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all
determiner
the
whole
amount
,
number
,
or
extent
of
something
or
every
person
or
thing
in
a
group
•
All
the
cookies
were
gone
by
the
time
I
arrived
.
All
the
cookies
were
gone
by
the
time
I
arrived
.
•
He
watered
all
the
plants
in
the
garden
before
sunrise
.
He
watered
all
the
plants
in
the
garden
before
sunrise
.
pronoun
everything
or
everyone
;
the
only
things
being
referred
to
•
Is
that
all
you
want
for
dinner
?
Is
that
all
you
want
for
dinner
?
•
All
were
surprised
by
the
sudden
snowstorm
.
All
were
surprised
by
the
sudden
snowstorm
.
determiner
used
before
plural
or
uncountable
nouns
to
mean
the
whole
amount
or
every
part
of
something
•
All
students
must
submit
the
form
by
Friday
.
All
students
must
submit
the
form
by
Friday
.
•
She
drank
all
the
water
in
the
bottle
after
the
hike
.
She
drank
all
the
water
in
the
bottle
after
the
hike
.
Old
English
eall
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*allaz
meaning
‘
entire
,
total
’.
pronoun
everything
or
everyone
considered
together
as
a
single
group
or
amount
•
That
’
s
all
I
can
remember
about
the
accident
.
That
’
s
all
I
can
remember
about
the
accident
.
•
All
were
invited
,
but
only
a
few
showed
up
.
All
were
invited
,
but
only
a
few
showed
up
.
Same
origin
as
determiner
sense
:
Old
English
eall
.
adverb
completely
;
entirely
;
to
the
full
degree
•
The
baby
was
all
smiles
when
she
saw
her
mother
.
The
baby
was
all
smiles
when
she
saw
her
mother
.
•
After
the
rain
,
the
streets
were
all
wet
and
shiny
.
After
the
rain
,
the
streets
were
all
wet
and
shiny
.
adverb
completely
or
entirely
•
The
cake
is
all
gone
.
The
cake
is
all
gone
.
•
Her
clothes
were
all
wet
after
the
storm
.
Her
clothes
were
all
wet
after
the
storm
.
Derived
from
Old
English
eall
,
developing
an
adverbial
use
meaning
‘
entirely
’.
allow
verb
to
give
permission
for
someone
to
do
something
or
for
something
to
happen
•
His
parents
finally
allow
him
to
stay
up
until
midnight
on
weekends
.
His
parents
finally
allow
him
to
stay
up
until
midnight
on
weekends
.
•
The
security
guard
wouldn't
allow
me
to
enter
without
an
ID
card
.
The
security
guard
wouldn't
allow
me
to
enter
without
an
ID
card
.
Middle
English
"
alouen
",
from
Old
French
"
alouer
" (
to
praise
,
approve
),
later
influenced
by
Latin
"
ad
"
+
"
laudare
" (
to
praise
).
verb
to
make
something
possible
by
creating
the
right
conditions
•
Wide
windows
allow
sunlight
to
fill
the
living
room
.
Wide
windows
allow
sunlight
to
fill
the
living
room
.
•
The
new
app
will
allow
you
to
organize
your
photos
easily
.
The
new
app
will
allow
you
to
organize
your
photos
easily
.
verb
to
set
aside
or
give
a
particular
amount
of
time
,
money
,
or
space
for
something
•
The
tour
schedule
allows
two
hours
for
lunch
.
The
tour
schedule
allows
two
hours
for
lunch
.
•
We
must
allow
extra
funds
for
unexpected
repairs
.
We
must
allow
extra
funds
for
unexpected
repairs
.
verb
to
admit
or
accept
that
something
is
true
,
often
reluctantly
•
She
allowed
that
the
plan
might
need
revisions
.
She
allowed
that
the
plan
might
need
revisions
.
•
I
allow
that
his
idea
has
some
merit
.
I
allow
that
his
idea
has
some
merit
.
ally
noun
-
ally
,
allies
a
person
,
group
,
or
country
that
supports
and
works
with
another
toward
a
shared
goal
,
especially
in
times
of
difficulty
or
conflict
•
During
World
War
II
,
the
United
States
was
an
important
ally
of
the
United
Kingdom
.
During
World
War
II
,
the
United
States
was
an
important
ally
of
the
United
Kingdom
.
•
When
the
shy
student
spoke
,
her
best
friend
acted
as
an
ally
and
encouraged
the
class
to
listen
.
When
the
shy
student
spoke
,
her
best
friend
acted
as
an
ally
and
encouraged
the
class
to
listen
.
From
Old
French
"
alié
" (
related
,
connected
)
and
Latin
"
alligare
"
meaning
“
to
bind
to
.”
noun
-
ally
,
allies
a
person
who
actively
supports
and
stands
up
for
a
marginalized
group
they
are
not
a
member
of
•
Although
he
is
not
LGBTQ+
,
Jake
proudly
calls
himself
an
ally
and
marches
in
pride
parades
.
Although
he
is
not
LGBTQ+
,
Jake
proudly
calls
himself
an
ally
and
marches
in
pride
parades
.
•
The
organization
offered
workshops
to
teach
employees
how
to
be
an
ally
to
people
with
disabilities
.
The
organization
offered
workshops
to
teach
employees
how
to
be
an
ally
to
people
with
disabilities
.
Extended
social-justice
sense
developed
in
the
late
20th
century
from
the
older
political
meaning
of
ally
.
verb
-
ally
,
allying
,
allies
,
allied
to
join
or
connect
yourself
or
someone
else
with
another
person
,
group
,
or
country
for
support
•
Several
small
nations
decided
to
ally
with
a
larger
power
for
protection
.
Several
small
nations
decided
to
ally
with
a
larger
power
for
protection
.
•
To
pass
the
new
law
,
the
senator
allied
herself
with
environmental
groups
.
To
pass
the
new
law
,
the
senator
allied
herself
with
environmental
groups
.
Verb
sense
from
Old
French
"
alier
"
and
Latin
"
alligare
"
meaning
“
to
bind
to
or
tie
.”
alliance
noun
a
formal
agreement
between
two
or
more
countries
or
large
organizations
to
work
together
for
shared
military
,
political
,
or
economic
goals
•
NATO
is
a
military
alliance
formed
to
protect
its
member
states
.
NATO
is
a
military
alliance
formed
to
protect
its
member
states
.
•
The
two
small
nations
signed
an
alliance
to
deter
their
powerful
neighbor
.
The
two
small
nations
signed
an
alliance
to
deter
their
powerful
neighbor
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
aliance
,
from
alier
‘
to
ally
’,
based
on
Latin
alligare
‘
to
bind
to
’.
noun
a
cooperative
relationship
in
which
people
,
groups
,
or
companies
join
forces
to
achieve
a
common
purpose
•
The
tech
start-up
formed
an
alliance
with
a
larger
firm
to
reach
new
markets
.
The
tech
start-up
formed
an
alliance
with
a
larger
firm
to
reach
new
markets
.
•
Parent-teacher
alliances
can
improve
school
programs
.
Parent-teacher
alliances
can
improve
school
programs
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Old
French
aliance
,
based
on
Latin
alligare
‘
to
bind
to
’.
allegation
noun
a
statement
claiming
someone
has
done
something
wrong
or
illegal
,
made
without
yet
showing
proof
•
Several
employees
made
an
allegation
that
the
manager
had
stolen
company
funds
.
Several
employees
made
an
allegation
that
the
manager
had
stolen
company
funds
.
•
The
singer
firmly
denied
the
allegation
of
lip-syncing
during
the
live
show
.
The
singer
firmly
denied
the
allegation
of
lip-syncing
during
the
live
show
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
late
Latin
allegatio
(
n-
),
from
Latin
allegare
‘
adduce
in
support
’.
noun
(
law
)
a
statement
of
fact
set
out
in
a
legal
document
that
a
party
must
prove
in
court
•
The
lawyer
added
an
allegation
of
negligence
to
the
civil
complaint
.
The
lawyer
added
an
allegation
of
negligence
to
the
civil
complaint
.
•
Every
allegation
in
the
brief
must
be
supported
by
evidence
at
trial
.
Every
allegation
in
the
brief
must
be
supported
by
evidence
at
trial
.
Same
origin
as
the
general
sense
:
from
Latin
allegatio
‘
a
bringing
forward
,
alleging
’.
really
adverb
used
before
an
adjective
or
another
adverb
to
add
emphasis
,
meaning
very
or
extremely
•
The
soup
is
really
hot
,
so
be
careful
.
The
soup
is
really
hot
,
so
be
careful
.
•
He
ran
really
quickly
and
won
the
race
.
He
ran
really
quickly
and
won
the
race
.
From
real
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
true
or
to
show
surprise
that
it
is
true
,
meaning
actually
or
in
fact
•
Is
the
museum
really
free
on
Sundays
?
Is
the
museum
really
free
on
Sundays
?
•
I
didn
’
t
really
understand
the
question
.
I
didn
’
t
really
understand
the
question
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
.
interjection
used
on
its
own
to
express
surprise
,
doubt
,
or
interest
,
or
to
ask
for
confirmation
•
“
I
’
m
moving
to
Japan
next
month
.” “
Really
?
That
’
s
amazing
!”
“
I
’
m
moving
to
Japan
next
month
.” “
Really
?
That
’
s
amazing
!”
•
He
said
the
test
was
cancelled
.
Really
!
He
said
the
test
was
cancelled
.
Really
!
Same
origin
as
adverb
senses
,
later
used
alone
as
an
exclamation
.
actually
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
true
or
real
,
especially
when
the
truth
is
surprising
or
different
from
what
someone
thought
before
•
The
movie
was
actually
better
than
I
expected
.
The
movie
was
actually
better
than
I
expected
.
•
She
looks
young
,
but
she
is
actually
over
forty
.
She
looks
young
,
but
she
is
actually
over
forty
.
From
Middle
English
‘
actual
+
-ly
’,
ultimately
from
Latin
‘
actuālis
’
meaning
‘
active
,
practical
’.
adverb
used
at
the
beginning
or
end
of
a
statement
to
politely
correct
,
contradict
,
or
add
new
information
•
Actually
,
the
meeting
starts
at
nine
,
not
ten
.
Actually
,
the
meeting
starts
at
nine
,
not
ten
.
•
Thanks
,
but
I
’
ve
actually
already
eaten
.
Thanks
,
but
I
’
ve
actually
already
eaten
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
with
discourse-marker
use
developing
in
the
late
19th
century
.
small
adjective
-
small
,
smaller
,
smallest
not
big
in
size
,
amount
,
or
importance
•
The
kitten
curled
up
in
a
small
basket
beside
the
warm
fireplace
.
The
kitten
curled
up
in
a
small
basket
beside
the
warm
fireplace
.
•
We
live
in
a
small
town
surrounded
by
green
hills
and
farms
.
We
live
in
a
small
town
surrounded
by
green
hills
and
farms
.
Old
English
smæl
“
narrow
,
slender
,
thin
,”
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
smal
and
German
schmal
.
noun
the
smallest
available
size
of
a
product
,
especially
a
drink
or
snack
•
I
’
ll
have
a
small
with
extra
ice
,
please
.
I
’
ll
have
a
small
with
extra
ice
,
please
.
•
The
popcorn
comes
in
three
sizes
:
small
,
medium
,
and
large
.
The
popcorn
comes
in
three
sizes
:
small
,
medium
,
and
large
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
sense
of
“
small
,”
used
elliptically
to
denote
the
small
size
option
.
adverb
-
small
,
smaller
,
smallest
into
small
pieces
or
a
small
size
•
Cut
the
onions
small
so
they
cook
quickly
.
Cut
the
onions
small
so
they
cook
quickly
.
•
The
carpenter
planed
the
wood
small
to
fit
the
tight
corner
.
The
carpenter
planed
the
wood
small
to
fit
the
tight
corner
.
Adverbial
use
of
the
adjective
“
small
,”
recorded
since
the
17th
century
,
chiefly
in
British
English
.
call
verb
to
telephone
someone
•
I'll
call
you
tomorrow
morning
to
discuss
the
project
.
I'll
call
you
tomorrow
morning
to
discuss
the
project
.
•
She
couldn't
call
him
because
her
phone
battery
was
dead
.
She
couldn't
call
him
because
her
phone
battery
was
dead
.
Derived
from
Old
Norse
“
kalla
”
meaning
“
cry
loudly
,
summon
”.
noun
an
act
of
telephoning
someone
•
I'll
give
you
a
call
later
tonight
.
I'll
give
you
a
call
later
tonight
.
•
I
missed
your
call
while
I
was
in
the
meeting
.
I
missed
your
call
while
I
was
in
the
meeting
.
Noun
sense
recorded
from
late
19th-century
telephone
usage
.
verb
to
speak
to
someone
on
the
telephone
•
She
will
call
her
mother
tonight
to
share
the
good
news
.
She
will
call
her
mother
tonight
to
share
the
good
news
.
•
Can
you
call
me
when
you
arrive
at
the
station
?
Can
you
call
me
when
you
arrive
at
the
station
?
verb
to
shout
or
speak
loudly
so
that
someone
can
hear
•
She
called
for
help
when
she
slipped
on
the
rocks
.
She
called
for
help
when
she
slipped
on
the
rocks
.
•
I
heard
my
dad
calling
me
from
the
garden
.
I
heard
my
dad
calling
me
from
the
garden
.
noun
an
act
of
talking
to
someone
on
the
telephone
•
I
got
a
call
from
my
boss
this
morning
.
I
got
a
call
from
my
boss
this
morning
.
•
Let
’
s
have
a
video
call
after
lunch
.
Let
’
s
have
a
video
call
after
lunch
.
verb
to
shout
or
speak
loudly
to
attract
someone's
attention
•
The
coach
called
to
the
players
to
hurry
up
.
The
coach
called
to
the
players
to
hurry
up
.
•
I
called
across
the
street
,
but
she
didn't
hear
me
.
I
called
across
the
street
,
but
she
didn't
hear
me
.
Same
Germanic
root
as
Old
Norse
“
kalla
,”
originally
meaning
“
cry
out
.”
verb
to
give
someone
or
something
a
particular
name
•
Everyone
calls
her
"
Sunny
"
because
of
her
cheerful
personality
.
Everyone
calls
her
"
Sunny
"
because
of
her
cheerful
personality
.
•
They
called
the
puppy
Max
on
the
first
day
they
adopted
him
.
They
called
the
puppy
Max
on
the
first
day
they
adopted
him
.
Old
English
“
ceallian
”
evolved
to
mean
‘
give
a
name
’
by
the
14th
century
.
verb
to
request
the
presence
or
help
of
someone
or
something
,
especially
a
service
•
We
should
call
an
ambulance
immediately
.
We
should
call
an
ambulance
immediately
.
•
If
the
heater
breaks
again
,
I'll
call
a
technician
.
If
the
heater
breaks
again
,
I'll
call
a
technician
.
Extended
sense
of
“
summon
”
dating
from
Middle
English
era
.
noun
a
loud
cry
or
shout
•
The
hunter
recognized
the
distinctive
call
of
the
owl
.
The
hunter
recognized
the
distinctive
call
of
the
owl
.
•
A
sudden
call
for
help
echoed
through
the
canyon
.
A
sudden
call
for
help
echoed
through
the
canyon
.
From
Old
Norse
“
kalla
,”
referring
to
a
vocal
cry
.
verb
to
give
someone
or
something
a
particular
name
•
We
decided
to
call
our
dog
Buddy
.
We
decided
to
call
our
dog
Buddy
.
•
Everyone
called
her
the
best
baker
in
town
.
Everyone
called
her
the
best
baker
in
town
.
noun
a
decision
or
judgment
that
someone
has
to
make
•
It
’
s
your
call
whether
we
leave
early
or
stay
.
It
’
s
your
call
whether
we
leave
early
or
stay
.
•
The
referee
’
s
call
was
unpopular
with
the
crowd
.
The
referee
’
s
call
was
unpopular
with
the
crowd
.
verb
to
decide
or
announce
officially
•
The
referee
called
a
foul
.
The
referee
called
a
foul
.
•
Let's
call it a day
and
finish
tomorrow
.
Let's
call it a day
and
finish
tomorrow
.
Sense
of
“
decide
”
arose
from
the
idea
of
announcing
aloud
a
judgment
.
noun
a
strong
demand
or
request
for
something
to
happen
•
There
is
growing
call
for
cleaner
energy
sources
.
There
is
growing
call
for
cleaner
energy
sources
.
•
The
committee
issued
a
call
for
new
volunteers
.
The
committee
issued
a
call
for
new
volunteers
.
Metaphorical
use
of
“
call
”
meaning
‘
summons
’
recorded
from
the
17th
century
.
fall
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
move
downward
suddenly
or
unintentionally
from
a
higher
to
a
lower
place
•
The
toddler
tripped
on
the
rug
and
fell
onto
the
soft
carpet
.
The
toddler
tripped
on
the
rug
and
fell
onto
the
soft
carpet
.
•
Colorful
autumn
leaves
fall
gently
from
a
tall
maple
tree
in
the
park
.
Colorful
autumn
leaves
fall
gently
from
a
tall
maple
tree
in
the
park
.
Old
English
feallan
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Old
Norse
falla
and
German
fallen
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
drop
down
from
a
higher
place
to
a
lower
place
,
usually
without
intending
to
•
Be
careful
on
the
icy
sidewalk
or
you
might
fall
.
Be
careful
on
the
icy
sidewalk
or
you
might
fall
.
•
The
glass
slipped
from
his
hand
and
began
to
fall
toward
the
floor
.
The
glass
slipped
from
his
hand
and
began
to
fall
toward
the
floor
.
Old
English
feallan
“
to
drop
from
a
height
;
die
in
battle
,”
from
Proto-Germanic
*fallaną
.
noun
a
movement
from
a
higher
to
a
lower
position
;
an
act
of
falling
•
His
fall
from
the
ladder
left
him
with
a
broken
arm
.
His
fall
from
the
ladder
left
him
with
a
broken
arm
.
•
The
stuntwoman
landed
safely
after
a
ten-meter
fall
.
The
stuntwoman
landed
safely
after
a
ten-meter
fall
.
noun
-
fall
the
season
between
summer
and
winter
when
the
weather
becomes
cooler
and
leaves
turn
color
;
autumn
•
In
fall
,
the
trees
turn
brilliant
shades
of
red
and
gold
.
In
fall
,
the
trees
turn
brilliant
shades
of
red
and
gold
.
•
Classes
start
in
the
fall
semester
.
Classes
start
in
the
fall
semester
.
noun
an
act
of
coming
down
quickly
from
a
higher
position
,
usually
by
accident
•
After
his
fall
on
the
ice
,
he
needed
a
bandage
on
his
knee
.
After
his
fall
on
the
ice
,
he
needed
a
bandage
on
his
knee
.
•
The
climber
survived
a
ten-meter
fall
.
The
climber
survived
a
ten-meter
fall
.
Noun
sense
from
Old
English
feall
,
related
to
the
verb
.
noun
-
fall
the
season
between
summer
and
winter
,
when
the
weather
becomes
cooler
and
leaves
change
color
•
We
love
going
apple
picking
in
fall
.
We
love
going
apple
picking
in
fall
.
•
The
town
’
s
streets
look
beautiful
with
orange
leaves
in
the
fall
.
The
town
’
s
streets
look
beautiful
with
orange
leaves
in
the
fall
.
Used
since
the
16th
century
as
short
for
"
fall
of
the
leaf
,"
referring
to
leaves
falling
from
trees
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
become
lower
in
level
,
amount
,
or
value
•
Share
prices
could
fall
if
the
company
reports
poor
earnings
.
Share
prices
could
fall
if
the
company
reports
poor
earnings
.
•
As
night
came
,
the
temperature
began
to
fall
.
As
night
came
,
the
temperature
began
to
fall
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
enter
or
pass
into
a
particular
state
suddenly
or
unexpectedly
•
He
fell
asleep
during
the
movie
.
He
fell
asleep
during
the
movie
.
•
She
fell
ill
after
drinking
the
contaminated
water
.
She
fell
ill
after
drinking
the
contaminated
water
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
occur
or
happen
on
a
particular
day
,
date
,
or
time
•
Her
birthday
falls
on
a
Saturday
this
year
.
Her
birthday
falls
on
a
Saturday
this
year
.
•
The
meeting
falls
right
after
lunch
.
The
meeting
falls
right
after
lunch
.
noun
a
reduction
in
amount
,
number
,
or
value
•
There
has
been
a
sharp
fall
in
unemployment
.
There
has
been
a
sharp
fall
in
unemployment
.
•
The
chart
shows
a
gradual
fall
in
temperature
overnight
.
The
chart
shows
a
gradual
fall
in
temperature
overnight
.
noun
a
steep
descent
of
water
over
a
cliff
or
rock
face
,
often
referred
to
in
the
plural
as
“
falls
”
•
We
admired
the
thunderous
Niagara
Falls
.
We
admired
the
thunderous
Niagara
Falls
.
•
A
rainbow
formed
in
the
mist
of
the
hidden
falls
deep
in
the
forest
.
A
rainbow
formed
in
the
mist
of
the
hidden
falls
deep
in
the
forest
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
become
lower
in
number
,
price
,
amount
,
or
level
•
Gas
prices
have
fallen
significantly
since
last
month
.
Gas
prices
have
fallen
significantly
since
last
month
.
•
The
company
’
s
profits
may
fall
if
sales
continue
to
drop
.
The
company
’
s
profits
may
fall
if
sales
continue
to
drop
.
Figurative
use
recorded
since
Middle
English
,
extending
the
physical
sense
of
descending
.
noun
a
place
where
water
flows
over
the
edge
of
a
high
rock
or
cliff
,
especially
a
waterfall
(
often
used
in
the
plural
as
"
falls
")
•
We
could
hear
the
roar
of
the
falls
long
before
we
reached
the
river
.
We
could
hear
the
roar
of
the
falls
long
before
we
reached
the
river
.
•
Victoria
Falls
is
one
of
the
most
famous
natural
wonders
in
Africa
.
Victoria
Falls
is
one
of
the
most
famous
natural
wonders
in
Africa
.
Sense
of
"
waterfall
"
dates
from
the
late
16th
century
,
from
the
idea
of
water
"
falling
"
over
a
cliff
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
be
defeated
,
captured
,
or
killed
,
especially
in
war
or
competition
•
The
fortress
finally
fell
after
a
long
siege
.
The
fortress
finally
fell
after
a
long
siege
.
•
Many
brave
soldiers
fell
on
that
field
.
Many
brave
soldiers
fell
on
that
field
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
occur
or
be
scheduled
on
a
particular
date
,
day
,
or
time
•
My
birthday
falls
on
a
Saturday
this
year
.
My
birthday
falls
on
a
Saturday
this
year
.
•
The
meeting
will
fall
during
the
first
week
of
April
.
The
meeting
will
fall
during
the
first
week
of
April
.
Temporal
sense
recorded
from
the
14th
century
,
from
the
notion
of
an
event
"
dropping
"
onto
a
point
in
time
.
especially
adverb
more
than
other
people
,
things
,
or
situations
;
particularly
•
I
enjoy
classical
music
,
especially
Mozart
.
I
enjoy
classical
music
,
especially
Mozart
.
•
Children
especially
need
plenty
of
sleep
.
Children
especially
need
plenty
of
sleep
.
adverb
very
;
to
a
great
degree
•
It
was
especially
cold
last
night
.
It
was
especially
cold
last
night
.
•
I'm
especially
proud
of
your
hard
work
.
I'm
especially
proud
of
your
hard
work
.
finally
adverb
after
a
long
wait
,
effort
,
or
series
of
events
,
at
last
•
After
driving
through
the
night
,
we
finally
saw
the
ocean
glittering
at
dawn
.
After
driving
through
the
night
,
we
finally
saw
the
ocean
glittering
at
dawn
.
•
The
baby
finally
fell
asleep
in
his
crib
after
an
hour
of
gentle
rocking
.
The
baby
finally
fell
asleep
in
his
crib
after
an
hour
of
gentle
rocking
.
from
Middle
English
final
+
-ly
;
influenced
by
Latin
fīnālis
“
last
,
end
”
adverb
used
to
introduce
the
last
point
or
item
in
a
sequence
•
Finally
,
press
the
green
button
to
start
the
washing
machine
.
Finally
,
press
the
green
button
to
start
the
washing
machine
.
•
Finally
,
I
would
like
to
thank
our
volunteers
for
their
hard
work
.
Finally
,
I
would
like
to
thank
our
volunteers
for
their
hard
work
.
same
origin
as
other
sense
:
from
final
+
-ly
reality
noun
-
reality
,
realities
,
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
the
true
state
of
things
as
they
actually
exist
,
not
as
they
are
imagined
or
wished
for
•
After
waking
from
a
vivid
dream
,
Mia
felt
a
jolt
as
she
returned
to
reality
.
After
waking
from
a
vivid
dream
,
Mia
felt
a
jolt
as
she
returned
to
reality
.
•
The
climbing
team
had
trained
for
months
,
but
the
freezing
wind
on
the
mountain
made
the
reality
of
the
ascent
clear
.
The
climbing
team
had
trained
for
months
,
but
the
freezing
wind
on
the
mountain
made
the
reality
of
the
ascent
clear
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
‘
realite
’,
from
medieval
Latin
‘
realitas
’,
from
Latin
‘
realis
’
meaning
‘
relating
to
things
’.
noun
-
reality
,
realities
,
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
a
real
fact
,
situation
,
or
experience
,
especially
one
of
several
kinds
or
examples
•
The
book
explores
the
different
realities
faced
by
refugees
around
the
world
.
The
book
explores
the
different
realities
faced
by
refugees
around
the
world
.
•
Climate
scientists
warn
us
about
the
stark
realities
of
global
warming
.
Climate
scientists
warn
us
about
the
stark
realities
of
global
warming
.
See
Sense
1
etymology
;
the
countable
use
evolved
in
the
17th
century
to
refer
to
specific
factual
situations
.
ball
noun
a
round
object
that
people
throw
,
kick
,
hit
,
or
bounce
when
they
play
games
and
sports
•
The
children
passed
the
ball
back
and
forth
across
the
grass
.
The
children
passed
the
ball
back
and
forth
across
the
grass
.
•
She
kicked
the
soccer
ball
straight
into
the
goal
.
She
kicked
the
soccer
ball
straight
into
the
goal
.
From
Old
Norse
‘
bollr
’
meaning
‘
round
object
’.
noun
a
small
round
mass
of
a
substance
,
made
by
rolling
or
pressing
it
together
•
He
rolled
a
ball
of
snow
to
start
building
the
snowman
.
He
rolled
a
ball
of
snow
to
start
building
the
snowman
.
•
The
kitten
played
with
a
ball
of
yarn
on
the
floor
.
The
kitten
played
with
a
ball
of
yarn
on
the
floor
.
Sense
developed
from
the
basic
idea
of
something
round
.
noun
a
large
formal
dance
or
party
where
people
wear
elegant
clothes
and
dance
•
Cinderella
went
to
the
royal
ball
wearing
a
sparkling
gown
.
Cinderella
went
to
the
royal
ball
wearing
a
sparkling
gown
.
•
The
charity
ball
raised
money
for
the
new
hospital
wing
.
The
charity
ball
raised
money
for
the
new
hospital
wing
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
17th
century
from
French
‘
bal
’,
meaning
‘
dance
’.
verb
to
form
something
into
a
round
shape
or
to
become
round
like
a
ball
•
He
balled
up
the
letter
and
tossed
it
into
the
bin
.
He
balled
up
the
letter
and
tossed
it
into
the
bin
.
•
The
cat
balled
itself
up
on
the
sofa
to
stay
warm
.
The
cat
balled
itself
up
on
the
sofa
to
stay
warm
.
Verb
use
dates
from
the
17th
century
,
extended
from
the
noun
.
usually
adverb
in
most
cases
or
on
most
occasions
;
normally
•
I
usually
take
the
bus
to
work
,
but
today
I
walked
.
I
usually
take
the
bus
to
work
,
but
today
I
walked
.
•
Cats
usually
sleep
for
many
hours
during
the
day
.
Cats
usually
sleep
for
many
hours
during
the
day
.
from
the
adjective
“
usual
”
+
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
recorded
in
English
since
the
late
15th
century
wall
noun
a
vertical
structure
of
stone
,
brick
,
wood
,
or
another
material
that
encloses
,
divides
,
or
supports
a
space
•
The
children
painted
a
colorful
mural
on
the
school
wall
.
The
children
painted
a
colorful
mural
on
the
school
wall
.
•
He
leaned
his
bike
against
the
brick
wall
before
going
into
the
shop
.
He
leaned
his
bike
against
the
brick
wall
before
going
into
the
shop
.
Old
English
*weall*
,
from
Latin
*vallum*
‘
rampart
,
palisade
’.
noun
something
that
stops
movement
,
progress
,
or
communication
between
people
,
like
a
barrier
•
After
their
argument
,
a
silent
wall
rose
between
the
two
friends
.
After
their
argument
,
a
silent
wall
rose
between
the
two
friends
.
•
Halfway
through
the
marathon
,
he
hit
a
wall
and
struggled
to
keep
running
.
Halfway
through
the
marathon
,
he
hit
a
wall
and
struggled
to
keep
running
.
noun
the
part
of
a
social-media
profile
where
other
people
’
s
messages
and
posts
appear
•
She
posted
birthday
wishes
on
my
wall
last
night
.
She
posted
birthday
wishes
on
my
wall
last
night
.
•
His
funny
meme
quickly
filled
his
friends
’
walls
.
His
funny
meme
quickly
filled
his
friends
’
walls
.
verb
to
enclose
,
divide
,
or
protect
an
area
by
building
a
wall
around
or
along
it
•
They
walled
the
new
room
with
recycled
wood
panels
.
They
walled
the
new
room
with
recycled
wood
panels
.
•
The
ancient
city
was
walled
to
protect
its
people
from
invaders
.
The
ancient
city
was
walled
to
protect
its
people
from
invaders
.
region
noun
a
large
area
of
land
that
is
separate
from
other
areas
because
of
geography
,
culture
,
or
administration
•
Many
tourists
visit
the
coastal
region
for
its
warm
climate
and
beaches
.
Many
tourists
visit
the
coastal
region
for
its
warm
climate
and
beaches
.
•
The
mountain
region
becomes
snow-covered
every
winter
.
The
mountain
region
becomes
snow-covered
every
winter
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
regio
‘
direction
,
district
’,
from
regere
‘
to
rule
’.
noun
a
specific
part
of
the
body
•
He
felt
pain
in
the
lower
back
region
after
lifting
the
boxes
.
He
felt
pain
in
the
lower
back
region
after
lifting
the
boxes
.
•
A
rash
appeared
in
the
neck
region
and
quickly
spread
.
A
rash
appeared
in
the
neck
region
and
quickly
spread
.
noun
a
separate
part
of
a
system
,
space
,
or
abstract
field
,
often
with
a
special
function
•
This
program
stores
images
in
a
high-speed
memory
region
.
This
program
stores
images
in
a
high-speed
memory
region
.
•
Astronomers
discovered
a
dense
region
of
gas
between
the
stars
.
Astronomers
discovered
a
dense
region
of
gas
between
the
stars
.
challenge
noun
something
that
is
difficult
and
needs
effort
,
skill
,
or
courage
to
do
•
Climbing
the
high
rock
wall
was
a
big
challenge
for
Mia
.
Climbing
the
high
rock
wall
was
a
big
challenge
for
Mia
.
•
Learning
to
play
the
violin
is
a
real
challenge
,
but
Alex
practices
every
day
.
Learning
to
play
the
violin
is
a
real
challenge
,
but
Alex
practices
every
day
.
From
Old
French
‘
chalenge
’,
later
‘
challenge
’,
from
Latin
‘
calumnia
’
meaning
‘
false
accusation
’,
which
over
time
shifted
to
a
sense
of
calling
someone
to
prove
themselves
.
noun
a
call
or
invitation
to
compete
or
prove
who
is
better
•
The
chess
champion
accepted
the
young
boy's
challenge
to
a
match
.
The
chess
champion
accepted
the
young
boy's
challenge
to
a
match
.
•
Our
school
sent
a
challenge
to
the
neighboring
team
for
a
soccer
game
.
Our
school
sent
a
challenge
to
the
neighboring
team
for
a
soccer
game
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
invite
someone
to
compete
or
try
something
difficult
•
Leo
challenged
his
sister
to
a
game
of
checkers
.
Leo
challenged
his
sister
to
a
game
of
checkers
.
•
The
coach
will
challenge
the
runners
to
beat
their
own
records
.
The
coach
will
challenge
the
runners
to
beat
their
own
records
.
noun
something
difficult
that
needs
skill
,
effort
,
or
courage
to
do
or
understand
•
Climbing
the
steep
cliff
was
a
real
challenge
for
the
young
climbers
.
Climbing
the
steep
cliff
was
a
real
challenge
for
the
young
climbers
.
•
Learning
to
write
Chinese
characters
can
be
a
fun
challenge
for
students
.
Learning
to
write
Chinese
characters
can
be
a
fun
challenge
for
students
.
From
Old
French
chalenge
,
from
Latin
calumnia
‘
accusation
’
noun
an
invitation
or
dare
to
compete
,
fight
,
or
prove
something
•
The
boxer
accepted
the
challenge
to
face
the
world
champion
.
The
boxer
accepted
the
challenge
to
face
the
world
champion
.
•
Our
school
sent
a
football
challenge
to
the
neighboring
school
.
Our
school
sent
a
football
challenge
to
the
neighboring
school
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
say
that
you
doubt
something
is
true
,
fair
,
or
right
and
demand
proof
or
change
•
When
the
bill
seemed
too
high
,
Dad
challenged
the
shop's
total
.
When
the
bill
seemed
too
high
,
Dad
challenged
the
shop's
total
.
•
Scientists
often
challenge
old
ideas
with
new
experiments
.
Scientists
often
challenge
old
ideas
with
new
experiments
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
invite
someone
to
compete
,
fight
,
or
prove
their
ability
•
I
challenge
you
to
a
friendly
game
of
chess
after
dinner
.
I
challenge
you
to
a
friendly
game
of
chess
after
dinner
.
•
The
small
startup
challenged
the
big
company
by
releasing
a
faster
app
.
The
small
startup
challenged
the
big
company
by
releasing
a
faster
app
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
question
whether
something
is
correct
,
fair
,
or
legal
and
demand
that
it
be
proven
•
The
lawyer
challenged
the
accuracy
of
the
witness
’
s
testimony
.
The
lawyer
challenged
the
accuracy
of
the
witness
’
s
testimony
.
•
Scientists
often
challenge
old
theories
to
make
new
discoveries
.
Scientists
often
challenge
old
theories
to
make
new
discoveries
.
material
noun
a
substance
that
things
are
made
from
,
such
as
wood
,
metal
,
or
plastic
•
Bricks
are
a
common
building
material
around
the
world
.
Bricks
are
a
common
building
material
around
the
world
.
•
The
artist
collected
recycled
material
for
her
sculpture
.
The
artist
collected
recycled
material
for
her
sculpture
.
noun
-
material
cloth
that
is
sold
by
length
and
used
to
make
clothes
,
curtains
,
and
similar
things
•
She
chose
a
soft
cotton
material
for
the
baby's
blanket
.
She
chose
a
soft
cotton
material
for
the
baby's
blanket
.
•
Do
we
have
enough
material
to
sew
two
skirts
?
Do
we
have
enough
material
to
sew
two
skirts
?
noun
information
or
ideas
that
you
use
for
studying
,
writing
,
or
creating
something
•
The
reporter
gathered
background
material
before
the
interview
.
The
reporter
gathered
background
material
before
the
interview
.
•
Our
teacher
posted
extra
study
material
online
.
Our
teacher
posted
extra
study
material
online
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
considered
suitable
for
a
particular
job
,
role
,
or
purpose
•
The
coach
thinks
Mia
is
real
leadership
material
.
The
coach
thinks
Mia
is
real
leadership
material
.
•
With
his
quick
thinking
,
he's
police
material
.
With
his
quick
thinking
,
he's
police
material
.
adjective
relating
to
physical
things
that
you
can
touch
,
rather
than
to
the
mind
or
spirit
•
They
focused
on
their
material
needs
,
like
food
and
shelter
.
They
focused
on
their
material
needs
,
like
food
and
shelter
.
•
The
monk
gave
up
all
material
possessions
.
The
monk
gave
up
all
material
possessions
.
adjective
important
and
likely
to
influence
a
decision
or
result
,
especially
in
law
or
formal
situations
•
The
lawyer
said
the
witness
left
out
material
facts
.
The
lawyer
said
the
witness
left
out
material
facts
.
•
There
is
no
material
difference
between
the
two
products
.
There
is
no
material
difference
between
the
two
products
.
total
adjective
-
total
,
totalling
,
totals
,
totaled
,
totalled
complete
;
with
nothing
missing
or
left
out
•
It
was
a
total
surprise
when
her
friends
shouted
"
Happy
Birthday
!"
It
was
a
total
surprise
when
her
friends
shouted
"
Happy
Birthday
!"
•
During
the
blackout
,
the
small
town
fell
into
total
darkness
.
During
the
blackout
,
the
small
town
fell
into
total
darkness
.
From
Latin
“
tōtālis
”
meaning
“
entire
,
whole
”,
from
“
tōtus
” (“
all
,
whole
”).
noun
-
total
,
totalling
,
totals
,
totaled
,
totalled
the
whole
amount
or
number
obtained
by
adding
two
or
more
quantities
•
The
total
of
six
and
four
is
ten
.
The
total
of
six
and
four
is
ten
.
•
Our
monthly
sales
total
was
the
highest
in
the
company
’
s
history
.
Our
monthly
sales
total
was
the
highest
in
the
company
’
s
history
.
First
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
14th
century
as
a
noun
meaning
“
whole
sum
,”
from
Old
French
“
total
”.
verb
-
total
,
totalling
,
totals
,
totaled
,
totalled
to
add
up
numbers
so
as
to
find
the
whole
amount
;
to
amount
to
•
The
bill
totals
fifty
dollars
after
tax
.
The
bill
totals
fifty
dollars
after
tax
.
•
When
you
total
the
points
,
our
team
wins
by
two
.
When
you
total
the
points
,
our
team
wins
by
two
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
and
noun
forms
in
the
early
19th
century
,
meaning
“
to
find
the
total
(
sum
)
of
”.
shall
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
in
questions
to
politely
suggest
,
offer
,
or
ask
what
the
speaker
and
listener
should
do
•
It's
getting
cold
;
shall
we
go
inside
?
It's
getting
cold
;
shall
we
go
inside
?
•
Shall
I
carry
these
bags
for
you
?
Shall
I
carry
these
bags
for
you
?
Old
English
sceal
,
first-person
singular
of
sculan
“
to
owe
,
be
obliged
to
,”
later
developing
modal
meanings
of
obligation
and
futurity
.
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
in
formal
rules
,
contracts
,
or
laws
to
state
that
something
is
required
or
must
happen
•
All
visitors
shall
sign
the
logbook
upon
arrival
.
All
visitors
shall
sign
the
logbook
upon
arrival
.
•
The
contractor
shall
complete
the
project
by
March
1st
.
The
contractor
shall
complete
the
project
by
March
1st
.
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
especially
in
formal
or
old-fashioned
English
to
express
strong
intention
,
promise
,
or
simple
future
time
•
I
shall
return
before
sunset
.
I
shall
return
before
sunset
.
•
You
shall
have
your
answer
tomorrow
.
You
shall
have
your
answer
tomorrow
.
eventually
adverb
after
a
long
time
,
effort
,
or
series
of
events
,
something
finally
happens
•
After
months
of
practice
,
Maria
eventually
passed
her
driving
test
.
After
months
of
practice
,
Maria
eventually
passed
her
driving
test
.
•
The
rain
stopped
eventually
,
and
the
children
ran
outside
to
play
.
The
rain
stopped
eventually
,
and
the
children
ran
outside
to
play
.
From
the
adjective
“
eventual
” (
occurring
as
a
result
),
plus
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
”.
adverb
at
an
unspecified
time
in
the
future
,
sooner
or
later
•
We
should
leave
now
;
the
bus
will
arrive
eventually
.
We
should
leave
now
;
the
bus
will
arrive
eventually
.
•
Keep
saving
,
and
you
will
eventually
afford
the
trip
to
Japan
.
Keep
saving
,
and
you
will
eventually
afford
the
trip
to
Japan
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
reflecting
future
expectation
rather
than
completed
result
.
institution
noun
a
large
and
important
organization
created
for
education
,
religion
,
finance
,
or
another
public
purpose
•
Harvard
University
is
a
world-famous
institution
of
higher
learning
.
Harvard
University
is
a
world-famous
institution
of
higher
learning
.
•
The
bank
hopes
to
become
the
leading
financial
institution
in
the
region
.
The
bank
hopes
to
become
the
leading
financial
institution
in
the
region
.
noun
an
established
custom
,
system
,
or
practice
that
is
accepted
as
an
important
part
of
society
•
Many
people
believe
that
marriage
is
a
sacred
institution
.
Many
people
believe
that
marriage
is
a
sacred
institution
.
•
The
institution
of
democracy
allows
citizens
to
choose
their
leaders
.
The
institution
of
democracy
allows
citizens
to
choose
their
leaders
.
noun
a
place
such
as
a
hospital
,
home
,
or
prison
where
people
who
need
special
care
or
supervision
live
•
The
patient
was
moved
to
a
mental
health
institution
for
specialized
care
.
The
patient
was
moved
to
a
mental
health
institution
for
specialized
care
.
•
He
spent
several
months
in
a
rehabilitation
institution
after
the
accident
.
He
spent
several
months
in
a
rehabilitation
institution
after
the
accident
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
has
been
part
of
a
place
or
activity
for
a
very
long
time
and
is
highly
respected
or
well-known
•
At
ninety
,
the
baker
was
considered
a
local
institution
.
At
ninety
,
the
baker
was
considered
a
local
institution
.
•
The
stadium's
giant
hot-dog
vendor
is
an
institution
for
hungry
fans
.
The
stadium's
giant
hot-dog
vendor
is
an
institution
for
hungry
fans
.
noun
the
act
of
starting
or
introducing
something
such
as
a
rule
,
system
,
or
policy
•
The
institution
of
a
curfew
helped
calm
the
city
after
the
unrest
.
The
institution
of
a
curfew
helped
calm
the
city
after
the
unrest
.
•
Parliament
debated
the
institution
of
new
environmental
laws
.
Parliament
debated
the
institution
of
new
environmental
laws
.
hall
noun
a
large
room
or
separate
building
used
for
public
events
such
as
meetings
,
concerts
,
exhibitions
,
or
sports
•
The
graduation
ceremony
was
held
in
the
town
hall
.
The
graduation
ceremony
was
held
in
the
town
hall
.
•
Fans
cheered
as
the
band
walked
onto
the
concert
hall
stage
.
Fans
cheered
as
the
band
walked
onto
the
concert
hall
stage
.
Old
English
"
heall
",
from
Proto-Germanic
*hallō
,
meaning
a
covered
place
or
roofed
chamber
.
noun
a
narrow
passage
or
corridor
inside
a
building
that
connects
rooms
•
Hang
your
coat
in
the
hall
before
you
come
in
.
Hang
your
coat
in
the
hall
before
you
come
in
.
•
The
bathroom
is
down
the
hall
on
the
left
.
The
bathroom
is
down
the
hall
on
the
left
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
;
extended
in
American
English
to
mean
the
connecting
passage
inside
a
house
.
noun
a
building
or
group
of
buildings
where
university
students
live
and
often
eat
together
•
In
her
first
year
,
Emma
lived
in
hall
close
to
the
library
.
In
her
first
year
,
Emma
lived
in
hall
close
to
the
library
.
•
The
university
hall
serves
breakfast
from
7
a
.
m
.
The
university
hall
serves
breakfast
from
7
a
.
m
.
Sense
developed
at
British
universities
in
the
19th
century
,
referring
to
students
’
communal
living
quarters
.
generally
adverb
usually
or
in
most
situations
•
On
weekends
,
families
generally
eat
breakfast
together
.
On
weekends
,
families
generally
eat
breakfast
together
.
•
Cats
generally
dislike
taking
baths
.
Cats
generally
dislike
taking
baths
.
adverb
without
focusing
on
specific
details
;
broadly
or
in
a
general
way
•
Generally speaking
,
electric
cars
are
quieter
than
gasoline
cars
.
Generally speaking
,
electric
cars
are
quieter
than
gasoline
cars
.
•
The
report
,
generally speaking
,
supports
our
earlier
findings
.
The
report
,
generally speaking
,
supports
our
earlier
findings
.
secretary
noun
-
secretary
,
secretaries
a
person
employed
in
an
office
or
organization
who
handles
written
correspondence
,
phone
calls
,
appointments
,
and
other
routine
administrative
tasks
•
The
secretary
scheduled
the
meeting
for
Friday
afternoon
.
The
secretary
scheduled
the
meeting
for
Friday
afternoon
.
•
As
the
phones
kept
ringing
,
the
busy
secretary
remained
calm
and
answered
each
call
politely
.
As
the
phones
kept
ringing
,
the
busy
secretary
remained
calm
and
answered
each
call
politely
.
from
Latin
'secretarius'
meaning
'confidential
officer'
,
originally
referring
to
someone
who
keeps
secrets
for
a
superior
noun
-
secretary
,
secretaries
a
senior
government
official
who
is
the
head
of
a
department
or
ministry
,
such
as
the
Secretary
of
State
or
Secretary
of
Defense
•
The
secretary
of
health
answered
questions
from
reporters
about
the
new
vaccine
.
The
secretary
of
health
answered
questions
from
reporters
about
the
new
vaccine
.
•
During
the
summit
,
the
Secretary
of
State
signed
the
peace
agreement
.
During
the
summit
,
the
Secretary
of
State
signed
the
peace
agreement
.
extended
from
the
administrative
sense
to
high
government
offices
in
the
17th
century
noun
-
secretary
,
secretaries
a
piece
of
furniture
with
drawers
and
a
hinged
writing
surface
,
also
called
a
secretary
desk
,
used
for
writing
and
storing
papers
•
Grandma
kept
her
letters
in
the
antique
secretary
in
the
living
room
.
Grandma
kept
her
letters
in
the
antique
secretary
in
the
living
room
.
•
The
old
oak
secretary
folds
out
into
a
spacious
writing
surface
.
The
old
oak
secretary
folds
out
into
a
spacious
writing
surface
.
transferred
from
the
clerical
occupation
to
the
furniture
designed
for
writing
and
document
storage
totally
adverb
in
a
complete
or
absolute
way
;
entirely
•
After
weeks
of
cleaning
,
the
house
was
totally
spotless
.
After
weeks
of
cleaning
,
the
house
was
totally
spotless
.
•
The
new
phone
is
totally
different
from
the
old
model
.
The
new
phone
is
totally
different
from
the
old
model
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
“
total
”
+
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
interjection
used
to
show
strong
agreement
,
enthusiasm
,
or
affirmation
•
“
Do
you
want
to
go
surfing
this
weekend
?” “
Totally
!”
“
Do
you
want
to
go
surfing
this
weekend
?” “
Totally
!”
•
“
That
concert
was
amazing
.” “
Totally
—
best
night
ever
!”
“
That
concert
was
amazing
.” “
Totally
—
best
night
ever
!”
Extension
of
the
adverb
sense
to
an
affirmative
interjection
,
popularized
in
American
English
from
the
1980s
.
recall
verb
to
remember
something
that
happened
in
the
past
•
I
suddenly
recall
the
smell
of
my
grandmother
’
s
pies
cooling
on
the
windowsill
.
I
suddenly
recall
the
smell
of
my
grandmother
’
s
pies
cooling
on
the
windowsill
.
•
Can
you
recall
where
you
left
the
car
keys
?
Can
you
recall
where
you
left
the
car
keys
?
From
Latin
recallō
‘
call
back
’ (
re-
‘
back
’
+
callō
‘
call
’).
verb
to
officially
order
someone
to
return
,
especially
from
a
job
,
post
,
or
place
•
The
government
decided
to
recall
its
ambassador
after
the
diplomatic
dispute
.
The
government
decided
to
recall
its
ambassador
after
the
diplomatic
dispute
.
•
All
soldiers
on
leave
were
recalled
to
base
when
the
emergency
was
declared
.
All
soldiers
on
leave
were
recalled
to
base
when
the
emergency
was
declared
.
verb
to
ask
customers
to
return
a
defective
or
unsafe
product
so
it
can
be
repaired
or
replaced
•
The
carmaker
had
to
recall
thousands
of
vehicles
because
of
faulty
brakes
.
The
carmaker
had
to
recall
thousands
of
vehicles
because
of
faulty
brakes
.
•
The
toy
company
quickly
recalled
the
dolls
after
reports
of
loose
parts
.
The
toy
company
quickly
recalled
the
dolls
after
reports
of
loose
parts
.
noun
the
ability
to
remember
information
or
experiences
•
Children
often
have
excellent
recall
for
stories
they
enjoy
.
Children
often
have
excellent
recall
for
stories
they
enjoy
.
•
Regular
practice
can
improve
your
memory
and
recall
.
Regular
practice
can
improve
your
memory
and
recall
.
noun
an
official
order
to
return
someone
or
something
•
The
sudden
recall
of
the
ambassador
surprised
many
analysts
.
The
sudden
recall
of
the
ambassador
surprised
many
analysts
.
•
During
wartime
,
a
recall
can
bring
reserve
forces
back
into
service
.
During
wartime
,
a
recall
can
bring
reserve
forces
back
into
service
.
noun
a
political
process
in
which
voters
can
remove
an
elected
official
from
office
before
the
end
of
the
term
•
Citizens
began
collecting
signatures
to
force
a
recall
of
the
mayor
.
Citizens
began
collecting
signatures
to
force
a
recall
of
the
mayor
.
•
The
governor
survived
the
recall
after
a
heated
campaign
.
The
governor
survived
the
recall
after
a
heated
campaign
.
football
noun
the
inflated
ball
used
in
any
form
of
football
game
•
The
football
bounced
off
the
crossbar
and
rolled
away
.
The
football
bounced
off
the
crossbar
and
rolled
away
.
•
Please
pump
more
air
into
the
football
before
the
match
.
Please
pump
more
air
into
the
football
before
the
match
.
Named
for
a
ball
that
was
originally
made
of
inflated
animal
bladder
encased
in
leather
.
noun
a
team
sport
played
with
a
round
ball
that
players
mainly
kick
and
try
to
get
into
the
opposing
goal
•
Every
Saturday
,
Liam
meets
his
friends
in
the
park
to
play
football
.
Every
Saturday
,
Liam
meets
his
friends
in
the
park
to
play
football
.
•
The
crowd
roared
when
the
home
team
scored
a
last-minute
football
goal
.
The
crowd
roared
when
the
home
team
scored
a
last-minute
football
goal
.
From
Middle
English
foteballe
,
combined
from
foot
+
ball
,
originally
describing
a
game
played
on
foot
with
a
ball
.
noun
a
North
American
sport
in
which
two
teams
try
to
move
an
oval
ball
down
a
field
to
score
touchdowns
or
field
goals
•
They
spent
Sunday
afternoon
watching
football
on
television
.
They
spent
Sunday
afternoon
watching
football
on
television
.
•
Jackson
trained
hard
all
summer
to
make
the
high-school
football
team
.
Jackson
trained
hard
all
summer
to
make
the
high-school
football
team
.
Originally
applied
to
various
ball
games
played
on
foot
;
in
the
United
States
it
evolved
into
a
distinct
handling
code
in
the
19th
century
.
noun
a
problem
,
issue
,
or
responsibility
that
different
people
keep
passing
around
without
resolving
,
often
used
in
the
phrase
“
political
football
”
•
The
budget
crisis
became
a
political
football
during
the
election
campaign
.
The
budget
crisis
became
a
political
football
during
the
election
campaign
.
•
Don
’
t
let
the
environmental
plan
turn
into
a
football
between
agencies
.
Don
’
t
let
the
environmental
plan
turn
into
a
football
between
agencies
.
Metaphoric
extension
from
the
idea
of
a
ball
being
kicked
back
and
forth
on
a
field
.
basically
adverb
in
the
most
important
or
fundamental
way
;
essentially
•
The
two
smartphones
are
basically
identical
;
the
difference
is
only
the
camera
.
The
two
smartphones
are
basically
identical
;
the
difference
is
only
the
camera
.
•
Water
and
ice
are
basically
the
same
substance
in
different
states
.
Water
and
ice
are
basically
the
same
substance
in
different
states
.
Formed
from
basic
+
-ally
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
to
mean
“
in
a
basic
manner
.”
adverb
used
in
conversation
to
introduce
or
emphasize
a
simple
summary
of
what
you
mean
•
Well
,
basically
,
the
movie
is
about
friendship
.
Well
,
basically
,
the
movie
is
about
friendship
.
•
Basically
,
if
you
follow
the
instructions
,
the
software
will
install
itself
.
Basically
,
if
you
follow
the
instructions
,
the
software
will
install
itself
.
Same
origin
as
the
fundamental
sense
;
its
use
as
a
discourse
marker
became
common
in
the
late
20th
century
.
theater
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
building
or
outdoor
space
with
a
stage
and
seats
where
people
watch
live
plays
,
concerts
,
or
other
performances
•
Our
class
took
a
trip
to
the
old
brick
theater
downtown
to
watch
a
Shakespeare
play
.
Our
class
took
a
trip
to
the
old
brick
theater
downtown
to
watch
a
Shakespeare
play
.
•
The
lights
dimmed
as
the
audience
settled
into
their
seats
inside
the
grand
theater
.
The
lights
dimmed
as
the
audience
settled
into
their
seats
inside
the
grand
theater
.
From
Middle
English
teatre
,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
theatrum
,
from
Ancient
Greek
theátron
“
place
for
viewing
”.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
building
with
screens
and
seats
where
people
watch
films
•
We
bought
popcorn
before
entering
the
theater
to
see
the
new
superhero
movie
.
We
bought
popcorn
before
entering
the
theater
to
see
the
new
superhero
movie
.
•
The
small
town
finally
got
a
modern
theater
with
reclining
seats
.
The
small
town
finally
got
a
modern
theater
with
reclining
seats
.
Extension
of
Sense
1
after
the
invention
of
motion
pictures
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
the
art
,
craft
,
and
academic
study
of
writing
,
producing
,
and
acting
in
live
dramatic
performances
•
She
majored
in
theater
at
college
and
hopes
to
direct
someday
.
She
majored
in
theater
at
college
and
hopes
to
direct
someday
.
•
Theater
has
been
his
passion
since
childhood
puppet
shows
.
Theater
has
been
his
passion
since
childhood
puppet
shows
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
sterile
room
in
a
hospital
where
surgeons
perform
operations
•
Nurses
wheeled
the
patient
into
the
theater
for
the
heart surgery
.
Nurses
wheeled
the
patient
into
the
theater
for
the
heart surgery
.
•
Only
sterile
clothing
is
allowed
inside
the
hospital
’
s
new
theater
.
Only
sterile
clothing
is
allowed
inside
the
hospital
’
s
new
theater
.
Borrowed
from
the
dramatic
sense
to
describe
a
room
where
action
is
closely
watched
,
first
used
in
18th-century
hospitals
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
large
geographic
area
where
important
military
events
happen
during
a
war
•
The
general
inspected
troops
stationed
in
the
Pacific
theater
.
The
general
inspected
troops
stationed
in
the
Pacific
theater
.
•
Supplies
were
flown
to
the
European
theater
throughout
the
war
.
Supplies
were
flown
to
the
European
theater
throughout
the
war
.
Military
use
arose
in
the
mid-19th
century
,
comparing
large-scale
war
zones
to
a
stage
where
major
actions
are
played
out
.
tradition
noun
the
passing
down
of
beliefs
,
customs
,
or
ways
of
doing
things
from
one
generation
to
the
next
•
According
to
ancient
tradition
,
the
villagers
float
paper
lanterns
down
the
river
at
dusk
.
According
to
ancient
tradition
,
the
villagers
float
paper
lanterns
down
the
river
at
dusk
.
•
Music
is
a
central
part
of
West
African
tradition
.
Music
is
a
central
part
of
West
African
tradition
.
From
Latin
‘
traditio
’
meaning
‘
a
handing
over
,
delivery
’,
derived
from
‘
tradere
’ ‘
to
hand
over
’.
noun
a
specific
custom
,
ritual
,
or
practice
that
a
group
or
person
regularly
follows
because
it
has
been
done
the
same
way
for
a
long
time
•
It
’
s
a
family
tradition
to
eat
pancakes
together
every
Sunday
morning
.
It
’
s
a
family
tradition
to
eat
pancakes
together
every
Sunday
morning
.
•
My
college
’
s
strangest
tradition
is
singing
the
school
song
on
the
library
steps
at
midnight
.
My
college
’
s
strangest
tradition
is
singing
the
school
song
on
the
library
steps
at
midnight
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Latin
‘
traditio
’
meaning
‘
handing
over
’.
academic
adjective
relating
to
study
,
learning
,
or
scholarship
,
especially
in
schools
,
colleges
,
and
universities
.
•
Maria
earned
excellent
academic
grades
in
her
first
year
of
university
.
Maria
earned
excellent
academic
grades
in
her
first
year
of
university
.
•
The
school
offers
extra
academic
support
for
students
who
struggle
with
math
.
The
school
offers
extra
academic
support
for
students
who
struggle
with
math
.
From
Latin
academicus
,
relating
to
the
Academy
founded
by
Plato
.
baseball
noun
-
baseball
A
bat-and-ball
sport
played
between
two
teams
of
nine
players
who
take
turns
batting
and
fielding
on
a
diamond-shaped
field
.
•
Every
Saturday
afternoon
,
families
gather
at
the
park
to
watch
the
local
kids'
baseball
league
.
Every
Saturday
afternoon
,
families
gather
at
the
park
to
watch
the
local
kids'
baseball
league
.
•
After
school
,
Carlos
grabs
his
glove
and
heads
to
the
field
to
practice
baseball
with
his
friends
.
After
school
,
Carlos
grabs
his
glove
and
heads
to
the
field
to
practice
baseball
with
his
friends
.
Originated
in
the
United
States
in
the
mid-19th
century
,
evolving
from
earlier
bat-and-ball
games
such
as
rounders
and
cricket
.
noun
A
small
white
leather-covered
ball
with
raised
red
stitching
that
is
hit
and
thrown
in
the
sport
of
baseball
.
•
The
pitcher
rubbed
a
fresh
baseball
between
his
hands
before
the
first
throw
.
The
pitcher
rubbed
a
fresh
baseball
between
his
hands
before
the
first
throw
.
•
Lena
displayed
the
signed
baseball
from
her
favorite
player
on
her
bedroom
shelf
.
Lena
displayed
the
signed
baseball
from
her
favorite
player
on
her
bedroom
shelf
.
Named
directly
from
the
sport
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
1800s
when
standardized
equipment
was
adopted
.
theme
noun
-
theme
,
theming
,
themes
,
themed
the
main
subject
or
idea
that
is
repeated
and
developed
in
a
piece
of
writing
,
speech
,
film
,
painting
,
or
any
other
work
of
art
•
Courage
is
the
central
theme
of
the
novel
she
is
reading
.
Courage
is
the
central
theme
of
the
novel
she
is
reading
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
identify
the
theme
of
the
short
story
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
identify
the
theme
of
the
short
story
.
From
Greek
‘
thema
’
meaning
“
proposition
,
subject
”
via
Latin
and
Old
French
.
tall
adjective
-
tall
,
taller
,
tallest
having
greater
height
than
most
people
or
things
of
the
same
kind
•
The
tall
giraffe
could
reach
the
highest
leaves
on
the
tree
.
The
tall
giraffe
could
reach
the
highest
leaves
on
the
tree
.
•
My
brother
is
so
tall
that
he
has
to
duck
under
doorways
.
My
brother
is
so
tall
that
he
has
to
duck
under
doorways
.
Old
English
"
getæl
"
meaning
"
towering
,
lofty
"
evolved
through
Middle
English
into
the
modern
form
"
tall
",
originally
referring
to
size
and
grandeur
.
adjective
-
tall
,
taller
,
tallest
(
of
a
drink
)
served
in
a
high
glass
or
cup
,
containing
more
liquid
than
the
regular
size
•
I
ordered
a
tall
lemonade
to
cool
off
on
the
hot
day
.
I
ordered
a
tall
lemonade
to
cool
off
on
the
hot
day
.
•
The
waiter
brought
her
a
tall
glass
of
iced
tea
.
The
waiter
brought
her
a
tall
glass
of
iced
tea
.
Originated
in
American
restaurant
language
in
the
early
20th
century
,
referring
to
the
physical
height
of
the
glass
.
adjective
-
tall
,
taller
,
tallest
difficult
to
believe
because
it
seems
exaggerated
or
impossible
•
Grandpa
told
us
a
tall
story
about
wrestling
a
bear
with
his
bare
hands
.
Grandpa
told
us
a
tall
story
about
wrestling
a
bear
with
his
bare
hands
.
•
Sarah
knew
Tom's
claim
of
flying
a
plane
at
age
ten
was
a
tall
one
.
Sarah
knew
Tom's
claim
of
flying
a
plane
at
age
ten
was
a
tall
one
.
The
figurative
sense
emerged
in
the
18th
century
,
using
"
tall
"
metaphorically
for
something
that
stretches
credibility
just
as
great
height
stretches
upward
.
specifically
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
meant
for
one
particular
person
,
thing
,
or
purpose
and
not
for
others
•
This
course
was
designed
specifically
for
beginners
.
This
course
was
designed
specifically
for
beginners
.
•
He
bought
a
lightweight
camera
specifically
to
record
his
mountain-climbing
adventures
.
He
bought
a
lightweight
camera
specifically
to
record
his
mountain-climbing
adventures
.
formed
from
specific
+
-ally
in
the
late
17th
century
to
create
the
adverbial
form
adverb
used
to
give
exact
or
detailed
information
about
what
you
mean
•
We
need
to
know
specifically
how
much
the
repairs
will
cost
.
We
need
to
know
specifically
how
much
the
repairs
will
cost
.
•
Can
you
explain
specifically
what
went
wrong
during
the
test
?
Can
you
explain
specifically
what
went
wrong
during
the
test
?
formed
from
specific
+
-ally
in
the
late
17th
century
to
create
the
adverbial
form
valley
noun
a
long
stretch
of
lower
land
between
hills
or
mountains
,
usually
with
a
river
or
stream
running
along
its
bottom
.
•
From
the
cliff
top
we
looked
down
into
the
green
valley
far
below
.
From
the
cliff
top
we
looked
down
into
the
green
valley
far
below
.
•
The
river
winds
through
the
valley
before
reaching
the
sea
.
The
river
winds
through
the
valley
before
reaching
the
sea
.
Old
French
valee
,
from
Latin
vallis
meaning
“
valley
”.
noun
a
period
of
low
activity
,
success
,
or
mood
that
comes
between
higher
,
better
periods
,
often
contrasted
with
a
peak
.
•
After
the
company
hit
a
sales
valley
,
profits
began
to
rise
again
.
After
the
company
hit
a
sales
valley
,
profits
began
to
rise
again
.
•
Everyone
experiences
peaks
and
valleys
in
their
career
.
Everyone
experiences
peaks
and
valleys
in
their
career
.
noun
the
internal
angle
formed
where
two
sloping
sections
of
a
roof
meet
,
which
channels
rainwater
away
.
•
Leaves
had
clogged
the
roof
valley
,
causing
leaks
.
Leaves
had
clogged
the
roof
valley
,
causing
leaks
.
•
Install
flashing
along
the
valley
to
prevent
water
penetration
.
Install
flashing
along
the
valley
to
prevent
water
penetration
.
metal
noun
-
metal
,
metalling
,
metals
,
metalled
a
solid
chemical
element
or
alloy
such
as
iron
,
gold
,
or
aluminium
that
is
usually
hard
,
shiny
,
and
able
to
conduct
heat
and
electricity
•
The
bridge
is
built
from
strong
metal
to
carry
thousands
of
cars
each
day
.
The
bridge
is
built
from
strong
metal
to
carry
thousands
of
cars
each
day
.
•
When
heated
,
the
metal
sheet
expanded
slightly
and
changed
shape
.
When
heated
,
the
metal
sheet
expanded
slightly
and
changed
shape
.
from
Old
French
metal
,
from
Latin
metallum
“
mine
,
metal
,”
from
Ancient
Greek
métallon
“
mine
,
quarry
,
metal
.”
overall
adjective
including
or
covering
everything
;
taken
as
a
whole
•
The
overall
cost
of
the
project
was
lower
than
expected
.
The
overall
cost
of
the
project
was
lower
than
expected
.
•
Her
overall
health
improved
after
she
started
exercising
regularly
.
Her
overall
health
improved
after
she
started
exercising
regularly
.
From
over
+
all
,
originally
meaning
"
everywhere
on
"
in
Middle
English
,
later
developing
the
sense
of
"
including
everything
".
adverb
when
everything
is
considered
;
in
general
•
Overall
,
the
concert
was
a
huge
success
.
Overall
,
the
concert
was
a
huge
success
.
•
The
weather
was
rainy
,
but
we
had
fun
overall
.
The
weather
was
rainy
,
but
we
had
fun
overall
.
Adverbial
use
evolved
in
the
18th
century
from
the
adjective
,
carrying
the
meaning
"
taken
as
a
whole
."
noun
a
loose
protective
piece
of
clothing
,
usually
with
long
sleeves
,
worn
over
ordinary
clothes
to
keep
them
clean
•
The
mechanic
hung
his
oily
blue
overall
on
a
hook
.
The
mechanic
hung
his
oily
blue
overall
on
a
hook
.
•
She
wears
a
white
overall
while
painting
to
protect
her
clothes
.
She
wears
a
white
overall
while
painting
to
protect
her
clothes
.
Originally
plural
"
overalls
"
in
the
19th
century
for
trousers
worn
over
regular
clothes
;
later
also
used
in
singular
for
the
full
protective
garment
.
personally
adverb
used
to
introduce
the
speaker
’
s
own
opinion
or
preference
•
Personally
,
I
like
working
early
in
the
morning
when
it
’
s
quiet
.
Personally
,
I
like
working
early
in
the
morning
when
it
’
s
quiet
.
•
Personally
,
I
don
’
t
think
the
movie
was
very
funny
.
Personally
,
I
don
’
t
think
the
movie
was
very
funny
.
adverb
by
oneself
and
not
through
another
person
or
by
distance
;
in
person
•
The
CEO
personally
greeted
every
new
employee
on
their
first
day
.
The
CEO
personally
greeted
every
new
employee
on
their
first
day
.
•
I
’
d
like
to
thank
you
personally
for
your
help
last
week
.
I
’
d
like
to
thank
you
personally
for
your
help
last
week
.
adverb
in
a
way
that
affects
or
is
meant
for
one
particular
person
,
especially
emotionally
•
Don
’
t
take
the
criticism
personally
;
it
’
s
about
the
work
,
not
you
.
Don
’
t
take
the
criticism
personally
;
it
’
s
about
the
work
,
not
you
.
•
He
felt
personally
responsible
when
the
project
failed
.
He
felt
personally
responsible
when
the
project
failed
.
initial
verb
-
initial
,
initialing
,
initials
,
initialed
,
initialled
to
sign
a
document
by
writing
your
initials
as
a
quick
form
of
approval
•
Please
initial
each
page
before
you
submit
the
contract
.
Please
initial
each
page
before
you
submit
the
contract
.
•
The
nurse
asked
me
to
initial
the
consent
form
.
The
nurse
asked
me
to
initial
the
consent
form
.
Verb
use
attested
from
the
19th
century
,
from
the
noun
sense
of
“
initial
.”
analyst
noun
-
analyse
,
analysing
,
analyses
,
analysed
a
person
who
carefully
studies
information
,
events
,
or
situations
in
order
to
understand
them
and
explain
their
meaning
•
The
company
hired
an
analyst
to
examine
customer
feedback
and
spot
trends
.
The
company
hired
an
analyst
to
examine
customer
feedback
and
spot
trends
.
•
As
a
sports
analyst
,
she
broke
down
each
team's
strategy
on
live
TV
.
As
a
sports
analyst
,
she
broke
down
each
team's
strategy
on
live
TV
.
From
analyze
+
-ist
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
early
19th
century
.
noun
-
analyse
,
analysing
,
analyses
,
analysed
a
person
who
studies
companies
,
markets
,
and
economic
data
to
give
advice
or
predictions
about
investing
•
The
bank's
senior
analyst
predicted
that
oil
prices
would
fall
next
year
.
The
bank's
senior
analyst
predicted
that
oil
prices
would
fall
next
year
.
•
Many
investors
rely
on
a
financial
analyst's
quarterly
reports
before
buying
stocks
.
Many
investors
rely
on
a
financial
analyst's
quarterly
reports
before
buying
stocks
.
noun
-
analyse
,
analysing
,
analyses
,
analysed
(
informal
)
short
for
psychoanalyst
,
a
therapist
trained
in
psychoanalysis
•
After
her
anxiety
worsened
,
she
began
weekly
sessions
with
an
analyst
.
After
her
anxiety
worsened
,
she
began
weekly
sessions
with
an
analyst
.
•
The
famous
analyst
wrote
several
papers
on
dream
interpretation
.
The
famous
analyst
wrote
several
papers
on
dream
interpretation
.
basketball
noun
-
basketball
a
fast-moving
team
sport
in
which
two
teams
try
to
score
by
throwing
a
large
round
ball
through
a
high
hoop
with
a
net
•
Every
Friday
after
school
,
Mia
and
her
friends
play
basketball
on
the
outdoor
court
.
Every
Friday
after
school
,
Mia
and
her
friends
play
basketball
on
the
outdoor
court
.
•
The
Olympics
feature
basketball
games
that
millions
of
people
watch
around
the
world
.
The
Olympics
feature
basketball
games
that
millions
of
people
watch
around
the
world
.
coined
in
1891
by
James
Naismith
,
combining
the
words
“
basket
”
and
“
ball
”
to
describe
the
game
he
invented
using
peach
baskets
as
goals
noun
the
large
round
orange
ball
with
black
seams
that
players
use
in
the
game
of
basketball
•
She
dribbled
the
new
basketball
across
the
court
before
taking
a
shot
.
She
dribbled
the
new
basketball
across
the
court
before
taking
a
shot
.
•
The
old
basketball
lost
air
,
so
it
bounced
unevenly
during
practice
.
The
old
basketball
lost
air
,
so
it
bounced
unevenly
during
practice
.
named
after
the
sport
of
basketball
,
for
which
the
ball
was
specially
designed
in
the
late
19th
century
typically
adverb
in
most
situations
or
on
average
;
normally
•
Typically
,
the
store
opens
at
nine
o'clock
each
morning
.
Typically
,
the
store
opens
at
nine
o'clock
each
morning
.
•
Winter
here
is
typically
cold
and
snowy
.
Winter
here
is
typically
cold
and
snowy
.
formed
from
the
adjective
“
typical
”
+
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
mid-19th
century
adverb
in
a
way
that
shows
the
usual
qualities
of
a
particular
person
,
group
,
or
thing
;
characteristically
•
Typically
,
Oliver
cracks
a
joke
when
the
meeting
gets
tense
.
Typically
,
Oliver
cracks
a
joke
when
the
meeting
gets
tense
.
•
In
her
rush
,
Lisa
typically
forgets
her
umbrella
at
home
.
In
her
rush
,
Lisa
typically
forgets
her
umbrella
at
home
.
See
etymology
of
sense
1
;
same
origin
.
signal
verb
-
signal
,
signalling
,
signals
,
signaled
,
signalled
to
make
a
gesture
,
sound
,
or
action
in
order
to
give
information
or
tell
someone
to
do
something
•
The
lifeguard
signaled
swimmers
to
come
back
to
shore
.
The
lifeguard
signaled
swimmers
to
come
back
to
shore
.
•
If
you
need
the
bill
,
just
signal
the
waiter
by
raising
your
hand
.
If
you
need
the
bill
,
just
signal
the
waiter
by
raising
your
hand
.
literally
adverb
in
the
exact
,
real
,
or
most
basic
sense
,
without
exaggeration
or
metaphor
•
The
house
is
literally
next
door
to
the
school
.
The
house
is
literally
next
door
to
the
school
.
•
Water
will
literally
boil
at
100
°C
when
you
are
at
sea
level
.
Water
will
literally
boil
at
100
°C
when
you
are
at
sea
level
.
From
Middle
English
literal
+
-ly
,
meaning
“
in
a
literal
manner
.”
adverb
(
informal
)
used
to
add
emphasis
,
even
when
the
statement
is
not
true
in
the
exact
sense
•
My
backpack
is
so
heavy
;
it's
literally
killing
my
shoulders
.
My
backpack
is
so
heavy
;
it's
literally
killing
my
shoulders
.
•
She
was
literally
bouncing
off
the
walls
with
excitement
after
getting
the
job
offer
.
She
was
literally
bouncing
off
the
walls
with
excitement
after
getting
the
job
offer
.
Sense
extension
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
as
an
intensifier
.
essentially
adverb
in
its
most
basic
or
fundamental
form
;
in
essence
•
A
diamond
is
essentially
pure
carbon
arranged
in
a
crystal
lattice
.
A
diamond
is
essentially
pure
carbon
arranged
in
a
crystal
lattice
.
•
Although
the
two
proposals
look
different
,
they
are
essentially
the
same
in
purpose
.
Although
the
two
proposals
look
different
,
they
are
essentially
the
same
in
purpose
.
adverb
for
the
most
part
;
basically
;
almost
entirely
•
The
restaurant
was
essentially
empty
by
the
time
we
arrived
.
The
restaurant
was
essentially
empty
by
the
time
we
arrived
.
•
She
did
essentially
all
the
work
herself
.
She
did
essentially
all
the
work
herself
.
philosophy
noun
-
philosophy
,
philosophies
the
academic
study
that
seeks
to
understand
the
deepest
questions
about
existence
,
knowledge
,
values
,
reason
,
and
language
•
At
university
,
Nora
decided
to
major
in
philosophy
because
she
loved
debating
questions
about
reality
and
truth
.
At
university
,
Nora
decided
to
major
in
philosophy
because
she
loved
debating
questions
about
reality
and
truth
.
•
Ancient
Greek
philosophy
still
shapes
how
we
think
about
ethics
today
.
Ancient
Greek
philosophy
still
shapes
how
we
think
about
ethics
today
.
From
Old
French
philosophie
,
from
Latin
philosophia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
philosophía
meaning
“
love
of
wisdom
”.
install
verb
to
put
equipment
,
furniture
,
or
a
system
in
place
and
make
it
ready
to
use
•
The
plumber
will
install
the
new
sink
tomorrow
.
The
plumber
will
install
the
new
sink
tomorrow
.
•
Technicians
are
installing
solar
panels
on
our
roof
today
.
Technicians
are
installing
solar
panels
on
our
roof
today
.
From
Middle
French
installer
,
from
Medieval
Latin
installare
,
from
in-
“
in
”
+
stallum
“
place
,
stall
”.
Originally
referred
to
placing
someone
in
an
official
seat
.
verb
to
put
computer
software
onto
a
device
so
it
can
be
used
•
I
need
to
install
the
latest
update
before
the
game
will
run
.
I
need
to
install
the
latest
update
before
the
game
will
run
.
•
She
is
installing
a
photo-editing
app
on
her
tablet
.
She
is
installing
a
photo-editing
app
on
her
tablet
.
verb
to
formally
place
someone
in
an
important
job
or
position
•
The
committee
installed
her
as
the
new
chairperson
after
the
vote
.
The
committee
installed
her
as
the
new
chairperson
after
the
vote
.
•
A
solemn
ceremony
will
install
the
archbishop
next
week
.
A
solemn
ceremony
will
install
the
archbishop
next
week
.
noun
an
act
of
putting
software
onto
a
computer
,
or
the
software
package
itself
•
The
game
was
a
3-gigabyte
install
that
took
ten
minutes
.
The
game
was
a
3-gigabyte
install
that
took
ten
minutes
.
•
After
a
clean
install
,
the
laptop
ran
much
faster
.
After
a
clean
install
,
the
laptop
ran
much
faster
.
fiction
noun
-
fictionalize
,
fictionalizing
,
fictionalizes
,
fictionalized
books
and
stories
about
events
and
characters
that
are
invented
,
not
real
•
Ella
loves
reading
historical
fiction
set
in
ancient
Rome
.
Ella
loves
reading
historical
fiction
set
in
ancient
Rome
.
•
The
library's
fiction
section
was
twice
as
large
as
the
nonfiction
shelves
.
The
library's
fiction
section
was
twice
as
large
as
the
nonfiction
shelves
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
fictio
‘
the
act
of
fashioning
,
a
feigning
’,
from
fingere
‘
form
,
contrive
’.
noun
-
fictionalize
,
fictionalizing
,
fictionalizes
,
fictionalized
something
that
is
invented
or
imagined
and
is
not
true
•
The
rumor
that
the
school
would
close
was
pure
fiction
.
The
rumor
that
the
school
would
close
was
pure
fiction
.
•
He
maintained
the
fiction
that
he
was
rich
,
but
everyone
knew
the
truth
.
He
maintained
the
fiction
that
he
was
rich
,
but
everyone
knew
the
truth
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
fictio
‘
the
act
of
fashioning
,
a
feigning
’,
from
fingere
‘
form
,
contrive
’.
equally
adverb
to
the
same
degree
or
level
•
Both
twins
are
equally
talented
at
playing
the
piano
.
Both
twins
are
equally
talented
at
playing
the
piano
.
•
The
two
cities
are
equally
famous
for
their
historic
buildings
.
The
two
cities
are
equally
famous
for
their
historic
buildings
.
adverb
in
equal
parts
or
amounts
•
They
divided
the
prize
money
equally
among
the
three
winners
.
They
divided
the
prize
money
equally
among
the
three
winners
.
•
Cut
the
paper
equally
down
the
middle
.
Cut
the
paper
equally
down
the
middle
.
adverb
used
to
introduce
another
fact
that
is
just
as
important
•
The
project
is
expensive
;
equally
,
it
will
take
a
long
time
to
finish
.
The
project
is
expensive
;
equally
,
it
will
take
a
long
time
to
finish
.
•
You
must
practice
regularly
;
equally
,
you
should
rest
when
you
are
tired
.
You
must
practice
regularly
;
equally
,
you
should
rest
when
you
are
tired
.
gallery
noun
-
gallery
,
galleries
a
public
room
or
building
where
works
of
art
are
shown
so
that
people
can
look
at
or
buy
them
•
We
spent
the
afternoon
exploring
a
modern
gallery
full
of
abstract
paintings
.
We
spent
the
afternoon
exploring
a
modern
gallery
full
of
abstract
paintings
.
•
The
town
’
s
new
art
gallery
hosts
exhibitions
by
local
artists
every
month
.
The
town
’
s
new
art
gallery
hosts
exhibitions
by
local
artists
every
month
.
from
Old
French
galerie
,
from
Medieval
Latin
galeria
,
meaning
a
covered
walk
or
porch
potentially
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
possible
or
could
happen
,
exist
,
or
develop
in
the
future
•
The
new
medicine
could
potentially
save
thousands
of
lives
if
the
trials
succeed
.
The
new
medicine
could
potentially
save
thousands
of
lives
if
the
trials
succeed
.
•
Leaving
the
door
unlocked
is
potentially
dangerous
.
Leaving
the
door
unlocked
is
potentially
dangerous
.
From
potential
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
15th
century
meaning
“
in
a
state
of
potency
.”
It
developed
its
modern
sense
of
“
possibly
”
in
the
19th
century
.
virtually
adverb
almost
or
nearly
,
so
that
for
practical
purposes
it
is
true
•
The
huge
theater
was
virtually
empty
after
the
rainstorm
cleared
the
streets
.
The
huge
theater
was
virtually
empty
after
the
rainstorm
cleared
the
streets
.
•
With
a
good
GPS
,
it
is
virtually
impossible
to
get
lost
in
this
city
.
With
a
good
GPS
,
it
is
virtually
impossible
to
get
lost
in
this
city
.
From
Middle
English
virtual
+
-ly
,
originally
meaning
“
in
essence
”
and
later
“
almost
,
nearly
.”
adverb
by
means
of
computers
,
the
internet
,
or
virtual
reality
rather
than
physical
presence
•
During
the
pandemic
,
students
attended
classes
virtually
from
their
bedrooms
.
During
the
pandemic
,
students
attended
classes
virtually
from
their
bedrooms
.
•
The
architect
gave
a
tour
of
the
new
museum
virtually
using
a
3D
model
.
The
architect
gave
a
tour
of
the
new
museum
virtually
using
a
3D
model
.
Extended
from
the
earlier
sense
of
“
almost
”
to
describe
actions
carried
out
in
virtual
environments
with
computers
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
20th
century
.
normally
adverb
usually
or
in
most
situations
•
We
normally
eat
dinner
at
six
o'clock
.
We
normally
eat
dinner
at
six
o'clock
.
•
It
normally
takes
me
half
an
hour
to
walk
to
work
.
It
normally
takes
me
half
an
hour
to
walk
to
work
.
adverb
in
a
regular
,
healthy
,
or
proper
way
•
After
the
repair
,
the
machine
is
functioning
normally
again
.
After
the
repair
,
the
machine
is
functioning
normally
again
.
•
She
could
not
breathe
normally
after
running
up
the
stairs
.
She
could
not
breathe
normally
after
running
up
the
stairs
.
professional
noun
a
person
with
special
training
and
qualifications
who
does
a
skilled
job
as
their
main
paid
work
•
The
hospital
hired
a
professional
to
maintain
its
computer
network
.
The
hospital
hired
a
professional
to
maintain
its
computer
network
.
•
If
you
are
unsure
about
your
taxes
,
talk
to
a
financial
professional
.
If
you
are
unsure
about
your
taxes
,
talk
to
a
financial
professional
.
noun
a
person
who
earns
money
by
playing
a
sport
or
doing
an
activity
that
many
people
do
only
for
fun
•
After
years
of
practice
,
Maya
finally
became
a
tennis
professional
.
After
years
of
practice
,
Maya
finally
became
a
tennis
professional
.
•
The
golf
professional
gave
us
a
lesson
on
improving
our
swing
.
The
golf
professional
gave
us
a
lesson
on
improving
our
swing
.
adjective
connected
with
the
work
,
standards
,
or
rules
of
people
who
are
specially
trained
in
a
particular
job
•
She
wore
a
suit
to
give
a
professional
presentation
to
the
clients
.
She
wore
a
suit
to
give
a
professional
presentation
to
the
clients
.
•
The
company
is
seeking
professional
advice
before
expanding
overseas
.
The
company
is
seeking
professional
advice
before
expanding
overseas
.
adjective
done
as
a
paid
occupation
rather
than
as
a
hobby
•
He
bought
a
high-end
camera
because
he
is
a
professional
photographer
.
He
bought
a
high-end
camera
because
he
is
a
professional
photographer
.
•
The
town
invited
a
professional
chef
to
judge
the
cooking
contest
.
The
town
invited
a
professional
chef
to
judge
the
cooking
contest
.
adjective
showing
the
skill
,
care
,
and
responsible
behaviour
expected
in
paid
skilled
work
•
Despite
the
noisy
crowd
,
the
actor
stayed
professional
on
stage
.
Despite
the
noisy
crowd
,
the
actor
stayed
professional
on
stage
.
•
Her
email
was
short
,
clear
,
and
professional
.
Her
email
was
short
,
clear
,
and
professional
.
so-called
adjective
used
before
a
noun
when
you
think
the
name
or
description
is
wrong
,
exaggerated
,
or
you
do
not
approve
of
it
•
The
so-called
experts
totally
misread
the
weather
forecast
and
caused
chaos
at
the
outdoor
event
.
The
so-called
experts
totally
misread
the
weather
forecast
and
caused
chaos
at
the
outdoor
event
.
•
Many
people
bought
the
so-called
miracle
diet
pills
,
but
they
made
no
difference
at
all
.
Many
people
bought
the
so-called
miracle
diet
pills
,
but
they
made
no
difference
at
all
.
Formed
from
the
intensifier
"
so
"
+
past
participle
"
called
";
recorded
in
English
since
the
17th
century
as
a
way
to
question
the
accuracy
of
a
name
.
adjective
used
before
a
noun
simply
to
show
that
this
is
the
name
people
usually
give
to
something
•
The
tarsier
is
a
tiny
primate
from
Southeast
Asia
,
often
called
a
so-called
"
ghost
animal
"
because
of
its
big
eyes
.
The
tarsier
is
a
tiny
primate
from
Southeast
Asia
,
often
called
a
so-called
"
ghost
animal
"
because
of
its
big
eyes
.
•
Scientists
study
the
so-called
‘
dark
matter
’
that
makes
up
most
of
the
universe
.
Scientists
study
the
so-called
‘
dark
matter
’
that
makes
up
most
of
the
universe
.
sequence
noun
a
number
of
related
things
or
events
that
come
one
after
another
in
a
particular
order
•
She
practiced
the
dance
sequence
until
she
could
perform
it
perfectly
.
She
practiced
the
dance
sequence
until
she
could
perform
it
perfectly
.
•
The
fire
alarm
triggered
a
sequence
of
events
that
ended
with
everyone
safely
outside
.
The
fire
alarm
triggered
a
sequence
of
events
that
ended
with
everyone
safely
outside
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
'sequentia'
meaning
"
that
which
follows
".
initially
adverb
at
the
beginning
;
at
first
,
before
later
changes
or
developments
•
Initially
,
the
puppy
was
shy
,
but
soon
it
started
playing
with
everyone
.
Initially
,
the
puppy
was
shy
,
but
soon
it
started
playing
with
everyone
.
•
The
new
software
seemed
complicated
initially
,
yet
the
engineers
quickly
mastered
it
.
The
new
software
seemed
complicated
initially
,
yet
the
engineers
quickly
mastered
it
.
From
Latin
initium
meaning
“
a
beginning
”,
plus
the
adverbial
suffix
‑ly
,
entering
English
in
the
17th
century
to
describe
the
earliest
stage
of
an
event
or
process
.
originally
adverb
in
the
beginning
,
before
later
changes
happened
•
The
castle
was
originally
built
as
a
wooden
fort
.
The
castle
was
originally
built
as
a
wooden
fort
.
•
We
originally
planned
to
meet
on
Friday
,
but
we
had
to
reschedule
.
We
originally
planned
to
meet
on
Friday
,
but
we
had
to
reschedule
.
from
the
adjective
original
+
-ly
(
adverb
suffix
),
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
15th
century
adverb
used
to
say
where
someone
or
something
came
from
first
•
My
parents
are
originally
from
a
small
island
in
the
Pacific
.
My
parents
are
originally
from
a
small
island
in
the
Pacific
.
•
Although
he
lives
in
Berlin
now
,
he
is
originally
from
Brazil
.
Although
he
lives
in
Berlin
now
,
he
is
originally
from
Brazil
.
extension
of
sense
‘
in
the
beginning
’
to
indicate
point
of
origin
,
recorded
since
the
early
18th
century
adverb
in
a
way
that
shows
new
ideas
or
creativity
•
The
artist
combined
metal
and
glass
originally
,
creating
a
striking
sculpture
.
The
artist
combined
metal
and
glass
originally
,
creating
a
striking
sculpture
.
•
She
originally
interpreted
the
classic
song
,
giving
it
a
modern
twist
.
She
originally
interpreted
the
classic
song
,
giving
it
a
modern
twist
.
semantic
development
from
‘
in
an
original
manner
’
to
‘
creatively
’,
attested
from
the
late
19th
century
naturally
adverb
in
a
way
that
is
not
artificial
or
forced
;
according
to
nature
or
normal
processes
•
The
actors
moved
naturally
on
stage
,
making
the
scene
believable
.
The
actors
moved
naturally
on
stage
,
making
the
scene
believable
.
•
Babies
learn
to
grasp
objects
naturally
without
formal
teaching
.
Babies
learn
to
grasp
objects
naturally
without
formal
teaching
.
adverb
used
to
show
that
something
is
expected
,
obvious
,
or
a
normal
result
•
Naturally
,
he
was
nervous
before
his
first
flight
.
Naturally
,
he
was
nervous
before
his
first
flight
.
•
The
restaurant
was
full
,
so
naturally
we
had
to
wait
for
a
table
.
The
restaurant
was
full
,
so
naturally
we
had
to
wait
for
a
table
.
adverb
by
a
person
’
s
or
thing
’
s
inherent
character
or
birth
;
innately
•
She
is
naturally
curious
and
asks
many
questions
.
She
is
naturally
curious
and
asks
many
questions
.
•
Some
people
are
naturally
gifted
at
music
.
Some
people
are
naturally
gifted
at
music
.
ballot
noun
a
secret
vote
in
which
people
choose
a
candidate
or
decide
on
an
issue
•
The
union
will
hold
a
ballot
next
week
to
decide
on
the
strike
.
The
union
will
hold
a
ballot
next
week
to
decide
on
the
strike
.
•
The
committee
chose
the
new
chairperson
by
secret
ballot
.
The
committee
chose
the
new
chairperson
by
secret
ballot
.
from
Italian
‘
ballotta
’,
diminutive
of
‘
balla
’ (“
ball
”),
referring
to
the
little
balls
once
used
for
secret
voting
noun
a
paper
or
electronic
form
on
which
you
mark
your
vote
•
She
slipped
her
marked
ballot
into
the
sealed
box
.
She
slipped
her
marked
ballot
into
the
sealed
box
.
•
Make
sure
your
ballot
is
signed
before
mailing
it
.
Make
sure
your
ballot
is
signed
before
mailing
it
.
noun
the
total
number
of
votes
cast
in
an
election
or
poll
•
The
final
ballot
showed
a
narrow
victory
for
the
mayor
.
The
final
ballot
showed
a
narrow
victory
for
the
mayor
.
•
After
counting
the
ballots
,
officials
announced
a
record
turnout
.
After
counting
the
ballots
,
officials
announced
a
record
turnout
.
verb
to
decide
something
or
choose
someone
by
holding
a
secret
vote
•
The
board
agreed
to
ballot
the
employees
about
remote
work
policies
.
The
board
agreed
to
ballot
the
employees
about
remote
work
policies
.
•
Members
will
ballot
tomorrow
to
elect
a
new
president
.
Members
will
ballot
tomorrow
to
elect
a
new
president
.
occasionally
adverb
sometimes
,
but
not
often
or
regularly
•
I
visit
my
grandparents
occasionally
because
they
live
in
another
city
.
I
visit
my
grandparents
occasionally
because
they
live
in
another
city
.
•
The
small
seaside
café
is
usually
quiet
,
but
it
gets
busy
occasionally
when
tourists
arrive
.
The
small
seaside
café
is
usually
quiet
,
but
it
gets
busy
occasionally
when
tourists
arrive
.
From
occasional
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
,
meaning
‘
on
some
occasions
’.
organic
adjective
produced
or
grown
without
the
use
of
artificial
chemicals
such
as
synthetic
fertilizers
,
pesticides
,
or
preservatives
•
We
always
buy
organic
vegetables
from
the
local
farmers
’
market
.
We
always
buy
organic
vegetables
from
the
local
farmers
’
market
.
•
The
label
guarantees
that
the
apples
were
grown
using
organic
methods
.
The
label
guarantees
that
the
apples
were
grown
using
organic
methods
.
Sense
developed
in
the
1940s
as
interest
grew
in
farming
that
avoided
synthetic
chemicals
.
noun
food
or
other
agricultural
products
that
are
grown
or
made
without
artificial
chemicals
•
The
grocery
store
has
a
special
aisle
for
organics
.
The
grocery
store
has
a
special
aisle
for
organics
.
•
She
spends
more
money
on
organics
because
she
values
health
.
She
spends
more
money
on
organics
because
she
values
health
.
Noun
use
dates
from
the
1970s
as
consumers
began
asking
specifically
for
food
produced
by
organic
farming
.
adjective
relating
to
or
coming
from
living
things
•
Bones
and
feathers
are
organic
materials
that
decompose
over
time
.
Bones
and
feathers
are
organic
materials
that
decompose
over
time
.
•
Scientists
study
organic
matter
to
understand
ancient
ecosystems
.
Scientists
study
organic
matter
to
understand
ancient
ecosystems
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
organicus
“
relating
to
an
organ
or
instrument
”
and
later
linked
to
living
organisms
in
the
17th
century
.
adjective
developing
in
a
natural
,
gradual
,
and
connected
way
rather
than
being
artificially
planned
•
Her
leadership
style
allows
ideas
to
grow
in
an
organic
manner
.
Her
leadership
style
allows
ideas
to
grow
in
an
organic
manner
.
•
The
city
’
s
expansion
was
organic
,
following
the
river
rather
than
a
strict
grid
.
The
city
’
s
expansion
was
organic
,
following
the
river
rather
than
a
strict
grid
.
Figurative
sense
emerged
in
the
late
19th
century
,
likening
social
or
artistic
growth
to
living
organisms
.
adjective
in
chemistry
,
describing
compounds
that
contain
carbon
atoms
bonded
to
hydrogen
or
other
carbon
atoms
•
Organic
solvents
like
ethanol
dissolve
oils
and
fats
.
Organic
solvents
like
ethanol
dissolve
oils
and
fats
.
•
Students
memorize
common
organic
functional
groups
such
as
alcohols
and
ketones
.
Students
memorize
common
organic
functional
groups
such
as
alcohols
and
ketones
.
In
the
early
19th
century
,
chemists
believed
only
living
organisms
could
produce
carbon
compounds
,
calling
them
“
organic
.”
tragedy
noun
-
tragedy
,
tragedies
an
extremely
sad
event
or
situation
that
causes
great
suffering
and
distress
•
The
earthquake
was
a
tragedy
that
left
thousands
homeless
.
The
earthquake
was
a
tragedy
that
left
thousands
homeless
.
•
Losing
the
family
farm
to
fire
was
a
personal
tragedy
for
them
.
Losing
the
family
farm
to
fire
was
a
personal
tragedy
for
them
.
From
Middle
English
tragedie
,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
tragoedia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
tragōidia
,
literally
“
goat
song
,”
referring
to
songs
sung
during
goat
sacrifices
.
noun
-
tragedy
,
tragedies
a
serious
play
,
film
,
or
literary
work
that
ends
sadly
,
often
with
the
main
character
’
s
downfall
or
death
•
Shakespeare
’
s
“
Hamlet
”
is
a
famous
tragedy
about
a
prince
seeking
revenge
.
Shakespeare
’
s
“
Hamlet
”
is
a
famous
tragedy
about
a
prince
seeking
revenge
.
•
Our
class
is
studying
Greek
tragedy
this
semester
.
Our
class
is
studying
Greek
tragedy
this
semester
.
From
Middle
English
tragedie
,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
tragoedia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
tragōidia
,
literally
“
goat
song
,”
referring
to
songs
sung
during
goat
sacrifices
.
politically
adverb
in
a
way
that
concerns
politics
,
government
,
or
public
affairs
•
She
became
politically
active
during
her
first
year
at
university
.
She
became
politically
active
during
her
first
year
at
university
.
•
The
analyst
warned
that
the
budget
cuts
might
be
politically
risky
for
the
governor
.
The
analyst
warned
that
the
budget
cuts
might
be
politically
risky
for
the
governor
.
From
the
adjective
political
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
16th
century
.
myth
noun
a
very
old
traditional
story
,
often
about
gods
or
heroes
,
that
explains
how
the
world
,
people
,
or
customs
began
•
According
to
Greek
myth
,
Zeus
ruled
the
sky
from
Mount
Olympus
.
According
to
Greek
myth
,
Zeus
ruled
the
sky
from
Mount
Olympus
.
•
The
Māori
tell
a
myth
about
a
hero
fishing
the
islands
up
from
the
sea
.
The
Māori
tell
a
myth
about
a
hero
fishing
the
islands
up
from
the
sea
.
mid-19th
century
:
from
Greek
muthos
‘
story
’.
noun
a
belief
or
idea
that
many
people
think
is
true
but
is
actually
false
•
It
’
s
a
common
myth
that
cracking
your
knuckles
causes
arthritis
.
It
’
s
a
common
myth
that
cracking
your
knuckles
causes
arthritis
.
•
The
documentary
debunks
the
myth
that
all
astronauts
are
men
.
The
documentary
debunks
the
myth
that
all
astronauts
are
men
.
Sense
of
‘
untrue
belief
’
developed
in
early
20th
century
from
the
original
meaning
‘
traditional
story
’.
physically
adverb
in
a
way
that
involves
the
body
rather
than
the
mind
or
emotions
•
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
felt
physically
ready
for
the
marathon
.
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
felt
physically
ready
for
the
marathon
.
•
The
job
is
physically
demanding
,
so
workers
must
take
regular
breaks
.
The
job
is
physically
demanding
,
so
workers
must
take
regular
breaks
.
Derived
from
"
physical
"
+
"
-ly
",
first
recorded
in
the
15th
century
.
adverb
in
a
real
,
tangible
way
,
involving
actual
contact
or
presence
rather
than
something
virtual
or
theoretical
•
The
old
letters
were
physically
stored
in
a
locked
box
under
the
bed
.
The
old
letters
were
physically
stored
in
a
locked
box
under
the
bed
.
•
Because
he
lived
abroad
,
he
couldn't
physically
attend
the
wedding
.
Because
he
lived
abroad
,
he
couldn't
physically
attend
the
wedding
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
"
physical
"
+
"
-ly
",
extending
to
the
idea
of
real-world
presence
in
the
late
19th
century
with
the
rise
of
telecommunication
.
robot
noun
-
robotize
,
robotizing
,
robotizes
,
robotized
A
machine
that
is
controlled
by
a
computer
and
can
do
work
automatically
,
sometimes
looking
or
moving
like
a
human
.
•
In
the
automobile
plant
,
a
robot
swiftly
paints
each
car
body
the
same
perfect
shade
of
red
.
In
the
automobile
plant
,
a
robot
swiftly
paints
each
car
body
the
same
perfect
shade
of
red
.
•
At
home
,
a
small
vacuum
robot
glided
under
the
sofa
and
picked
up
crumbs
.
At
home
,
a
small
vacuum
robot
glided
under
the
sofa
and
picked
up
crumbs
.
From
Czech
“
robot
”,
meaning
'forced
labour'
,
coined
by
writer
Karel
Čapek
in
his
1920
play
“
R
.
U
.
R
.”.
noun
-
robotize
,
robotizing
,
robotizes
,
robotized
A
computer
program
that
automatically
performs
repetitive
tasks
on
the
internet
,
such
as
indexing
pages
or
answering
simple
questions
.
•
A
search
engine
robot
crawls
millions
of
web
pages
every
day
.
A
search
engine
robot
crawls
millions
of
web
pages
every
day
.
•
The
chat
robot
on
the
company
website
answers
basic
shipping
questions
instantly
.
The
chat
robot
on
the
company
website
answers
basic
shipping
questions
instantly
.
Based
on
the
earlier
sense
of
a
mechanical
robot
;
later
applied
metaphorically
to
software
that
does
automated
work
.
noun
-
robotize
,
robotizing
,
robotizes
,
robotized
A
person
who
acts
or
speaks
in
a
very
mechanical
,
emotionless
way
,
as
if
they
were
a
machine
.
•
During
the
presentation
,
he
repeated
the
script
like
a
robot
,
without
any
feeling
.
During
the
presentation
,
he
repeated
the
script
like
a
robot
,
without
any
feeling
.
•
After
weeks
of
overtime
,
she
felt
like
a
tired
robot
just
going
through
the
motions
.
After
weeks
of
overtime
,
she
felt
like
a
tired
robot
just
going
through
the
motions
.
Extended
figurative
use
from
the
mechanical
sense
of
‘
robot
’.
mall
noun
a
large
building
or
connected
set
of
buildings
containing
many
different
shops
,
restaurants
,
and
entertainment
areas
where
people
go
to
shop
and
spend
time
together
•
After
class
,
Mia
and
her
friends
met
at
the
mall
to
grab
a
snack
and
look
at
clothes
.
After
class
,
Mia
and
her
friends
met
at
the
mall
to
grab
a
snack
and
look
at
clothes
.
•
During
the
holiday
season
,
the
mall
is
decorated
with
bright
lights
and
a
giant
tree
.
During
the
holiday
season
,
the
mall
is
decorated
with
bright
lights
and
a
giant
tree
.
From
18th-century
shortening
of
pall-mall
,
a
game
and
place
name
for
a
playing
alley
in
London
;
later
used
for
tree-shaded
promenades
and
finally
for
enclosed
shopping
centers
.
noun
a
broad
,
often
tree-lined
street
or
pedestrian
walkway
that
is
closed
to
most
traffic
and
meant
for
walking
or
public
gatherings
•
Couples
strolled
along
the
leafy
mall
as
musicians
played
soft
tunes
nearby
.
Couples
strolled
along
the
leafy
mall
as
musicians
played
soft
tunes
nearby
.
•
The
town
turned
the
old
highway
into
a
pedestrian
mall
lined
with
cafés
and
art
stalls
.
The
town
turned
the
old
highway
into
a
pedestrian
mall
lined
with
cafés
and
art
stalls
.
Originally
referred
to
the
shaded
walk
in
St
James
’
s
Park
,
London
,
which
was
named
after
the
game
pall-mall
once
played
there
.
automatically
adverb
without
any
human
control
or
effort
,
by
means
of
a
machine
,
program
,
or
built-in
mechanism
•
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
•
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
From
automatic
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
self-acting
machines
.
adverb
without
conscious
thought
,
because
of
habit
or
instinct
•
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
•
He
automatically
says
“
thank
you
”
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
He
automatically
says
“
thank
you
”
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
Extension
of
the
mechanical
sense
to
human
behavior
in
the
late
19th
century
,
describing
actions
done
‘
as
if
by
machinery
’.
adverb
inevitably
or
by
necessary
rule
,
without
an
extra
decision
•
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
•
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
Legal
and
bureaucratic
writing
in
the
20th
century
adopted
the
adverb
to
mean
‘
as
a
matter
of
course
or
rule
’.
gradually
adverb
little
by
little
over
a
period
of
time
,
not
suddenly
•
The
sky
gradually
turned
pink
as
the
sun
began
to
rise
.
The
sky
gradually
turned
pink
as
the
sun
began
to
rise
.
•
After
his
injury
,
he
gradually
got
stronger
by
exercising
every
day
.
After
his
injury
,
he
gradually
got
stronger
by
exercising
every
day
.
From
gradual
+
-ly
;
gradual
comes
from
Late
Latin
gradālis
,
from
Latin
gradus
“
step
”.
ideology
noun
-
ideology
,
ideologies
a
system
of
ideas
and
beliefs
that
guides
the
aims
and
actions
of
a
person
,
group
,
or
movement
•
The
revolutionary
group
adopted
a
new
ideology
centered
on
equality
and
freedom
.
The
revolutionary
group
adopted
a
new
ideology
centered
on
equality
and
freedom
.
•
Environmental
protection
is
at
the
heart
of
the
party
’
s
ideology
.
Environmental
protection
is
at
the
heart
of
the
party
’
s
ideology
.
early
19th-century
coinage
from
French
idéologie
,
originally
meaning
the
‘
science
of
ideas
’,
from
Greek
idea
‘
form
,
pattern
’
+
–logy
‘
study
’.
noun
-
ideology
,
ideologies
the
general
way
of
thinking
and
set
of
values
typical
of
a
society
,
culture
,
or
historical
period
•
The
dominant
ideology
of
the
1950s
emphasized
traditional
family
roles
.
The
dominant
ideology
of
the
1950s
emphasized
traditional
family
roles
.
•
Modern
business
ideology
often
values
innovation
over
stability
.
Modern
business
ideology
often
values
innovation
over
stability
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
French
idéologie
, ‘
science
of
ideas
’.
Over
time
it
came
to
mean
the
ideas
themselves
.