
gradually
change
in
color
,
shape
,
or
surface
because
of
exposure
to
sun
,
wind
,
rain
,
or
other
outdoor
conditions
•
The
wooden
fence
has
weathered
to
a
soft
gray
over
the
years
.
The
wooden
fence
has
weathered
to
a
soft
gray
over
the
years
.
•
Stone
statues
weather
slowly
when
they
stand
in
salty
sea
air
.
Stone
statues
weather
slowly
when
they
stand
in
salty
sea
air
.
Extension
of
the
noun
sense
:
surfaces
change
because
of
the
action
of
weather
.
verb
to
survive
or
successfully
deal
with
a
difficult
or
dangerous
situation
•
The
small
company
weathered
the
economic
crisis
by
cutting
costs
and
innovating
.
The
small
company
weathered
the
economic
crisis
by
cutting
costs
and
innovating
.
•
The
sailors
weathered
the
fierce
storm
and
reached
the
port
safely
.
The
sailors
weathered
the
fierce
storm
and
reached
the
port
safely
.
Figurative
use
from
earlier
nautical
sense
of
‘
come
safely
through
bad
weather
’.
adjective
located
on
or
toward
the
side
from
which
the
wind
is
blowing
,
especially
on
a
ship
•
The
captain
ordered
everyone
to
move
to
the
weather
side
of
the
deck
.
The
captain
ordered
everyone
to
move
to
the
weather
side
of
the
deck
.
•
Cargo
was
secured
on
the
weather
rail
to
balance
the
vessel
.
Cargo
was
secured
on
the
weather
rail
to
balance
the
vessel
.
From
nautical
use
of
noun
‘
weather
’
meaning
‘
windward
direction
’ (
17th
century
).
neither
conjunction
used
to
link
two
words
,
phrases
,
or
clauses
and
show
that
not
one
and
not
the
other
is
true
,
happens
,
or
is
chosen
•
Neither
the
heavy
rain
nor
the
strong
wind
could
stop
the
parade
.
Neither
the
heavy
rain
nor
the
strong
wind
could
stop
the
parade
.
•
The
referee
warned
that
neither
team
would
win
if
they
kept
arguing
.
The
referee
warned
that
neither
team
would
win
if
they
kept
arguing
.
adverb
used
to
agree
with
a
negative
statement
,
meaning
‘
also
not
’
•
“
I
don
’
t
like
spicy
food
.” “
Neither
do
I
.”
“
I
don
’
t
like
spicy
food
.” “
Neither
do
I
.”
•
Sasha
hasn
’
t
finished
,
and
neither
have
I
.
Sasha
hasn
’
t
finished
,
and
neither
have
I
.
pronoun
not
one
or
the
other
of
two
people
or
things
that
have
been
mentioned
•
Neither
was
willing
to
apologize
after
the
argument
.
Neither
was
willing
to
apologize
after
the
argument
.
•
I
tried
two
passwords
but
neither
worked
.
I
tried
two
passwords
but
neither
worked
.
determiner
used
before
a
singular
noun
to
show
that
not
one
and
not
the
other
of
two
things
is
chosen
or
happens
•
We
can
meet
on
neither
day
because
I
will
be
away
.
We
can
meet
on
neither
day
because
I
will
be
away
.
•
She
bought
neither
dress
because
they
were
too
expensive
.
She
bought
neither
dress
because
they
were
too
expensive
.
bother
verb
-
bother
,
bothering
,
bothers
,
bothered
to
annoy
,
disturb
,
or
upset
someone
•
Please
don
’
t
bother
the
cat
while
it
’
s
sleeping
.
Please
don
’
t
bother
the
cat
while
it
’
s
sleeping
.
•
The
buzzing
mosquitoes
bothered
the
campers
all
night
.
The
buzzing
mosquitoes
bothered
the
campers
all
night
.
Early
18th
century
,
origin
uncertain
;
perhaps
related
to
Irish
‘
bodhar
’
meaning
‘
deaf
,
dull
’.
verb
-
bother
,
bothering
,
bothers
,
bothered
to
make
the
effort
to
do
something
,
especially
when
it
seems
unnecessary
•
She
didn't
bother
to
turn
off
the
lights
before
leaving
.
She
didn't
bother
to
turn
off
the
lights
before
leaving
.
•
Why
bother
fixing
it
if
it's
cheaper
to
buy
a
new
one
?
Why
bother
fixing
it
if
it's
cheaper
to
buy
a
new
one
?
noun
a
small
amount
of
trouble
,
effort
,
or
worry
that
makes
a
task
unpleasant
•
Cleaning
the
attic
is
such
a
bother
.
Cleaning
the
attic
is
such
a
bother
.
•
Sorry
to
be
a
bother
,
but
could
I
borrow
a
pen
?
Sorry
to
be
a
bother
,
but
could
I
borrow
a
pen
?
interjection
used
to
express
mild
annoyance
or
frustration
•
Bother
!
I
left
my
keys
at
home
.
Bother
!
I
left
my
keys
at
home
.
•
Bother
!
The
printer
jammed
again
.
Bother
!
The
printer
jammed
again
.
northern
adjective
located
in
or
relating
to
the
north
part
of
a
place
,
country
,
or
the
world
•
They
moved
to
a
northern
town
to
enjoy
cooler
summers
.
They
moved
to
a
northern
town
to
enjoy
cooler
summers
.
•
Polar
bears
live
in
the
northern
areas
of
Canada
.
Polar
bears
live
in
the
northern
areas
of
Canada
.
Old
English
‘
norðerne
’,
from
‘
norð
’
meaning
“
north
”
+
‘
-ern
’
adjective
suffix
.
adjective
facing
,
pointing
toward
,
or
moving
in
the
direction
of
the
north
•
Our
tent's
entrance
is
on
the
northern
side
to
catch
the
morning
sun
.
Our
tent's
entrance
is
on
the
northern
side
to
catch
the
morning
sun
.
•
The
sailors
adjusted
the
sails
to
follow
a
northern
course
.
The
sailors
adjusted
the
sails
to
follow
a
northern
course
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
‘
northern
’
meaning
“
toward
the
north
,”
used
for
directions
since
Middle
English
times
.
breathe
verb
-
breathe
,
breathing
,
breathes
,
breathed
to
take
air
into
your
lungs
and
let
it
out
again
•
Close
your
eyes
and
breathe
slowly
through
your
nose
.
Close
your
eyes
and
breathe
slowly
through
your
nose
.
•
After
the
race
,
he
leaned
on
the
fence
,
breathing
heavily
but
smiling
.
After
the
race
,
he
leaned
on
the
fence
,
breathing
heavily
but
smiling
.
From
Old
English
‘
brǣþian
’,
related
to
‘
brēath
’
meaning
‘
breath
’.
verb
-
breathe
,
breathing
,
breathes
,
breathed
to
pause
briefly
so
you
can
rest
or
relax
•
She
talked
so
fast
that
she
barely
stopped
to
breathe
.
She
talked
so
fast
that
she
barely
stopped
to
breathe
.
•
Between
deadlines
,
I
need
a
moment
to
breathe
and
clear
my
head
.
Between
deadlines
,
I
need
a
moment
to
breathe
and
clear
my
head
.
verb
-
breathe
,
breathing
,
breathes
,
breathed
to
allow
air
to
move
freely
through
something
•
Open
the
windows
to
let
the
room
breathe
.
Open
the
windows
to
let
the
room
breathe
.
•
These
cotton
shirts
help
your
skin
breathe
in
hot
weather
.
These
cotton
shirts
help
your
skin
breathe
in
hot
weather
.
verb
-
breathe
,
breathing
,
breathes
,
breathed
to
say
something
in
a
very
quiet
,
soft
voice
•
"
Don't
move
,"
she
breathed
in
his
ear
.
"
Don't
move
,"
she
breathed
in
his
ear
.
•
He
leaned
closer
and
breathed
her
name
like
a
secret
.
He
leaned
closer
and
breathed
her
name
like
a
secret
.
Other
noun
a
person
or
group
regarded
as
different
from
and
outside
oneself
or
one
’
s
own
social
group
•
Philosophers
discuss
the
Other
as
everything
outside
the
self
.
Philosophers
discuss
the
Other
as
everything
outside
the
self
.
•
The
novel
explores
the
fear
of
the
Other
in
a
small
town
.
The
novel
explores
the
fear
of
the
Other
in
a
small
town
.
from
Middle
English
"
other
",
Old
English
"
ōther
",
related
to
German
"
ander
"
and
Latin
"
alter
"
math
verb
to
do
a
mathematical
calculation
•
This
recipe
doesn
’
t
math
for
me
;
the
amounts
seem
wrong
.
This
recipe
doesn
’
t
math
for
me
;
the
amounts
seem
wrong
.
•
He
loves
to
math
out
probabilities
during
card
games
.
He
loves
to
math
out
probabilities
during
card
games
.
grandmother
noun
the
mother
of
your
father
or
mother
.
•
My
grandmother
bakes
the
best
chocolate
chip
cookies
every
Sunday
.
My
grandmother
bakes
the
best
chocolate
chip
cookies
every
Sunday
.
•
Lucas
loves
listening
to
stories
about
the
past
that
his
grandmother
tells
him
before
bed
.
Lucas
loves
listening
to
stories
about
the
past
that
his
grandmother
tells
him
before
bed
.
smooth
adjective
-
smooth
,
smoother
,
smoothest
with
a
flat
,
even
surface
that
has
no
rough
spots
,
bumps
,
or
lumps
•
The
marble
countertop
felt
cool
and
smooth
under
her
hand
.
The
marble
countertop
felt
cool
and
smooth
under
her
hand
.
•
The
artist
kept
polishing
the
sculpture
until
every
curve
was
perfectly
smooth
.
The
artist
kept
polishing
the
sculpture
until
every
curve
was
perfectly
smooth
.
Old
English
“
smōð
”
meaning
‘
even
,
free
from
roughness
’.
adjective
-
smooth
,
smoother
,
smoothest
happening
or
working
without
sudden
changes
,
difficulties
,
or
interruptions
•
The
presentation
ran
smooth
from
start
to
finish
.
The
presentation
ran
smooth
from
start
to
finish
.
•
Thanks
to
good
planning
,
the
move
to
our
new
house
was
surprisingly
smooth
.
Thanks
to
good
planning
,
the
move
to
our
new
house
was
surprisingly
smooth
.
adjective
-
smooth
,
smoother
,
smoothest
pleasantly
soft
or
gentle
in
taste
,
sound
,
or
feel
•
This
coffee
has
a
smooth
flavor
without
any
bitterness
.
This
coffee
has
a
smooth
flavor
without
any
bitterness
.
•
The
singer
’
s
voice
was
so
smooth
it
felt
like
velvet
.
The
singer
’
s
voice
was
so
smooth
it
felt
like
velvet
.
verb
to
make
something
flat
,
even
,
or
free
from
bumps
or
wrinkles
•
She
carefully
smoothed
the
tablecloth
before
setting
the
plates
.
She
carefully
smoothed
the
tablecloth
before
setting
the
plates
.
•
Use
a
roller
to
smooth
the
paint
evenly
on
the
wall
.
Use
a
roller
to
smooth
the
paint
evenly
on
the
wall
.
adjective
-
smooth
,
smoother
,
smoothest
having
a
confident
,
charming
manner
that
can
seem
too
polished
or
insincere
•
The
salesman
was
so
smooth
that
I
almost
bought
two
cars
.
The
salesman
was
so
smooth
that
I
almost
bought
two
cars
.
•
Everyone
liked
her
,
but
some
thought
her
compliments
were
a
little
too
smooth
.
Everyone
liked
her
,
but
some
thought
her
compliments
were
a
little
too
smooth
.
smooth over
verb
-
smooth
over
,
smoothing
over
,
smooths
over
,
smoothed
over
to
make
a
difficulty
,
disagreement
,
or
awkward
situation
seem
less
serious
or
noticeable
•
The
manager
tried
to
smooth
over
the
conflict
between
the
two
teams
.
The
manager
tried
to
smooth over
the
conflict
between
the
two
teams
.
•
He
apologized
quickly
to
smooth
over
his
careless
remark
.
He
apologized
quickly
to
smooth over
his
careless
remark
.
nevertheless
adverb
despite
what
has
just
been
said
or
done
;
in
spite
of
that
•
It
was
pouring
with
rain
,
but
nevertheless
the
soccer
match
continued
.
It
was
pouring
with
rain
,
but
nevertheless
the
soccer
match
continued
.
•
The
cake
burned
in
the
oven
;
nevertheless
,
everyone
laughed
and
enjoyed
the
birthday
party
.
The
cake
burned
in
the
oven
;
nevertheless
,
everyone
laughed
and
enjoyed
the
birthday
party
.
formed
from
nevertheless
(
never
+
the
+
less
)
in
Middle
English
,
meaning
“
not
at
all
the
less
.”
clothing
verb
-
clothe
,
clothing
,
clothes
,
clothed
,
clad
present
participle
of
clothe
:
putting
clothes
on
someone
or
covering
something
•
The
mother
was
clothing
her
baby
in
a
warm
yellow
onesie
.
The
mother
was
clothing
her
baby
in
a
warm
yellow
onesie
.
•
Tailors
are
clothing
the
actors
for
the
historical
film
.
Tailors
are
clothing
the
actors
for
the
historical
film
.
grandfather
noun
the
father
of
your
father
or
mother
•
My
grandfather
taught
me
how
to
fish
at
the
lake
every
summer
.
My
grandfather
taught
me
how
to
fish
at
the
lake
every
summer
.
•
After
the
war
,
her
grandfather
built
the
small
house
where
she
lives
now
.
After
the
war
,
her
grandfather
built
the
small
house
where
she
lives
now
.
From
grand
+
father
;
recorded
in
English
since
the
early
15th
century
.
verb
to
allow
someone
or
something
to
continue
under
an
old
rule
while
new
rules
apply
to
others
•
Existing
taxi
drivers
were
grandfathered
and
did
not
need
the
new
license
.
Existing
taxi
drivers
were
grandfathered
and
did
not
need
the
new
license
.
•
The
old
neon
sign
was
grandfathered
under
previous
regulations
,
so
the
restaurant
could
keep
it
.
The
old
neon
sign
was
grandfathered
under
previous
regulations
,
so
the
restaurant
could
keep
it
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
via
the
legal
term
“
grandfather
clause
”
in
late
19th-century
American
legislation
.
leather
noun
a
strong
,
flexible
material
made
from
treated
animal
skin
and
used
to
make
clothing
,
shoes
,
furniture
,
and
many
other
objects
•
The
craftsman
carefully
cut
the
piece
of
leather
to
make
a
wallet
.
The
craftsman
carefully
cut
the
piece
of
leather
to
make
a
wallet
.
•
My
new
boots
are
made
of
soft
black
leather
that
feels
comfortable
.
My
new
boots
are
made
of
soft
black
leather
that
feels
comfortable
.
Old
English
“
lether
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*lethran
,
originally
meaning
"
hide
"
or
"
skin
".
verb
to
hit
someone
or
something
very
hard
many
times
,
especially
with
a
strap
,
belt
,
or
the
hand
•
In
the
story
,
the
cruel
master
leathered
the
servant
for
dropping
the
tray
.
In
the
story
,
the
cruel
master
leathered
the
servant
for
dropping
the
tray
.
•
The
coach
warned
us
he
would
leather
the
ball
into
the
net
if
we
didn
’
t
close
him
down
.
The
coach
warned
us
he
would
leather
the
ball
into
the
net
if
we
didn
’
t
close
him
down
.
Derived
from
the
noun
“
leather
,”
originally
referring
to
beating
with
a
leather
strap
.
furthermore
adverb
used
to
add
another
fact
or
idea
to
what
has
already
been
said
•
The
new
smartphone
is
faster
;
furthermore
,
its
battery
lasts
much
longer
.
The
new
smartphone
is
faster
;
furthermore
,
its
battery
lasts
much
longer
.
•
The
weather
forecast
predicts
heavy
rain
;
furthermore
,
strong
winds
are
expected
along
the
coast
.
The
weather
forecast
predicts
heavy
rain
;
furthermore
,
strong
winds
are
expected
along
the
coast
.
Late
14th-century
formation
from
further
+
more
,
patterned
after
moreover
to
reinforce
the
sense
of
adding
information
.
hypothesis
noun
-
hypothesis
,
hypotheses
a
scientific
idea
or
explanation
that
you
can
test
through
study
and
experiment
to
see
if
it
is
true
•
The
students
gathered
data
to
test
their
hypothesis
about
how
sunlight
affects
plant
growth
.
The
students
gathered
data
to
test
their
hypothesis
about
how
sunlight
affects
plant
growth
.
•
Einstein
’
s
photoelectric
hypothesis
changed
the
course
of
modern
physics
.
Einstein
’
s
photoelectric
hypothesis
changed
the
course
of
modern
physics
.
From
Ancient
Greek
“
hypóthesis
”
meaning
“
foundation
,
supposition
,”
composed
of
“
hypo-
” (
under
)
and
“
thesis
” (
placing
,
proposition
).
noun
-
hypothesis
,
hypotheses
an
idea
you
accept
temporarily
so
you
can
discuss
or
examine
a
situation
even
though
it
is
not
yet
proven
•
As
a
working
hypothesis
,
let
’
s
assume
the
shipment
was
delayed
at
customs
.
As
a
working
hypothesis
,
let
’
s
assume
the
shipment
was
delayed
at
customs
.
•
My
hypothesis
is
that
she
missed
the
bus
rather
than
overslept
.
My
hypothesis
is
that
she
missed
the
bus
rather
than
overslept
.
Same
origin
as
the
scientific
sense
:
Ancient
Greek
roots
meaning
“
put
under
”
as
a
foundation
for
reasoning
.
strengthen
verb
to
make
someone
or
something
stronger
,
firmer
,
or
more
effective
•
Daily
exercise
can
strengthen
your
muscles
and
bones
.
Daily
exercise
can
strengthen
your
muscles
and
bones
.
•
Reading
every
day
will
strengthen
your
language
skills
.
Reading
every
day
will
strengthen
your
language
skills
.
From
Middle
English
strenghten
,
formed
from
strength
+
-en
(
a
verb-forming
suffix
).
verb
to
become
stronger
,
firmer
,
or
more
effective
•
After
weeks
of
therapy
,
his
injured
knee
finally
strengthened
.
After
weeks
of
therapy
,
his
injured
knee
finally
strengthened
.
•
The
wind
strengthened
as
the
storm
approached
the
coast
.
The
wind
strengthened
as
the
storm
approached
the
coast
.
From
Middle
English
strenghten
,
from
strength
+
-en
,
meaning
to
grow
strong
.