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issue
noun
a
subject
,
problem
,
or
question
that
people
talk
about
and
need
to
deal
with
•
The
main
issue
at
the
meeting
was
how
to
cut
costs
.
The
main
issue
at
the
meeting
was
how
to
cut
costs
.
•
Pollution
is
a
serious
issue
for
many
big
cities
.
Pollution
is
a
serious
issue
for
many
big
cities
.
noun
one
of
the
regular
publications
of
a
magazine
,
newspaper
,
or
comic
that
is
produced
at
a
particular
time
•
I
bought
the
latest
issue
of
the
science
magazine
yesterday
.
I
bought
the
latest
issue
of
the
science
magazine
yesterday
.
•
This
issue
includes
an
interview
with
a
famous
actor
.
This
issue
includes
an
interview
with
a
famous
actor
.
verb
-
issue
,
issuing
,
issues
,
issued
to
give
,
supply
,
or
announce
something
officially
•
The
company
will
issue
a
statement
tomorrow
morning
.
The
company
will
issue
a
statement
tomorrow
morning
.
•
The
government
issued
new
guidelines
for
travel
.
The
government
issued
new
guidelines
for
travel
.
noun
a
problem
or
difficulty
that
needs
attention
or
a
solution
•
We
need
to
fix
this
issue
before
the
customers
find
out
.
We
need
to
fix
this
issue
before
the
customers
find
out
.
•
Noise
has
become
a
big
issue
for
families
living
near
the
airport
.
Noise
has
become
a
big
issue
for
families
living
near
the
airport
.
noun
a
single
printed
or
digital
edition
of
a
magazine
,
newspaper
,
comic
,
or
similar
publication
•
I
bought
the
latest
issue
of
the
science
magazine
.
I
bought
the
latest
issue
of
the
science
magazine
.
•
This
special
anniversary
issue
includes
rare
photographs
.
This
special
anniversary
issue
includes
rare
photographs
.
noun
the
act
of
officially
giving
or
supplying
something
•
Each
soldier
received
an
issue
of
winter
clothing
.
Each
soldier
received
an
issue
of
winter
clothing
.
•
The
bank
announced
the
issue
of
new
credit
cards
next
month
.
The
bank
announced
the
issue
of
new
credit
cards
next
month
.
noun
a
subject
or
question
that
people
discuss
or
argue
about
,
especially
in
public
life
•
Climate
change
is
a
major
issue
in
the
upcoming
election
.
Climate
change
is
a
major
issue
in
the
upcoming
election
.
•
The
meeting
focused
on
housing
issues
in
the
city
.
The
meeting
focused
on
housing
issues
in
the
city
.
verb
-
issue
,
issuing
,
issues
,
issued
to
officially
give
,
supply
,
or
announce
something
•
The
bank
issues
new
cards
within
five
days
.
The
bank
issues
new
cards
within
five
days
.
•
The
school
will
issue
laptops
to
every
student
.
The
school
will
issue
laptops
to
every
student
.
verb
-
issue
,
issuing
,
issues
,
issued
to
come
out
or
flow
out
from
a
place
•
Steam
issued
from
the
broken
pipe
.
Steam
issued
from
the
broken
pipe
.
•
Laughter
issued
from
the
room
at
the
end
of
the
hallway
.
Laughter
issued
from
the
room
at
the
end
of
the
hallway
.
verb
-
issue
,
issuing
,
issues
,
issued
to
come
out
of
something
or
flow
outward
•
Smoke
issued
from
the
chimney
into
the
cold
air
.
Smoke
issued
from
the
chimney
into
the
cold
air
.
•
A
faint
light
issues
from
the
crack
under
the
door
.
A
faint
light
issues
from
the
crack
under
the
door
.
island
noun
a
piece
of
land
completely
surrounded
by
water
•
During
the
summer
,
tourists
flock
to
the
small
island
to
enjoy
its
beaches
.
During
the
summer
,
tourists
flock
to
the
small
island
to
enjoy
its
beaches
.
•
From
the
airplane
window
,
the
pilot
pointed
out
a
heart-shaped
island
in
the
glimmering
sea
below
.
From
the
airplane
window
,
the
pilot
pointed
out
a
heart-shaped
island
in
the
glimmering
sea
below
.
From
Old
English
ī
(
e
)
gland
,
literally
“
isle
land
,”
meaning
land
lying
as
an
island
.
noun
a
freestanding
counter
or
work
surface
in
the
middle
of
a
kitchen
•
She
chopped
vegetables
on
the
marble
island
while
her
kids
did
homework
.
She
chopped
vegetables
on
the
marble
island
while
her
kids
did
homework
.
•
The
builder
suggested
adding
a
wooden
island
with
bar
stools
to
gain
extra
seating
.
The
builder
suggested
adding
a
wooden
island
with
bar
stools
to
gain
extra
seating
.
noun
a
small
raised
area
in
the
middle
of
a
road
that
separates
lanes
of
traffic
or
provides
a
safe
place
for
pedestrians
•
The
pedestrian
waited
on
the
traffic
island
before
crossing
the
next
lane
.
The
pedestrian
waited
on
the
traffic
island
before
crossing
the
next
lane
.
•
Flowers
planted
on
the
central
island
brightened
the
otherwise
gray
intersection
.
Flowers
planted
on
the
central
island
brightened
the
otherwise
gray
intersection
.
noun
something
or
someone
that
is
alone
or
separated
from
others
of
the
same
kind
,
used
figuratively
•
Surrounded
by
hostile
critics
,
the
writer
felt
like
an
island
of
optimism
.
Surrounded
by
hostile
critics
,
the
writer
felt
like
an
island
of
optimism
.
•
Her
remote
cabin
was
an
island
of
silence
in
the
noisy
world
.
Her
remote
cabin
was
an
island
of
silence
in
the
noisy
world
.
verb
to
cause
something
or
someone
to
become
isolated
or
detached
from
others
•
Engineers
built
levees
to
island
the
research
facility
from
potential
floods
.
Engineers
built
levees
to
island
the
research
facility
from
potential
floods
.
•
The
new
policy
may
island
rural
communities
from
essential
services
.
The
new
policy
may
island
rural
communities
from
essential
services
.
be
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
to
link
the
subject
of
a
sentence
with
a
description
,
identity
,
or
state
•
The
sky
is
bright
blue
after
the
storm
.
The
sky
is
bright
blue
after
the
storm
.
•
My
brother
is
a
talented
painter
.
My
brother
is
a
talented
painter
.
Old
English
“
beon
”
and
“
wesan
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
roots
meaning
“
to
exist
”
and
“
to
dwell
”.
These
merged
over
time
into
the
single
modern
verb
“
be
”.
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
used
with
another
verb
’
s
present
participle
to
form
the
continuous
(
progressive
)
tenses
•
She
is
studying
for
her
exams
right
now
.
She
is
studying
for
her
exams
right
now
.
•
We
are
waiting
for
the
bus
.
We
are
waiting
for
the
bus
.
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
to
exist
,
live
,
or
remain
alive
•
Dinosaurs
were
on
Earth
millions
of
years
ago
.
Dinosaurs
were
on
Earth
millions
of
years
ago
.
•
I
just
want
to
be
happy
.
I
just
want
to
be
happy
.
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
to
happen
or
take
place
,
often
indicating
time
or
location
of
an
event
•
The
concert
will
be
in
the
park
on
Saturday
.
The
concert
will
be
in
the
park
on
Saturday
.
•
When
will
the
birthday
party
be
?
When
will
the
birthday
party
be
?
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
used
with
a
past
participle
to
form
the
passive
voice
•
The
homework
was
finished
before
dinner
.
The
homework
was
finished
before
dinner
.
•
The
new
bridge
is
being
built
near
the
village
.
The
new
bridge
is
being
built
near
the
village
.
he
pronoun
used
to
refer
to
a
male
person
or
male
animal
that
has
already
been
mentioned
or
is
already
known
•
“
Where
is
Alex
?” “
He
is
already
waiting
outside
.”
“
Where
is
Alex
?” “
He
is
already
waiting
outside
.”
•
After
winning
the
race
,
he
raised
the
trophy
and
smiled
broadly
.
After
winning
the
race
,
he
raised
the
trophy
and
smiled
broadly
.
Old
English
hē
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*hiz
,
related
to
German
er
and
Dutch
hij
.
pronoun
(
dated
or
formal
)
used
to
refer
to
a
person
whose
gender
is
unknown
or
not
stated
•
If
anyone
needs
help
,
he
should
press
the
call
button
.
If
anyone
needs
help
,
he
should
press
the
call
button
.
•
Every
student
must
submit
he
own
report
by
Friday
.
Every
student
must
submit
he
own
report
by
Friday
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
;
generic
masculine
usage
became
common
in
16th–20th
centuries
before
being
replaced
by
gender-neutral
they
.
this
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
talk
about
a
person
,
thing
,
or
time
that
is
close
to
you
or
that
you
have
just
mentioned
•
This
book
is
very
interesting
.
This
book
is
very
interesting
.
•
I
can't
finish
this
report
today
.
I
can't
finish
this
report
today
.
Old
English
this
,
neuter
nominative
and
accusative
singular
of
thes
(“
this
”),
from
Proto-Germanic
*þesi
.
pronoun
used
to
refer
to
a
person
,
thing
,
situation
,
or
idea
that
is
close
,
happening
now
,
or
just
mentioned
•
This
is
my
sister
,
Anna
.
This
is
my
sister
,
Anna
.
•
Taste
this
and
tell
me
if
it's
sweet
enough
.
Taste
this
and
tell
me
if
it's
sweet
enough
.
Same
origin
as
the
determiner
sense
,
from
Old
English
this
adverb
used
before
an
adjective
or
adverb
to
show
the
exact
degree
or
amount
•
I
didn't
think
the
mountain
was
this
high
.
I
didn't
think
the
mountain
was
this
high
.
•
Why
are
you
driving
this
fast
on
a
small
road
?
Why
are
you
driving
this
fast
on
a
small
road
?
Extension
of
demonstrative
sense
to
degree
usage
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
interjection
used
especially
online
to
show
strong
agreement
with
what
someone
has
just
said
or
written
•
When
the
teacher
said
phones
should
stay
in
bags
,
several
students
whispered
"
This
!"
When
the
teacher
said
phones
should
stay
in
bags
,
several
students
whispered
"
This
!"
•
Someone
wrote
"
This
!"
under
the
post
calling
for
shorter
meetings
.
Someone
wrote
"
This
!"
under
the
post
calling
for
shorter
meetings
.
Slang
extension
of
the
pronoun
,
popularized
in
internet
culture
in
the
early
2000s
.
his
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
show
that
something
belongs
to
or
is
connected
with
a
male
person
or
animal
already
mentioned
•
His
backpack
is
full
of
textbooks
and
notebooks
.
His
backpack
is
full
of
textbooks
and
notebooks
.
•
The
dog
wagged
his
tail
when
its
owner
came
home
.
The
dog
wagged
his
tail
when
its
owner
came
home
.
pronoun
a
word
used
after
a
verb
or
preposition
to
refer
to
something
that
belongs
to
a
male
person
or
animal
already
mentioned
•
This
blue
jacket
is
his
,
not
mine
.
This
blue
jacket
is
his
,
not
mine
.
•
The
trophy
on
the
shelf
is
his
after
winning
the
race
.
The
trophy
on
the
shelf
is
his
after
winning
the
race
.
determiner
belonging
to
or
connected
with
a
male
person
or
animal
that
has
already
been
mentioned
,
used
before
a
noun
•
Tom
forgot
his
keys
on
the
kitchen
table
.
Tom
forgot
his
keys
on
the
kitchen
table
.
•
The
puppy
chased
his
tail
in
circles
.
The
puppy
chased
his
tail
in
circles
.
pronoun
something
that
belongs
to
or
is
connected
with
a
male
person
or
animal
that
has
already
been
mentioned
•
That
blue
bicycle
is
his
,
not
mine
.
That
blue
bicycle
is
his
,
not
mine
.
•
Is
this
seat
his
,
or
can
I
sit
here
?
Is
this
seat
his
,
or
can
I
sit
here
?
him
pronoun
the
object
form
of
“
he
”,
used
when
a
male
person
or
animal
is
the
object
of
a
verb
or
preposition
•
I
saw
him
at
the
park
this
morning
.
I
saw
him
at
the
park
this
morning
.
•
Give
the
book
to
him
when
you
’
re
done
.
Give
the
book
to
him
when
you
’
re
done
.
Old
English
him
,
dative
of
hē
(“
he
”),
retained
as
the
object
form
throughout
Middle
and
Modern
English
.
history
noun
-
history
,
histories
the
study
of
past
events
and
how
they
shaped
people
and
societies
•
At
school
,
Mia
enjoys
history
because
she
loves
learning
about
ancient
civilizations
.
At
school
,
Mia
enjoys
history
because
she
loves
learning
about
ancient
civilizations
.
•
The
professor
specializes
in
medieval
history
and
travels
to
old
castles
for
research
.
The
professor
specializes
in
medieval
history
and
travels
to
old
castles
for
research
.
From
Latin
"
historia
"
via
Old
French
,
meaning
inquiry
or
narrative
of
past
events
.
noun
-
history
,
histories
all
the
events
that
happened
in
the
past
•
The
sleepy
village
has
a
long
history
dating
back
to
Roman
times
.
The
sleepy
village
has
a
long
history
dating
back
to
Roman
times
.
•
Painters
often
find
inspiration
in
the
city
’
s
rich
history
.
Painters
often
find
inspiration
in
the
city
’
s
rich
history
.
noun
-
history
,
histories
a
written
or
spoken
record
that
describes
past
events
•
She
wrote
a
history
of
her
family
using
old
letters
and
photos
.
She
wrote
a
history
of
her
family
using
old
letters
and
photos
.
•
The
documentary
is
a
fascinating
history
of
jazz
music
.
The
documentary
is
a
fascinating
history
of
jazz
music
.
noun
-
history
,
histories
a
state
of
being
finished
,
defeated
,
or
no
longer
important
,
especially
in
informal
speech
•
Don
’
t
worry
about
that
scratch
on
the
car
—
after
the
paint
job
,
it
’
s
history
.
Don
’
t
worry
about
that
scratch
on
the
car
—
after
the
paint
job
,
it
’
s
history
.
•
“
Touch
my
sandwich
again
and
you
’
re
history
,”
joked
Carlos
to
his
friend
.
“
Touch
my
sandwich
again
and
you
’
re
history
,”
joked
Carlos
to
his
friend
.
himself
pronoun
used
to
refer
back
to
“
he
”
when
he
is
both
the
subject
and
the
object
of
the
same
action
or
after
a
preposition
•
He
cut
himself
while
chopping
vegetables
.
He
cut
himself
while
chopping
vegetables
.
•
The
boy
admired
himself
in
the
mirror
before
going
on
stage
.
The
boy
admired
himself
in
the
mirror
before
going
on
stage
.
Old
English
him
selfum
,
combining
“
him
” (
dative
of
“
he
”)
with
“
self
.”
Over
time
the
form
became
a
set
reflexive
pronoun
.
pronoun
used
to
add
emphasis
,
showing
that
the
male
person
mentioned
is
the
one
who
performs
or
experiences
the
action
,
often
placed
right
after
the
noun
or
pronoun
it
emphasizes
•
The
president
himself
answered
the
journalists
’
questions
.
The
president
himself
answered
the
journalists
’
questions
.
•
He
himself
admitted
that
the
plan
had
failed
.
He
himself
admitted
that
the
plan
had
failed
.
Developed
from
the
reflexive
usage
;
by
Middle
English
it
was
also
used
as
an
intensive
pronoun
for
emphasis
.
listen
verb
to
pay
attention
to
sounds
on
purpose
,
often
so
you
can
hear
,
understand
,
or
enjoy
them
•
Everyone
sat
quietly
to
listen
to
the
storyteller
.
Everyone
sat
quietly
to
listen
to
the
storyteller
.
•
I
like
to
listen
to
jazz
while
cooking
dinner
.
I
like
to
listen
to
jazz
while
cooking
dinner
.
Old
English
“
hlysnan
”
meaning
“
to
pay
attention
by
hearing
.”
Over
centuries
the
initial
h-
sound
was
lost
and
the
word
evolved
into
Modern
English
“
listen
.”
interjection
used
to
get
someone
’
s
attention
before
you
speak
or
to
stress
that
what
you
are
about
to
say
is
important
•
Listen
,
we
need
to
leave
right
now
.
Listen
,
we
need
to
leave
right
now
.
•
She
raised
her
hand
and
said
, "
Listen
,
that's
not
what
I
meant
."
She
raised
her
hand
and
said
, "
Listen
,
that's
not
what
I
meant
."
Same
origin
as
the
verb
.
Its
use
as
an
attention-getter
dates
from
the
late
19th
century
,
modeled
on
imperative
commands
.
noun
an
act
of
paying
attention
to
something
you
can
hear
•
Give
this
song
a
listen
and
tell
me
what
you
think
.
Give
this
song
a
listen
and
tell
me
what
you
think
.
•
The
teacher's
speech
was
worth
a
careful
listen
.
The
teacher's
speech
was
worth
a
careful
listen
.
Formed
from
the
verb
,
with
recorded
noun
use
since
the
early
20th
century
.
raise
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
lift
something
or
someone
to
a
higher
position
•
The
firefighter
raised
the
baby
out
of
the
window
to
safety
.
The
firefighter
raised
the
baby
out
of
the
window
to
safety
.
•
Please
raise
your
hand
if
you
know
the
answer
.
Please
raise
your
hand
if
you
know
the
answer
.
Old
French
‘
reis
’
and
Latin
‘
rasus
’,
past
participle
of
‘
radere
’
meaning
‘
scrape
,
shave
’;
later
broadened
to
the
idea
of
lifting
something
up
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
increase
the
amount
,
level
,
or
strength
of
something
•
The
bank
decided
to
raise
interest
rates
this
month
.
The
bank
decided
to
raise
interest
rates
this
month
.
•
Eating
too
much
salt
can
raise
your
blood
pressure
.
Eating
too
much
salt
can
raise
your
blood
pressure
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
bring
up
and
care
for
a
child
until
they
are
an
adult
•
My
grandparents
raised
me
on
a
small
farm
.
My
grandparents
raised
me
on
a
small
farm
.
•
They
want
to
raise
their
children
in
the
countryside
.
They
want
to
raise
their
children
in
the
countryside
.
noun
an
increase
in
the
amount
of
money
you
earn
for
your
work
•
After
her
appraisal
,
she
got
a
five-percent
raise
.
After
her
appraisal
,
she
got
a
five-percent
raise
.
•
If
I
don't
get
a
raise
,
I
might
look
for
another
job
.
If
I
don't
get
a
raise
,
I
might
look
for
another
job
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
collect
money
or
resources
for
a
purpose
•
The
concert
raised
over
a
million
dollars
for
charity
.
The
concert
raised
over
a
million
dollars
for
charity
.
•
We
are
baking
cookies
to
raise
funds
for
the
class
trip
.
We
are
baking
cookies
to
raise
funds
for
the
class
trip
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
bring
a
subject
,
idea
,
or
question
forward
for
discussion
•
May
I
raise
a
question
about
the
schedule
?
May
I
raise
a
question
about
the
schedule
?
•
He
raised
the
issue
during
the
meeting
.
He
raised
the
issue
during
the
meeting
.
decision
noun
-
decide
,
deciding
,
decides
,
decided
a
choice
you
make
after
thinking
about
different
possibilities
•
After
hours
of
thought
,
Maria
finally
reached
her
decision
.
After
hours
of
thought
,
Maria
finally
reached
her
decision
.
•
Choosing
the
blue
paint
was
an
easy
decision
for
the
designer
.
Choosing
the
blue
paint
was
an
easy
decision
for
the
designer
.
From
Latin
‘
decisio
’
meaning
‘
cutting
off
,
settlement
’
and
later
‘
a
conclusion
’.
noun
-
decide
,
deciding
,
decides
,
decided
the
quality
or
ability
of
deciding
quickly
and
confidently
•
The
captain
showed
quick
decision
during
the
storm
and
saved
the
crew
.
The
captain
showed
quick
decision
during
the
storm
and
saved
the
crew
.
•
Successful
leaders
act
with
decision
instead
of
hesitating
.
Successful
leaders
act
with
decision
instead
of
hesitating
.
Same
Latin
root
as
the
primary
sense
,
emphasizing
the
act
rather
than
the
result
.
noun
-
decide
,
deciding
,
decides
,
decided
an
official
judgment
made
by
a
court
,
judge
,
or
other
authority
•
The
court's
decision
favored
the
local
community
.
The
court's
decision
favored
the
local
community
.
•
We
must
wait
for
the
judge's
decision
before
building
can
start
.
We
must
wait
for
the
judge's
decision
before
building
can
start
.
Legal
use
developed
in
the
17th
century
as
courts
formalized
written
judgments
.
visit
verb
to
go
to
see
a
person
or
place
for
a
short
time
•
Every
summer
we
visit
our
grandparents
in
the
countryside
.
Every
summer
we
visit
our
grandparents
in
the
countryside
.
•
Tourists
from
around
the
world
visit
London
to
see
Big
Ben
.
Tourists
from
around
the
world
visit
London
to
see
Big
Ben
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
visiter
,
from
Latin
visitare
“
to
go
to
see
,
frequent
a
place
.”
verb
to
go
to
see
a
person
or
place
for
a
short
time
•
We
plan
to
visit
Grandma
this
weekend
.
We
plan
to
visit
Grandma
this
weekend
.
•
Every
summer
,
millions
of
tourists
visit
the
famous
beach
to
enjoy
the
sunshine
.
Every
summer
,
millions
of
tourists
visit
the
famous
beach
to
enjoy
the
sunshine
.
From
Latin
visītāre
“
to
go
to
see
,
pay
a
call
”,
frequentative
of
visere
“
to
look
at
,
inspect
.”
noun
an
occasion
when
you
go
to
see
someone
or
a
place
for
a
short
time
•
Thanks
for
the
visit
—
it
was
great
to
catch
up
with
you
.
Thanks
for
the
visit
—
it
was
great
to
catch
up
with
you
.
•
Our
class
took
a
visit
to
the
science
museum
yesterday
.
Our
class
took
a
visit
to
the
science
museum
yesterday
.
Same
origin
as
the
verb
:
Latin
visītāre
.
noun
an
occasion
when
someone
goes
to
see
a
person
or
place
•
We
had
a
short
visit
to
the
beach
after
work
.
We
had
a
short
visit
to
the
beach
after
work
.
•
My
doctor
scheduled
a
follow-up
visit
next
month
.
My
doctor
scheduled
a
follow-up
visit
next
month
.
verb
to
open
or
look
at
a
website
or
page
on
the
internet
•
Millions
of
users
visit
the
news
site
every
day
to
read
updates
.
Millions
of
users
visit
the
news
site
every
day
to
read
updates
.
•
Remember
to
visit
our
company
’
s
webpage
for
the
latest
job
openings
.
Remember
to
visit
our
company
’
s
webpage
for
the
latest
job
openings
.
verb
to
bring
something
unpleasant
such
as
trouble
,
punishment
,
or
suffering
to
someone
or
something
•
A
terrible
drought
visited
the
region
,
leaving
the
fields
cracked
and
dry
.
A
terrible
drought
visited
the
region
,
leaving
the
fields
cracked
and
dry
.
•
They
feared
that
divine
wrath
would
visit
the
city
for
its
sins
.
They
feared
that
divine
wrath
would
visit
the
city
for
its
sins
.
Extension
of
the
basic
sense
‘
to
go
to
’
in
medieval
English
religious
language
,
meaning
‘
to
come
upon
with
punishment
or
trouble
.’
verb
to
cause
something
unpleasant
to
happen
to
someone
as
punishment
or
retribution
(
usually
used
with
“
on/upon
”)
•
The
ancient
myth
says
the
gods
visited
plagues
upon
the
arrogant
king
.
The
ancient
myth
says
the
gods
visited
plagues
upon
the
arrogant
king
.
•
They
feared
nature
would
visit
its
wrath
on
those
who
polluted
the
river
.
They
feared
nature
would
visit
its
wrath
on
those
who
polluted
the
river
.
administration
noun
the
practical
work
of
organizing
and
running
the
day-to-day
affairs
of
a
company
,
school
,
or
other
organization
•
Clear
record-keeping
is
vital
for
the
smooth
administration
of
a
charity
.
Clear
record-keeping
is
vital
for
the
smooth
administration
of
a
charity
.
•
The
college
hired
extra
staff
to
improve
the
administration
of
student
services
.
The
college
hired
extra
staff
to
improve
the
administration
of
student
services
.
From
Latin
administratio
“
management
,
direction
”,
from
administrare
“
to
manage
”.
noun
the
group
of
people
who
manage
and
make
decisions
for
an
organization
,
such
as
a
school
,
hospital
,
or
business
•
The
museum's
new
administration
announced
longer
opening
hours
.
The
museum's
new
administration
announced
longer
opening
hours
.
•
Teachers
met
with
the
school
administration
to
discuss
classroom
needs
.
Teachers
met
with
the
school
administration
to
discuss
classroom
needs
.
noun
the
government
of
a
particular
U
.
S
.
president
,
or
the
period
during
which
they
are
in
office
•
The
Biden
administration
passed
a
major
climate
bill
in
its
second
year
.
The
Biden
administration
passed
a
major
climate
bill
in
its
second
year
.
•
During
the
Roosevelt
administration
,
many
social
programs
were
created
.
During
the
Roosevelt
administration
,
many
social
programs
were
created
.
noun
the
act
of
giving
a
medicine
or
treatment
to
someone
•
The
nurse
checked
the
dosage
before
the
administration
of
the
drug
.
The
nurse
checked
the
dosage
before
the
administration
of
the
drug
.
•
Oral
administration
is
easier
for
children
than
injections
.
Oral
administration
is
easier
for
children
than
injections
.
reality
noun
-
reality
,
realities
,
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
the
true
state
of
things
as
they
actually
exist
,
not
as
they
are
imagined
or
wished
for
•
After
waking
from
a
vivid
dream
,
Mia
felt
a
jolt
as
she
returned
to
reality
.
After
waking
from
a
vivid
dream
,
Mia
felt
a
jolt
as
she
returned
to
reality
.
•
The
climbing
team
had
trained
for
months
,
but
the
freezing
wind
on
the
mountain
made
the
reality
of
the
ascent
clear
.
The
climbing
team
had
trained
for
months
,
but
the
freezing
wind
on
the
mountain
made
the
reality
of
the
ascent
clear
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
‘
realite
’,
from
medieval
Latin
‘
realitas
’,
from
Latin
‘
realis
’
meaning
‘
relating
to
things
’.
noun
-
reality
,
realities
,
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
a
real
fact
,
situation
,
or
experience
,
especially
one
of
several
kinds
or
examples
•
The
book
explores
the
different
realities
faced
by
refugees
around
the
world
.
The
book
explores
the
different
realities
faced
by
refugees
around
the
world
.
•
Climate
scientists
warn
us
about
the
stark
realities
of
global
warming
.
Climate
scientists
warn
us
about
the
stark
realities
of
global
warming
.
See
Sense
1
etymology
;
the
countable
use
evolved
in
the
17th
century
to
refer
to
specific
factual
situations
.
miss
verb
-
miss
,
misses
,
missing
,
missed
to
fail
to
hit
,
catch
,
reach
,
or
make
contact
with
something
you
aim
at
or
try
to
touch
•
He
swung
the
bat
but
missed
the
ball
completely
.
He
swung
the
bat
but
missed
the
ball
completely
.
•
A
young
woman
frowned
when
her
dart
missed
the
board
and
fell
to
the
floor
.
A
young
woman
frowned
when
her
dart
missed
the
board
and
fell
to
the
floor
.
Old
English
‘
missan
’,
meaning
‘
to
fail
to
hit
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
*missjan
.
verb
-
miss
,
misses
,
missing
,
missed
to
feel
sad
because
someone
or
something
is
not
with
you
•
I
really
miss
my
family
when
I
travel
for
work
.
I
really
miss
my
family
when
I
travel
for
work
.
•
She
misses
her
dog
every
day
while
studying
abroad
.
She
misses
her
dog
every
day
while
studying
abroad
.
verb
-
miss
,
misses
,
missing
,
missed
to
feel
sad
because
someone
or
something
is
not
with
you
•
I
miss
my
family
when
I'm
away
at
college
.
I
miss
my
family
when
I'm
away
at
college
.
•
He
missed
his
dog
terribly
after
it
ran
away
.
He
missed
his
dog
terribly
after
it
ran
away
.
Shifted
from
earlier
sense
of
‘
fail
to
meet
with
’,
evolving
to
emotional
absence
in
Middle
English
.
verb
-
miss
,
misses
,
missing
,
missed
to
arrive
too
late
for
something
or
not
be
present
at
an
event
,
activity
,
or
means
of
transport
•
We
missed
the
train
because
of
heavy
traffic
.
We
missed
the
train
because
of
heavy
traffic
.
•
Don
’
t
miss
tomorrow
’
s
lecture
;
the
professor
will
share
exam
tips
.
Don
’
t
miss
tomorrow
’
s
lecture
;
the
professor
will
share
exam
tips
.
verb
-
miss
,
misses
,
missing
,
missed
to
fail
to
hit
,
catch
,
reach
,
or
be
present
for
something
you
intended
to
•
He
threw
the
ball
but
missed
the
basket
completely
.
He
threw
the
ball
but
missed
the
basket
completely
.
•
I
ran
for
the
bus
,
but
I
missed
it
by
a
few
seconds
.
I
ran
for
the
bus
,
but
I
missed
it
by
a
few
seconds
.
Old
English
‘
missan
’
meaning
‘
to
fail
to
hit
’,
related
to
Old
High
German
‘
missan
’.
verb
-
miss
,
misses
,
missing
,
missed
to
fail
to
notice
,
hear
,
understand
,
or
experience
something
•
Sorry
,
I
missed
your
call
earlier
.
Sorry
,
I
missed
your
call
earlier
.
•
If
you
blink
,
you
might
miss
the
shooting
star
.
If
you
blink
,
you
might
miss
the
shooting
star
.
Extension
of
physical
failure
sense
to
mental
perception
around
15th
century
.
noun
-
miss
,
misses
an
attempt
that
fails
to
hit
or
reach
the
intended
target
•
His
first
shot
was
a
miss
,
but
the
second
hit
the
target
.
His
first
shot
was
a
miss
,
but
the
second
hit
the
target
.
•
The
striker
shook
his
head
after
the
costly
miss
.
The
striker
shook
his
head
after
the
costly
miss
.
noun
-
miss
,
misses
an
act
of
failing
to
hit
,
catch
,
or
achieve
something
•
Her
first
shot
was
a
miss
,
but
the
second
hit
the
bullseye
.
Her
first
shot
was
a
miss
,
but
the
second
hit
the
bullseye
.
•
The
game
ended
with
a
dramatic
penalty
miss
.
The
game
ended
with
a
dramatic
penalty
miss
.
Noun
use
recorded
from
late
18th
century
,
derived
from
the
verb
sense
.
Miss
noun
-
Miss
a
polite
title
used
before
the
surname
or
full
name
of
an
unmarried
woman
or
girl
•
This
is
Miss
Johnson
,
our
new
teacher
.
This
is
Miss
Johnson
,
our
new
teacher
.
•
Please
ask
Miss
Patel
if
you
need
help
with
your
assignment
.
Please
ask
Miss
Patel
if
you
need
help
with
your
assignment
.
From
Middle
English
‘
mis
’,
short
for
‘
mistress
’,
originally
meaning
‘
young
woman
’.
noun
-
Miss
,
Misses
a
polite
title
used
before
the
family
name
or
full
name
of
an
unmarried
woman
,
or
when
addressing
a
female
teacher
,
shop
assistant
,
etc
.
•
Miss
Lee
will
be
our
new
math
teacher
.
Miss
Lee
will
be
our
new
math
teacher
.
•
Excuse
me
,
Miss
,
you
dropped
your
wallet
.
Excuse
me
,
Miss
,
you
dropped
your
wallet
.
Short
for
‘
mistress
’,
used
since
the
17th
century
as
a
respectful
title
for
young
or
unmarried
women
.
realize
verb
-
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
to
suddenly
understand
or
become
aware
of
something
•
Looking
at
the
empty
fridge
,
Carlos
realized
he
had
forgotten
to
shop
for
groceries
.
Looking
at
the
empty
fridge
,
Carlos
realized
he
had
forgotten
to
shop
for
groceries
.
•
Emma
realized
the
shortcut
was
a
mistake
when
the
path
ended
at
a
tall
fence
.
Emma
realized
the
shortcut
was
a
mistake
when
the
path
ended
at
a
tall
fence
.
Borrowed
from
French
réaliser
“
make
real
,
understand
”,
from
Latin
realis
“
actual
”
+
-ize
.
verb
-
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
to
achieve
or
make
a
plan
,
dream
,
or
idea
happen
in
reality
•
After
years
of
hard
work
,
the
inventor
finally
realized
her
vision
of
a
solar-powered
car
.
After
years
of
hard
work
,
the
inventor
finally
realized
her
vision
of
a
solar-powered
car
.
•
The
charity
hopes
to
realize
its
goal
of
building
a
new
community
center
by
next
summer
.
The
charity
hopes
to
realize
its
goal
of
building
a
new
community
center
by
next
summer
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
French
réaliser
“
make
real
”.
verb
-
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
to
obtain
money
from
something
,
especially
by
selling
it
,
or
to
make
a
profit
•
The
company
realized
$2
million
from
the
sale
of
its
old
factory
.
The
company
realized
$2
million
from
the
sale
of
its
old
factory
.
•
Investors
realized
a
substantial
profit
when
the
startup
was
bought
by
a
larger
firm
.
Investors
realized
a
substantial
profit
when
the
startup
was
bought
by
a
larger
firm
.
Financial
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
from
the
idea
of
“
making
something
real
or
actual
”
in
monetary
terms
.
district
noun
a
part
of
a
city
or
town
that
has
a
particular
character
or
purpose
,
such
as
being
mainly
for
shops
,
businesses
,
or
homes
•
The
city's
historic
district
is
full
of
old
brick
buildings
and
cafés
.
The
city's
historic
district
is
full
of
old
brick
buildings
and
cafés
.
•
We
spent
the
afternoon
shopping
in
the
downtown
district
.
We
spent
the
afternoon
shopping
in
the
downtown
district
.
From
Latin
districtus
,
past
participle
of
distringere
“
to
draw
apart
,
compel
,”
later
meaning
a
territory
under
jurisdiction
.
noun
a
fixed
area
that
a
government
or
organization
uses
for
official
administration
,
such
as
a
school
,
court
,
or
voting
area
•
Each
student
must
attend
the
public
school
in
their
own
district
.
Each
student
must
attend
the
public
school
in
their
own
district
.
•
The
city
council
redrew
the
voting
districts
after
the
census
.
The
city
council
redrew
the
voting
districts
after
the
census
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
later
specialized
to
mean
an
area
under
particular
authority
.
verb
to
divide
an
area
into
official
districts
for
administration
,
voting
,
or
services
•
After
the
population
grew
,
the
state
decided
to
district
the
new
suburbs
separately
.
After
the
population
grew
,
the
state
decided
to
district
the
new
suburbs
separately
.
•
Lawmakers
must
district
fairly
to
ensure
equal
representation
.
Lawmakers
must
district
fairly
to
ensure
equal
representation
.
Verb
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
“
to
mark
out
into
districts
.”
rise
verb
-
rise
,
rising
,
rises
,
rose
,
risen
to
move
upward
or
go
to
a
higher
position
•
The
hot
air
balloon
began
to
rise
above
the
fields
.
The
hot
air
balloon
began
to
rise
above
the
fields
.
•
Thick
smoke
rose
from
the
chimney
into
the
clear
winter
sky
.
Thick
smoke
rose
from
the
chimney
into
the
clear
winter
sky
.
Old
English
rīsan
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
German
reisen
“
to
travel
.”
verb
-
rise
,
rising
,
rises
,
rose
,
risen
to
get
up
from
lying
,
sitting
,
or
sleeping
•
She
rose
early
to
catch
the
first
train
.
She
rose
early
to
catch
the
first
train
.
•
Please
rise
when
the
judge
enters
the
courtroom
.
Please
rise
when
the
judge
enters
the
courtroom
.
verb
-
rise
,
rising
,
rises
,
rose
,
risen
to
move
upward
from
a
lower
place
or
position
•
Hot
air
balloons
slowly
rise
above
the
valley
at
dawn
.
Hot
air
balloons
slowly
rise
above
the
valley
at
dawn
.
•
The
smoke
rose
from
the
chimney
into
the
cold
sky
.
The
smoke
rose
from
the
chimney
into
the
cold
sky
.
Old
English
rīsan
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
German
reisen
‘
to
rise
’.
verb
-
rise
,
rising
,
rises
,
rose
,
risen
to
increase
in
number
,
amount
,
or
level
•
Food
prices
rose
sharply
after
the
drought
.
Food
prices
rose
sharply
after
the
drought
.
•
If
demand
keeps
growing
,
the
cost
will
rise
again
next
month
.
If
demand
keeps
growing
,
the
cost
will
rise
again
next
month
.
verb
-
rise
,
rising
,
rises
,
rose
,
risen
to
get
out
of
bed
after
sleeping
•
I
usually
rise
at
6
a
.
m
.
to
exercise
.
I
usually
rise
at
6
a
.
m
.
to
exercise
.
•
She
rose
late
after
the
long
flight
.
She
rose
late
after
the
long
flight
.
noun
an
upward
change
in
number
,
level
,
or
amount
•
There
has
been
a
sharp
rise
in
online
shopping
this
year
.
There
has
been
a
sharp
rise
in
online
shopping
this
year
.
•
Doctors
are
concerned
about
the
rise
of
antibiotic-resistant
bacteria
.
Doctors
are
concerned
about
the
rise
of
antibiotic-resistant
bacteria
.
noun
an
increase
in
the
amount
of
money
you
earn
at
work
•
After
her
annual
review
,
she
received
a
five-percent
rise
.
After
her
annual
review
,
she
received
a
five-percent
rise
.
•
Ask
your
manager
for
a
pay
rise
if
you
feel
undervalued
.
Ask
your
manager
for
a
pay
rise
if
you
feel
undervalued
.
verb
-
rise
,
rising
,
rises
,
rose
,
risen
to
increase
in
amount
,
number
,
or
level
•
The
price
of
bread
rose
again
last
week
.
The
price
of
bread
rose
again
last
week
.
•
Temperatures
are
expected
to
keep
rising
throughout
the
afternoon
.
Temperatures
are
expected
to
keep
rising
throughout
the
afternoon
.
noun
an
upward
movement
or
a
piece
of
land
that
slopes
upward
•
From
the
top
of
the
gentle
rise
,
we
could
see
the
sea
.
From
the
top
of
the
gentle
rise
,
we
could
see
the
sea
.
•
The
aircraft
made
a
sudden
rise
before
leveling
off
.
The
aircraft
made
a
sudden
rise
before
leveling
off
.
noun
an
increase
in
amount
,
number
,
or
level
•
There
has
been
a
sudden
rise
in
fuel
costs
.
There
has
been
a
sudden
rise
in
fuel
costs
.
•
The
chart
shows
a
steady
rise
in
internet
usage
.
The
chart
shows
a
steady
rise
in
internet
usage
.
noun
an
increase
in
the
money
you
are
paid
for
your
job
•
Emma
asked
her
boss
for
a
rise
after
taking
on
more
work
.
Emma
asked
her
boss
for
a
rise
after
taking
on
more
work
.
•
Staff
will
get
a
three-percent
rise
in
April
.
Staff
will
get
a
three-percent
rise
in
April
.
verb
-
rise
,
rising
,
rises
,
rose
,
risen
to
become
successful
,
powerful
,
or
important
•
She
quickly
rose
to
the
position
of
manager
.
She
quickly
rose
to
the
position
of
manager
.
•
The
singer
’
s
new
album
helped
him
rise
to
fame
.
The
singer
’
s
new
album
helped
him
rise
to
fame
.
disease
noun
an
illness
or
medical
condition
that
harms
a
person
’
s
or
animal
’
s
body
or
mind
and
often
shows
clear
signs
or
symptoms
•
Regular
exercise
can
help
prevent
heart
disease
.
Regular
exercise
can
help
prevent
heart
disease
.
•
The
new
vaccine
protects
children
from
the
disease
.
The
new
vaccine
protects
children
from
the
disease
.
noun
a
harmful
condition
that
attacks
and
damages
plants
,
making
them
grow
poorly
or
die
•
The
farmer
sprayed
the
field
to
stop
the
wheat
disease
from
spreading
.
The
farmer
sprayed
the
field
to
stop
the
wheat
disease
from
spreading
.
•
Leaf
spots
are
a
common
disease
in
tomato
plants
.
Leaf
spots
are
a
common
disease
in
tomato
plants
.
noun
something
very
harmful
in
society
,
an
organization
,
or
a
person
’
s
mind
that
spreads
and
causes
serious
damage
,
like
an
illness
•
Racism
is
a
disease
that
divides
communities
.
Racism
is
a
disease
that
divides
communities
.
•
Some
say
greed
is
the
real
disease
of
modern
capitalism
.
Some
say
greed
is
the
real
disease
of
modern
capitalism
.
discuss
verb
-
discuss
,
discussing
,
discusses
,
discussed
to
talk
about
something
with
one
or
more
people
so
that
everyone
can
share
ideas
,
give
opinions
,
or
reach
a
decision
•
The
classmates
gathered
to
discuss
their
science
project
before
class
started
.
The
classmates
gathered
to
discuss
their
science
project
before
class
started
.
•
Before
buying
the
house
,
Mia
and
Joel
discussed
every
detail
with
their
realtor
.
Before
buying
the
house
,
Mia
and
Joel
discussed
every
detail
with
their
realtor
.
From
Latin
‘
discutere
’
meaning
‘
to
examine
,
shake
apart
’,
passing
through
Middle
French
‘
discuter
’
to
English
in
the
15th
century
.
verb
-
discuss
,
discussing
,
discusses
,
discussed
to
examine
or
explain
a
subject
thoroughly
in
speech
or
writing
,
often
in
a
formal
or
academic
way
•
The
article
discusses
the
impact
of
renewable
energy
on
global
markets
.
The
article
discusses
the
impact
of
renewable
energy
on
global
markets
.
•
In
his
lecture
,
the
professor
discussed
the
causes
of
the
economic
crisis
in
depth
.
In
his
lecture
,
the
professor
discussed
the
causes
of
the
economic
crisis
in
depth
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
with
the
meaning
shifting
toward
formal
examination
in
writing
by
the
17th
century
.
finish
verb
-
finish
,
finishing
,
finishes
,
finished
to
complete
something
so
that
nothing
more
needs
to
be
done
•
I
can't
play
until
I
finish
my
math
homework
.
I
can't
play
until
I
finish
my
math
homework
.
•
The
workers
will
finish
building
the
playground
before
summer
vacation
starts
.
The
workers
will
finish
building
the
playground
before
summer
vacation
starts
.
Middle
English
‘
finisshen
’,
from
Old
French
‘
finiss-
’,
stem
of
‘
finir
’ “
to
end
”,
from
Latin
‘
finire
’,
from
‘
finis
’ “
end
”.
noun
-
finish
,
finishes
the
end
or
last
part
of
something
,
especially
a
race
,
story
,
or
event
•
The
runners
sprinted
toward
the
finish
and
the
crowd
cheered
.
The
runners
sprinted
toward
the
finish
and
the
crowd
cheered
.
•
It
was
an
exciting
movie
from
start
to
finish
.
It
was
an
exciting
movie
from
start
to
finish
.
verb
-
finish
,
finishing
,
finishes
,
finished
to
eat
,
drink
,
or
use
all
of
something
so
nothing
remains
•
She
finished
the
whole
pizza
by
herself
.
She
finished
the
whole
pizza
by
herself
.
•
Could
you
finish
the
milk
so
we
can
recycle
the
bottle
?
Could
you
finish
the
milk
so
we
can
recycle
the
bottle
?
noun
-
finish
,
finishes
a
smooth
,
shiny
,
or
matte
layer
or
quality
that
gives
a
surface
its
final
look
•
The
carpenter
applied
a
clear
finish
to
protect
the
wood
.
The
carpenter
applied
a
clear
finish
to
protect
the
wood
.
•
Choose
a
matte
finish
if
you
don't
want
reflections
on
the
walls
.
Choose
a
matte
finish
if
you
don't
want
reflections
on
the
walls
.
noun
-
finish
,
finishes
the
taste
that
remains
in
your
mouth
for
a
short
time
after
you
swallow
a
drink
such
as
wine
,
coffee
,
or
whisky
•
This
red
wine
has
a
fruity
finish
with
hints
of
cherry
.
This
red
wine
has
a
fruity
finish
with
hints
of
cherry
.
•
The
coffee's
smoky
finish
lingers
pleasantly
on
the
tongue
.
The
coffee's
smoky
finish
lingers
pleasantly
on
the
tongue
.
recognise
verb
-
recognise
,
recognising
,
recognises
,
recognised
to
know
who
or
what
someone
or
something
is
because
you
have
seen
,
heard
,
or
experienced
them
before
•
I
recognised
my
old
teacher
across
the
crowded
airport
terminal
.
I
recognised
my
old
teacher
across
the
crowded
airport
terminal
.
•
Do
you
recognise
the
song
that's
playing
on
the
radio
?
Do
you
recognise
the
song
that's
playing
on
the
radio
?
From
Middle
French
reconoistre
,
from
Latin
recognoscere
meaning
“
to
know
again
”.
verb
-
recognise
,
recognising
,
recognises
,
recognised
to
accept
that
something
is
true
,
legal
,
or
exists
•
Many
countries
now
recognise
the
new
government
.
Many
countries
now
recognise
the
new
government
.
•
The
college
will
not
recognise
that
online
certificate
.
The
college
will
not
recognise
that
online
certificate
.
Same
root
as
the
identifying
sense
,
later
broadened
to
legal
and
abstract
acknowledgment
.
verb
-
recognise
,
recognising
,
recognises
,
recognised
to
formally
praise
or
reward
someone
for
their
work
or
success
•
The
ceremony
will
recognise
outstanding
community
volunteers
.
The
ceremony
will
recognise
outstanding
community
volunteers
.
•
The
award
recognised
her
years
of
research
.
The
award
recognised
her
years
of
research
.
Sense
developed
in
the
19th
century
from
acknowledging
merit
to
publicly
honouring
it
.
organisation
noun
a
group
of
people
who
work
together
in
a
structured
way
for
a
shared
purpose
such
as
a
business
,
charity
,
club
,
or
government
body
.
•
The
environmental
organisation
planted
thousands
of
trees
last
spring
.
The
environmental
organisation
planted
thousands
of
trees
last
spring
.
•
She
joined
a
student
organisation
at
university
to
meet
new
friends
.
She
joined
a
student
organisation
at
university
to
meet
new
friends
.
From
French
organisation
,
with
British
spelling
changing
-z-
to
-s-
in
the
19th
century
.
noun
-
organisation
the
act
or
process
of
arranging
things
or
people
in
an
orderly
and
effective
way
.
•
Careful
organisation
of
the
schedule
kept
the
conference
on
time
.
Careful
organisation
of
the
schedule
kept
the
conference
on
time
.
•
She
used
colour-coded
folders
for
better
organisation
of
her
notes
.
She
used
colour-coded
folders
for
better
organisation
of
her
notes
.
noun
-
organisation
the
way
the
parts
of
something
are
arranged
;
the
structure
and
order
that
something
has
.
•
The
clear
organisation
of
the
report
impressed
the
manager
.
The
clear
organisation
of
the
report
impressed
the
manager
.
•
Biologists
explored
the
complex
organisation
of
coral
reefs
.
Biologists
explored
the
complex
organisation
of
coral
reefs
.
list
noun
a
set
of
names
,
things
,
or
tasks
written
or
spoken
in
a
particular
order
•
Julia
wrote
a
shopping
list
before
going
to
the
supermarket
.
Julia
wrote
a
shopping
list
before
going
to
the
supermarket
.
•
The
teacher
called
each
student
’
s
name
from
the
attendance
list
.
The
teacher
called
each
student
’
s
name
from
the
attendance
list
.
From
Old
English
“
liste
,”
meaning
“
border
,
strip
,”
later
developing
the
sense
of
“
catalogue
of
names
or
items
.”
noun
a
set
of
words
,
names
,
or
other
items
written
or
spoken
one
after
another
,
usually
so
you
can
remember
,
check
,
or
organize
them
•
Maya
wrote
a
shopping list
before
going
to
the
supermarket
.
Maya
wrote
a
shopping list
before
going
to
the
supermarket
.
•
The
teacher
read
out
a
list
of
students
who
would
receive
awards
.
The
teacher
read
out
a
list
of
students
who
would
receive
awards
.
verb
to
write
or
say
items
one
after
another
,
often
in
a
column
or
set
order
•
Please
list
all
the
ingredients
you
used
in
the
recipe
.
Please
list
all
the
ingredients
you
used
in
the
recipe
.
•
The
brochure
lists
the
museum
’
s
opening
hours
and
ticket
prices
.
The
brochure
lists
the
museum
’
s
opening
hours
and
ticket
prices
.
Developed
from
the
noun
sense
“
list
,”
meaning
a
written
catalogue
;
first
used
as
a
verb
in
the
15th
century
.
verb
-
list
,
listing
,
lists
,
listed
to
write
down
or
say
a
series
of
things
one
after
another
•
Please
list
your
favorite
movies
on
this
form
.
Please
list
your
favorite
movies
on
this
form
.
•
The
website
lists
prices
in
both
dollars
and
euros
.
The
website
lists
prices
in
both
dollars
and
euros
.
noun
in
computing
,
an
ordered
collection
of
elements
that
can
be
stored
,
accessed
,
and
changed
in
sequence
•
The
function
returns
a
list
of
numbers
sorted
in
ascending
order
.
The
function
returns
a
list
of
numbers
sorted
in
ascending
order
.
•
You
can
append
a
value
to
a
Python
list
with
the
.
append
()
method
.
You
can
append
a
value
to
a
Python
list
with
the
.
append
()
method
.
verb
to
lean
or
tip
to
one
side
,
especially
of
a
boat
or
building
•
During
the
storm
,
the
old
sailboat
began
to
list
dangerously
to
port
.
During
the
storm
,
the
old
sailboat
began
to
list
dangerously
to
port
.
•
The
overloaded
truck
listed
to
the
right
after
its
tire
burst
.
The
overloaded
truck
listed
to
the
right
after
its
tire
burst
.
From
Middle
English
“
listen
”
meaning
“
to
limit
,
border
,”
later
nautical
sense
of
leaning
emerged
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
a
lean
or
slant
to
one
side
•
The
ship
had
a
slight
list
after
taking
on
water
.
The
ship
had
a
slight
list
after
taking
on
water
.
•
Engineers
measured
the
building
’
s
list
following
the
quake
.
Engineers
measured
the
building
’
s
list
following
the
quake
.
Extension
of
the
verb
sense
“
list
”
meaning
“
to
lean
,”
first
recorded
as
a
noun
in
the
early
19th
century
.
verb
-
list
,
listing
,
lists
,
listed
of
a
ship
,
vehicle
,
or
tall
object
,
to
lean
or
tilt
to
one
side
•
During
the
storm
,
the
sailboat
began
to
list
dangerously
to
port
.
During
the
storm
,
the
sailboat
began
to
list
dangerously
to
port
.
•
The
old
tower
lists
slightly
after
the
earthquake
.
The
old
tower
lists
slightly
after
the
earthquake
.
verb
(
archaic
)
to
yearn
or
long
for
something
•
The
weary
knight
listed
for
the
comfort
of
home
.
The
weary
knight
listed
for
the
comfort
of
home
.
•
She
listed
after
the
freedom
promised
by
the
open
sea
.
She
listed
after
the
freedom
promised
by
the
open
sea
.
Old
English
“
lystan
,”
meaning
“
to
desire
,
be
pleased
,”
gradually
fell
out
of
common
use
after
the
17th
century
.
risk
noun
the
possibility
that
something
bad
or
harmful
may
happen
•
Climbing
without
a
rope
is
a
serious
risk
.
Climbing
without
a
rope
is
a
serious
risk
.
•
Investing
all
your
savings
in
one
company
is
a
big
risk
.
Investing
all
your
savings
in
one
company
is
a
big
risk
.
noun
someone
or
something
that
could
cause
harm
,
damage
,
or
loss
•
The
old
wooden
stairs
are
a
risk
to
anyone
who
uses
them
.
The
old
wooden
stairs
are
a
risk
to
anyone
who
uses
them
.
•
Because
he
leaks
secrets
,
the
agent
is
seen
as
a
security
risk
.
Because
he
leaks
secrets
,
the
agent
is
seen
as
a
security
risk
.
verb
-
risk
,
risking
,
risks
,
risked
to
put
something
valuable
in
danger
of
loss
or
harm
in
order
to
try
to
gain
something
•
She
decided
to
risk
her
savings
on
a
small
bakery
business
.
She
decided
to
risk
her
savings
on
a
small
bakery
business
.
•
He
didn't
want
to
risk
being
late
,
so
he
set
three
alarms
.
He
didn't
want
to
risk
being
late
,
so
he
set
three
alarms
.
sister
noun
a
girl
or
woman
who
has
the
same
parents
as
another
person
•
My
sister
and
I
baked
cookies
together
after
school
.
My
sister
and
I
baked
cookies
together
after
school
.
•
Leo
helped
his
baby
sister
learn
to
walk
.
Leo
helped
his
baby
sister
learn
to
walk
.
noun
a
woman
who
belongs
to
the
same
group
,
religion
,
profession
,
or
cause
as
another
person
•
The
union
leader
addressed
her
fellow
sister
firefighters
with
determination
.
The
union
leader
addressed
her
fellow
sister
firefighters
with
determination
.
•
During
the
service
,
the
congregation
welcomed
Sister
Angela
to
the
community
.
During
the
service
,
the
congregation
welcomed
Sister
Angela
to
the
community
.
noun
a
senior
female
nurse
in
charge
of
a
hospital
ward
•
The
sister
checked
each
patient
’
s
chart
before
the
doctors
arrived
.
The
sister
checked
each
patient
’
s
chart
before
the
doctors
arrived
.
•
If
you
need
help
,
press
the
bell
and
a
sister
will
come
quickly
.
If
you
need
help
,
press
the
bell
and
a
sister
will
come
quickly
.
wish
noun
-
wish
,
wishes
a
hope
or
desire
for
something
to
happen
,
or
the
thing
that
is
desired
•
Her
birthday
wish
was
for
a
new
bicycle
.
Her
birthday
wish
was
for
a
new
bicycle
.
•
The
charity
tries
to
make
children's
wishes
come
true
.
The
charity
tries
to
make
children's
wishes
come
true
.
From
Old
English
"
wysc
"
meaning
‘
desire
’,
related
to
the
verb
form
.
verb
-
wish
,
wishing
,
wishes
,
wished
to
want
something
to
happen
or
to
express
good
hopes
for
someone
•
I
wish
you
a
joyful
holiday
season
.
I
wish
you
a
joyful
holiday
season
.
•
She
wishes
she
could
play
the
guitar
like
her
older
brother
.
She
wishes
she
could
play
the
guitar
like
her
older
brother
.
Old
English
"
wyscan
",
from
Proto-Germanic
*wunskjaną
,
related
to
German
"
wünschen
"
and
Dutch
"
wensen
".
exist
verb
to
be
real
or
present
in
the
world
,
not
imagined
or
invented
•
Scientists
wonder
if
tiny
organisms
could
exist
beneath
the
ice
of
Jupiter's
moon
Europa
.
Scientists
wonder
if
tiny
organisms
could
exist
beneath
the
ice
of
Jupiter's
moon
Europa
.
•
Dragons
only
exist
in
fairy
tales
.
Dragons
only
exist
in
fairy
tales
.
From
Latin
existere
meaning
“
to
come
forth
,
appear
,
be
.”
verb
to
live
or
survive
,
especially
when
life
is
hard
and
offers
little
comfort
or
enjoyment
•
After
losing
his
job
,
he
had
to
exist
on
instant
noodles
for
weeks
.
After
losing
his
job
,
he
had
to
exist
on
instant
noodles
for
weeks
.
•
The
refugees
existed
in
overcrowded
tents
until
help
arrived
.
The
refugees
existed
in
overcrowded
tents
until
help
arrived
.
artist
noun
a
person
who
creates
visual
works
such
as
paintings
,
drawings
,
or
sculptures
•
The
young
artist
spent
the
afternoon
painting
a
bright
mural
on
the
playground
wall
.
The
young
artist
spent
the
afternoon
painting
a
bright
mural
on
the
playground
wall
.
•
Visitors
applauded
when
the
artist
revealed
a
marble
statue
she
had
carved
by
hand
.
Visitors
applauded
when
the
artist
revealed
a
marble
statue
she
had
carved
by
hand
.
From
French
"
artiste
",
from
Latin
"
ars
"
meaning
"
art
".
noun
a
person
who
performs
creative
arts
such
as
music
,
dance
,
or
acting
•
The
pop
artist
released
a
new
song
that
topped
the
charts
in
a
day
.
The
pop
artist
released
a
new
song
that
topped
the
charts
in
a
day
.
•
A
skilled
ballet
artist
leaped
gracefully
across
the
stage
during
the
performance
.
A
skilled
ballet
artist
leaped
gracefully
across
the
stage
during
the
performance
.
Extended
from
earlier
sense
of
one
who
makes
art
to
include
those
who
perform
it
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
a
person
who
is
exceptionally
skilful
at
a
particular
activity
,
even
if
it
is
not
traditionally
considered
art
•
With
a
single
speech
,
the
politician
proved
he
was
an
artist
with
words
.
With
a
single
speech
,
the
politician
proved
he
was
an
artist
with
words
.
•
The
pastry
chef
was
an
artist
when
it
came
to
sculpting
delicate
sugar
flowers
.
The
pastry
chef
was
an
artist
when
it
came
to
sculpting
delicate
sugar
flowers
.
Figurative
use
recorded
since
the
19th
century
,
transferring
the
notion
of
creative
mastery
to
any
field
.
discussion
noun
a
talk
between
two
or
more
people
in
which
they
share
ideas
or
opinions
,
often
to
reach
a
decision
•
Our
team
had
a
lively
discussion
about
the
new
marketing
plan
during
lunch
.
Our
team
had
a
lively
discussion
about
the
new
marketing
plan
during
lunch
.
•
After
a
long
discussion
,
they
finally
chose
the
blue
paint
for
the
kitchen
.
After
a
long
discussion
,
they
finally
chose
the
blue
paint
for
the
kitchen
.
From
Latin
"
discussio
"
meaning
"
examination
"
or
"
investigation
",
through
Middle
French
"
discussion
"
into
English
in
the
late
15th
century
.
noun
the
general
act
or
process
of
talking
or
writing
about
a
subject
•
The
proposal
is
still
under
discussion
at
city
hall
.
The
proposal
is
still
under
discussion
at
city
hall
.
•
There
has
been
a
lot
of
discussion
about
remote
work
lately
.
There
has
been
a
lot
of
discussion
about
remote
work
lately
.
Same
origin
as
countable
sense
:
from
Latin
"
discussio
"
through
French
.
analysis
noun
-
analysis
,
analyses
the
process
of
closely
examining
something
to
understand
it
,
explain
it
,
or
solve
a
problem
•
The
scientist's
analysis
of
the
data
revealed
an
unexpected
pattern
.
The
scientist's
analysis
of
the
data
revealed
an
unexpected
pattern
.
•
After
a
close
analysis
,
the
mechanic
found
the
cause
of
the
strange
engine
noise
.
After
a
close
analysis
,
the
mechanic
found
the
cause
of
the
strange
engine
noise
.
Late
Middle
English
(
originally
as
an
alchemical
term
):
from
medieval
Latin
,
from
Greek
análysis
‘
a
breaking
up
’,
from
analyein
‘
to
loosen
’,
from
ana-
‘
up
’
+
luein
‘
loosen
’.
noun
-
analysis
,
analyses
a
detailed
report
or
statement
that
presents
the
results
of
examining
something
•
We
read
the
market
analysis
before
making
our
investment
.
We
read
the
market
analysis
before
making
our
investment
.
•
Her
doctor
sent
an
analysis
of
the
blood
sample
within
a
day
.
Her
doctor
sent
an
analysis
of
the
blood
sample
within
a
day
.
noun
-
analysis
,
analyses
the
scientific
act
of
separating
a
substance
into
its
parts
to
learn
what
it
is
made
of
•
Water
can
be
broken
down
into
hydrogen
and
oxygen
by
chemical
analysis
.
Water
can
be
broken
down
into
hydrogen
and
oxygen
by
chemical
analysis
.
•
The
lab
performed
a
soil
analysis
to
detect
pollutants
.
The
lab
performed
a
soil
analysis
to
detect
pollutants
.
noun
-
analysis
,
analyses
the
branch
of
advanced
mathematics
that
deals
with
limits
,
calculus
,
and
related
theories
•
Real
analysis
is
a
core
subject
for
graduate
math
students
.
Real
analysis
is
a
core
subject
for
graduate
math
students
.
•
Calculus
is
studied
within
mathematical
analysis
.
Calculus
is
studied
within
mathematical
analysis
.
discover
verb
to
find
something
that
already
exists
but
no
one
knew
about
or
had
seen
before
•
Astronomers
discovered
a
tiny
moon
orbiting
the
distant
planet
.
Astronomers
discovered
a
tiny
moon
orbiting
the
distant
planet
.
•
While
hiking
,
the
children
discovered
a
hidden
waterfall
in
the
forest
.
While
hiking
,
the
children
discovered
a
hidden
waterfall
in
the
forest
.
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
descovrir
,
based
on
Latin
discooperire
‘
uncover
’.
verb
to
learn
or
realize
something
new
about
a
fact
,
situation
,
or
person
•
I
just
discovered
that
the
café
closes
at
four
o
’
clock
.
I
just
discovered
that
the
café
closes
at
four
o
’
clock
.
•
She
discovered
how
easy
cooking
can
be
after
taking
a
short
class
.
She
discovered
how
easy
cooking
can
be
after
taking
a
short
class
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
ultimately
from
Latin
discooperire
‘
uncover
’.
verb
to
catch
or
find
someone
or
something
that
was
hidden
or
doing
something
wrong
•
The
security
guard
discovered
a
burglar
hiding
behind
the
shelves
.
The
security
guard
discovered
a
burglar
hiding
behind
the
shelves
.
•
Inspectors
discovered
several
safety
violations
at
the
factory
.
Inspectors
discovered
several
safety
violations
at
the
factory
.
Extension
of
the
basic
sense
“
uncover
”
to
people
or
wrongdoing
,
recorded
since
the
16th
century
.
establish
verb
-
establish
,
establishing
,
establishes
,
established
to
start
or
set
up
something
,
such
as
an
organization
,
system
,
or
rule
,
that
is
meant
to
last
•
They
established
a
small
charity
to
help
stray
animals
.
They
established
a
small
charity
to
help
stray
animals
.
•
The
company
was
established
in
1998
by
two
brothers
in
a
tiny
garage
.
The
company
was
established
in
1998
by
two
brothers
in
a
tiny
garage
.
from
Old
French
establir
,
from
Latin
stabilire
“
to
make
firm
”
verb
-
establish
,
establishing
,
establishes
,
established
to
make
something
or
someone
well-known
,
respected
,
or
accepted
in
a
particular
field
or
place
•
The
young
actor
quickly
established
himself
as
a
leading
figure
in
comedy
.
The
young
actor
quickly
established
himself
as
a
leading
figure
in
comedy
.
•
Her
first
novel
established
her
reputation
as
a
serious
writer
.
Her
first
novel
established
her
reputation
as
a
serious
writer
.
verb
-
establish
,
establishing
,
establishes
,
established
to
discover
or
prove
something
to
be
true
or
certain
•
Scientists
are
working
to
establish
whether
the
vaccine
is
effective
against
new
variants
.
Scientists
are
working
to
establish
whether
the
vaccine
is
effective
against
new
variants
.
•
Police
must
establish
the
facts
before
making
an
arrest
.
Police
must
establish
the
facts
before
making
an
arrest
.
television
noun
an
electronic
device
with
a
screen
that
receives
broadcast
or
streamed
signals
so
you
can
watch
moving
pictures
and
hear
sound
.
•
After
dinner
,
the
family
gathered
around
the
television
to
watch
a
movie
.
After
dinner
,
the
family
gathered
around
the
television
to
watch
a
movie
.
•
He
accidentally
dropped
the
remote
and
turned
the
television
off
.
He
accidentally
dropped
the
remote
and
turned
the
television
off
.
Formed
in
the
early
1900s
from
Greek
tele-
“
far
”
+
Latin
visio
“
sight
,”
literally
meaning
“
seeing
from
a
distance
.”
noun
-
television
the
system
or
activity
of
transmitting
moving
pictures
and
sound
,
or
the
programmes
that
are
broadcast
by
this
system
.
•
Live
television
showed
the
rocket
launch
to
millions
of
viewers
.
Live
television
showed
the
rocket
launch
to
millions
of
viewers
.
•
She
prefers
reading
books
to
watching
television
.
She
prefers
reading
books
to
watching
television
.
Formed
in
the
early
1900s
from
Greek
tele-
“
far
”
+
Latin
visio
“
sight
,”
literally
meaning
“
seeing
from
a
distance
.”
scientist
noun
a
person
who
studies
or
works
in
one
or
more
branches
of
science
and
discovers
new
knowledge
by
carefully
observing
,
testing
,
and
experimenting
•
The
scientist
carefully
recorded
the
temperature
change
in
her
notebook
.
The
scientist
carefully
recorded
the
temperature
change
in
her
notebook
.
•
The
young
boy
dreamed
of
becoming
a
scientist
who
studies
distant
planets
.
The
young
boy
dreamed
of
becoming
a
scientist
who
studies
distant
planets
.
From
science
+
the
suffix
-ist
,
which
means
“
a
person
who
practices
or
is
concerned
with
something
.”
publish
verb
-
publish
,
publishing
,
publishes
,
published
to
prepare
and
issue
a
book
,
magazine
,
website
,
or
other
piece
of
writing
so
that
the
public
can
read
or
buy
it
•
The
company
will
publish
a
new
travel
guide
next
month
.
The
company
will
publish
a
new
travel
guide
next
month
.
•
After
months
of
editing
,
the
author
finally
published
her
first
novel
.
After
months
of
editing
,
the
author
finally
published
her
first
novel
.
from
Latin
“
publicare
”
meaning
“
to
make
public
.”
verb
-
publish
,
publishing
,
publishes
,
published
to
officially
announce
or
make
something
such
as
information
,
statistics
,
or
rules
available
for
everyone
to
see
•
The
school
will
publish
the
test
results
on
its
website
tomorrow
.
The
school
will
publish
the
test
results
on
its
website
tomorrow
.
•
Every
year
,
the
government
publishes
a
report
on
air
quality
.
Every
year
,
the
government
publishes
a
report
on
air
quality
.
verb
-
publish
,
publishing
,
publishes
,
published
(
of
an
author
)
to
have
one
’
s
work
printed
or
made
available
to
the
public
•
She
dreams
that
one
day
she
will
publish
with
a
major
publisher
.
She
dreams
that
one
day
she
will
publish
with
a
major
publisher
.
•
Many
scientists
must
publish
regularly
to
keep
their
jobs
.
Many
scientists
must
publish
regularly
to
keep
their
jobs
.
mission
noun
an
important
task
or
duty
that
a
person
or
group
is
given
and
feels
obliged
to
accomplish
•
The
rescue
team
set
out
on
a
mission
to
save
the
trapped
hikers
.
The
rescue
team
set
out
on
a
mission
to
save
the
trapped
hikers
.
•
Finishing
the
new
website
before
the
launch
date
has
become
my
personal
mission
.
Finishing
the
new
website
before
the
launch
date
has
become
my
personal
mission
.
From
Latin
missiō
(“
the
act
of
sending
”),
from
mittere
“
to
send
”.
noun
a
planned
military
,
diplomatic
,
or
space
operation
or
journey
with
a
specific
objective
•
The
fighter
jets
completed
their
night
mission
and
returned
safely
to
base
.
The
fighter
jets
completed
their
night
mission
and
returned
safely
to
base
.
•
The
Mars
rover
was
part
of
a
scientific
mission
to
search
for
signs
of
water
.
The
Mars
rover
was
part
of
a
scientific
mission
to
search
for
signs
of
water
.
noun
a
place
where
Christian
missionaries
live
and
work
,
often
offering
religious
services
,
education
,
or
aid
•
Tourists
admired
the
bell
tower
of
the
old
Spanish
mission
at
sunset
.
Tourists
admired
the
bell
tower
of
the
old
Spanish
mission
at
sunset
.
•
The
charity
built
a
new
medical
clinic
beside
its
rural
mission
to
serve
local
villagers
.
The
charity
built
a
new
medical
clinic
beside
its
rural
mission
to
serve
local
villagers
.
British
adjective
of
or
relating
to
Great
Britain
or
its
people
•
The
British
Museum
houses
artifacts
from
around
the
world
.
The
British
Museum
houses
artifacts
from
around
the
world
.
•
She
loves
watching
British
television
dramas
on
weekends
.
She
loves
watching
British
television
dramas
on
weekends
.
noun
the
people
of
Great
Britain
considered
as
a
group
•
The
British
are
known
for
their
love
of
tea
.
The
British
are
known
for
their
love
of
tea
.
•
During
the
festival
,
the
British
welcomed
visitors
from
across
Europe
.
During
the
festival
,
the
British
welcomed
visitors
from
across
Europe
.
promise
noun
a
statement
that
you
will
definitely
do
,
give
,
or
not
do
something
•
Mia
kept
her
promise
and
called
her
friend
every
week
.
Mia
kept
her
promise
and
called
her
friend
every
week
.
•
The
politician
made
a
bold
promise
to
reduce
taxes
.
The
politician
made
a
bold
promise
to
reduce
taxes
.
From
Latin
“
promissum
,”
past
participle
of
“
promittere
”
meaning
“
to
send
forth
,
promise
.”
verb
-
promise
,
promising
,
promises
,
promised
to
say
that
you
will
definitely
do
,
give
,
or
arrange
something
•
She
promised
to
send
the
files
before
noon
.
She
promised
to
send
the
files
before
noon
.
•
I
promise
I'll
be
back
in
time
for
dinner
.
I
promise
I'll
be
back
in
time
for
dinner
.
verb
-
promise
,
promising
,
promises
,
promised
to
tell
someone
that
you
will
definitely
do
something
or
that
something
will
certainly
happen
•
I
promise
I'll
return
your
book
tomorrow
,
so
don't
worry
.
I
promise
I'll
return
your
book
tomorrow
,
so
don't
worry
.
•
The
teacher
promised
the
class
an
extra
recess
if
they
finished
early
.
The
teacher
promised
the
class
an
extra
recess
if
they
finished
early
.
From
Latin
promittere
“
to
send
forth
,
assure
,”
from
pro-
“
forward
”
+
mittere
“
to
send
.”
noun
a
statement
that
you
will
definitely
do
or
provide
something
,
or
that
something
will
definitely
happen
•
Jacob
made
a
promise
to
water
his
neighbor's
plants
while
she
was
away
.
Jacob
made
a
promise
to
water
his
neighbor's
plants
while
she
was
away
.
•
The
government
broke
its
promise
to
reduce
pollution
levels
.
The
government
broke
its
promise
to
reduce
pollution
levels
.
From
Latin
promittere
“
to
send
forth
,
assure
,”
later
used
in
Middle
English
for
a
spoken
or
written
assurance
.
noun
-
promise
signs
that
someone
or
something
is
likely
to
be
successful
or
excellent
in
the
future
•
The
young
scientist's
early
experiments
showed
great
promise
.
The
young
scientist's
early
experiments
showed
great
promise
.
•
This
weather
app
has
a
lot
of
promise
despite
a
few
bugs
.
This
weather
app
has
a
lot
of
promise
despite
a
few
bugs
.
verb
-
promise
,
promising
,
promises
,
promised
to
show
signs
that
something
good
or
important
is
likely
to
happen
•
The
morning
sky
promises
a
sunny
day
.
The
morning
sky
promises
a
sunny
day
.
•
Her
confident
smile
promised
success
.
Her
confident
smile
promised
success
.
noun
-
promise
the
possibility
that
someone
or
something
will
be
successful
or
useful
in
the
future
•
The
young
scientist
showed
great
promise
in
her
research
on
renewable
energy
.
The
young
scientist
showed
great
promise
in
her
research
on
renewable
energy
.
•
This
new
medicine
holds
promise
for
treating
the
disease
.
This
new
medicine
holds
promise
for
treating
the
disease
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
the
idea
of
an
assurance
to
the
idea
of
assured
potential
,
first
recorded
in
early
17th-century
English
.
verb
-
promise
,
promising
,
promises
,
promised
to
show
signs
that
something
is
likely
to
happen
•
Dark
clouds
promise
heavy
rain
later
this
afternoon
.
Dark
clouds
promise
heavy
rain
later
this
afternoon
.
•
The
trailer
promised
an
exciting
movie
full
of
adventure
.
The
trailer
promised
an
exciting
movie
full
of
adventure
.
Extended
sense
of
the
verb
developed
in
Middle
English
,
shifting
from
a
spoken
assurance
to
something
that
figuratively
‘
assures
’
an
outcome
.
mistake
noun
something
you
do
,
say
,
or
think
that
is
not
correct
and
often
causes
a
problem
or
an
unwanted
result
•
I
made
a
silly
mistake
on
my
math
test
and
lost
two
points
.
I
made
a
silly
mistake
on
my
math
test
and
lost
two
points
.
•
Forgetting
your
keys
is
a
common
mistake
.
Forgetting
your
keys
is
a
common
mistake
.
From
Old
Norse
‘
mistaka
’
meaning
“
to
take
in
error
” (
mis-
‘
wrongly
’
+
taka
‘
take
’).
The
noun
sense
arose
in
late
Middle
English
.
verb
-
mistake
,
mistaking
,
mistakes
,
mistook
,
mistaken
to
think
wrongly
that
someone
or
something
is
another
person
or
thing
•
Many
people
mistake
me
for
my
older
brother
.
Many
people
mistake
me
for
my
older
brother
.
•
He
mistook
the
salt
for
sugar
and
ruined
the
soup
.
He
mistook
the
salt
for
sugar
and
ruined
the
soup
.
From
Old
Norse
‘
mistaka
’
meaning
“
take
wrongly
”.
The
verb
entered
Middle
English
in
the
14th
century
.
verb
-
mistake
,
mistaking
,
mistakes
,
mistook
,
mistaken
to
understand
something
wrongly
or
give
it
the
wrong
meaning
•
Please
don
’
t
mistake
my
silence
as
disapproval
.
Please
don
’
t
mistake
my
silence
as
disapproval
.
•
She
mistook
the
directions
and
ended
up
at
the
wrong
address
.
She
mistook
the
directions
and
ended
up
at
the
wrong
address
.
Same
Old
Norse
root
as
other
senses
,
with
meaning
extended
to
wrong
understanding
by
the
17th
century
.
basis
noun
-
basis
,
bases
the
underlying
support
,
reason
,
or
foundation
for
an
idea
,
argument
,
plan
,
or
process
•
Her
accusation
had
no
real
basis
and
was
dismissed
.
Her
accusation
had
no
real
basis
and
was
dismissed
.
•
Trust
forms
the
basis
of
any
strong
friendship
.
Trust
forms
the
basis
of
any
strong
friendship
.
Late
16th
century
:
from
Latin
,
from
Greek
“
basis
”
meaning
‘
step
,
foundation
’.
noun
-
basis
,
bases
a
particular
interval
,
pattern
,
or
system
used
to
describe
how
often
or
in
what
way
something
happens
•
The
bus
runs
on
an
hourly
basis
.
The
bus
runs
on
an
hourly
basis
.
•
They
meet
on
a
weekly
basis
to
discuss
progress
.
They
meet
on
a
weekly
basis
to
discuss
progress
.
noun
-
basis
,
bases
Mathematics
:
a
set
of
independent
vectors
that
can
be
combined
to
produce
every
vector
in
a
particular
vector
space
•
In
three-dimensional
space
,
the
vectors
i
,
j
,
and
k
form
a
standard
basis
.
In
three-dimensional
space
,
the
vectors
i
,
j
,
and
k
form
a
standard
basis
.
•
Changing
the
basis
can
simplify
the
matrix
representation
of
a
transformation
.
Changing
the
basis
can
simplify
the
matrix
representation
of
a
transformation
.
noun
-
basis
,
bases
Finance
:
the
original
cost
or
value
of
an
asset
used
to
calculate
profit
or
loss
when
it
is
sold
•
Subtract
the
property's
basis
from
the
selling
price
to
find
the
gain
.
Subtract
the
property's
basis
from
the
selling
price
to
find
the
gain
.
•
Improvements
can
increase
the
basis
of
an
asset
for
tax
purposes
.
Improvements
can
increase
the
basis
of
an
asset
for
tax
purposes
.
fish
noun
-
fish
a
cold-blooded
animal
that
lives
in
water
,
breathes
through
gills
,
and
usually
has
fins
and
scales
•
A
colorful
fish
swam
past
the
glass
wall
of
the
aquarium
.
A
colorful
fish
swam
past
the
glass
wall
of
the
aquarium
.
•
Elias
caught
a
tiny
fish
with
his
net
at
the
pond
.
Elias
caught
a
tiny
fish
with
his
net
at
the
pond
.
Old
English
fisc
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*fiskaz
;
related
to
German
Fisch
and
Dutch
vis
.
noun
the
flesh
of
fish
eaten
as
food
•
For
dinner
,
Mia
grilled
fresh
fish
with
lemon
and
herbs
.
For
dinner
,
Mia
grilled
fresh
fish
with
lemon
and
herbs
.
•
The
restaurant
is
famous
for
its
fried
fish
and
chips
.
The
restaurant
is
famous
for
its
fried
fish
and
chips
.
verb
-
fish
,
fishing
,
fishes
,
fished
to
catch
or
try
to
catch
fish
,
usually
with
a
rod
,
net
,
or
line
•
They
love
to
fish
for
trout
in
the
mountain
streams
each
summer
.
They
love
to
fish
for
trout
in
the
mountain
streams
each
summer
.
•
Grandpa
taught
me
how
to
fish
with
a
simple
bamboo
rod
.
Grandpa
taught
me
how
to
fish
with
a
simple
bamboo
rod
.
verb
-
fish
,
fishing
,
fishes
,
fished
to
search
for
something
carefully
or
indirectly
,
often
with
the
hands
•
She
reached
into
her
bag
and
fished
for
her
keys
.
She
reached
into
her
bag
and
fished
for
her
keys
.
•
He
fished
around
in
the
drawer
until
he
found
a
pen
.
He
fished
around
in
the
drawer
until
he
found
a
pen
.
noun
-
fish
a
person
who
is
important
or
influential
within
a
particular
group
or
place
,
often
used
in
phrases
like
“
big
fish
”
•
In
our
small
town
,
the
mayor
is
a
big
fish
.
In
our
small
town
,
the
mayor
is
a
big
fish
.
•
He
moved
to
the
capital
to
stop
being
a
small
fish
in
a
big
pond
.
He
moved
to
the
capital
to
stop
being
a
small
fish
in
a
big
pond
.
otherwise
adverb
in
a
different
way
or
manner
;
differently
•
The
chef
told
his
apprentice
to
slice
the
carrots
evenly
and
not
otherwise
.
The
chef
told
his
apprentice
to
slice
the
carrots
evenly
and
not
otherwise
.
•
If
you
arrange
the
puzzle
pieces
otherwise
,
the
picture
of
the
castle
will
not
line
up
.
If
you
arrange
the
puzzle
pieces
otherwise
,
the
picture
of
the
castle
will
not
line
up
.
From
Middle
English
otherwise
,
from
Old
English
othrāwīse
(“
in
another
manner
”).
adverb
apart
from
that
;
in
other
respects
•
He
was
exhausted
after
the
hike
,
but
otherwise
he
felt
fine
.
He
was
exhausted
after
the
hike
,
but
otherwise
he
felt
fine
.
•
The
report
needs
a
new
cover
page
;
otherwise
everything
is
ready
for
printing
.
The
report
needs
a
new
cover
page
;
otherwise
everything
is
ready
for
printing
.
conjunction
used
to
say
what
will
happen
if
something
is
not
done
or
does
not
happen
;
if
not
;
or
else
•
Put
on
your
coat
,
otherwise
you
’
ll
catch
a
cold
.
Put
on
your
coat
,
otherwise
you
’
ll
catch
a
cold
.
•
We
must
hurry
,
otherwise
we
will
miss
the
train
.
We
must
hurry
,
otherwise
we
will
miss
the
train
.
adjective
different
from
what
has
just
been
mentioned
;
in
a
different
state
or
condition
•
It
was
an
otherwise
quiet
village
until
the
festival
began
.
It
was
an
otherwise
quiet
village
until
the
festival
began
.
•
An
otherwise
calm
cat
suddenly
jumped
when
the
balloon
popped
.
An
otherwise
calm
cat
suddenly
jumped
when
the
balloon
popped
.
prison
noun
a
secure
building
where
people
are
kept
as
a
punishment
for
breaking
the
law
or
while
they
are
waiting
for
trial
•
The
old
prison
stands
on
a
hill
overlooking
the
small
town
.
The
old
prison
stands
on
a
hill
overlooking
the
small
town
.
•
After
the
trial
,
the
judge
sent
him
to
prison
for
five
years
.
After
the
trial
,
the
judge
sent
him
to
prison
for
five
years
.
From
Old
French
prisun
,
preson
,
from
Latin
prēnsiō
‘
a
seizing
’,
related
to
prehendere
‘
to
seize
’.
noun
the
state
or
period
of
being
kept
in
a
prison
as
a
punishment
,
especially
after
a
court
sentence
•
She
spent
ten
years
in
prison
for
fraud
.
She
spent
ten
years
in
prison
for
fraud
.
•
The
politician
avoided
prison
by
agreeing
to
testify
.
The
politician
avoided
prison
by
agreeing
to
testify
.
verb
to
put
someone
in
a
prison
as
punishment
or
while
they
are
waiting
for
trial
•
The
rebels
were
swiftly
prisoned
after
the
failed
uprising
.
The
rebels
were
swiftly
prisoned
after
the
failed
uprising
.
•
In
1840
,
debtors
could
be
prisoned
for
years
without
trial
.
In
1840
,
debtors
could
be
prisoned
for
years
without
trial
.
Christian
noun
a
person
who
believes
that
Jesus
Christ
is
the
Son
of
God
and
follows
the
religion
of
Christianity
•
Christians
gather
at
the
church
every
Sunday
morning
.
Christians
gather
at
the
church
every
Sunday
morning
.
•
The
young
Christian
prayed
quietly
before
the
meal
.
The
young
Christian
prayed
quietly
before
the
meal
.
From
Middle
English
Cristen
,
from
Old
English
cristen
,
from
Latin
Christianus
“
follower
of
Christ
”.
adjective
connected
with
Christianity
or
its
followers
•
The
town
has
several
Christian
churches
of
different
denominations
.
The
town
has
several
Christian
churches
of
different
denominations
.
•
Easter
is
a
major
Christian
holiday
.
Easter
is
a
major
Christian
holiday
.
See
noun
sense
etymology
.
noun
a
person
who
believes
in
Jesus
Christ
and
follows
the
religion
of
Christianity
•
Many
Christians
gather
every
Sunday
to
pray
and
sing
hymns
.
Many
Christians
gather
every
Sunday
to
pray
and
sing
hymns
.
•
As
a
devoted
Christian
,
he
reads
the
Bible
every
night
before
bed
.
As
a
devoted
Christian
,
he
reads
the
Bible
every
night
before
bed
.
Old
English
Crīstian
,
from
Latin
Christianus
‘
follower
of
Christ
’.
adjective
connected
with
Christianity
,
its
people
,
beliefs
,
or
culture
•
They
attended
a
traditional
Christian
wedding
in
the
old
stone
church
.
They
attended
a
traditional
Christian
wedding
in
the
old
stone
church
.
•
The
museum
displays
ancient
Christian
art
from
the
Middle
Ages
.
The
museum
displays
ancient
Christian
art
from
the
Middle
Ages
.
As
an
adjective
,
recorded
from
late
Middle
English
,
meaning
‘
relating
to
Christians
or
Christianity
’.
adjective
showing
the
kindness
,
forgiveness
,
and
compassion
taught
by
Jesus
Christ
•
It
was
very
Christian
of
you
to
forgive
him
.
It
was
very
Christian
of
you
to
forgive
him
.
•
She
made
a
Christian
gesture
by
donating
to
the
victims
.
She
made
a
Christian
gesture
by
donating
to
the
victims
.
Extension
of
the
religious
sense
by
metaphor
to
describe
behavior
reflecting
Christian
virtues
.
adjective
showing
kindness
,
forgiveness
,
or
other
qualities
taught
by
Jesus
•
It
was
very
Christian
of
her
to
forgive
him
so
quickly
.
It
was
very
Christian
of
her
to
forgive
him
so
quickly
.
•
Helping
the
poor
is
considered
a
Christian
act
.
Helping
the
poor
is
considered
a
Christian
act
.
Extension
of
the
religious
adjective
to
moral
qualities
was
first
noted
in
the
17th
century
.
crisis
noun
-
crisis
,
crises
a
time
of
great
difficulty
or
danger
when
important
decisions
must
be
made
•
During
the
financial
crisis
,
many
people
lost
their
jobs
and
homes
.
During
the
financial
crisis
,
many
people
lost
their
jobs
and
homes
.
•
The
sudden
storm
created
a
rescue
crisis
for
the
coastal
town
.
The
sudden
storm
created
a
rescue
crisis
for
the
coastal
town
.
from
Greek
‘
krisis
’
meaning
‘
decision
’
or
‘
turning
point
’,
originally
used
in
medical
writing
then
generalized
to
any
decisive
moment
noun
-
crisis
,
crises
the
turning
point
of
a
disease
when
it
becomes
clear
if
the
patient
will
improve
or
worsen
•
The
doctor
explained
that
the
fever
would
either
break
or
spike
during
tonight's
crisis
.
The
doctor
explained
that
the
fever
would
either
break
or
spike
during
tonight's
crisis
.
•
After
the
crisis
passed
,
the
patient's
temperature
finally
began
to
fall
.
After
the
crisis
passed
,
the
patient's
temperature
finally
began
to
fall
.
same
Greek
root
as
the
general
sense
,
first
used
in
Hippocratic
writings
to
mark
the
decisive
phase
of
illness
vision
noun
-
vision
the
natural
ability
to
see
with
your
eyes
•
After
the
surgery
,
her
vision
improved
a
lot
.
After
the
surgery
,
her
vision
improved
a
lot
.
•
Owls
have
excellent
night
vision
that
helps
them
hunt
in
the
dark
.
Owls
have
excellent
night
vision
that
helps
them
hunt
in
the
dark
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
visio
“
a
sight
”
from
videre
“
to
see
”.
noun
a
clear
idea
or
mental
picture
of
what
you
want
something
to
become
in
the
future
•
The
new
CEO
shared
his
vision
for
the
company
’
s
growth
.
The
new
CEO
shared
his
vision
for
the
company
’
s
growth
.
•
The
architect
’
s
bold
vision
turned
an
empty
lot
into
a
green
park
.
The
architect
’
s
bold
vision
turned
an
empty
lot
into
a
green
park
.
Extended
figurative
sense
of
“
vision
”
meaning
“
ability
to
plan
the
future
”
developed
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
a
strange
or
magical
image
,
dream
,
or
experience
that
seems
to
come
from
another
world
•
The
prophet
spoke
of
a
vision
he
had
of
peace
.
The
prophet
spoke
of
a
vision
he
had
of
peace
.
•
In
her
dream
,
a
bright
vision
of
her
grandmother
comforted
her
.
In
her
dream
,
a
bright
vision
of
her
grandmother
comforted
her
.
Sense
of
“
supernatural
sight
”
recorded
in
English
since
the
13th
century
,
influenced
by
Biblical
Latin
visio
.
Christmas
noun
-
Christmas
the
Christian
festival
celebrated
on
25
December
to
mark
the
birth
of
Jesus
Christ
,
and
the
holiday
period
around
that
date
•
Every
year
,
our
family
gathers
for
Christmas
dinner
at
my
grandmother
’
s
house
.
Every
year
,
our
family
gathers
for
Christmas
dinner
at
my
grandmother
’
s
house
.
•
The
children
were
excited
to
open
their
presents
on
Christmas
morning
.
The
children
were
excited
to
open
their
presents
on
Christmas
morning
.
Old
English
Cristes
mæsse
“
mass
of
Christ
,”
referring
to
a
church
service
celebrating
Jesus
’
s
birth
;
over
time
it
came
to
mean
the
festival
itself
.
interjection
used
as
a
mild
exclamation
to
show
surprise
,
frustration
,
or
annoyance
•
Christmas
!
I
left
my
wallet
at
home
again
.
Christmas
!
I
left
my
wallet
at
home
again
.
•
Christmas
—
that
was
a
close
call
!
Christmas
—
that
was
a
close
call
!
Originates
from
using
the
sacred
name
in
a
non-religious
context
as
a
euphemism
for
stronger
oaths
,
attested
in
British
English
since
the
19th
century
.
distance
noun
the
amount
of
space
between
two
places
,
objects
,
or
points
•
The
distance
between
the
two
towns
is
only
twenty
miles
.
The
distance
between
the
two
towns
is
only
twenty
miles
.
•
He
used
a
ruler
to
find
the
distance
from
one
corner
of
the
map
to
the
other
.
He
used
a
ruler
to
find
the
distance
from
one
corner
of
the
map
to
the
other
.
From
Middle
English
distaunce
,
via
Old
French
distance
,
from
Latin
distantia
“
a
standing
apart
”.
noun
a
place
or
area
that
is
far
away
,
especially
one
that
can
just
be
seen
or
heard
•
A
faint
bell
rang
somewhere
in
the
distance
.
A
faint
bell
rang
somewhere
in
the
distance
.
•
Snow-capped
mountains
loomed
in
the
distance
beyond
the
valley
.
Snow-capped
mountains
loomed
in
the
distance
beyond
the
valley
.
noun
a
lack
of
friendliness
or
emotional
closeness
between
people
•
After
the
argument
,
a
cool
distance
grew
between
the
two
colleagues
.
After
the
argument
,
a
cool
distance
grew
between
the
two
colleagues
.
•
His
formal
tone
kept
a
polite
distance
from
the
audience
.
His
formal
tone
kept
a
polite
distance
from
the
audience
.
verb
-
distance
,
distancing
,
distances
,
distanced
to
deliberately
make
yourself
less
involved
or
connected
with
someone
or
something
•
He
distanced
himself
from
the
rumors
by
making
a
clear
public
statement
.
He
distanced
himself
from
the
rumors
by
making
a
clear
public
statement
.
•
The
company
is
distancing
itself
from
the
controversial
project
.
The
company
is
distancing
itself
from
the
controversial
project
.
division
noun
the
act
of
separating
something
into
parts
or
the
state
of
being
separated
•
The
division
of
the
cake
into
equal
slices
made
everyone
happy
.
The
division
of
the
cake
into
equal
slices
made
everyone
happy
.
•
Mapmakers
rely
on
the
careful
division
of
land
into
regions
.
Mapmakers
rely
on
the
careful
division
of
land
into
regions
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
divisio
‘
a
dividing
’
from
dividere
‘
to
divide
’.
noun
a
separate
part
of
a
larger
organization
such
as
a
business
,
government
,
or
army
•
Maria
works
in
the
marketing
division
of
the
company
.
Maria
works
in
the
marketing
division
of
the
company
.
•
The
army
division
arrived
at
the
base
before
dawn
.
The
army
division
arrived
at
the
base
before
dawn
.
noun
disagreement
or
lack
of
unity
among
people
or
groups
•
Political
division
can
make
it
hard
for
laws
to
pass
.
Political
division
can
make
it
hard
for
laws
to
pass
.
•
There
was
a
clear
division
between
the
two
groups
of
friends
.
There
was
a
clear
division
between
the
two
groups
of
friends
.
noun
the
mathematical
operation
of
finding
how
many
times
one
number
is
contained
in
another
•
In
math
class
,
we
practiced
long
division
on
the
board
.
In
math
class
,
we
practiced
long
division
on
the
board
.
•
Children
learn
division
after
they
understand
multiplication
.
Children
learn
division
after
they
understand
multiplication
.
am
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
the
form
of
the
verb
“
be
”
that
is
used
with
“
I
”
in
the
present
tense
•
I
am
excited
about
the
school
trip
tomorrow
.
I
am
excited
about
the
school
trip
tomorrow
.
•
I
am
not
hungry
because
I
just
ate
lunch
.
I
am
not
hungry
because
I
just
ate
lunch
.
From
Old
English
“
eom
”,
first-person
singular
of
“
beon/bēo
”,
related
to
German
“
bin
”
and
Latin
“
sum
”.
commission
noun
-
commission
money
earned
as
a
percentage
of
the
value
of
goods
or
services
that
someone
sells
•
Real-estate
agents
often
work
on
commission
instead
of
receiving
a
salary
.
Real-estate
agents
often
work
on
commission
instead
of
receiving
a
salary
.
•
He
earned
over
$1
,
000
in
commission
last
month
by
selling
cars
.
He
earned
over
$1
,
000
in
commission
last
month
by
selling
cars
.
Sense
developed
in
late
Middle
English
from
the
idea
of
‘
entrusting
’
someone
with
sales
.
noun
an
official
group
of
people
chosen
to
study
,
manage
,
or
oversee
a
particular
matter
•
The
government
created
a
new
commission
to
examine
climate
policies
.
The
government
created
a
new
commission
to
examine
climate
policies
.
•
She
served
on
the
city
planning
commission
for
five
years
.
She
served
on
the
city
planning
commission
for
five
years
.
Middle
English
:
from
Anglo-French
,
from
Latin
committere
‘
entrust
’.
noun
a
request
and
payment
for
someone
,
especially
an
artist
or
designer
,
to
create
a
specific
piece
of
work
•
The
museum
gave
the
sculptor
a
commission
for
a
bronze
statue
.
The
museum
gave
the
sculptor
a
commission
for
a
bronze
statue
.
•
Writing
the
opera
was
her
first
major
commission
.
Writing
the
opera
was
her
first
major
commission
.
The
sense
of
‘
order
for
a
work
of
art
’
appeared
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
to
formally
ask
someone
to
create
,
produce
,
or
do
a
piece
of
work
and
usually
pay
them
for
it
•
The
city
plans
to
commission
a
mural
for
the
subway
station
.
The
city
plans
to
commission
a
mural
for
the
subway
station
.
•
They
decided
to
commission
an
independent
study
on
air
quality
.
They
decided
to
commission
an
independent
study
on
air
quality
.
From
Old
French
commissionner
,
rooted
in
Latin
committere
‘
entrust
’.
noun
-
commission
the
act
of
committing
a
crime
or
wrongdoing
•
The
commission
of
serious
offenses
can
lead
to
lengthy
prison
sentences
.
The
commission
of
serious
offenses
can
lead
to
lengthy
prison
sentences
.
•
He
was
charged
with
the
commission
of
fraud
.
He
was
charged
with
the
commission
of
fraud
.
Legal
use
comes
from
the
Latin
past
participle
of
committere
‘
to
commit
’.
being
verb
-
be
,
being
,
am
,
are
,
is
,
was
,
were
,
been
present
participle
of
“
be
”;
used
to
show
continuous
action
or
describe
someone
’
s
behaviour
•
The
children
are
being
noisy
today
.
The
children
are
being
noisy
today
.
•
He
is
being
very
kind
to
the
new
student
.
He
is
being
very
kind
to
the
new
student
.
“
Being
”
as
a
present
participle
of
“
be
”
dates
back
to
Old
English
,
where
present
participles
were
formed
with
“
-ende
”,
later
becoming
“
-ing
”.
minister
noun
a
member
of
the
Christian
clergy
,
especially
in
Protestant
churches
,
who
leads
services
and
cares
for
the
people
in
the
congregation
.
•
After
the
service
,
the
minister
greeted
everyone
warmly
.
After
the
service
,
the
minister
greeted
everyone
warmly
.
•
The
minister
delivered
a
short
,
inspiring
sermon
about
kindness
.
The
minister
delivered
a
short
,
inspiring
sermon
about
kindness
.
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
ministre
,
from
Latin
minister
‘
servant
,
attendant
’.
noun
a
high-ranking
government
official
who
is
in
charge
of
a
department
,
or
in
some
countries
the
head
of
the
government
.
•
The
health
minister
introduced
new
hospital
funding
today
.
The
health
minister
introduced
new
hospital
funding
today
.
•
Our
country
’
s
minister
of
education
visited
the
elementary
school
.
Our
country
’
s
minister
of
education
visited
the
elementary
school
.
noun
an
official
sent
by
one
government
to
live
in
another
country
and
represent
it
there
,
ranking
below
an
ambassador
.
•
The
United
States
appointed
a
new
minister
to
the
small
island
nation
.
The
United
States
appointed
a
new
minister
to
the
small
island
nation
.
•
The
minister
presented
his
credentials
to
the
king
at
the
palace
.
The
minister
presented
his
credentials
to
the
king
at
the
palace
.
verb
to
give
help
or
care
,
especially
medical
or
spiritual
,
to
someone
who
needs
it
.
•
Nurses
ministered
to
injured
passengers
after
the
crash
.
Nurses
ministered
to
injured
passengers
after
the
crash
.
•
Volunteers
stayed
all
night
and
ministered
to
the
homeless
families
.
Volunteers
stayed
all
night
and
ministered
to
the
homeless
families
.
surprise
interjection
used
to
announce
something
unexpected
,
especially
when
revealing
a
secret
or
presenting
a
gift
•
"
Surprise
!"
shouted
his
friends
as
he
walked
into
the
darkened
room
.
"
Surprise
!"
shouted
his
friends
as
he
walked
into
the
darkened
room
.
•
The
children
yelled
"
Surprise
!"
when
their
mother
opened
the
door
.
The
children
yelled
"
Surprise
!"
when
their
mother
opened
the
door
.
noun
the
feeling
you
have
when
something
sudden
or
unexpected
happens
•
Maria's
eyes
grew
wide
with
surprise
when
the
magician
pulled
a
rabbit
from
the
hat
.
Maria's
eyes
grew
wide
with
surprise
when
the
magician
pulled
a
rabbit
from
the
hat
.
•
To
my
surprise
,
the
quiet
student
volunteered
to
sing
first
.
To
my
surprise
,
the
quiet
student
volunteered
to
sing
first
.
From
Old
French
surprise
“
unexpected
attack
,”
from
past
participle
of
surprendre
“
to
overtake
,
seize
,”
from
Latin
super-
“
over
”
+
prendere
“
to
take
.”
noun
something
that
happens
or
is
given
unexpectedly
•
The
weekend
trip
to
the
beach
was
a
wonderful
surprise
.
The
weekend
trip
to
the
beach
was
a
wonderful
surprise
.
•
Dad
hid
the
new
puppy
in
a
box
as
a
birthday
surprise
.
Dad
hid
the
new
puppy
in
a
box
as
a
birthday
surprise
.
verb
-
surprise
,
surprising
,
surprises
,
surprised
to
cause
someone
to
feel
sudden
wonder
or
disbelief
because
something
is
not
expected
•
The
sudden
rainstorm
surprised
the
hikers
on
the
trail
.
The
sudden
rainstorm
surprised
the
hikers
on
the
trail
.
•
Her
excellent
memory
always
surprises
her
classmates
.
Her
excellent
memory
always
surprises
her
classmates
.
pound
noun
-
study
,
studying
,
studies
,
studied
,
happy
,
happier
,
happiest
a
unit
of
weight
equal
to
16
ounces
,
or
about
0
.
454
kilograms
•
The
recipe
calls
for
one
pound
of
strawberries
.
The
recipe
calls
for
one
pound
of
strawberries
.
•
He
lost
five
pounds
after
a
week
of
hiking
.
He
lost
five
pounds
after
a
week
of
hiking
.
From
Old
English
“
pund
,”
ultimately
from
Latin
“
pōndo
” (
by
weight
).
historical
adjective
connected
with
the
study
,
recording
,
or
explanation
of
events
that
happened
in
the
past
•
Our
town
has
a
small
but
fascinating
historical
museum
.
Our
town
has
a
small
but
fascinating
historical
museum
.
•
The
students
used
historical
documents
to
learn
about
the
civil
war
.
The
students
used
historical
documents
to
learn
about
the
civil
war
.
From
Latin
‘
historicus
’ (
historical
,
of
history
)
via
Medieval
Latin
‘
historicalis
’.
adjective
belonging
to
the
past
or
based
on
real
events
that
actually
happened
long
ago
•
The
castle
is
a
historical
landmark
dating
back
to
the
12th
century
.
The
castle
is
a
historical
landmark
dating
back
to
the
12th
century
.
•
They
dressed
up
as
historical
figures
for
the
school
play
.
They
dressed
up
as
historical
figures
for
the
school
play
.
noun
a
book
,
film
,
or
play
that
tells
a
fictional
story
set
in
the
past
•
He
picked
up
a
historical
about
ancient
Rome
.
He
picked
up
a
historical
about
ancient
Rome
.
•
The
bookstore
has
a
special
table
for
best-selling
historicals
.
The
bookstore
has
a
special
table
for
best-selling
historicals
.
insist
verb
to
say
firmly
and
repeatedly
that
something
is
true
,
especially
when
other
people
are
doubtful
•
I
insist
that
I
saw
him
leave
the
building
.
I
insist
that
I
saw
him
leave
the
building
.
•
The
witness
insisted
she
was
telling
the
truth
.
The
witness
insisted
she
was
telling
the
truth
.
verb
to
demand
firmly
that
something
must
happen
or
that
someone
must
do
something
•
Grandma
insists
that
everyone
wash
their
hands
before
dinner
.
Grandma
insists
that
everyone
wash
their
hands
before
dinner
.
•
The
teacher
insisted
on
silence
during
the
test
.
The
teacher
insisted
on
silence
during
the
test
.
episode
noun
one
part
of
a
television
show
,
radio
programme
,
podcast
,
or
other
serial
that
is
broadcast
or
released
separately
•
Everyone
is
talking
about
the
shocking
twist
in
the
latest
episode
of
the
crime
series
.
Everyone
is
talking
about
the
shocking
twist
in
the
latest
episode
of
the
crime
series
.
•
The
podcast
releases
a
new
episode
every
Monday
morning
during
commuters
’
rush
hour
.
The
podcast
releases
a
new
episode
every
Monday
morning
during
commuters
’
rush
hour
.
from
Greek
‘
epeisodion
’
meaning
‘
addition
,
incidental
piece
’,
originally
referring
to
spoken
sections
between
choral
songs
in
Greek
drama
noun
a
separate
event
or
short
period
in
a
larger
story
or
in
someone
’
s
life
,
often
unusual
or
important
•
The
embarrassing
episode
at
the
restaurant
taught
him
to
be
more
careful
with
his
words
.
The
embarrassing
episode
at
the
restaurant
taught
him
to
be
more
careful
with
his
words
.
•
Her
childhood
was
generally
happy
except
for
one
tragic
episode
when
the
family
lost
their
home
.
Her
childhood
was
generally
happy
except
for
one
tragic
episode
when
the
family
lost
their
home
.
same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
extension
of
meaning
from
part
of
a
drama
to
part
of
real
life
in
18th-century
English
noun
a
single
occurrence
of
a
medical
condition
,
such
as
a
seizure
,
asthma
attack
,
or
bout
of
depression
•
The
patient
experienced
an
episode
of
severe
chest
pain
during
the
night
.
The
patient
experienced
an
episode
of
severe
chest
pain
during
the
night
.
•
Stress
can
trigger
an
episode
of
migraine
in
some
people
.
Stress
can
trigger
an
episode
of
migraine
in
some
people
.
medical
use
arose
in
late
19th
century
,
applying
the
dramatic
term
to
distinct
periods
of
illness
noun
in
music
,
a
passage
between
statements
of
the
main
theme
,
especially
in
a
fugue
or
rondo
•
The
composer
lengthened
each
episode
to
create
greater
contrast
with
the
theme
.
The
composer
lengthened
each
episode
to
create
greater
contrast
with
the
theme
.
•
In
Bach
’
s
fugues
,
an
episode
often
modulates
through
several
keys
.
In
Bach
’
s
fugues
,
an
episode
often
modulates
through
several
keys
.
borrowed
into
musical
theory
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
sections
that
‘
fill
in
’
between
statements
of
the
main
theme
,
echoing
the
dramatic
sense
of
interposed
material
disappear
verb
to
suddenly
go
out
of
sight
so
that
no
longer
anything
can
be
seen
•
Watch
the
magician
make
the
coin
disappear
right
in
front
of
you
!
Watch
the
magician
make
the
coin
disappear
right
in
front
of
you
!
•
When
the
sun
came
out
,
the
thick
morning
fog
began
to
disappear
.
When
the
sun
came
out
,
the
thick
morning
fog
began
to
disappear
.
From
French
disparoir
,
from
Latin
disparēre
(
to
vanish
).
verb
to
stop
existing
or
being
available
•
Many
small
bookshops
could
disappear
if
people
only
shop
online
.
Many
small
bookshops
could
disappear
if
people
only
shop
online
.
•
Over
the
years
,
the
ancient
language
began
to
disappear
from
daily
life
.
Over
the
years
,
the
ancient
language
began
to
disappear
from
daily
life
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
.
verb
for
a
person
or
animal
:
to
go
somewhere
secretly
or
be
missing
so
that
no
one
knows
where
they
are
•
Our
cat
likes
to
disappear
for
hours
and
return
just
before
dinner
.
Our
cat
likes
to
disappear
for
hours
and
return
just
before
dinner
.
•
During
the
trek
,
one
of
the
hikers
suddenly
disappears
from
view
.
During
the
trek
,
one
of
the
hikers
suddenly
disappears
from
view
.
Same
historical
origin
as
primary
sense
.
exercise
noun
physical
activity
that
you
do
to
keep
your
body
healthy
and
strong
•
Daily
exercise
helps
keep
your
heart
healthy
.
Daily
exercise
helps
keep
your
heart
healthy
.
•
The
doctor
said
gentle
exercise
would
speed
up
my
recovery
.
The
doctor
said
gentle
exercise
would
speed
up
my
recovery
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
exercice
,
from
Latin
exercitium
“
training
,
practice
,”
from
exercere
“
to
keep
busy
,
work
at
.”
verb
-
exercise
,
exercising
,
exercises
,
exercised
to
do
physical
activities
to
improve
your
health
and
fitness
•
I
exercise
at
the
gym
three
times
a
week
.
I
exercise
at
the
gym
three
times
a
week
.
•
People
should
exercise
regularly
to
stay
fit
.
People
should
exercise
regularly
to
stay
fit
.
noun
physical
activity
that
you
do
to
keep
your
body
healthy
and
strong
•
Swimming
is
excellent
exercise
for
your
whole
body
.
Swimming
is
excellent
exercise
for
your
whole
body
.
•
After
a
long
day
at
the
office
,
he
goes
for
a
jog
to
get
some
exercise
.
After
a
long
day
at
the
office
,
he
goes
for
a
jog
to
get
some
exercise
.
From
Latin
exercitium
“
training
,
practice
,”
from
exercēre
“
to
keep
busy
,
work
at
,
exercise
.”
verb
-
exercise
,
exercising
,
exercises
,
exercised
to
do
physical
activities
in
order
to
keep
your
body
healthy
and
strong
•
She
exercises
at
the
gym
three
times
a
week
.
She
exercises
at
the
gym
three
times
a
week
.
•
I
usually
exercise
before
breakfast
to
start
the
day
with
energy
.
I
usually
exercise
before
breakfast
to
start
the
day
with
energy
.
Same
origin
as
noun
sense
,
first
used
as
a
verb
in
Middle
English
.
noun
a
task
or
activity
designed
to
practice
or
test
a
skill
•
The
teacher
gave
us
a
grammar
exercise
for
homework
.
The
teacher
gave
us
a
grammar
exercise
for
homework
.
•
Each
math
exercise
gets
harder
than
the
last
.
Each
math
exercise
gets
harder
than
the
last
.
Educational
sense
dates
from
the
17th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
“
training
”
from
the
body
to
the
mind
.
noun
a
short
task
or
activity
that
helps
you
practise
a
skill
or
learn
something
•
Our
math
homework
had
ten
tricky
exercises
.
Our
math
homework
had
ten
tricky
exercises
.
•
This
pronunciation
exercise
will
help
you
speak
more
clearly
.
This
pronunciation
exercise
will
help
you
speak
more
clearly
.
noun
a
large-scale
training
activity
for
soldiers
,
emergency
services
,
or
similar
groups
•
NATO
conducted
a
joint
military
exercise
in
the
Baltic
Sea
.
NATO
conducted
a
joint
military
exercise
in
the
Baltic
Sea
.
•
The
fire
department
will
hold
a
rescue
exercise
next
week
.
The
fire
department
will
hold
a
rescue
exercise
next
week
.
Military
sense
emerged
in
the
18th
century
from
the
idea
of
‘
exercising
’
troops
.
verb
-
exercise
,
exercising
,
exercises
,
exercised
to
use
a
right
,
power
,
or
ability
•
Citizens
can
exercise
their
right
to
vote
during
the
election
.
Citizens
can
exercise
their
right
to
vote
during
the
election
.
•
The
company
exercised
its
option
to
buy
more
shares
.
The
company
exercised
its
option
to
buy
more
shares
.
Legal
sense
recorded
since
the
15th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
‘
putting
into
action
’.
noun
the
act
of
using
a
right
,
power
,
or
ability
•
The
exercise
of
free
speech
is
protected
by
law
.
The
exercise
of
free
speech
is
protected
by
law
.
•
Shareholders
complained
about
the
CEO
’
s
exercise
of
power
.
Shareholders
complained
about
the
CEO
’
s
exercise
of
power
.
noun
a
planned
military
training
operation
•
NATO
conducted
a
joint
naval
exercise
in
the
Mediterranean
.
NATO
conducted
a
joint
naval
exercise
in
the
Mediterranean
.
•
The
soldiers
prepared
for
the
night-time
exercise
in
the
desert
.
The
soldiers
prepared
for
the
night-time
exercise
in
the
desert
.
verb
-
exercise
,
exercising
,
exercises
,
exercised
to
use
or
apply
a
right
,
power
,
or
ability
•
Citizens
must
be
free
to
exercise
their
voting
rights
.
Citizens
must
be
free
to
exercise
their
voting
rights
.
•
The
board
may
exercise
its
authority
to
remove
the
director
.
The
board
may
exercise
its
authority
to
remove
the
director
.
organise
verb
-
organise
,
organising
,
organises
,
organised
to
arrange
things
or
information
in
a
tidy
and
logical
order
.
•
Could
you
organise
the
files
alphabetically
,
please
?
Could
you
organise
the
files
alphabetically
,
please
?
•
She
organised
her
photos
by
date
in
separate
albums
.
She
organised
her
photos
by
date
in
separate
albums
.
verb
-
organise
,
organising
,
organises
,
organised
to
plan
and
manage
an
event
or
activity
so
everything
happens
as
intended
.
•
They
are
organising
a
community
fair
for
June
.
They
are
organising
a
community
fair
for
June
.
•
Who
will
organise
the
company
’
s
annual
conference
this
year
?
Who
will
organise
the
company
’
s
annual
conference
this
year
?
verb
-
organise
,
organising
,
organises
,
organised
to
bring
workers
together
into
a
trade
union
or
similar
body
.
•
The
nurses
are
trying
to
organise
to
demand
better
staffing
levels
.
The
nurses
are
trying
to
organise
to
demand
better
staffing
levels
.
•
He
helped
delivery
drivers
organise
for
holiday
bonuses
.
He
helped
delivery
drivers
organise
for
holiday
bonuses
.
English
noun
-
English
the
language
spoken
and
written
in
England
and
in
many
other
countries
•
Sarah
wants
to
improve
her
English
before
traveling
to
Canada
.
Sarah
wants
to
improve
her
English
before
traveling
to
Canada
.
•
Our
class
reads
a
short
story
in
English
every
Monday
.
Our
class
reads
a
short
story
in
English
every
Monday
.
Old
English
Englisc
,
originally
meaning
‘
of
the
Angles
’;
later
extended
to
the
language
.
noun
-
English
the
language
spoken
in
England
and
in
many
other
countries
around
the
world
•
She
learned
English
by
watching
cartoons
and
singing
songs
.
She
learned
English
by
watching
cartoons
and
singing
songs
.
•
Could
you
repeat
that
in
English
,
please
?
Could
you
repeat
that
in
English
,
please
?
adjective
coming
from
,
connected
with
,
or
typical
of
England
•
We
watched
an
English
football
match
on
TV
last
night
.
We
watched
an
English
football
match
on
TV
last
night
.
•
Her
favorite
author
is
the
English
writer
Jane
Austen
.
Her
favorite
author
is
the
English
writer
Jane
Austen
.
From
Old
English
Englisc
,
describing
people
or
things
of
the
Angles
.
adjective
connected
with
England
,
its
people
,
or
its
language
•
The
English
garden
was
filled
with
colorful
roses
and
neatly
trimmed
hedges
.
The
English
garden
was
filled
with
colorful
roses
and
neatly
trimmed
hedges
.
•
My
English
teacher
loves
Shakespeare
.
My
English
teacher
loves
Shakespeare
.
noun
the
people
of
England
considered
as
a
group
•
The
English
are
famous
for
their
love
of
tea
.
The
English
are
famous
for
their
love
of
tea
.
•
During
the
festival
,
the
English
dress
in
historical
costumes
.
During
the
festival
,
the
English
dress
in
historical
costumes
.
noun
-
English
a
spin
put
on
a
ball
in
games
like
pool
,
billiards
,
or
table
tennis
to
make
it
change
direction
•
He
put
some
English
on
the
cue
ball
to
make
it
curve
into
the
pocket
.
He
put
some
English
on
the
cue
ball
to
make
it
curve
into
the
pocket
.
•
With
a
touch
of
English
,
the
table
tennis
serve
became
unpredictable
.
With
a
touch
of
English
,
the
table
tennis
serve
became
unpredictable
.
19th-century
American
billiards
slang
,
said
to
come
from
the
angled
spinning
shots
favored
by
English
players
.
english
noun
-
english
sideways
spin
put
on
a
cue
ball
in
billiards
or
pool
to
change
its
path
•
He
added
a
bit
of
english
to
the
cue
ball
to
avoid
the
corner
pocket
.
He
added
a
bit
of
english
to
the
cue
ball
to
avoid
the
corner
pocket
.
•
Good
players
know
exactly
how
much
english
to
use
on
each
shot
.
Good
players
know
exactly
how
much
english
to
use
on
each
shot
.
Originated
in
American
billiards
slang
of
the
19th
century
,
possibly
referencing
the
perceived
skill
of
English
players
in
controlling
spin
.
surprised
adjective
-
surprised
,
surprise
,
surprising
,
surprises
feeling
or
showing
sudden
wonder
because
something
unexpected
has
happened
•
The
children
looked
surprised
when
the
magician
pulled
a
rabbit
from
his
hat
.
The
children
looked
surprised
when
the
magician
pulled
a
rabbit
from
his
hat
.
•
Maria
was
surprised
to
see
snow
falling
in
April
.
Maria
was
surprised
to
see
snow
falling
in
April
.
Formed
from
the
past
participle
of
the
verb
“
surprise
,”
first
used
as
an
adjective
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
-
surprise
,
surprising
,
surprises
,
surprised
simple
past
tense
and
past
participle
form
of
the
verb
“
surprise
”
•
The
loud
bang
surprised
the
sleeping
cat
.
The
loud
bang
surprised
the
sleeping
cat
.
•
His
sudden
visit
surprised
his
parents
.
His
sudden
visit
surprised
his
parents
.
From
Old
French
“
surprendre
”
meaning
“
to
overtake
or
seize
,”
entering
Middle
English
as
“
surprisen
.”
Jewish
adjective
-
Jewish
,
/
relating
to
the
religion
,
culture
,
or
people
of
Judaism
•
They
prepared
a
traditional
Jewish
meal
for
the
festival
of
Passover
.
They
prepared
a
traditional
Jewish
meal
for
the
festival
of
Passover
.
•
She
studies
Jewish
history
at
the
university
.
She
studies
Jewish
history
at
the
university
.
from
Jew
+
‑ish
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
;
originally
meaning
“
of
the
Jews
”
English Channel
noun
-
English
Channel
the
stretch
of
sea
between
southern
England
and
northern
France
•
She
swam
across
the
English
Channel
to
raise
money
for
charity
.
She
swam
across
the
English
Channel
to
raise
money
for
charity
.
•
The
ferry
crossed
the
English
Channel
in
just
ninety
minutes
.
The
ferry
crossed
the
English
Channel
in
just
ninety
minutes
.
Named
after
the
people
of
England
;
recorded
in
English
since
the
17th
century
.
visitor
noun
someone
who
goes
to
see
a
person
,
place
,
or
event
for
a
short
time
but
does
not
live
or
work
there
•
The
museum
welcomed
over
a
thousand
visitors
on
its
opening
day
.
The
museum
welcomed
over
a
thousand
visitors
on
its
opening
day
.
•
Our
grandma
is
coming
to
stay
,
so
make
sure
the
guest
room
is
tidy
for
our
visitor
.
Our
grandma
is
coming
to
stay
,
so
make
sure
the
guest
room
is
tidy
for
our
visitor
.
From
Anglo-French
visitour
,
from
Old
French
visiteor
,
based
on
Latin
visitare
“
to
go
to
see
”.
noun
in
sports
,
the
player
or
team
that
is
competing
away
from
its
own
ground
•
The
visitors
scored
a
goal
in
the
first
five
minutes
.
The
visitors
scored
a
goal
in
the
first
five
minutes
.
•
Home
fans
cheered
when
the
visitor
missed
the
penalty
.
Home
fans
cheered
when
the
visitor
missed
the
penalty
.
Sporting
sense
recorded
since
the
late
19th
century
,
based
on
the
idea
of
a
team
visiting
another
’
s
ground
.
noun
a
person
who
opens
or
views
a
website
or
online
page
•
The
blog
attracts
hundreds
of
unique
visitors
every
day
.
The
blog
attracts
hundreds
of
unique
visitors
every
day
.
•
We
redesigned
the
homepage
so
visitors
can
find
information
faster
.
We
redesigned
the
homepage
so
visitors
can
find
information
faster
.
Sense
extended
from
physical
visitor
to
online
context
in
the
early
1990s
as
the
World
Wide
Web
grew
.
disability
noun
-
disability
,
disabilities
a
physical
or
mental
condition
that
limits
a
person
’
s
movements
,
senses
,
or
activities
•
After
the
accident
,
he
learned
to
use
a
wheelchair
because
of
his
disability
.
After
the
accident
,
he
learned
to
use
a
wheelchair
because
of
his
disability
.
•
The
school
built
ramps
to
ensure
students
with
disabilities
could
enter
every
classroom
.
The
school
built
ramps
to
ensure
students
with
disabilities
could
enter
every
classroom
.
noun
-
disability
,
disabilities
something
that
makes
it
harder
for
someone
to
succeed
or
progress
•
Lack
of
experience
was
a
serious
disability
in
the
job
market
.
Lack
of
experience
was
a
serious
disability
in
the
job
market
.
•
His
shyness
turned
out
to
be
a
disability
when
he
tried
to
lead
the
meeting
.
His
shyness
turned
out
to
be
a
disability
when
he
tried
to
lead
the
meeting
.
comparison
noun
the
act
of
looking
at
two
or
more
people
or
things
to
discover
how
they
are
similar
or
different
•
A
side-by-side
comparison
of
the
two
smartphones
helped
her
choose
the
better
one
.
A
side-by-side
comparison
of
the
two
smartphones
helped
her
choose
the
better
one
.
•
Without
proper
comparison
,
you
might
pay
too
much
for
a
flight
ticket
.
Without
proper
comparison
,
you
might
pay
too
much
for
a
flight
ticket
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
comparationem
,
from
comparare
‘
to
pair
,
match
’.
noun
a
statement
,
description
,
or
judgment
that
shows
how
two
people
or
things
are
similar
or
different
•
Many
fans
draw
a
comparison
between
the
new
singer
and
Adele
.
Many
fans
draw
a
comparison
between
the
new
singer
and
Adele
.
•
"
That's
an
unfair
comparison
—
the
teams
have
totally
different
budgets
,"
the
coach
said
.
"
That's
an
unfair
comparison
—
the
teams
have
totally
different
budgets
,"
the
coach
said
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
over
time
it
also
came
to
mean
the
remark
itself
rather
than
the
act
.
noun
in
grammar
,
the
change
in
form
of
an
adjective
or
adverb
to
show
different
degrees
,
as
in
“
big
,
bigger
,
biggest
”
•
Students
practiced
the
comparison
of
adjectives
like
"
fast
,
faster
,
fastest
"
in
class
.
Students
practiced
the
comparison
of
adjectives
like
"
fast
,
faster
,
fastest
"
in
class
.
•
In
English
,
most
adverbs
form
comparison
with
"
more
"
and
"
most
."
In
English
,
most
adverbs
form
comparison
with
"
more
"
and
"
most
."
Adopted
in
the
16th
century
by
grammarians
to
label
the
process
of
forming
comparative
and
superlative
degrees
.
existing
verb
present
participle
of
exist
:
being
real
,
alive
,
or
present
•
Scientists
search
for
evidence
of
life
existing
on
other
planets
.
Scientists
search
for
evidence
of
life
existing
on
other
planets
.
•
Records
show
several
ancient
customs
still
existing
in
rural
villages
.
Records
show
several
ancient
customs
still
existing
in
rural
villages
.
from
Latin
existere
“
to
emerge
,
to
be
”,
via
French
exister
,
becoming
English
“
exist
”
in
the
late
16th
century
;
present
participle
“
existing
”
formed
with
the
‑ing
suffix
adjective
that
is
present
,
in
place
,
or
being
used
right
now
•
We
plan
to
improve
the
existing
software
instead
of
buying
a
new
program
.
We
plan
to
improve
the
existing
software
instead
of
buying
a
new
program
.
•
Under
the
existing
rules
,
students
must
wear
uniforms
.
Under
the
existing
rules
,
students
must
wear
uniforms
.
formed
from
the
verb
“
exist
”
+
suffix
“
-ing
,”
first
used
as
an
adjective
in
the
early
17th
century
legislation
noun
-
legislation
the
act
or
process
of
making
or
passing
laws
•
The
government
promised
that
new
legislation
would
protect
endangered
animals
.
The
government
promised
that
new
legislation
would
protect
endangered
animals
.
•
Public
opinion
often
influences
the
shape
of
environmental
legislation
.
Public
opinion
often
influences
the
shape
of
environmental
legislation
.
From
Latin
legis
(
law
)
+
lātiō
(
bringing
,
proposing
),
originally
meaning
a
proposal
of
law
put
forward
.
noun
a
law
or
set
of
laws
that
has
been
officially
made
•
Parliament
passed
tough
new
legislation
on
cybercrime
.
Parliament
passed
tough
new
legislation
on
cybercrime
.
•
This
piece
of
legislation
limits
the
sale
of
single-use
plastics
.
This
piece
of
legislation
limits
the
sale
of
single-use
plastics
.
Same
origin
as
the
process
sense
:
from
Latin
roots
meaning
‘
law
bringing
’.
existence
noun
the
state
or
fact
of
being
real
,
present
,
or
alive
•
Scientists
are
still
debating
the
existence
of
life
on
other
planets
.
Scientists
are
still
debating
the
existence
of
life
on
other
planets
.
•
New
fossils
finally
proved
the
existence
of
the
ancient
bird
species
.
New
fossils
finally
proved
the
existence
of
the
ancient
bird
species
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
existentia
,
from
existere
‘
stand
out
,
be
’
noun
a
thing
that
exists
;
a
being
or
entity
•
Many
people
believe
that
spiritual
existences
are
all
around
us
.
Many
people
believe
that
spiritual
existences
are
all
around
us
.
•
A
black
hole
is
a
strange
existence
in
the
universe
.
A
black
hole
is
a
strange
existence
in
the
universe
.
noun
a
person
’
s
way
of
living
,
especially
one
that
is
difficult
or
boring
•
After
losing
his
job
,
he
scraped
by
on
a
miserable
existence
in
a
tiny
bedsit
.
After
losing
his
job
,
he
scraped
by
on
a
miserable
existence
in
a
tiny
bedsit
.
•
The
shepherds
lived
a
simple
existence
high
in
the
mountains
.
The
shepherds
lived
a
simple
existence
high
in
the
mountains
.
journalist
noun
A
person
whose
job
is
to
gather
,
write
,
or
report
news
for
newspapers
,
magazines
,
television
,
radio
,
or
online
media
.
•
The
young
journalist
interviewed
the
mayor
on
the
steps
of
city
hall
.
The
young
journalist
interviewed
the
mayor
on
the
steps
of
city
hall
.
•
During
the
storm
,
a
brave
journalist
stood
in
the
wind
reporting
live
for
television
viewers
.
During
the
storm
,
a
brave
journalist
stood
in
the
wind
reporting
live
for
television
viewers
.
From
French
“
journaliste
”,
based
on
“
journal
” (
daily
newspaper
),
ultimately
from
Latin
“
diurnalis
”
meaning
“
daily
”.
consistent
adjective
always
doing
things
in
the
same
way
or
keeping
the
same
level
of
quality
so
people
can
rely
on
what
will
happen
•
Maria
is
a
consistent
student
;
she
studies
two
hours
every
evening
.
Maria
is
a
consistent
student
;
she
studies
two
hours
every
evening
.
•
The
team
needs
consistent
effort
to
win
the
championship
.
The
team
needs
consistent
effort
to
win
the
championship
.
adjective
in
agreement
with
something
else
,
so
that
the
two
things
can
both
be
true
at
the
same
time
•
Her
story
was
consistent with
the
facts
the
police
had
discovered
.
Her
story
was
consistent with
the
facts
the
police
had
discovered
.
•
These
results
are
consistent with
previous
experiments
.
These
results
are
consistent with
previous
experiments
.
adjective
having
a
uniform
thickness
or
texture
everywhere
,
without
lumps
or
sudden
changes
•
Stir
the
sauce
until
it
becomes
smooth
and
consistent
.
Stir
the
sauce
until
it
becomes
smooth
and
consistent
.
•
She
mixed
the
paint
to
a
consistent
texture
before
starting
.
She
mixed
the
paint
to
a
consistent
texture
before
starting
.
disaster
noun
a
sudden
event
like
an
accident
,
storm
,
or
earthquake
that
causes
a
lot
of
damage
,
injury
,
or
death
•
Disaster
struck
when
the
river
burst
its
banks
and
flooded
the
village
.
Disaster
struck
when
the
river
burst
its
banks
and
flooded
the
village
.
•
The
earthquake
was
the
worst
disaster
the
region
had
seen
in
decades
.
The
earthquake
was
the
worst
disaster
the
region
had
seen
in
decades
.
From
Italian
disastro
,
from
Latin
dis-
“
bad
”
+
astrum
“
star
,”
originally
referring
to
an
ill-starred
event
.
noun
something
that
fails
very
badly
or
goes
completely
wrong
•
My
cake
turned
out
to
be
a
total
disaster
;
it
collapsed
in
the
oven
.
My
cake
turned
out
to
be
a
total
disaster
;
it
collapsed
in
the
oven
.
•
The
new
computer
system
launch
was
a
disaster
,
so
the
company
cancelled
it
.
The
new
computer
system
launch
was
a
disaster
,
so
the
company
cancelled
it
.
display
verb
-
display
,
displaying
,
displays
,
displayed
to
arrange
or
put
something
where
people
can
easily
see
it
•
At
the
museum
,
they
display
ancient
coins
in
glass
cases
.
At
the
museum
,
they
display
ancient
coins
in
glass
cases
.
•
The
bakery
displays
its
fresh
bread
near
the
door
to
attract
customers
.
The
bakery
displays
its
fresh
bread
near
the
door
to
attract
customers
.
From
Middle
French
"
despleier
"
meaning
"
to
unfold
,
spread
out
",
later
developing
the
sense
of
"
show
openly
"
in
English
.
noun
a
collection
or
arrangement
of
things
shown
for
people
to
see
•
The
window
display
caught
everyone's
attention
.
The
window
display
caught
everyone's
attention
.
•
The
art
display
includes
paintings
and
sculptures
.
The
art
display
includes
paintings
and
sculptures
.
noun
a
group
or
arrangement
of
things
set
out
so
people
can
easily
look
at
them
•
The
bakery
made
a
colorful
display
of
cupcakes
in
the
window
.
The
bakery
made
a
colorful
display
of
cupcakes
in
the
window
.
•
The
museum's
dinosaur
display
amazed
the
children
.
The
museum's
dinosaur
display
amazed
the
children
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Anglo-French
desplaier
(“
unfold
,
show
”).
noun
the
screen
on
a
phone
,
computer
,
or
other
device
that
shows
words
and
pictures
•
My
phone's
display
turned
off
when
the
battery
died
.
My
phone's
display
turned
off
when
the
battery
died
.
•
The
smartwatch
has
a
bright
display
you
can
read
in
sunlight
.
The
smartwatch
has
a
bright
display
you
can
read
in
sunlight
.
verb
-
display
,
displaying
,
displays
,
displayed
to
show
a
feeling
,
quality
,
or
attitude
clearly
through
actions
or
appearance
•
The
team
displayed
great
courage
during
the
final
match
.
The
team
displayed
great
courage
during
the
final
match
.
•
He
displays
no
interest
in
politics
.
He
displays
no
interest
in
politics
.
verb
-
display
,
displaying
,
displays
,
displayed
(
computing
)
to
show
words
,
pictures
,
or
other
information
on
a
screen
•
The
website
displays
the
results
in
seconds
.
The
website
displays
the
results
in
seconds
.
•
My
watch
displayed
the
time
in
bright
numbers
.
My
watch
displayed
the
time
in
bright
numbers
.
noun
the
screen
of
a
computer
,
phone
,
or
other
electronic
device
that
shows
information
•
My
phone's
display
cracked
when
I
dropped
it
.
My
phone's
display
cracked
when
I
dropped
it
.
•
Increase
the
brightness
of
the
display
if
it's
too
dark
.
Increase
the
brightness
of
the
display
if
it's
too
dark
.
noun
a
strong
and
noticeable
expression
of
a
feeling
,
quality
,
or
strength
•
The
soldier's
display
of
bravery
impressed
everyone
.
The
soldier's
display
of
bravery
impressed
everyone
.
•
A
sudden
display
of
anger
ended
the
meeting
.
A
sudden
display
of
anger
ended
the
meeting
.
noun
an
act
of
showing
a
feeling
,
quality
,
or
strength
openly
•
Her
loud
laughter
was
a
display
of
pure
joy
.
Her
loud
laughter
was
a
display
of
pure
joy
.
•
The
soldier's
medal
was
a
display
of
bravery
.
The
soldier's
medal
was
a
display
of
bravery
.
verb
to
arrange
something
so
that
people
can
easily
see
it
•
The
teacher
displayed
the
students'
drawings
on
the
wall
.
The
teacher
displayed
the
students'
drawings
on
the
wall
.
•
She
displays
her
trophies
on
a
shelf
in
her
bedroom
.
She
displays
her
trophies
on
a
shelf
in
her
bedroom
.
verb
to
show
information
on
a
screen
•
The
calculator
displays
the
answer
in
large
numbers
.
The
calculator
displays
the
answer
in
large
numbers
.
•
When
you
touch
the
map
,
the
phone
displays
nearby
restaurants
.
When
you
touch
the
map
,
the
phone
displays
nearby
restaurants
.
verb
to
show
a
feeling
,
quality
,
or
ability
openly
•
He
rarely
displays
his
emotions
in
public
.
He
rarely
displays
his
emotions
in
public
.
•
Her
smile
displayed
her
excitement
.
Her
smile
displayed
her
excitement
.
kiss
verb
-
kiss
,
kisses
,
kissing
,
kissed
to
touch
someone
with
your
lips
,
usually
to
show
love
,
greeting
,
or
thanks
•
She
leaned
over
and
kissed
her
baby
goodnight
.
She
leaned
over
and
kissed
her
baby
goodnight
.
•
The
couple
kissed
under
the
fireworks
.
The
couple
kissed
under
the
fireworks
.
noun
-
kiss
,
kisses
an
act
of
touching
someone
with
your
lips
as
a
sign
of
affection
,
greeting
,
or
respect
•
The
little
boy
gave
his
mother
a
quick
goodnight
kiss
.
The
little
boy
gave
his
mother
a
quick
goodnight
kiss
.
•
Their
first
kiss
happened
on
a
rainy
evening
.
Their
first
kiss
happened
on
a
rainy
evening
.
noun
-
kiss
,
kisses
a
small
,
cone-shaped
piece
of
chocolate
,
especially
one
wrapped
in
foil
•
She
unwrapped
a
chocolate
kiss
and
popped
it
into
her
mouth
.
She
unwrapped
a
chocolate
kiss
and
popped
it
into
her
mouth
.
•
The
cookies
were
decorated
with
a
single
kiss
pressed
into
the
center
.
The
cookies
were
decorated
with
a
single
kiss
pressed
into
the
center
.
verb
-
kiss
,
kisses
,
kissing
,
kissed
(
figurative
)
to
lightly
touch
or
brush
against
something
•
Morning
sunlight
kissed
the
tops
of
the
mountains
.
Morning
sunlight
kissed
the
tops
of
the
mountains
.
•
A
gentle
breeze
kisses
the
lake's
surface
,
making
tiny
ripples
.
A
gentle
breeze
kisses
the
lake's
surface
,
making
tiny
ripples
.
noise
noun
-
noise
,
noising
,
noises
,
noised
,
noisy
,
noisier
,
noisiest
a
sound
,
especially
one
that
is
loud
,
unpleasant
,
or
unwanted
•
The
construction
site
made
so
much
noise
that
I
couldn
’
t
sleep
.
The
construction
site
made
so
much
noise
that
I
couldn
’
t
sleep
.
•
Please
keep
the
noise
down
in
the
library
.
Please
keep
the
noise
down
in
the
library
.
From
Old
French
“
noise
”
meaning
quarrel
or
uproar
,
later
“
sound
.”
noun
-
noise
,
noising
,
noises
,
noised
,
noisy
,
noisier
,
noisiest
random
or
unwanted
signals
that
interfere
with
the
main
information
in
electronics
,
radio
,
or
data
•
The
old
radio
hissed
with
background
noise
when
we
tuned
it
.
The
old
radio
hissed
with
background
noise
when
we
tuned
it
.
•
Engineers
filtered
out
electrical
noise
to
get
a
clear
signal
.
Engineers
filtered
out
electrical
noise
to
get
a
clear
signal
.
Technical
use
developed
in
the
20th
century
by
analogy
with
unwanted
sounds
.
verb
-
noise
,
noising
,
noises
,
noised
to
spread
news
or
a
rumor
widely
,
especially
in
a
public
or
noticeable
way
•
The
scandal
was
quickly
noised about
the
town
.
The
scandal
was
quickly
noised about
the
town
.
•
His
victory
was
noised abroad
before
the
official
count
was
finished
.
His
victory
was
noised abroad
before
the
official
count
was
finished
.
From
the
noun
sense
“
uproar
,”
later
extended
in
the
16th
century
to
mean
“
talk
loudly
about
.”
distribution
noun
the
act
or
process
of
delivering
or
handing
out
goods
or
resources
to
various
people
or
places
•
The
charity
organized
the
distribution
of
blankets
to
the
earthquake
survivors
.
The
charity
organized
the
distribution
of
blankets
to
the
earthquake
survivors
.
•
A
truck
arrives
every
morning
for
the
distribution
of
fresh
bread
to
local
shops
.
A
truck
arrives
every
morning
for
the
distribution
of
fresh
bread
to
local
shops
.
From
Latin
distributio
“
division
,
arrangement
”,
from
distribuere
“
to
divide
,
share
out
”.
noun
the
way
something
is
spread
or
shared
over
an
area
,
group
,
or
period
of
time
•
Scientists
mapped
the
distribution
of
endangered
birds
across
the
islands
.
Scientists
mapped
the
distribution
of
endangered
birds
across
the
islands
.
•
Income
distribution
varies
greatly
between
urban
and
rural
communities
.
Income
distribution
varies
greatly
between
urban
and
rural
communities
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
.
noun
in
mathematics
and
statistics
,
a
set
showing
all
the
possible
values
of
data
and
how
often
they
occur
•
The
data
followed
a
normal
distribution
around
the
average
value
.
The
data
followed
a
normal
distribution
around
the
average
value
.
•
Understanding
the
probability
distribution
helps
predict
future
sales
.
Understanding
the
probability
distribution
helps
predict
future
sales
.
Adopted
for
mathematical
use
in
the
late
19th
century
,
extending
the
general
sense
of
“
arrangement
”
to
numerical
values
.
dish
noun
-
dish
,
dishes
,
dishing
,
dished
a
shallow
container
such
as
a
plate
or
bowl
used
for
serving
or
cooking
food
•
She
placed
a
steaming
dish
of
pasta
in
the
center
of
the
table
.
She
placed
a
steaming
dish
of
pasta
in
the
center
of
the
table
.
•
Please
wash
the
glass
dish
carefully
;
it's
fragile
.
Please
wash
the
glass
dish
carefully
;
it's
fragile
.
Old
English
‘
disc
’,
from
Latin
‘
discus
’
meaning
‘
plate
,
quoit
’.
Israeli
adjective
relating
to
the
country
of
Israel
or
its
people
•
The
Israeli
film
won
first
prize
at
the
international
festival
.
The
Israeli
film
won
first
prize
at
the
international
festival
.
•
They
enjoyed
tasting
traditional
Israeli
dishes
like
falafel
and
shakshuka
at
the
food
fair
.
They
enjoyed
tasting
traditional
Israeli
dishes
like
falafel
and
shakshuka
at
the
food
fair
.
Formed
from
the
proper
noun
Israel
+
English
adjectival
suffix
-i
,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-20th
century
after
the
establishment
of
the
modern
State
of
Israel
.
noun
a
person
who
is
a
citizen
of
Israel
•
An
Israeli
greeted
us
warmly
at
the
hostel
reception
desk
.
An
Israeli
greeted
us
warmly
at
the
hostel
reception
desk
.
•
A
group
of
Israelis
chatted
with
tourists
about
local
customs
in
a
street
café
.
A
group
of
Israelis
chatted
with
tourists
about
local
customs
in
a
street
café
.
From
the
proper
noun
Israel
+
English
noun-forming
suffix
-i
,
first
used
in
English
in
the
late
1940s
.
disorder
noun
-
disorder
a
state
in
which
things
are
messy
,
confused
,
or
not
arranged
in
an
organized
way
•
After
the
party
,
empty
cups
and
balloons
left
the
living
room
in
complete
disorder
.
After
the
party
,
empty
cups
and
balloons
left
the
living
room
in
complete
disorder
.
•
The
folders
were
in
such
disorder
that
no
one
could
find
the
contract
.
The
folders
were
in
such
disorder
that
no
one
could
find
the
contract
.
From
Old
French
desordre
,
based
on
Latin
dis-
“
opposite
,
apart
”
+
ordō
“
order
”.
noun
violent
or
unruly
behavior
that
disturbs
public
peace
•
Police
were
called
to
stop
the
disorder
outside
the
stadium
.
Police
were
called
to
stop
the
disorder
outside
the
stadium
.
•
Protests
can
turn
into
disorder
when
emotions
run
high
.
Protests
can
turn
into
disorder
when
emotions
run
high
.
Sense
extended
in
the
1600s
from
general
‘
lack
of
order
’
to
‘
disturbance
of
public
peace
’.
noun
an
illness
that
affects
the
mind
or
body
and
stops
it
from
working
normally
•
She
was
diagnosed
with
an
anxiety
disorder
after
months
of
worry
and
sleepless
nights
.
She
was
diagnosed
with
an
anxiety
disorder
after
months
of
worry
and
sleepless
nights
.
•
Diabetes
is
a
metabolic
disorder
that
affects
how
the
body
uses
sugar
.
Diabetes
is
a
metabolic
disorder
that
affects
how
the
body
uses
sugar
.
Medical
use
became
common
in
the
1700s
to
describe
bodily
or
mental
irregularities
.
verb
-
disorder
,
disordering
,
disorders
,
disordered
to
make
something
untidy
or
confused
;
to
disturb
the
order
of
something
•
The
earthquake
disordered
the
neatly
stacked
shelves
in
seconds
.
The
earthquake
disordered
the
neatly
stacked
shelves
in
seconds
.
•
Loud
music
can
disorder
your
concentration
while
you
study
.
Loud
music
can
disorder
your
concentration
while
you
study
.
Verb
use
dates
from
the
late
1500s
meaning
‘
throw
out
of
order
’.
assistance
noun
-
assistance
help
,
support
,
or
aid
given
to
someone
who
needs
it
.
•
The
old
man
asked
his
neighbor
for
assistance
carrying
the
heavy
groceries
upstairs
.
The
old
man
asked
his
neighbor
for
assistance
carrying
the
heavy
groceries
upstairs
.
•
If
you
have
any
questions
,
our
customer
service
team
is
available
to
offer
assistance
24/7
.
If
you
have
any
questions
,
our
customer
service
team
is
available
to
offer
assistance
24/7
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
,
from
assister
‘
to
assist
’.
noun
-
assistance
the
act
of
being
present
at
a
place
or
event
;
attendance
.
•
Your
assistance
at
tomorrow's
staff
meeting
is
mandatory
.
Your
assistance
at
tomorrow's
staff
meeting
is
mandatory
.
•
The
ceremony
will
take
place
at
noon
,
and
the
mayor's
assistance
has
been
confirmed
.
The
ceremony
will
take
place
at
noon
,
and
the
mayor's
assistance
has
been
confirmed
.
From
French
assistance
‘
presence
’,
a
sense
carried
into
early
Modern
English
.
vise
noun
a
strong
metal
tool
with
two
jaws
tightened
by
a
screw
to
hold
something
steady
while
you
work
on
it
•
He
fixed
the
bike
pedal
by
securing
it
in
a
vise
.
He
fixed
the
bike
pedal
by
securing
it
in
a
vise
.
•
Always
wear
goggles
when
grinding
metal
held
in
a
vise
.
Always
wear
goggles
when
grinding
metal
held
in
a
vise
.
consist
verb
to
be
made
up
of
particular
parts
or
things
,
usually
used
with
the
preposition
“
of
”
•
The
gift
basket
consists of
fresh
fruit
,
cheese
,
and
a
small
bottle
of
wine
.
The
gift
basket
consists of
fresh
fruit
,
cheese
,
and
a
small
bottle
of
wine
.
•
A
year
consists of
twelve
months
.
A
year
consists of
twelve
months
.
From
Latin
"
consistere
"
meaning
"
to
stand
firm
,
be
composed
of
"
verb
to
have
something
as
the
most
important
or
essential
part
,
quality
,
or
element
,
usually
used
with
the
preposition
“
in
”
•
True
happiness
consists in
helping
others
.
True
happiness
consists in
helping
others
.
•
The
beauty
of
the
painting
consists in
its
vibrant
colors
.
The
beauty
of
the
painting
consists in
its
vibrant
colors
.
Same
Latin
root
as
the
primary
sense
,
later
specialized
in
philosophical
and
formal
writing
.
verb
(
formal
,
now
rare
)
to
be
in
agreement
or
harmony
with
something
,
used
with
the
preposition
“
with
”
•
The
facts
of
the
case
do
not
consist with
her
testimony
.
The
facts
of
the
case
do
not
consist with
her
testimony
.
•
Such
behavior
hardly
consists with
the
company
’
s
values
.
Such
behavior
hardly
consists with
the
company
’
s
values
.
Older
legal
and
philosophical
usage
extending
the
idea
of
parts
fitting
together
to
ideas
and
facts
matching
.
assist
verb
to
help
someone
or
make
it
easier
for
them
to
do
something
•
The
nurse
hurried
over
to
assist
the
elderly
man
in
finding
his
seat
.
The
nurse
hurried
over
to
assist
the
elderly
man
in
finding
his
seat
.
•
Could
you
assist
me
with
this
heavy
suitcase
?
Could
you
assist
me
with
this
heavy
suitcase
?
From
Middle
French
assister
,
from
Latin
assistere
meaning
“
to
stand
by
,
help
”.
noun
in
sports
,
a
pass
or
action
that
directly
helps
a
teammate
score
a
point
or
goal
•
The
striker
scored
thanks
to
an
amazing
assist
from
the
left-winger
.
The
striker
scored
thanks
to
an
amazing
assist
from
the
left-winger
.
•
She
finished
the
game
with
twelve
assists
and
a
big
smile
.
She
finished
the
game
with
twelve
assists
and
a
big
smile
.
Sense
developed
in
late
19th-century
North
American
sports
reporting
,
extending
the
verb
’
s
idea
of
helping
to
team
play
.
noun
help
or
support
that
you
give
to
someone
•
Thanks
for
your
quick
assist
with
the
report
.
Thanks
for
your
quick
assist
with
the
report
.
•
The
new
search
function
is
a
huge
assist
for
students
doing
research
.
The
new
search
function
is
a
huge
assist
for
students
doing
research
.
A
19th-century
back-formation
from
the
verb
,
influenced
by
the
older
noun
“
assistance
”.
characteristic
adjective
typical
of
a
person
,
place
,
or
thing
and
helping
to
identify
it
•
The
desert
’
s
characteristic
silence
makes
every
sound
seem
louder
.
The
desert
’
s
characteristic
silence
makes
every
sound
seem
louder
.
•
Her
quick
wit
is
characteristic
of
comedians
from
her
hometown
.
Her
quick
wit
is
characteristic
of
comedians
from
her
hometown
.
from
French
caractéristique
,
ultimately
from
Greek
kharaktēr
‘
mark
,
distinctive
quality
’
+
‑istic
noun
a
quality
,
feature
,
or
trait
that
makes
someone
or
something
different
from
others
•
Honesty
is
an
important
characteristic
for
a
leader
.
Honesty
is
an
important
characteristic
for
a
leader
.
•
One
unique
characteristic
of
koalas
is
that
they
sleep
up
to
20
hours
a
day
.
One
unique
characteristic
of
koalas
is
that
they
sleep
up
to
20
hours
a
day
.
same
origin
as
adjective
sense
:
French
caractéristique
<
Greek
kharaktēr
+
‑istic
disagree
verb
-
disagree
,
disagreeing
,
disagrees
,
disagreed
to
have
a
different
opinion
from
someone
else
or
to
say
that
something
is
wrong
•
I
often
disagree
with
my
brother
about
which
movie
to
watch
.
I
often
disagree
with
my
brother
about
which
movie
to
watch
.
•
During
the
meeting
,
the
two
engineers
politely
disagreed
over
the
best
design
.
During
the
meeting
,
the
two
engineers
politely
disagreed
over
the
best
design
.
verb
-
disagree
,
disagreeing
,
disagrees
,
disagreed
for
facts
,
numbers
,
or
statements
to
be
different
so
they
cannot
all
be
true
•
The
witness's
story
disagrees
with
the
security
camera
footage
.
The
witness's
story
disagrees
with
the
security
camera
footage
.
•
The
new
measurements
disagreed
with
earlier
research
results
.
The
new
measurements
disagreed
with
earlier
research
results
.
verb
-
disagree
,
disagreeing
,
disagrees
,
disagreed
if
food
or
drink
disagrees
with
someone
,
it
makes
them
feel
uncomfortable
or
ill
•
Spicy
food
disagrees
with
me
,
so
I
avoid
it
.
Spicy
food
disagrees
with
me
,
so
I
avoid
it
.
•
The
seafood
stew
disagreed
with
him
,
and
he
felt
queasy
all
evening
.
The
seafood
stew
disagreed
with
him
,
and
he
felt
queasy
all
evening
.
visual
adjective
relating
to
seeing
or
to
the
sense
of
sight
.
•
The
museum's
visual
displays
helped
visitors
understand
ancient
life
.
The
museum's
visual
displays
helped
visitors
understand
ancient
life
.
•
Good
teachers
use
visual
aids
like
charts
and
pictures
to
explain
complex
ideas
.
Good
teachers
use
visual
aids
like
charts
and
pictures
to
explain
complex
ideas
.
From
Latin
visus
“
sight
”
+
-al
.
noun
an
image
,
diagram
,
video
,
or
other
thing
you
look
at
to
help
explain
or
decorate
something
,
often
used
in
plural
as
“
visuals
”.
•
The
singer's
concert
featured
stunning
live
visuals
on
a
giant
screen
.
The
singer's
concert
featured
stunning
live
visuals
on
a
giant
screen
.
•
Add
some
colorful
visuals
to
your
report
to
keep
readers
interested
.
Add
some
colorful
visuals
to
your
report
to
keep
readers
interested
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
sense
of
“
visual
”,
first
recorded
as
a
noun
in
the
mid-1900s
in
advertising
and
media
jargon
.
criticism
noun
the
act
of
saying
what
you
think
is
wrong
or
bad
about
someone
or
something
•
After
the
presentation
,
the
manager
gave
Luke
some
constructive
criticism
on
his
slides
.
After
the
presentation
,
the
manager
gave
Luke
some
constructive
criticism
on
his
slides
.
•
Sara
felt
hurt
by
the
harsh
criticism
posted
online
.
Sara
felt
hurt
by
the
harsh
criticism
posted
online
.
noun
the
careful
study
and
judgment
of
the
good
and
bad
qualities
of
works
of
literature
,
art
,
music
,
or
film
•
In
her
class
on
film
criticism
,
Professor
Evans
showed
how
camera
angles
shape
emotion
.
In
her
class
on
film
criticism
,
Professor
Evans
showed
how
camera
angles
shape
emotion
.
•
His
essay
offered
a
fresh
criticism
of
Shakespeare's
later
plays
.
His
essay
offered
a
fresh
criticism
of
Shakespeare's
later
plays
.
emphasise
verb
-
emphasise
,
emphasising
,
emphasises
,
emphasised
to
say
or
show
that
something
is
especially
important
so
people
notice
it
•
The
professor
emphasised
the
key
points
before
the
exam
.
The
professor
emphasised
the
key
points
before
the
exam
.
•
Campaign
posters
emphasise
the
importance
of
recycling
.
Campaign
posters
emphasise
the
importance
of
recycling
.
See
Sense
1
etymology
;
British
spelling
adopted
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
-
emphasise
,
emphasising
,
emphasises
,
emphasised
to
make
something
stand
out
or
look
more
noticeable
•
Spotlights
emphasise
the
actor
on
stage
.
Spotlights
emphasise
the
actor
on
stage
.
•
A
thin
frame
can
emphasise
a
painting
without
distracting
from
it
.
A
thin
frame
can
emphasise
a
painting
without
distracting
from
it
.
See
Sense
2
etymology
for
US
variant
;
same
historical
root
with
British
spelling
.
accomplish
verb
-
accomplish
,
accomplishing
,
accomplishes
,
accomplished
to
succeed
in
doing
something
important
that
you
planned
or
worked
hard
for
•
After
months
of
training
,
Maya
finally
accomplished
her
dream
of
running
a
marathon
.
After
months
of
training
,
Maya
finally
accomplished
her
dream
of
running
a
marathon
.
•
The
engineers
accomplished
a
major
breakthrough
by
making
the
battery
last
twice
as
long
.
The
engineers
accomplished
a
major
breakthrough
by
making
the
battery
last
twice
as
long
.
From
Middle
English
accomplisshen
,
borrowed
from
Old
French
acomplir
,
from
Latin
ad-
‘
to
’
+
complēre
‘
fill
,
complete
’.
verb
-
accomplish
,
accomplishing
,
accomplishes
,
accomplished
to
finish
or
complete
a
task
,
job
,
or
piece
of
work
successfully
•
We
need
to
accomplish
the
report
before
the
deadline
on
Friday
.
We
need
to
accomplish
the
report
before
the
deadline
on
Friday
.
•
With
clear
instructions
,
the
children
quickly
accomplished
the
puzzle
.
With
clear
instructions
,
the
children
quickly
accomplished
the
puzzle
.
From
Middle
English
accomplisshen
,
borrowed
from
Old
French
acomplir
,
from
Latin
ad-
‘
to
’
+
complēre
‘
fill
,
complete
’.
discovery
noun
-
discovery
,
discoveries
the
act
or
process
of
finding
or
learning
something
that
was
not
known
before
•
The
discovery
of
a
rare
fossil
excited
the
scientists
.
The
discovery
of
a
rare
fossil
excited
the
scientists
.
•
Her
accidental
discovery
of
the
old
diary
opened
a
window
into
her
grandmother's
life
.
Her
accidental
discovery
of
the
old
diary
opened
a
window
into
her
grandmother's
life
.
from
Old
French
decovrir
,
discoverir
,
from
Latin
discooperire
“
to
uncover
”
noun
-
discovery
,
discoveries
a
thing
,
place
,
or
fact
that
someone
finds
or
learns
about
for
the
first
time
•
The
tiny
planet
was
a
stunning
discovery
for
the
young
astronomer
.
The
tiny
planet
was
a
stunning
discovery
for
the
young
astronomer
.
•
Chocolate
chip
cookies
were
a
delicious
accidental
discovery
.
Chocolate
chip
cookies
were
a
delicious
accidental
discovery
.
see
etymology
in
first
sense
noun
-
discovery
,
discoveries
in
law
,
the
official
pre-trial
process
in
which
both
sides
must
share
the
documents
and
other
evidence
they
plan
to
present
in
court
•
During
discovery
,
the
defense
requested
all
emails
related
to
the
deal
.
During
discovery
,
the
defense
requested
all
emails
related
to
the
deal
.
•
The
judge
extended
discovery
to
allow
both
parties
more
time
.
The
judge
extended
discovery
to
allow
both
parties
more
time
.
sense
developed
in
American
legal
practice
in
the
19th
century
,
extending
general
idea
of
"
finding
out
"
to
formal
evidence
exchange
resistance
noun
the
act
of
refusing
to
accept
,
obey
,
or
agree
with
something
•
Despite
strong
pressure
,
the
villagers
showed
firm
resistance
to
the
plan
to
cut
down
the
forest
.
Despite
strong
pressure
,
the
villagers
showed
firm
resistance
to
the
plan
to
cut
down
the
forest
.
•
The
new
law
passed
with
very
little
resistance
in
parliament
.
The
new
law
passed
with
very
little
resistance
in
parliament
.
From
Middle
French
résistance
,
from
Latin
resistentia
,
from
resistō
(“
to
withstand
,
oppose
”).
noun
the
weight
or
opposing
force
used
in
strength
training
that
muscles
must
work
against
•
She
increased
the
resistance
on
the
exercise
bike
for
a
tougher
workout
.
She
increased
the
resistance
on
the
exercise
bike
for
a
tougher
workout
.
•
Using
bands
of
different
resistance
helps
target
various
muscle
groups
.
Using
bands
of
different
resistance
helps
target
various
muscle
groups
.
Applied
to
exercise
equipment
since
the
mid-20th
century
as
fitness
science
developed
.
noun
an
underground
or
secret
group
that
fights
against
a
ruling
power
or
occupying
army
•
During
World
War
II
,
the
French
Resistance
sabotaged
railway
lines
to
slow
the
German
army
.
During
World
War
II
,
the
French
Resistance
sabotaged
railway
lines
to
slow
the
German
army
.
•
She
wrote
a
novel
about
a
teenage
girl
who
joins
the
local
Resistance
against
an
oppressive
regime
.
She
wrote
a
novel
about
a
teenage
girl
who
joins
the
local
Resistance
against
an
oppressive
regime
.
Specific
use
for
clandestine
groups
dates
from
the
1930s
,
especially
referring
to
those
opposing
Nazi
occupation
.
noun
the
ability
of
a
person
,
animal
,
plant
,
or
material
to
withstand
the
damaging
effects
of
something
•
Regular
exercise
can
improve
the
body
’
s
resistance
to
infection
.
Regular
exercise
can
improve
the
body
’
s
resistance
to
infection
.
•
Some
bacteria
have
developed
resistance
to
antibiotics
.
Some
bacteria
have
developed
resistance
to
antibiotics
.
Extended
sense
of
“
ability
to
withstand
”
arose
in
the
17th
century
,
influenced
by
Latin
resistentia
.
noun
the
degree
to
which
a
material
opposes
the
flow
of
electric
current
,
measured
in
ohms
•
Copper
wire
has
low
electrical
resistance
,
making
it
ideal
for
wiring
.
Copper
wire
has
low
electrical
resistance
,
making
it
ideal
for
wiring
.
•
The
engineer
measured
the
circuit
’
s
resistance
with
a
multimeter
.
The
engineer
measured
the
circuit
’
s
resistance
with
a
multimeter
.
Technical
use
in
electricity
dates
from
the
early
19th
century
,
after
work
by
Georg
Ohm
.
noun
the
force
that
slows
the
movement
of
an
object
through
air
,
water
,
or
another
medium
•
Cyclists
crouch
low
to
reduce
air
resistance
and
go
faster
.
Cyclists
crouch
low
to
reduce
air
resistance
and
go
faster
.
•
The
new
car
design
cuts
wind
resistance
by
10
percent
.
The
new
car
design
cuts
wind
resistance
by
10
percent
.
Use
in
mechanics
dates
back
to
the
18th-century
study
of
motion
and
fluids
.
mechanism
noun
a
part
of
a
machine
or
device
,
usually
with
moving
pieces
,
that
performs
a
particular
function
•
The
clock
’
s
winding
mechanism
had
rusted
and
stopped
working
.
The
clock
’
s
winding
mechanism
had
rusted
and
stopped
working
.
•
A
spring-loaded
mechanism
releases
the
door
when
you
push
the
handle
.
A
spring-loaded
mechanism
releases
the
door
when
you
push
the
handle
.
From
French
mécanisme
,
from
Greek
mēkhanē
‘
machine
’.
noun
a
system
,
method
,
or
set
of
rules
that
makes
it
possible
for
something
to
happen
or
work
•
The
company
created
a
feedback
mechanism
so
customers
could
share
their
opinions
easily
.
The
company
created
a
feedback
mechanism
so
customers
could
share
their
opinions
easily
.
•
Voting
is
the
main
mechanism
through
which
citizens
choose
their
leaders
.
Voting
is
the
main
mechanism
through
which
citizens
choose
their
leaders
.
noun
an
automatic
natural
process
inside
a
living
thing
that
causes
a
particular
action
or
reaction
•
Sweating
is
the
body
’
s
cooling
mechanism
when
the
temperature
rises
.
Sweating
is
the
body
’
s
cooling
mechanism
when
the
temperature
rises
.
•
Denial
can
act
as
a
defense
mechanism
after
a
traumatic
event
.
Denial
can
act
as
a
defense
mechanism
after
a
traumatic
event
.
Spanish
adjective
-
Spanish
related
to
Spain
,
its
people
,
or
its
culture
•
We
ate
at
a
cozy
Spanish
restaurant
near
the
station
.
We
ate
at
a
cozy
Spanish
restaurant
near
the
station
.
•
Maria
loves
watching
Spanish
movies
to
improve
her
listening
skills
.
Maria
loves
watching
Spanish
movies
to
improve
her
listening
skills
.
From
Middle
English
Spain-ish
,
formed
from
Spain
+
–ish
,
meaning
“
of
Spain
.”
noun
-
Spanish
the
language
spoken
in
Spain
and
many
countries
in
Latin
America
•
He
speaks
Spanish
fluently
after
living
in
Madrid
for
two
years
.
He
speaks
Spanish
fluently
after
living
in
Madrid
for
two
years
.
•
I
’
m
learning
Spanish
with
an
online
tutor
every
weekend
.
I
’
m
learning
Spanish
with
an
online
tutor
every
weekend
.
Name
of
the
language
derived
from
the
ethnic
adjective
Spanish
,
ultimately
from
Latin
Hispania
.
noun
the
people
of
Spain
,
considered
as
a
nation
•
The
Spanish
are
proud
of
their
rich
history
.
The
Spanish
are
proud
of
their
rich
history
.
•
Many
Spanish
live
along
the
Mediterranean
coast
.
Many
Spanish
live
along
the
Mediterranean
coast
.
Use
of
the
adjective
as
a
collective
noun
dates
from
the
16th
century
.
Iraqi
adjective
relating
to
Iraq
,
its
people
,
or
their
culture
•
The
restaurant
serves
delicious
Iraqi
dishes
like
masgouf
.
The
restaurant
serves
delicious
Iraqi
dishes
like
masgouf
.
•
They
watched
an
Iraqi
soccer
match
on
television
.
They
watched
an
Iraqi
soccer
match
on
television
.
From
Iraq
+
-i
,
a
suffix
forming
adjectives
and
demonyms
.
noun
a
person
who
was
born
in
or
is
a
citizen
of
Iraq
•
An
Iraqi
greeted
us
warmly
at
the
hotel
reception
.
An
Iraqi
greeted
us
warmly
at
the
hotel
reception
.
•
Many
Iraqis
live
in
the
city
’
s
cultural
district
.
Many
Iraqis
live
in
the
city
’
s
cultural
district
.
From
Iraq
+
-i
,
influenced
by
Arabic
use
of
nisba
adjectives
for
demonyms
.
provision
noun
the
act
of
supplying
or
arranging
something
that
people
need
•
The
charity
oversees
the
provision
of
safe
drinking
water
in
drought-hit
regions
.
The
charity
oversees
the
provision
of
safe
drinking
water
in
drought-hit
regions
.
•
Good
parents
try
to
make
provision
for
their
children
’
s
future
education
.
Good
parents
try
to
make
provision
for
their
children
’
s
future
education
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
provision
or
directly
from
Latin
prōvīsiō
‘
foreseeing
,
preparation
’.
noun
food
and
other
basic
supplies
needed
for
a
journey
or
for
daily
living
•
They
packed
enough
provisions
to
last
the
whole
hiking
trip
.
They
packed
enough
provisions
to
last
the
whole
hiking
trip
.
•
The
sailors
rationed
their
provisions
carefully
during
the
storm
.
The
sailors
rationed
their
provisions
carefully
during
the
storm
.
Originally
referring
to
‘
food
supplied
’
in
the
15th
century
,
especially
for
armies
or
ships
.
noun
a
rule
or
clause
in
a
legal
or
official
document
•
Under
the
new
treaty
,
the
third
provision
limits
carbon
emissions
for
all
member
states
.
Under
the
new
treaty
,
the
third
provision
limits
carbon
emissions
for
all
member
states
.
•
There
is
a
confidentiality
provision
that
forbids
staff
from
sharing
client
data
.
There
is
a
confidentiality
provision
that
forbids
staff
from
sharing
client
data
.
Expanded
in
legal
use
from
the
broader
sense
of
‘
something
provided
’
to
mean
a
specific
clause
in
the
early
17th
century
.
verb
to
supply
someone
or
something
with
the
food
,
equipment
,
or
other
things
they
need
•
The
base
camp
was
fully
provisioned
before
the
expedition
began
.
The
base
camp
was
fully
provisioned
before
the
expedition
began
.
•
They
must
provision
the
remote
research
station
twice
a
year
.
They
must
provision
the
remote
research
station
twice
a
year
.
Verb
use
developed
in
the
early
17th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
‘
to
supply
with
provisions
’.
enterprise
noun
a
business
organization
,
company
,
or
firm
•
The
family
turned
their
small
farm
into
a
successful
enterprise
.
The
family
turned
their
small
farm
into
a
successful
enterprise
.
•
She
runs
a
tech
enterprise
that
develops
popular
phone
apps
.
She
runs
a
tech
enterprise
that
develops
popular
phone
apps
.
Borrowed
from
Old
French
“
entreprise
,”
from
“
entreprendre
”
meaning
“
to
undertake
.”
Originally
referring
to
an
undertaking
,
it
later
came
to
mean
a
business
organization
.
noun
a
difficult
or
important
project
or
activity
that
requires
effort
and
planning
•
Climbing
Mount
Everest
is
a
risky
enterprise
.
Climbing
Mount
Everest
is
a
risky
enterprise
.
•
Building
the
bridge
was
a
massive
enterprise
that
took
five
years
.
Building
the
bridge
was
a
massive
enterprise
that
took
five
years
.
noun
eagerness
and
imagination
to
start
new
things
and
deal
with
challenges
•
It
takes
courage
and
enterprise
to
start
your
own
business
.
It
takes
courage
and
enterprise
to
start
your
own
business
.
•
Her
enterprise
impressed
the
judges
at
the
science
fair
.
Her
enterprise
impressed
the
judges
at
the
science
fair
.
Enterprise
noun
the
name
of
several
famous
U
.
S
.
spacecraft
,
especially
the
starship
in
the
science-fiction
series
Star
Trek
•
Captain
Kirk
commands
the
starship
Enterprise
.
Captain
Kirk
commands
the
starship
Enterprise
.
•
On
television
,
the
Enterprise
explores
distant
galaxies
.
On
television
,
the
Enterprise
explores
distant
galaxies
.
Chosen
by
Star
Trek
creator
Gene
Roddenberry
in
honor
of
the
U
.
S
.
Navy
vessels
named
Enterprise
;
later
NASA
adopted
the
name
for
its
prototype
space
shuttle
.
fishing
noun
-
fishing
the
activity
of
catching
fish
in
rivers
,
lakes
,
or
the
sea
,
either
as
a
sport
or
as
a
job
•
On
Saturday
morning
,
Leo
grabbed
his
rod
and
went
fishing
by
the
quiet
lake
.
On
Saturday
morning
,
Leo
grabbed
his
rod
and
went
fishing
by
the
quiet
lake
.
•
Commercial
fishing
provides
jobs
for
many
families
along
the
coast
.
Commercial
fishing
provides
jobs
for
many
families
along
the
coast
.
adjective
relating
to
or
used
for
the
activity
of
catching
fish
•
They
sailed
out
in
a
small
fishing
boat
at
dawn
.
They
sailed
out
in
a
small
fishing
boat
at
dawn
.
•
The
village's
economy
depends
on
its
fishing
industry
.
The
village's
economy
depends
on
its
fishing
industry
.
Islamic
adjective
connected
with
Islam
,
its
teachings
,
people
,
or
culture
.
•
They
visited
an
Islamic
art
museum
in
Spain
.
They
visited
an
Islamic
art
museum
in
Spain
.
•
Islamic
scholars
gathered
to
discuss
the
meaning
of
the
verse
.
Islamic
scholars
gathered
to
discuss
the
meaning
of
the
verse
.
From
Islam
+
-ic
,
first
used
in
English
in
the
early
17th
century
to
describe
things
pertaining
to
the
religion
founded
by
the
Prophet
Muhammad
.
whisper
verb
to
speak
in
a
very
quiet
voice
so
that
only
someone
close
can
hear
you
•
Please
whisper
during
the
movie
so
you
don
’
t
disturb
others
.
Please
whisper
during
the
movie
so
you
don
’
t
disturb
others
.
•
She
leaned
over
and
whispered
the
answer
to
her
friend
.
She
leaned
over
and
whispered
the
answer
to
her
friend
.
Old
English
hwisprian
,
related
to
Old
Norse
hvísla
,
meaning
‘
to
hiss
softly
’.
noun
a
very
quiet
way
of
speaking
that
can
only
be
heard
by
someone
close
•
She
lowered
her
voice
to
a
whisper
so
the
teacher
wouldn
’
t
hear
.
She
lowered
her
voice
to
a
whisper
so
the
teacher
wouldn
’
t
hear
.
•
They
spoke
in
a
whisper
in
the
library
.
They
spoke
in
a
whisper
in
the
library
.
verb
(
of
wind
,
leaves
,
water
,
etc
.)
to
make
a
soft
,
rustling
or
murmuring
sound
•
The
pine
trees
whispered
in
the
night
breeze
.
The
pine
trees
whispered
in
the
night
breeze
.
•
Waves
whispered
against
the
shore
.
Waves
whispered
against
the
shore
.
noun
a
quiet
rumour
or
piece
of
gossip
spoken
privately
•
There
is
a
whisper
that
the
company
will
close
.
There
is
a
whisper
that
the
company
will
close
.
•
Political
whispers
spread
through
the
capital
.
Political
whispers
spread
through
the
capital
.
noun
a
very
small
amount
or
faint
trace
of
something
•
A
whisper
of
cinnamon
gave
the
coffee
extra
warmth
.
A
whisper
of
cinnamon
gave
the
coffee
extra
warmth
.
•
The
sky
held
a
whisper
of
pink
at
dawn
.
The
sky
held
a
whisper
of
pink
at
dawn
.
visible
adjective
able
to
be
seen
with
the
eyes
•
The
snowcapped
peaks
were
clearly
visible
against
the
bright
blue
sky
.
The
snowcapped
peaks
were
clearly
visible
against
the
bright
blue
sky
.
•
At
night
,
only
the
lighthouse
beam
remained
visible
for
miles
around
.
At
night
,
only
the
lighthouse
beam
remained
visible
for
miles
around
.
adjective
easy
to
notice
because
it
is
clear
or
obvious
•
There
was
a
visible
improvement
in
his
handwriting
after
weeks
of
practice
.
There
was
a
visible
improvement
in
his
handwriting
after
weeks
of
practice
.
•
Her
excitement
was
visible
even
before
she
spoke
.
Her
excitement
was
visible
even
before
she
spoke
.
arise
verb
-
arise
,
arising
,
arises
,
arose
,
arisen
to
get
up
from
bed
,
or
to
stand
up
after
sitting
or
lying
•
At
dawn
,
the
farmer
arose
from
his
straw
bed
to
feed
the
chickens
.
At
dawn
,
the
farmer
arose
from
his
straw
bed
to
feed
the
chickens
.
•
When
the
bell
rang
,
the
students
politely
arose
from
their
seats
.
When
the
bell
rang
,
the
students
politely
arose
from
their
seats
.
Old
English
ārīsan
,
from
ā-
‘
away
’
+
rīsan
‘
to
rise
’.
verb
-
arise
,
arising
,
arises
,
arose
,
arisen
to
happen
,
appear
,
or
start
to
exist
,
especially
unexpectedly
•
If
any
questions
arise
during
the
tour
,
please
ask
the
guide
.
If
any
questions
arise
during
the
tour
,
please
ask
the
guide
.
•
A
difficult
situation
arose
when
the
computer
system
suddenly
crashed
.
A
difficult
situation
arose
when
the
computer
system
suddenly
crashed
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
.
verb
-
arise
,
arising
,
arises
,
arose
,
arisen
to
come
together
in
protest
or
rebellion
against
authority
•
The
villagers
arose
against
the
tyrant
and
marched
toward
the
castle
.
The
villagers
arose
against
the
tyrant
and
marched
toward
the
castle
.
•
Should
injustice
arise
,
people
must
speak
out
.
Should
injustice
arise
,
people
must
speak
out
.
Extended
sense
of
standing
up
: “
to
rise
up
in
arms
”
recorded
since
the
14th
century
.
activist
noun
a
person
who
actively
works
to
bring
about
political
or
social
change
•
The
activist
organized
a
peaceful
march
through
the
city
center
.
The
activist
organized
a
peaceful
march
through
the
city
center
.
•
A
group
of
environmental
activists
planted
trees
along
the
riverbank
.
A
group
of
environmental
activists
planted
trees
along
the
riverbank
.
From
active
+
-ist
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
to
describe
people
engaged
in
political
action
.
adjective
relating
to
or
promoting
active
effort
to
create
political
or
social
change
•
They
formed
an
activist
committee
to
campaign
for
safer
streets
.
They
formed
an
activist
committee
to
campaign
for
safer
streets
.
•
The
authors
took
an
activist
approach
in
their
book
,
urging
readers
to
recycle
.
The
authors
took
an
activist
approach
in
their
book
,
urging
readers
to
recycle
.
Extension
of
the
noun
sense
;
used
attributively
since
the
mid-20th
century
.
prisoner
noun
a
person
who
is
kept
in
prison
as
punishment
for
breaking
the
law
or
while
waiting
for
a
trial
•
The
guard
unlocked
the
cell
door
,
and
the
prisoner
stepped
out
slowly
.
The
guard
unlocked
the
cell
door
,
and
the
prisoner
stepped
out
slowly
.
•
Each
prisoner
in
the
facility
receives
three
meals
a
day
.
Each
prisoner
in
the
facility
receives
three
meals
a
day
.
noun
a
soldier
or
civilian
captured
and
held
by
the
enemy
during
a
war
•
The
captured
pilot
was
treated
as
a
prisoner of war
.
The
captured
pilot
was
treated
as
a
prisoner of war
.
•
International
law
protects
prisoners of war
from
mistreatment
.
International
law
protects
prisoners of war
from
mistreatment
.
noun
someone
who
feels
unable
to
act
freely
because
they
are
tightly
controlled
by
a
situation
,
feeling
,
or
habit
•
She
felt
like
a
prisoner
of
her
own
fears
and
rarely
left
the
house
.
She
felt
like
a
prisoner
of
her
own
fears
and
rarely
left
the
house
.
•
He
became
a
prisoner
to
his
work
and
had
no
time
for
friends
.
He
became
a
prisoner
to
his
work
and
had
no
time
for
friends
.
discipline
noun
the
ability
to
control
your
own
behaviour
and
work
hard
,
often
developed
through
training
and
practice
•
The
coach
insisted
that
daily
practice
would
give
the
team
the
discipline
they
needed
to
win
.
The
coach
insisted
that
daily
practice
would
give
the
team
the
discipline
they
needed
to
win
.
•
It
takes
a
lot
of
discipline
to
stick
to
a
healthy
diet
during
the
holidays
.
It
takes
a
lot
of
discipline
to
stick
to
a
healthy
diet
during
the
holidays
.
From
Latin
disciplina
‘
instruction
,
knowledge
,
order
’,
from
discipulus
‘
learner
’.
noun
a
branch
of
knowledge
studied
or
taught
at
a
school
,
college
,
or
university
•
Psychology
is
a
discipline
that
explores
the
human
mind
.
Psychology
is
a
discipline
that
explores
the
human
mind
.
•
At
university
she
decided
to
sample
several
scientific
disciplines
before
choosing
a
major
.
At
university
she
decided
to
sample
several
scientific
disciplines
before
choosing
a
major
.
Sense
extended
in
the
19th
century
from
‘
training
of
mind
’
to
‘
field
of
study
’.
noun
punishment
used
to
correct
bad
behaviour
•
The
school
has
clear
rules
about
discipline
for
bullying
.
The
school
has
clear
rules
about
discipline
for
bullying
.
•
The
manager
warned
that
repeated
lateness
would
lead
to
formal
discipline
.
The
manager
warned
that
repeated
lateness
would
lead
to
formal
discipline
.
Originally
‘
instruction
that
corrects
’;
later
narrowed
to
the
punitive
sense
.
verb
-
discipline
,
disciplining
,
disciplines
,
disciplined
to
train
someone
so
they
behave
well
,
or
to
punish
them
for
breaking
rules
•
The
teacher
had
to
discipline
the
student
for
cheating
.
The
teacher
had
to
discipline
the
student
for
cheating
.
•
Parents
often
struggle
with
the
best
way
to
discipline
toddlers
.
Parents
often
struggle
with
the
best
way
to
discipline
toddlers
.
From
the
noun
meaning
‘
training
’
→
verb
sense
recorded
since
the
15th
century
.
missile
noun
a
self-propelled
weapon
that
carries
an
explosive
warhead
and
is
guided
or
aimed
toward
a
distant
target
through
the
air
or
space
•
The
army
launched
a
missile
that
streaked
across
the
night
sky
.
The
army
launched
a
missile
that
streaked
across
the
night
sky
.
•
On
the
news
,
experts
discussed
the
range
of
the
new
cruise
missile
.
On
the
news
,
experts
discussed
the
range
of
the
new
cruise
missile
.
Borrowed
in
the
17th
century
from
Latin
missilis
“
that
may
be
thrown
”,
from
mittere
“
to
send
”.
Originally
referred
to
any
thrown
weapon
,
later
specializing
in
modern
guided
rockets
.
noun
any
object
,
such
as
a
stone
or
bottle
,
that
is
thrown
or
fired
at
a
target
to
cause
harm
or
damage
•
Someone
hurled
a
glass
missile
toward
the
stage
,
narrowly
missing
the
singer
.
Someone
hurled
a
glass
missile
toward
the
stage
,
narrowly
missing
the
singer
.
•
The
protesters
picked
up
bricks
to
use
as
missiles
against
the
police
shields
.
The
protesters
picked
up
bricks
to
use
as
missiles
against
the
police
shields
.
From
Latin
missilis
,
meaning
“
something
thrown
,”
used
in
English
since
the
early
1600s
for
arrows
,
stones
,
and
other
projectiles
.
historic
adjective
Very
important
or
likely
to
be
remembered
in
history
;
marking
a
significant
moment
.
•
The
signing
of
the
peace
treaty
was
a
historic
event
for
the
region
.
The
signing
of
the
peace
treaty
was
a
historic
event
for
the
region
.
•
Scientists
hailed
the
first
image
of
a
black
hole
as
a
historic
achievement
.
Scientists
hailed
the
first
image
of
a
black
hole
as
a
historic
achievement
.
From
Latin
historicus
,
via
Old
French
historique
,
meaning
‘
narrative
,
important
in
history
’.
adjective
Belonging
to
or
remaining
from
the
past
and
considered
valuable
or
interesting
.
•
The
town
is
full
of
historic
houses
that
date
back
to
the
18th
century
.
The
town
is
full
of
historic
houses
that
date
back
to
the
18th
century
.
•
Tourists
love
walking
along
the
historic
city
walls
.
Tourists
love
walking
along
the
historic
city
walls
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
over
time
it
also
came
to
describe
surviving
things
from
the
past
that
attract
interest
.
terrorist
noun
someone
who
uses
violence
or
threats
against
ordinary
people
to
create
fear
and
push
political
or
ideological
goals
•
The
police
arrested
a
terrorist
who
had
planted
bombs
in
the
subway
.
The
police
arrested
a
terrorist
who
had
planted
bombs
in
the
subway
.
•
Many
cities
now
have
concrete
barriers
to
protect
crowds
from
a
possible
terrorist
attack
.
Many
cities
now
have
concrete
barriers
to
protect
crowds
from
a
possible
terrorist
attack
.
from
terror
+
-ist
,
first
used
in
English
in
the
late
18th
century
to
describe
supporters
of
the
Reign
of
Terror
in
the
French
Revolution
adjective
relating
to
terrorism
or
to
people
who
carry
out
terrorism
•
The
government
passed
new
laws
to
stop
terrorist
activities
.
The
government
passed
new
laws
to
stop
terrorist
activities
.
•
The
airport
closed
after
a
terrorist
threat
was
phoned
in
.
The
airport
closed
after
a
terrorist
threat
was
phoned
in
.
emphasis
noun
-
emphasis
,
emphases
special
importance
or
attention
given
to
something
•
The
teacher
placed
strong
emphasis
on
honesty
during
the
lesson
.
The
teacher
placed
strong
emphasis
on
honesty
during
the
lesson
.
•
Our
company
puts
great
emphasis
on
customer
satisfaction
.
Our
company
puts
great
emphasis
on
customer
satisfaction
.
Borrowed
in
the
16th
century
from
Latin
emphasis
,
from
Ancient
Greek
ἔμφασις
(
émphasis
)
meaning
"
appearance
,
show
,
importance
".
noun
-
emphasis
,
emphases
extra
loudness
,
force
,
or
visual
style
used
to
make
a
syllable
,
word
,
or
idea
stand
out
•
You
place
the
emphasis
on
the
first
syllable
when
“
present
”
is
a
noun
.
You
place
the
emphasis
on
the
first
syllable
when
“
present
”
is
a
noun
.
•
He
slowed
down
and
used
vocal
emphasis
to
highlight
his
main
point
.
He
slowed
down
and
used
vocal
emphasis
to
highlight
his
main
point
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
the
meaning
of
stressing
a
word
or
syllable
developed
in
English
by
the
late
16th
century
.
advise
verb
-
advise
,
advising
,
advises
,
advised
to
tell
someone
what
you
think
they
should
do
•
The
doctor
advised
him
to
get
more
rest
.
The
doctor
advised
him
to
get
more
rest
.
•
I
will
advise
you
on
the
best
route
before
you
leave
.
I
will
advise
you
on
the
best
route
before
you
leave
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
aviser
,
based
on
Latin
visum
,
past
participle
of
vidēre
‘
to
see
’,
influenced
by
Latin
ad-
‘
to
,
toward
’.
verb
-
advise
,
advising
,
advises
,
advised
to
officially
tell
or
notify
someone
about
something
•
Please
advise
us
of
any
changes
to
your
address
.
Please
advise
us
of
any
changes
to
your
address
.
•
The
bank
advised
that
my
payment
had
cleared
.
The
bank
advised
that
my
payment
had
cleared
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
aviser
,
based
on
Latin
visum
,
past
participle
of
vidēre
‘
to
see
’,
influenced
by
Latin
ad-
‘
to
,
toward
’.
statistics
noun
numbers
that
give
information
about
how
often
,
how
many
,
or
how
much
something
happens
or
is
true
.
•
The
latest
statistics
show
that
smartphone
use
has
doubled
in
five
years
.
The
latest
statistics
show
that
smartphone
use
has
doubled
in
five
years
.
•
Journalists
relied
on
crime
statistics
to
write
the
front-page
story
.
Journalists
relied
on
crime
statistics
to
write
the
front-page
story
.
From
the
plural
of
statistic
(
originally
meaning
‘
a
single
numerical
fact
’),
later
generalized
to
refer
to
groups
of
such
facts
.
noun
the
branch
of
mathematics
that
collects
,
studies
,
and
explains
numerical
data
to
understand
patterns
and
make
decisions
.
•
I
have
to
pass
statistics
to
graduate
with
my
economics
degree
.
I
have
to
pass
statistics
to
graduate
with
my
economics
degree
.
•
Using
statistics
,
the
scientist
proved
her
new
drug
was
effective
.
Using
statistics
,
the
scientist
proved
her
new
drug
was
effective
.
First
used
in
the
late
18th
century
to
describe
the
science
of
the
state
;
later
broadened
to
cover
mathematical
analysis
of
data
in
many
fields
.
rose
verb
-
rise
,
rising
,
rises
,
rose
,
risen
past
tense
of
rise
:
to
move
upward
,
get
higher
,
or
get
up
from
a
lower
position
•
The
sun
rose
above
the
mountains
at
six
o'clock
.
The
sun
rose
above
the
mountains
at
six
o'clock
.
•
He
rose
from
his
chair
to
greet
the
guests
.
He
rose
from
his
chair
to
greet
the
guests
.
apologise
verb
-
apologise
,
apologising
,
apologises
,
apologised
to
say
that
you
are
sorry
for
something
wrong
you
have
done
or
for
upsetting
someone
•
She
rang
her
friend
to
apologise
for
forgetting
the
meeting
.
She
rang
her
friend
to
apologise
for
forgetting
the
meeting
.
•
We
must
apologise
to
the
guests
for
the
delay
in
serving
dinner
.
We
must
apologise
to
the
guests
for
the
delay
in
serving
dinner
.
Variant
British
spelling
of
“
apologize
,”
from
Greek
‘
apologeisthai
’.
resist
verb
to
work
or
fight
against
something
and
try
not
to
be
affected
,
changed
,
or
controlled
by
it
•
Even
though
the
bakery
smelled
wonderful
,
Maria
couldn't
resist
buying
a
warm
chocolate
croissant
.
Even
though
the
bakery
smelled
wonderful
,
Maria
couldn't
resist
buying
a
warm
chocolate
croissant
.
•
The
little
boy
tried
to
resist
the
strong
wind
by
leaning
forward
as
he
walked
to
school
.
The
little
boy
tried
to
resist
the
strong
wind
by
leaning
forward
as
he
walked
to
school
.
From
Latin
resistere
,
meaning
“
to
stand
back
,
oppose
.”
The
word
entered
Middle
English
via
Old
French
.
noun
a
special
coating
or
material
put
on
parts
of
a
surface
to
protect
them
from
chemicals
,
heat
,
or
light
during
manufacturing
or
artistic
processes
•
The
technician
painted
a
thin
layer
of
resist
onto
the
circuit
board
before
the
acid
bath
.
The
technician
painted
a
thin
layer
of
resist
onto
the
circuit
board
before
the
acid
bath
.
•
In
the
art
studio
,
the
potter
used
wax
resist
to
create
white
patterns
on
the
blue
glaze
.
In
the
art
studio
,
the
potter
used
wax
resist
to
create
white
patterns
on
the
blue
glaze
.
Derived
from
the
same
Latin
root
as
the
verb
,
the
noun
developed
in
the
late
19th
century
in
printing
and
later
electronics
to
describe
a
protective
masking
substance
.
criticise
verb
-
criticise
,
criticising
,
criticises
,
criticised
to
say
what
you
believe
is
wrong
or
bad
about
someone
or
something
•
The
teacher
criticised
Tom
for
not
doing
his
homework
.
The
teacher
criticised
Tom
for
not
doing
his
homework
.
•
Neighbours
criticise
the
new
shopping
centre
for
causing
traffic
.
Neighbours
criticise
the
new
shopping
centre
for
causing
traffic
.
From
Greek
kritikos
through
Latin
and
French
,
ending
with
the
British
verb-forming
suffix
‑ise
.
verb
-
criticise
,
criticising
,
criticises
,
criticised
to
study
something
closely
and
discuss
both
its
strengths
and
weaknesses
,
especially
in
art
,
literature
,
or
academia
•
The
reviewer
criticised
the
novel
’
s
pacing
while
admiring
its
characters
.
The
reviewer
criticised
the
novel
’
s
pacing
while
admiring
its
characters
.
•
Music
students
criticise
classical
pieces
to
understand
their
structure
.
Music
students
criticise
classical
pieces
to
understand
their
structure
.
Academic
sense
grew
in
British
universities
of
the
19th
century
as
‘
literary
criticism
’.
advertising
noun
-
advertising
the
industry
and
profession
of
planning
,
creating
,
and
placing
advertisements
to
promote
products
,
services
,
or
ideas
•
She
decided
to
study
advertising
at
university
because
she
loves
creative
work
.
She
decided
to
study
advertising
at
university
because
she
loves
creative
work
.
•
The
company
hired
a
new
advertising
agency
to
launch
its
product
.
The
company
hired
a
new
advertising
agency
to
launch
its
product
.
Gerund
form
of
the
verb
"
advertise
",
first
used
as
a
noun
in
the
late
18th
century
to
refer
to
the
growing
profession
of
creating
advertisements
.
noun
-
advertising
the
advertisements
themselves
,
such
as
posters
,
TV
commercials
,
or
online
banners
,
that
try
to
persuade
people
to
buy
or
support
something
•
Colorful
advertising
covered
the
walls
of
the
subway
station
.
Colorful
advertising
covered
the
walls
of
the
subway
station
.
•
Many
people
mute
the
TV
during
loud
advertising
.
Many
people
mute
the
TV
during
loud
advertising
.
Developed
from
the
sense
of
the
activity
;
first
recorded
in
the
19th
century
to
describe
the
collective
promotional
materials
seen
by
the
public
.
dismiss
verb
-
dismiss
,
dismissing
,
dismisses
,
dismissed
to
tell
a
group
of
people
they
may
leave
;
to
end
a
meeting
,
class
,
or
gathering
•
The
bell
rang
,
and
the
teacher
dismissed
the
class
.
The
bell
rang
,
and
the
teacher
dismissed
the
class
.
•
The
judge
dismissed
the
jury
for
lunch
.
The
judge
dismissed
the
jury
for
lunch
.
verb
-
dismiss
,
dismissing
,
dismisses
,
dismissed
to
decide
that
someone
or
something
is
not
worth
thinking
about
or
believing
•
The
scientist
dismissed
the
rumor
as
unproven
.
The
scientist
dismissed
the
rumor
as
unproven
.
•
Maria
tried
to
dismiss
her
worries
and
focus
on
the
exam
.
Maria
tried
to
dismiss
her
worries
and
focus
on
the
exam
.
From
Latin
‘
dimittere
’
meaning
‘
send
away
’,
through
Old
French
‘
dismetre
’
in
the
15th
century
.
verb
-
dismiss
,
dismissing
,
dismisses
,
dismissed
to
remove
someone
from
their
job
;
to
fire
them
•
The
company
dismissed
two
managers
for
breaking
safety
rules
.
The
company
dismissed
two
managers
for
breaking
safety
rules
.
•
He
was
dismissed
after
repeatedly
arriving
late
.
He
was
dismissed
after
repeatedly
arriving
late
.
verb
-
dismiss
,
dismissing
,
dismisses
,
dismissed
(
law
)
to
decide
a
legal
case
or
charge
should
not
continue
•
The
judge
dismissed
the
lawsuit
for
lack
of
evidence
.
The
judge
dismissed
the
lawsuit
for
lack
of
evidence
.
•
His
lawyer
asked
the
court
to
dismiss
the
charges
.
His
lawyer
asked
the
court
to
dismiss
the
charges
.
tissue
noun
a
soft
,
thin
piece
of
paper
used
for
wiping
your
nose
,
hands
,
or
face
and
then
thrown
away
•
Ella
sneezed
and
quickly
pulled
a
tissue
from
her
pocket
.
Ella
sneezed
and
quickly
pulled
a
tissue
from
her
pocket
.
•
After
washing
his
hands
,
Marco
dried
them
with
a
tissue
from
the
box
.
After
washing
his
hands
,
Marco
dried
them
with
a
tissue
from
the
box
.
noun
the
material
made
of
similar
cells
that
forms
parts
of
a
plant
or
animal
body
•
Muscle
tissue
helps
your
body
move
.
Muscle
tissue
helps
your
body
move
.
•
The
scientist
examined
leaf
tissue
under
a
microscope
.
The
scientist
examined
leaf
tissue
under
a
microscope
.
noun
a
very
light
,
fine
,
and
often
transparent
cloth
used
to
make
dresses
or
to
wrap
delicate
objects
•
The
gown
was
made
from
blue
silk
tissue
that
floated
as
she
walked
.
The
gown
was
made
from
blue
silk
tissue
that
floated
as
she
walked
.
•
She
wrapped
the
fragile
porcelain
cup
in
soft
gold
tissue
before
packing
it
.
She
wrapped
the
fragile
porcelain
cup
in
soft
gold
tissue
before
packing
it
.
noun
a
delicate
or
complex
structure
made
up
of
many
connected
parts
,
often
used
figuratively
in
the
phrase
‘
a
tissue
of
lies
’
•
His
story
turned
out
to
be
a
tissue
of
lies
.
His
story
turned
out
to
be
a
tissue
of
lies
.
•
The
plot
of
the
novel
is
a
delicate
tissue
of
memories
and
dreams
.
The
plot
of
the
novel
is
a
delicate
tissue
of
memories
and
dreams
.
precisely
adverb
in
an
exact
and
accurate
way
,
without
any
error
or
approximation
•
The
scientist
measured
the
chemicals
precisely
to
avoid
any
mistake
.
The
scientist
measured
the
chemicals
precisely
to
avoid
any
mistake
.
•
The
meeting
starts
at
precisely
9
a
.
m
.,
so
don't
be
late
.
The
meeting
starts
at
precisely
9
a
.
m
.,
so
don't
be
late
.
interjection
used
to
show
strong
agreement
with
or
confirmation
of
what
someone
has
just
said
•
“
So
the
shortest
route
is
to
turn
left
at
the
bridge
?” “
Precisely
!”
“
So
the
shortest
route
is
to
turn
left
at
the
bridge
?” “
Precisely
!”
•
“
You
think
he's
avoiding
us
?” “
Precisely
!”
replied
Maria
,
nodding
.
“
You
think
he's
avoiding
us
?” “
Precisely
!”
replied
Maria
,
nodding
.
administrator
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
organise
,
manage
,
and
run
the
daily
operations
of
an
organisation
such
as
a
school
,
company
,
or
government
department
•
The
school
administrator
greeted
parents
at
the
entrance
on
the
first
day
of
classes
.
The
school
administrator
greeted
parents
at
the
entrance
on
the
first
day
of
classes
.
•
As
an
administrator
,
Maria
approves
all
budget
requests
before
they
are
sent
to
the
board
.
As
an
administrator
,
Maria
approves
all
budget
requests
before
they
are
sent
to
the
board
.
from
Latin
administrātor
‘
manager
,
steward
’,
from
administrāre
‘
to
manage
’
publisher
noun
a
person
or
company
that
prepares
,
produces
,
and
sells
books
,
magazines
,
newspapers
,
or
other
written
or
digital
works
•
After
finishing
her
novel
,
Maria
sent
it
to
a
well-known
publisher
in
New
York
.
After
finishing
her
novel
,
Maria
sent
it
to
a
well-known
publisher
in
New
York
.
•
The
children's
book
publisher
added
colorful
illustrations
to
attract
young
readers
.
The
children's
book
publisher
added
colorful
illustrations
to
attract
young
readers
.
from
‘
publish
’
+
‘
-er
’,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
15th
century
noun
in
computing
,
a
program
or
component
that
sends
out
data
or
messages
for
other
programs
(
subscribers
)
to
receive
•
In
the
messaging
system
,
the
publisher
sends
temperature
updates
every
minute
.
In
the
messaging
system
,
the
publisher
sends
temperature
updates
every
minute
.
•
Each
time
a
user
posts
a
photo
,
a
publisher
event
is
created
for
the
news
feed
.
Each
time
a
user
posts
a
photo
,
a
publisher
event
is
created
for
the
news
feed
.
extended
from
the
traditional
sense
of
‘
publisher
’
to
computing
in
the
late
20th
century
,
by
analogy
with
disseminating
information
wisdom
noun
-
wisdom
the
ability
to
make
good
decisions
and
give
sound
advice
because
of
knowledge
and
experience
•
Grandma
always
shares
her
wisdom
when
I
face
tough
choices
.
Grandma
always
shares
her
wisdom
when
I
face
tough
choices
.
•
After
traveling
the
world
,
he
felt
he
had
gained
enough
wisdom
to
write
a
book
.
After
traveling
the
world
,
he
felt
he
had
gained
enough
wisdom
to
write
a
book
.
Old
English
wīsdōm
,
from
wīs
(
wise
)
+
-dōm
(
state
or
condition
).
noun
-
wisdom
the
traditional
knowledge
,
sayings
,
or
teachings
that
groups
of
people
have
collected
over
time
•
Many
proverbs
preserve
the
ancient
wisdom
of
farmers
about
the
weather
.
Many
proverbs
preserve
the
ancient
wisdom
of
farmers
about
the
weather
.
•
The
museum
exhibition
showcases
the
medical
wisdom
of
medieval
healers
.
The
museum
exhibition
showcases
the
medical
wisdom
of
medieval
healers
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
–
Old
English
wīsdōm
,
later
broadened
to
collective
traditional
knowledge
.
assistant
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
help
someone
with
their
work
or
tasks
•
The
shop
’
s
assistant
showed
me
where
the
shoes
were
.
The
shop
’
s
assistant
showed
me
where
the
shoes
were
.
•
As
a
lab
assistant
,
he
measures
chemicals
and
records
the
results
.
As
a
lab
assistant
,
he
measures
chemicals
and
records
the
results
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
,
present
participle
of
assister
,
from
Latin
assistere
‘
to
stand
by
’.
noun
a
software
program
or
smart
device
that
helps
users
by
carrying
out
tasks
or
answering
questions
•
You
can
ask
the
voice
assistant
to
set
an
alarm
for
7
a
.
m
.
You
can
ask
the
voice
assistant
to
set
an
alarm
for
7
a
.
m
.
•
The
smartphone
’
s
built-in
assistant
showed
me
the
fastest
route
home
.
The
smartphone
’
s
built-in
assistant
showed
me
the
fastest
route
home
.
Modern
sense
developed
in
the
late
20th
century
as
computers
gained
interactive
capabilities
.
adjective
helping
another
person
in
a
lower
or
supporting
position
•
She
was
promoted
from
assistant
editor
to
senior
editor
.
She
was
promoted
from
assistant
editor
to
senior
editor
.
•
The
coach
hired
an
assistant
coach
to
train
the
newcomers
.
The
coach
hired
an
assistant
coach
to
train
the
newcomers
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
,
used
attributively
since
the
18th
century
.
fiscal
adjective
connected
with
a
government
’
s
money
,
taxes
,
and
how
it
earns
and
spends
them
•
The
minister
announced
a
new
fiscal
plan
to
cut
the
budget
deficit
.
The
minister
announced
a
new
fiscal
plan
to
cut
the
budget
deficit
.
•
Economists
debated
whether
heavy
fiscal
spending
would
cause
inflation
.
Economists
debated
whether
heavy
fiscal
spending
would
cause
inflation
.
From
Latin
fiscalis
“
of
the
public
treasury
,”
from
fiscus
“
treasury
,
money
basket
.”
adjective
relating
to
a
company
’
s
or
organization
’
s
money
matters
,
especially
for
its
accounting
year
•
The
board
will
review
last
quarter
’
s
fiscal
results
tomorrow
.
The
board
will
review
last
quarter
’
s
fiscal
results
tomorrow
.
•
Our
fiscal year
ends
in
March
,
not
December
.
Our
fiscal year
ends
in
March
,
not
December
.
Same
origin
as
the
government
sense
;
over
time
extended
to
private-sector
bookkeeping
.
terrorism
noun
-
terrorism
the
use
of
violence
or
threats
to
frighten
people
,
especially
for
political
purposes
•
The
government
increased
airport
security
to
prevent
terrorism
.
The
government
increased
airport
security
to
prevent
terrorism
.
•
People
around
the
world
marched
together
to
condemn
acts
of
terrorism
.
People
around
the
world
marched
together
to
condemn
acts
of
terrorism
.
From
French
terrorisme
,
from
Latin
terror
meaning
“
great
fear
or
dread
,”
originally
referring
to
the
Reign
of
Terror
during
the
French
Revolution
and
later
broadened
to
any
politically
motivated
violence
.
Islam
noun
-
Islam
the
monotheistic
religion
revealed
to
the
prophet
Muhammad
,
whose
followers
worship
one
God
(
Allah
)
and
follow
the
Qur'an
and
the
Five
Pillars
•
Many
people
travel
to
Mecca
as
part
of
their
practice
of
Islam
.
Many
people
travel
to
Mecca
as
part
of
their
practice
of
Islam
.
•
Schools
often
teach
world
religions
,
including
Islam
,
to
help
students
understand
different
cultures
.
Schools
often
teach
world
religions
,
including
Islam
,
to
help
students
understand
different
cultures
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
17th
century
from
Arabic
إِسْلَام
(
ʾislām
, “
submission
” [
to
God
]).
wise
adjective
-
wise
,
wiser
,
wisest
having
or
showing
good
judgment
,
experience
,
and
knowledge
•
The
old
wise
owl
guided
the
young
birds
through
the
forest
.
The
old
wise
owl
guided
the
young
birds
through
the
forest
.
•
Asking
for
help
was
a
wise
decision
.
Asking
for
help
was
a
wise
decision
.
Old
English
wīs
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
wijs
and
German
weise
,
meaning
‘
knowledgeable
,
sensible
’.
adjective
-
wise
,
wiser
,
wisest
aware
of
or
informed
about
something
,
especially
a
secret
or
dishonest
plan
•
I'm
wise
to
your
tricks
,
so
don't
try
them
again
.
I'm
wise
to
your
tricks
,
so
don't
try
them
again
.
•
She
became
wise
to
the
scam
after
reading
reviews
online
.
She
became
wise
to
the
scam
after
reading
reviews
online
.
Extension
of
the
primary
adjective
sense
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
in
American
English
slang
.
-wise
suffix
added
to
nouns
to
mean
‘
concerning
’
or
‘
with
regard
to
’
that
subject
•
Budget-wise
,
we
should
save
more
this
month
.
Budget-wise
,
we
should
save
more
this
month
.
•
Time-wise
,
the
project
is
on
track
.
Time-wise
,
the
project
is
on
track
.
From
the
Old
English
noun
wīse
‘
manner
,
way
’,
later
used
as
an
adverbial
ending
in
compounds
like
‘
lengthwise
’;
modern
usage
meaning
‘
regarding
’
arose
in
the
20th
century
.
ministry
noun
-
ministry
,
ministries
a
government
department
that
manages
a
specific
area
of
public
affairs
,
such
as
health
,
education
,
or
finance
•
The
ministry
announced
new
health
guidelines
today
.
The
ministry
announced
new
health
guidelines
today
.
•
She
applied
for
a
job
at
the
ministry
of
Culture
after
university
.
She
applied
for
a
job
at
the
ministry
of
Culture
after
university
.
From
Latin
ministerium
“
office
,
service
”,
from
minister
“
servant
”.
The
political
sense
developed
in
the
early
18th
century
.
noun
-
ministry
,
ministries
the
work
,
duties
,
or
position
of
a
religious
minister
,
or
helpful
service
done
for
others
inspired
by
faith
•
After
seminary
,
he
entered
the
ministry
full
time
.
After
seminary
,
he
entered
the
ministry
full
time
.
•
Her
ministry
to
the
homeless
includes
serving
hot
meals
every
weekend
.
Her
ministry
to
the
homeless
includes
serving
hot
meals
every
weekend
.
Originally
"
service
"
in
general
;
the
ecclesiastical
sense
has
been
used
since
the
14th
century
.
noun
-
ministry
,
ministries
the
group
of
government
ministers
who
collectively
run
a
country
,
or
the
period
during
which
they
hold
office
•
The
new
ministry
promised
tax
reforms
during
its
first
year
in
office
.
The
new
ministry
promised
tax
reforms
during
its
first
year
in
office
.
•
Critics
argue
that
the
previous
ministry
mishandled
the
crisis
.
Critics
argue
that
the
previous
ministry
mishandled
the
crisis
.
Use
for
the
collective
body
of
ministers
arose
in
Britain
in
the
early
19th
century
.
register
noun
a
machine
in
a
store
that
adds
up
what
customers
buy
and
keeps
the
money
•
The
cashier
opened
the
register
to
give
me
change
.
The
cashier
opened
the
register
to
give
me
change
.
•
At
closing
time
,
we
count
the
money
in
the
register
.
At
closing
time
,
we
count
the
money
in
the
register
.
Extended
use
of
register
meaning
‘
recording
device
’,
late
19th
century
.
noun
an
official
list
or
book
that
keeps
written
records
of
names
or
information
•
The
school
secretary
checked
the
attendance
register
every
morning
.
The
school
secretary
checked
the
attendance
register
every
morning
.
•
Before
voting
,
Carlos
made
sure
his
name
was
on
the
election
register
.
Before
voting
,
Carlos
made
sure
his
name
was
on
the
election
register
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
registre
,
from
Medieval
Latin
registrum
,
alteration
of
Latin
regesta
‘
things
recorded
’,
from
regerere
‘
to
record
’.
verb
to
put
your
name
or
details
on
an
official
list
so
that
you
are
allowed
to
do
something
or
receive
something
•
I
registered
online
for
the
evening
language
class
.
I
registered
online
for
the
evening
language
class
.
•
You
must
register
your
new
car
within
thirty
days
.
You
must
register
your
new
car
within
thirty
days
.
From
Old
French
registrer
,
based
on
Latin
regerere
‘
to
record
’.
noun
the
style
or
level
of
language
that
is
suitable
for
a
particular
situation
•
In
a
job
interview
,
you
should
speak
in
a
formal
register
.
In
a
job
interview
,
you
should
speak
in
a
formal
register
.
•
Text
messages
usually
use
an
informal
register
with
lots
of
abbreviations
.
Text
messages
usually
use
an
informal
register
with
lots
of
abbreviations
.
Sense
in
linguistics
popularized
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
verb
(
of
a
measuring
instrument
)
to
show
or
record
a
particular
value
•
The
thermometer
registered
thirty
degrees
Celsius
at
noon
.
The
thermometer
registered
thirty
degrees
Celsius
at
noon
.
•
Seismic
sensors
registered
a
small
earthquake
during
the
night
.
Seismic
sensors
registered
a
small
earthquake
during
the
night
.
Sense
‘
show
a
reading
’
arose
in
the
early
19th
century
from
earlier
meanings
of
recording
.
verb
to
be
noticed
or
understood
in
someone
’
s
mind
•
His
words
didn
’
t
register
with
me
until
hours
later
.
His
words
didn
’
t
register
with
me
until
hours
later
.
•
It
took
a
second
for
the
warning
light
to
register
.
It
took
a
second
for
the
warning
light
to
register
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
‘
record
in
writing
’
to
‘
record
in
the
mind
’,
late
19th
century
.
surprising
adjective
causing
a
feeling
of
wonder
because
it
is
not
what
was
expected
.
•
It
was
surprising
how
quickly
the
snow
melted
in
the
morning
sun
.
It
was
surprising
how
quickly
the
snow
melted
in
the
morning
sun
.
•
The
movie
had
a
surprising
twist
at
the
end
that
made
everyone
gasp
.
The
movie
had
a
surprising
twist
at
the
end
that
made
everyone
gasp
.
Present
participle
of
the
verb
“
surprise
,”
first
recorded
in
the
late
17th
century
as
an
adjective
meaning
“
unexpected
.”
verb
-
surprise
,
surprising
,
surprises
,
surprised
present
participle
of
surprise
:
doing
something
that
causes
someone
to
feel
unexpected
wonder
or
shock
.
•
The
magician
is
surprising
the
audience
with
a
new
trick
.
The
magician
is
surprising
the
audience
with
a
new
trick
.
•
She
kept
surprising
her
friends
with
little
gifts
.
She
kept
surprising
her
friends
with
little
gifts
.
From
Middle
French
“
surprendre
”
through
Old
French
“
surprendre
,”
meaning
“
to
overtake
or
catch
unaware
,”
arriving
in
English
in
the
14th
century
;
the
–ing
form
appears
by
the
16th
century
.
establishment
noun
-
establishment
the
act
of
starting
or
creating
something
so
that
it
is
able
to
continue
•
The
establishment
of
the
new
community
garden
brought
neighbours
together
.
The
establishment
of
the
new
community
garden
brought
neighbours
together
.
•
After
years
of
conflict
,
the
establishment
of
peace
was
celebrated
across
the
country
.
After
years
of
conflict
,
the
establishment
of
peace
was
celebrated
across
the
country
.
Derived
from
the
verb
establish
+
-ment
;
recorded
in
English
since
the
1400s
.
noun
a
business
,
organisation
,
or
public
institution
that
occupies
a
place
and
provides
goods
or
services
•
The
little
coffee
establishment
on
the
corner
serves
amazing
pastries
.
The
little
coffee
establishment
on
the
corner
serves
amazing
pastries
.
•
We
drove
past
a
historic
establishment
that
has
been
a
hotel
since
1890
.
We
drove
past
a
historic
establishment
that
has
been
a
hotel
since
1890
.
Sense
developed
in
the
1700s
to
describe
settled
commercial
premises
.
Establishment
noun
-
Establishment
the
group
of
people
who
hold
power
and
influence
in
a
society
,
especially
in
politics
,
business
,
or
the
military
•
Many
young
voters
feel
the
establishment
no
longer
represents
them
.
Many
young
voters
feel
the
establishment
no
longer
represents
them
.
•
She
campaigned
against
the
political
establishment
and
promised
real
change
.
She
campaigned
against
the
political
establishment
and
promised
real
change
.
Capitalised
use
arose
in
the
mid-20th
century
,
especially
in
British
journalism
,
to
label
the
entrenched
ruling
class
.
tourist
noun
a
person
who
travels
to
places
for
pleasure
rather
than
for
work
or
to
live
there
•
The
tourist
stopped
to
take
photos
of
the
ancient
temple
.
The
tourist
stopped
to
take
photos
of
the
ancient
temple
.
•
Many
tourists
flock
to
the
city
during
the
cherry
blossom
season
.
Many
tourists
flock
to
the
city
during
the
cherry
blossom
season
.
From
French
touriste
,
from
tour
meaning
“
a
journey
or
excursion
”,
ultimately
from
Latin
tornus
“
tool
for
making
a
circle
”.
noun
informal
:
someone
who
briefly
tries
an
activity
,
job
,
or
scene
without
real
skill
or
commitment
•
The
veteran
climbers
could
tell
he
was
a
tourist
after
he
fumbled
with
his
gear
.
The
veteran
climbers
could
tell
he
was
a
tourist
after
he
fumbled
with
his
gear
.
•
Serious
gamers
often
complain
when
a
tourist
joins
their
ranked
matches
.
Serious
gamers
often
complain
when
a
tourist
joins
their
ranked
matches
.
historian
noun
a
person
whose
job
or
serious
interest
is
to
study
,
write
about
,
and
explain
past
events
•
The
historian
spent
years
reading
dusty
letters
from
the
Civil
War
.
The
historian
spent
years
reading
dusty
letters
from
the
Civil
War
.
•
As
a
child
,
Maya
dreamed
of
becoming
a
historian
and
exploring
ancient
ruins
.
As
a
child
,
Maya
dreamed
of
becoming
a
historian
and
exploring
ancient
ruins
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
historianus
,
from
historia
meaning
‘
history
’,
which
is
ultimately
from
Ancient
Greek
histor
‘
learned
,
wise
man
’.
specialist
noun
a
person
who
has
deep
knowledge
or
skill
in
a
particular
subject
or
activity
•
The
museum
hired
a
specialist
to
restore
the
centuries-old
painting
.
The
museum
hired
a
specialist
to
restore
the
centuries-old
painting
.
•
If
your
computer
keeps
crashing
,
you
should
ask
a
specialist
for
help
.
If
your
computer
keeps
crashing
,
you
should
ask
a
specialist
for
help
.
Early
17th
century
:
from
special
+
-ist
,
modeled
on
French
spécialiste
.
noun
a
doctor
who
has
advanced
training
in
a
particular
branch
of
medicine
•
Your
family
doctor
referred
you
to
a
heart
specialist
for
further
tests
.
Your
family
doctor
referred
you
to
a
heart
specialist
for
further
tests
.
•
The
child
was
seen
by
an
allergy
specialist
after
the
rash
worsened
.
The
child
was
seen
by
an
allergy
specialist
after
the
rash
worsened
.
adjective
relating
to
or
suitable
for
a
particular
purpose
,
field
,
or
group
of
experts
•
This
specialist
software
helps
architects
create
3-D
models
.
This
specialist
software
helps
architects
create
3-D
models
.
•
Some
birds
have
very
specialist
diets
that
make
them
sensitive
to
changes
in
habitat
.
Some
birds
have
very
specialist
diets
that
make
them
sensitive
to
changes
in
habitat
.
noun
a
rank
in
the
U
.
S
.
Army
,
equivalent
to
corporal
,
given
to
enlisted
soldiers
with
technical
skills
•
He
was
promoted
to
specialist
after
completing
the
electronics
course
.
He
was
promoted
to
specialist
after
completing
the
electronics
course
.
•
The
unit's
new
specialist
handled
all
the
radio
equipment
.
The
unit's
new
specialist
handled
all
the
radio
equipment
.
missing
adjective
not
in
the
place
where
it
should
be
and
unable
to
be
found
•
One
of
the
puzzle
pieces
is
missing
,
so
we
can
’
t
finish
the
picture
.
One
of
the
puzzle
pieces
is
missing
,
so
we
can
’
t
finish
the
picture
.
•
She
opened
her
backpack
and
noticed
her
notebook
was
missing
.
She
opened
her
backpack
and
noticed
her
notebook
was
missing
.
adjective
not
able
to
be
located
and
possibly
in
danger
,
especially
about
a
person
or
animal
•
The
boy
has
been
missing
since
yesterday
afternoon
.
The
boy
has
been
missing
since
yesterday
afternoon
.
•
Rescuers
searched
all
night
for
the
missing
climbers
.
Rescuers
searched
all
night
for
the
missing
climbers
.
distribute
verb
-
distribute
,
distributing
,
distributes
,
distributed
to
give
or
hand
out
things
to
many
people
so
that
each
one
gets
a
share
•
The
volunteers
distributed
hot
meals
to
flood
victims
.
The
volunteers
distributed
hot
meals
to
flood
victims
.
•
The
teacher
distributes
the
worksheets
at
the
start
of
every
lesson
.
The
teacher
distributes
the
worksheets
at
the
start
of
every
lesson
.
From
Latin
distribuere
“
to
divide
,
allot
”,
from
dis-
“
apart
”
+
tribuere
“
to
assign
”.
verb
-
distribute
,
distributing
,
distributes
,
distributed
to
spread
something
over
an
area
or
among
things
so
that
it
covers
or
affects
them
fairly
evenly
•
Please
distribute
the
sand
evenly
across
the
playground
.
Please
distribute
the
sand
evenly
across
the
playground
.
•
The
weight
of
the
bridge
is
distributed
across
several
steel
cables
.
The
weight
of
the
bridge
is
distributed
across
several
steel
cables
.
verb
-
distribute
,
distributing
,
distributes
,
distributed
(
mathematics
)
to
multiply
a
number
by
each
term
inside
brackets
,
applying
the
distributive
property
•
To
simplify
3
(
x
+
2
),
you
distribute
the
3
and
get
3x
+
6
.
To
simplify
3
(
x
+
2
),
you
distribute
the
3
and
get
3x
+
6
.
•
Remember
to
distribute
the
negative
sign
across
the
brackets
.
Remember
to
distribute
the
negative
sign
across
the
brackets
.
permission
noun
the
act
of
allowing
someone
to
do
something
,
or
the
state
of
being
allowed
to
do
it
;
consent
or
authorization
•
Sara
asked
her
parents
for
permission
to
stay
out
late
.
Sara
asked
her
parents
for
permission
to
stay
out
late
.
•
“
You
do
not
have
permission
to
enter
this
area
,”
the
guard
said
firmly
.
“
You
do
not
have
permission
to
enter
this
area
,”
the
guard
said
firmly
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
"
permissioun
",
from
Latin
"
permissio
"
meaning
"
allowance
",
from
"
permittere
" "
to
allow
".
noun
in
computing
,
a
setting
or
rule
that
decides
what
a
user
or
program
is
allowed
to
do
with
a
file
,
folder
,
or
resource
•
The
administrator
changed
the
file
’
s
permissions
to
read-only
.
The
administrator
changed
the
file
’
s
permissions
to
read-only
.
•
Without
the
right
permission
,
the
app
cannot
access
your
camera
.
Without
the
right
permission
,
the
app
cannot
access
your
camera
.
Borrowed
into
technical
jargon
in
the
1960s–70s
as
computer
operating
systems
began
to
include
access-control
lists
.
emission
noun
-
emission
the
act
or
process
of
sending
out
light
,
heat
,
gas
,
sound
,
or
another
substance
•
The
emission
of
smoke
from
the
chimney
was
visible
for
miles
.
The
emission
of
smoke
from
the
chimney
was
visible
for
miles
.
•
Strict
rules
limit
the
emission
of
noise
near
hospitals
.
Strict
rules
limit
the
emission
of
noise
near
hospitals
.
From
Latin
emissio
“
sending
forth
,”
from
emittere
“
to
send
out
.”
noun
a
substance
such
as
gas
,
smoke
,
or
light
that
is
released
into
the
air
,
especially
pollutants
from
vehicles
or
factories
•
Car
emissions
are
a
major
cause
of
urban
pollution
.
Car
emissions
are
a
major
cause
of
urban
pollution
.
•
The
factory
installed
filters
to
cut
its
toxic
emissions
.
The
factory
installed
filters
to
cut
its
toxic
emissions
.
noun
the
release
of
energy
in
the
form
of
light
or
other
electromagnetic
waves
from
a
substance
•
The
bright
glow
is
caused
by
the
emission
of
photons
as
electrons
drop
to
lower
energy
levels
.
The
bright
glow
is
caused
by
the
emission
of
photons
as
electrons
drop
to
lower
energy
levels
.
•
Astronomers
study
the
radio
emission
from
distant
galaxies
.
Astronomers
study
the
radio
emission
from
distant
galaxies
.
adviser
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
give
expert
ideas
and
guidance
to
someone
or
to
an
organization
•
The
company
hired
an
adviser
to
help
them
expand
into
new
markets
.
The
company
hired
an
adviser
to
help
them
expand
into
new
markets
.
•
Before
choosing
her
courses
,
Maria
met
with
her
academic
adviser
at
the
university
.
Before
choosing
her
courses
,
Maria
met
with
her
academic
adviser
at
the
university
.
From
advise
+
-er
;
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
distant
adjective
far
away
in
space
•
The
lighthouse
was
just
a
small
speck
on
the
distant
horizon
.
The
lighthouse
was
just
a
small
speck
on
the
distant
horizon
.
•
From
the
mountain
peak
,
we
could
see
a
distant
village
surrounded
by
green
fields
.
From
the
mountain
peak
,
we
could
see
a
distant
village
surrounded
by
green
fields
.
adjective
far
away
in
time
,
either
in
the
past
or
the
future
•
Scientists
study
fossils
to
understand
life
in
the
distant
past
.
Scientists
study
fossils
to
understand
life
in
the
distant
past
.
•
That
tradition
dates
back
to
a
distant
era
of
ancient
kings
.
That
tradition
dates
back
to
a
distant
era
of
ancient
kings
.
adjective
not
friendly
or
emotionally
close
•
Since
the
argument
,
he
has
been
polite
but
distant
toward
his
friends
.
Since
the
argument
,
he
has
been
polite
but
distant
toward
his
friends
.
•
The
new
manager
kept
a
distant
attitude
,
rarely
joining
casual
chats
.
The
new
manager
kept
a
distant
attitude
,
rarely
joining
casual
chats
.
adjective
not
closely
related
in
a
family
•
My
distant
cousin
from
Australia
is
visiting
next
month
.
My
distant
cousin
from
Australia
is
visiting
next
month
.
•
They
discovered
a
distant
relative
who
had
settled
in
Canada
.
They
discovered
a
distant
relative
who
had
settled
in
Canada
.
distinction
noun
a
clear
difference
between
two
or
more
people
,
things
,
or
ideas
•
There
is
a
clear
distinction
between
fact
and
opinion
.
There
is
a
clear
distinction
between
fact
and
opinion
.
•
The
law
makes
no
distinction
between
rich
and
poor
citizens
.
The
law
makes
no
distinction
between
rich
and
poor
citizens
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
‘
distinctio
’
meaning
‘
separation
,
distinction
’.
noun
-
distinction
a
mark
of
honor
,
excellence
,
or
special
recognition
•
She
graduated
with
distinction
from
medical
school
.
She
graduated
with
distinction
from
medical
school
.
•
Winning
the
award
was
a
great
distinction
for
the
small
research
team
.
Winning
the
award
was
a
great
distinction
for
the
small
research
team
.
Sense
of
‘
honor
or
excellence
’
developed
in
the
17th
century
by
extension
from
the
idea
of
being
set
apart
.
noun
a
special
feature
or
quality
that
makes
someone
or
something
noticeably
different
•
The
city
has
the
unique
distinction
of
being
both
the
oldest
and
the
greenest
in
the
region
.
The
city
has
the
unique
distinction
of
being
both
the
oldest
and
the
greenest
in
the
region
.
•
He
holds
the
rare
distinction
of
playing
professionally
in
two
different
sports
leagues
.
He
holds
the
rare
distinction
of
playing
professionally
in
two
different
sports
leagues
.
From
Latin
‘
distingere
’
meaning
‘
to
separate
,
set
apart
’,
emphasizing
a
special
quality
that
differentiates
.
punishment
noun
the
act
of
causing
someone
to
suffer
a
penalty
for
doing
something
wrong
,
or
the
penalty
itself
•
The
judge
gave
the
thief
a
harsh
punishment
.
The
judge
gave
the
thief
a
harsh
punishment
.
•
Some
parents
believe
gentle
methods
work
better
than
corporal
punishment
.
Some
parents
believe
gentle
methods
work
better
than
corporal
punishment
.
from
Middle
English
punishement
,
from
Old
French
punissement
,
based
on
Latin
punīre
“
to
punish
”
noun
rough
treatment
,
damage
,
or
strain
that
something
or
someone
endures
•
After
driving
across
the
desert
,
the
tires
had
taken
a
lot
of
punishment
.
After
driving
across
the
desert
,
the
tires
had
taken
a
lot
of
punishment
.
•
The
old
laptop
still
works
despite
years
of
punishment
.
The
old
laptop
still
works
despite
years
of
punishment
.
figurative
extension
of
the
primary
sense
of
suffering
a
penalty
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
19th
century
in
sports
writing
economist
noun
a
person
who
studies
or
is
an
expert
in
economics
,
especially
how
money
,
markets
,
and
trade
work
•
The
economist
explained
how
rising
interest
rates
could
slow
inflation
.
The
economist
explained
how
rising
interest
rates
could
slow
inflation
.
•
As
an
economist
,
she
spends
her
days
analyzing
data
about
consumer
spending
.
As
an
economist
,
she
spends
her
days
analyzing
data
about
consumer
spending
.
Mid-16th
century
,
from
French
économiste
,
from
économie
“
economy
”,
ultimately
from
Greek
oikonomía
“
household
management
”.
admission
noun
permission
to
enter
a
place
,
event
,
or
organization
•
Admission
to
the
castle
is
free
for
children
under
five
.
Admission
to
the
castle
is
free
for
children
under
five
.
•
They
were
refused
admission
because
the
concert
hall
was
already
full
.
They
were
refused
admission
because
the
concert
hall
was
already
full
.
noun
the
money
you
must
pay
to
enter
a
place
or
event
•
Museum
admission
is
only
five
dollars
on
Mondays
.
Museum
admission
is
only
five
dollars
on
Mondays
.
•
I
forgot
to
budget
for
the
admission
to
the
theme
park
.
I
forgot
to
budget
for
the
admission
to
the
theme
park
.
noun
a
statement
in
which
someone
accepts
that
something
is
true
or
that
they
have
done
something
wrong
•
Her
public
admission
of
guilt
shocked
everyone
.
Her
public
admission
of
guilt
shocked
everyone
.
•
The
politician's
admission
that
he
had
lied
ended
his
career
.
The
politician's
admission
that
he
had
lied
ended
his
career
.
noun
the
act
or
process
of
allowing
someone
to
join
a
school
,
college
,
hospital
,
or
other
institution
•
She
received
an
admission
letter
from
Harvard
.
She
received
an
admission
letter
from
Harvard
.
•
Hospital
admissions
increase
during
flu
season
.
Hospital
admissions
increase
during
flu
season
.
discourse
noun
spoken
or
written
communication
,
especially
serious
discussion
or
debate
•
During
the
summit
,
world
leaders
engaged
in
thoughtful
discourse
about
global
health
.
During
the
summit
,
world
leaders
engaged
in
thoughtful
discourse
about
global
health
.
•
The
book
sparked
public
discourse
on
social
justice
that
lasted
for
months
.
The
book
sparked
public
discourse
on
social
justice
that
lasted
for
months
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
medieval
Latin
discursus
‘
conversation
’,
from
Latin
discurrere
‘
run
about
,
converse
’.
noun
-
discourse
in
linguistics
,
a
connected
piece
of
spoken
or
written
language
longer
than
a
sentence
,
considered
as
a
unit
•
Linguists
study
political
speeches
to
analyze
the
discourse
that
shapes
public
opinion
.
Linguists
study
political
speeches
to
analyze
the
discourse
that
shapes
public
opinion
.
•
Coherent
discourse
helps
readers
follow
the
writer
’
s
argument
smoothly
.
Coherent
discourse
helps
readers
follow
the
writer
’
s
argument
smoothly
.
verb
-
discourse
,
discoursing
,
discourses
,
discoursed
to
speak
or
write
at
length
about
a
subject
,
especially
in
a
formal
or
serious
way
•
The
philosopher
discoursed
on
ethics
for
the
entire
evening
.
The
philosopher
discoursed
on
ethics
for
the
entire
evening
.
•
After
dinner
,
she
discoursed
about
her
travels
through
the
Himalayas
.
After
dinner
,
she
discoursed
about
her
travels
through
the
Himalayas
.
dispute
noun
a
serious
disagreement
or
argument
between
people
,
groups
,
or
countries
•
The
neighbors
had
a
serious
dispute
over
the
property
line
.
The
neighbors
had
a
serious
dispute
over
the
property
line
.
•
The
labor
union
threatened
to
strike
after
a
pay
dispute
with
the
company
.
The
labor
union
threatened
to
strike
after
a
pay
dispute
with
the
company
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
dispute
,
from
disputare
‘
discuss
,
dispute
’
in
Latin
.
verb
-
dispute
,
disputing
,
disputes
,
disputed
to
question
,
challenge
,
or
argue
about
something
,
saying
it
is
wrong
or
should
not
be
accepted
•
Ella
disputed
the
parking
ticket
,
showing
photos
of
an
empty
meter
.
Ella
disputed
the
parking
ticket
,
showing
photos
of
an
empty
meter
.
•
The
scientist
politely
disputed
the
theory
during
the
conference
.
The
scientist
politely
disputed
the
theory
during
the
conference
.
From
Latin
disputare
meaning
‘
to
discuss
,
argue
’.
satisfaction
noun
a
happy
or
content
feeling
you
get
when
something
you
wanted
or
hoped
for
happens
or
is
achieved
•
Maria
smiled
with
deep
satisfaction
after
handing
in
her
finished
painting
.
Maria
smiled
with
deep
satisfaction
after
handing
in
her
finished
painting
.
•
The
team
shouted
in
satisfaction
when
the
final
whistle
confirmed
their
victory
.
The
team
shouted
in
satisfaction
when
the
final
whistle
confirmed
their
victory
.
From
Latin
satisfactio
,
meaning
‘
a
making
enough
,
a
fulfilling
’.
noun
-
satisfaction
the
act
of
meeting
a
need
,
desire
,
or
request
so
that
it
is
no
longer
lacking
•
Good
customer
service
focuses
on
the
satisfaction
of
the
client
’
s
needs
.
Good
customer
service
focuses
on
the
satisfaction
of
the
client
’
s
needs
.
•
The
company
improved
product
quality
to
ensure
the
satisfaction
of
safety
standards
.
The
company
improved
product
quality
to
ensure
the
satisfaction
of
safety
standards
.
noun
formal
:
the
payment
of
a
debt
,
claim
,
or
penalty
so
that
an
obligation
is
fully
settled
•
The
borrower
made
full
satisfaction
of
the
loan
before
the
deadline
.
The
borrower
made
full
satisfaction
of
the
loan
before
the
deadline
.
•
Upon
satisfaction
of
the
judgment
,
the
court
lifted
the
lien
on
her
property
.
Upon
satisfaction
of
the
judgment
,
the
court
lifted
the
lien
on
her
property
.
discrimination
noun
unfair
treatment
of
a
person
or
group
because
of
race
,
gender
,
age
,
religion
,
or
other
characteristics
rather
than
individual
ability
•
The
company
introduced
new
policies
to
prevent
discrimination
against
female
employees
.
The
company
introduced
new
policies
to
prevent
discrimination
against
female
employees
.
•
Many
countries
have
laws
that
ban
racial
discrimination
in
housing
.
Many
countries
have
laws
that
ban
racial
discrimination
in
housing
.
From
Latin
discriminatio
“
separation
,
distinction
,”
from
discriminare
“
to
divide
,
distinguish
,”
based
on
crimen
“
judgment
,
crime
.”
noun
the
ability
to
notice
and
understand
small
differences
between
similar
things
•
A
sommelier
’
s
skill
depends
on
fine
discrimination
between
subtle
flavors
.
A
sommelier
’
s
skill
depends
on
fine
discrimination
between
subtle
flavors
.
•
Color-blindness
reduces
a
person
’
s
discrimination
of
red
and
green
hues
.
Color-blindness
reduces
a
person
’
s
discrimination
of
red
and
green
hues
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
:
Latin
discriminatio
“
distinction
.”
Early
17th
century
use
expanded
to
mean
‘
power
of
distinguishing
’.
commissioner
noun
an
official
who
is
chosen
to
lead
or
supervise
a
government
department
,
public
agency
,
or
other
administrative
area
•
The
city
appointed
Jane
Smith
as
the
new
commissioner
of
public
health
.
The
city
appointed
Jane
Smith
as
the
new
commissioner
of
public
health
.
•
A
commissioner
inspected
the
construction
site
to
ensure
safety
standards
were
met
.
A
commissioner
inspected
the
construction
site
to
ensure
safety
standards
were
met
.
Middle
English
,
from
Anglo-French
,
from
Medieval
Latin
commissarius
“
delegate
,
agent
,”
from
Latin
committere
“
to
entrust
.”
noun
the
chief
executive
who
oversees
and
governs
a
professional
sports
league
or
organization
•
The
NBA
commissioner
announced
the
draft
picks
on
live
television
.
The
NBA
commissioner
announced
the
draft
picks
on
live
television
.
•
Fans
praised
the
league
commissioner
for
expanding
the
women
’
s
tournament
.
Fans
praised
the
league
commissioner
for
expanding
the
women
’
s
tournament
.
satisfy
verb
-
satisfy
,
satisfying
,
satisfies
,
satisfied
to
make
someone
feel
pleased
because
they
have
received
what
they
wanted
or
needed
•
A
small
bar
of
chocolate
was
enough
to
satisfy
her
sweet
tooth
.
A
small
bar
of
chocolate
was
enough
to
satisfy
her
sweet
tooth
.
•
The
puppies
drank
a
bowl
of
milk
that
finally
satisfied
their
hunger
.
The
puppies
drank
a
bowl
of
milk
that
finally
satisfied
their
hunger
.
From
Old
French
satisfaire
,
from
Latin
satisfacere
“
to
do
enough
” (
from
satis
“
enough
”
+
facere
“
to
make
,
do
”).
verb
-
satisfy
,
satisfying
,
satisfies
,
satisfied
to
meet
or
fulfil
a
rule
,
requirement
,
or
condition
•
Applicants
must
satisfy
all
the
entry
requirements
before
enrolling
.
Applicants
must
satisfy
all
the
entry
requirements
before
enrolling
.
•
The
bridge
design
failed
to
satisfy
safety
standards
during
inspection
.
The
bridge
design
failed
to
satisfy
safety
standards
during
inspection
.
verb
-
satisfy
,
satisfying
,
satisfies
,
satisfied
to
pay
off
or
discharge
a
debt
,
judgment
,
or
legal
obligation
•
The
company
satisfied
the
court
judgment
by
transferring
the
full
amount
to
the
claimant
.
The
company
satisfied
the
court
judgment
by
transferring
the
full
amount
to
the
claimant
.
•
He
worked
extra
shifts
to
satisfy
his
student
loan
debt
ahead
of
schedule
.
He
worked
extra
shifts
to
satisfy
his
student
loan
debt
ahead
of
schedule
.
verb
-
satisfy
,
satisfying
,
satisfies
,
satisfied
(
mathematics
,
logic
)
to
make
an
equation
,
condition
,
or
logical
statement
true
•
The
value
x
=
3
satisfies
the
equation
x²
−
9
=
0
.
The
value
x
=
3
satisfies
the
equation
x²
−
9
=
0
.
•
A
model
satisfies
a
set
of
logical
sentences
if
all
the
sentences
are
true
in
that
model
.
A
model
satisfies
a
set
of
logical
sentences
if
all
the
sentences
are
true
in
that
model
.
distinct
adjective
clearly
noticeable
and
easy
to
recognize
.
•
There
was
a
distinct
smell
of
fresh
paint
in
the
hallway
.
There
was
a
distinct
smell
of
fresh
paint
in
the
hallway
.
•
I
heard
a
distinct
knock
at
the
door
late
at
night
.
I
heard
a
distinct
knock
at
the
door
late
at
night
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
"
distinctus
,"
past
participle
of
"
distinguere
"
meaning
“
to
separate
,
distinguish
.”
adjective
clearly
different
and
separate
from
something
else
.
•
The
twins
developed
distinct
personalities
as
they
grew
older
.
The
twins
developed
distinct
personalities
as
they
grew
older
.
•
English
and
Scottish
law
are
distinct
legal
systems
.
English
and
Scottish
law
are
distinct
legal
systems
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
"
distinctus
,"
past
participle
of
"
distinguere
"
meaning
“
to
separate
,
distinguish
.”
hypothesis
noun
-
hypothesis
,
hypotheses
a
scientific
idea
or
explanation
that
you
can
test
through
study
and
experiment
to
see
if
it
is
true
•
The
students
gathered
data
to
test
their
hypothesis
about
how
sunlight
affects
plant
growth
.
The
students
gathered
data
to
test
their
hypothesis
about
how
sunlight
affects
plant
growth
.
•
Einstein
’
s
photoelectric
hypothesis
changed
the
course
of
modern
physics
.
Einstein
’
s
photoelectric
hypothesis
changed
the
course
of
modern
physics
.
From
Ancient
Greek
“
hypóthesis
”
meaning
“
foundation
,
supposition
,”
composed
of
“
hypo-
” (
under
)
and
“
thesis
” (
placing
,
proposition
).
noun
-
hypothesis
,
hypotheses
an
idea
you
accept
temporarily
so
you
can
discuss
or
examine
a
situation
even
though
it
is
not
yet
proven
•
As
a
working
hypothesis
,
let
’
s
assume
the
shipment
was
delayed
at
customs
.
As
a
working
hypothesis
,
let
’
s
assume
the
shipment
was
delayed
at
customs
.
•
My
hypothesis
is
that
she
missed
the
bus
rather
than
overslept
.
My
hypothesis
is
that
she
missed
the
bus
rather
than
overslept
.
Same
origin
as
the
scientific
sense
:
Ancient
Greek
roots
meaning
“
put
under
”
as
a
foundation
for
reasoning
.
communist
noun
A
person
who
believes
in
or
actively
supports
the
political
and
economic
system
called
communism
,
in
which
property
and
resources
are
owned
and
controlled
by
the
community
as
a
whole
.
•
During
the
debate
,
the
young
communist
defended
the
idea
of
shared
ownership
of
factories
.
During
the
debate
,
the
young
communist
defended
the
idea
of
shared
ownership
of
factories
.
•
Her
grandfather
remained
a
proud
communist
even
after
moving
to
a
capitalist
country
.
Her
grandfather
remained
a
proud
communist
even
after
moving
to
a
capitalist
country
.
From
French
communiste
(
early
19th
century
),
from
communisme
“
communism
,”
ultimately
rooted
in
Latin
communis
“
common
,
shared
.”
adjective
Relating
to
communism
or
to
a
political
party
that
follows
communist
principles
.
•
She
studied
the
history
of
communist
governments
in
Eastern
Europe
.
She
studied
the
history
of
communist
governments
in
Eastern
Europe
.
•
The
museum
displays
posters
with
bold
Communist
imagery
from
the
1950s
.
The
museum
displays
posters
with
bold
Communist
imagery
from
the
1950s
.
Developed
from
the
noun
sense
in
the
late
19th
century
,
used
to
describe
anything
connected
to
communism
or
its
supporters
.
bishop
noun
a
chess
piece
shaped
like
a
tall
hat
that
moves
any
number
of
squares
diagonally
•
She
sacrificed
her
bishop
to
set
up
a
clever
checkmate
.
She
sacrificed
her
bishop
to
set
up
a
clever
checkmate
.
•
In
the
opening
,
he
developed
both
bishops
to
control
the
long
diagonals
.
In
the
opening
,
he
developed
both
bishops
to
control
the
long
diagonals
.
Named
after
the
miter
(
hat
)
worn
by
church
bishops
,
which
early
European
chess
pieces
resembled
.
noun
a
senior
Christian
clergyperson
in
charge
of
many
local
churches
in
an
area
,
ranking
above
a
priest
•
The
newly
appointed
bishop
visited
every
parish
in
his
diocese
during
his
first
year
.
The
newly
appointed
bishop
visited
every
parish
in
his
diocese
during
his
first
year
.
•
Many
people
gathered
in
the
square
to
watch
the
bishop
lead
the
Easter
procession
.
Many
people
gathered
in
the
square
to
watch
the
bishop
lead
the
Easter
procession
.
Old
English
bisceop
,
from
Latin
episcopus
,
from
Greek
episkopos
meaning
“
overseer
.”
noun
(
dated
)
a
hot
drink
made
by
mixing
red
wine
,
sugar
,
and
orange
peel
,
often
served
at
Christmas
•
Grandfather
warmed
a
pot
of
bishop
on
the
stove
for
the
carolers
.
Grandfather
warmed
a
pot
of
bishop
on
the
stove
for
the
carolers
.
•
The
novel
describes
servants
preparing
bishop
for
the
household
’
s
holiday
feast
.
The
novel
describes
servants
preparing
bishop
for
the
household
’
s
holiday
feast
.
Probably
named
for
its
deep
purplish-red
color
,
reminiscent
of
a
bishop
’
s
robes
.
Irish
adjective
from
or
relating
to
Ireland
,
its
people
,
language
,
or
culture
•
She
loves
listening
to
Irish
music
while
cooking
dinner
.
She
loves
listening
to
Irish
music
while
cooking
dinner
.
•
The
pub
is
famous
for
its
authentic
Irish
stew
.
The
pub
is
famous
for
its
authentic
Irish
stew
.
From
Old
English
Īras
(
the
people
of
Ireland
)
+
-ish
.
noun
-
Irish
the
Celtic
language
spoken
mainly
in
the
Republic
of
Ireland
and
parts
of
Northern
Ireland
•
She
is
taking
evening
classes
to
learn
Irish
.
She
is
taking
evening
classes
to
learn
Irish
.
•
Many
road
signs
in
Ireland
are
written
in
both
English
and
Irish
.
Many
road
signs
in
Ireland
are
written
in
both
English
and
Irish
.
From
Old
Irish
Goídelc
,
modernised
in
English
as
Irish
.
noun
the
people
of
Ireland
considered
as
a
group
•
The
Irish
are
known
for
their
hospitality
and
storytelling
traditions
.
The
Irish
are
known
for
their
hospitality
and
storytelling
traditions
.
•
Many
of
the
Irish
emigrated
to
America
during
the
19th
century
.
Many
of
the
Irish
emigrated
to
America
during
the
19th
century
.
Sense
developed
from
the
adjective
referring
to
people
of
Ireland
.
legislature
noun
a
group
of
elected
or
appointed
people
that
has
the
authority
to
make
or
change
laws
for
a
country
,
state
,
or
other
political
unit
•
The
newly
elected
legislature
passed
a
bill
to
improve
public
schools
.
The
newly
elected
legislature
passed
a
bill
to
improve
public
schools
.
•
Citizens
gathered
outside
the
legislature
to
protest
the
proposed
tax
increase
.
Citizens
gathered
outside
the
legislature
to
protest
the
proposed
tax
increase
.
From
Latin
‘
legis
latura
’,
literally
‘
the
act
of
proposing
a
law
’,
from
‘
lex
’ (
law
)
+
‘
lātūra
’ (
a
bringing
).
diagnosis
noun
-
diagnosis
,
diagnoses
the
act
of
finding
out
exactly
what
illness
or
medical
condition
someone
has
by
examining
their
symptoms
and
test
results
•
After
several
tests
,
the
doctor
finally
made
a
diagnosis
of
pneumonia
.
After
several
tests
,
the
doctor
finally
made
a
diagnosis
of
pneumonia
.
•
Early
diagnosis
can
greatly
improve
the
chances
of
recovery
.
Early
diagnosis
can
greatly
improve
the
chances
of
recovery
.
From
Greek
diagnōsis
‘
discernment
,
distinguishing
’,
from
dia
‘
apart
’
+
gnōsis
‘
knowledge
’.
noun
-
diagnosis
,
diagnoses
the
act
of
discovering
and
naming
the
cause
of
a
problem
,
fault
,
or
difficult
situation
•
The
mechanic's
quick
diagnosis
saved
us
hours
on
the
roadside
.
The
mechanic's
quick
diagnosis
saved
us
hours
on
the
roadside
.
•
A
clear
diagnosis
of
the
software
bug
helped
the
team
fix
it
in
minutes
.
A
clear
diagnosis
of
the
software
bug
helped
the
team
fix
it
in
minutes
.
Extended
from
its
medical
sense
to
general
problem-solving
contexts
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
administrative
adjective
connected
with
planning
,
organizing
,
and
managing
the
ordinary
,
everyday
work
of
a
business
,
school
,
or
other
organization
•
Maria
handles
the
administrative
paperwork
for
the
entire
department
.
Maria
handles
the
administrative
paperwork
for
the
entire
department
.
•
The
company
hired
an
assistant
to
reduce
the
manager's
administrative
burden
.
The
company
hired
an
assistant
to
reduce
the
manager's
administrative
burden
.
From
Latin
administrativus
“
serving
,
helping
to
manage
,”
from
administrare
“
to
manage
.”
adjective
relating
to
official
actions
,
rules
,
or
decisions
made
by
government
departments
or
public
agencies
rather
than
by
courts
•
The
agency
issued
an
administrative
order
to
close
the
unsafe
factory
.
The
agency
issued
an
administrative
order
to
close
the
unsafe
factory
.
•
She
specializes
in
administrative
law
and
represents
clients
in
disputes
with
government
departments
.
She
specializes
in
administrative
law
and
represents
clients
in
disputes
with
government
departments
.
Same
root
as
Sense
1
;
modern
legal
use
dates
from
the
19th-century
growth
of
government
agencies
.
racism
noun
-
racism
the
belief
that
people
of
different
races
have
fixed
abilities
or
characters
and
that
some
races
are
naturally
superior
to
others
•
The
professor
explained
how
colonial
ideas
of
racism
shaped
early
laws
.
The
professor
explained
how
colonial
ideas
of
racism
shaped
early
laws
.
•
Some
extremist
groups
still
spread
racism
online
,
claiming
their
race
is
superior
.
Some
extremist
groups
still
spread
racism
online
,
claiming
their
race
is
superior
.
From
race
+
-ism
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
20th
century
to
describe
doctrines
of
racial
superiority
.
civilisation
noun
the
stage
of
human
social
development
in
which
societies
form
cities
,
governments
,
writing
,
and
other
complex
institutions
•
Students
explored
how
civilisation
first
emerged
in
the
Fertile
Crescent
.
Students
explored
how
civilisation
first
emerged
in
the
Fertile
Crescent
.
•
The
development
of
laws
was
essential
to
early
civilisation
.
The
development
of
laws
was
essential
to
early
civilisation
.
Borrowed
from
French
civilisation
,
ultimately
from
Latin
civīlis
(“
civil
”).
noun
a
particular
well-organised
human
society
that
existed
or
exists
at
a
specific
time
and
place
•
The
achievements
of
Greek
civilisation
still
influence
modern
architecture
.
The
achievements
of
Greek
civilisation
still
influence
modern
architecture
.
•
Artifacts
from
the
Mesopotamian
civilisation
are
displayed
in
the
museum
.
Artifacts
from
the
Mesopotamian
civilisation
are
displayed
in
the
museum
.
Adopted
in
British
English
in
the
18th
century
to
classify
historical
societies
.
noun
the
comforts
and
conveniences
of
modern
life
,
especially
when
contrasted
with
remote
or
wild
places
•
After
weeks
at
sea
,
the
crew
longed
for
the
pleasures
of
civilisation
.
After
weeks
at
sea
,
the
crew
longed
for
the
pleasures
of
civilisation
.
•
The
remote
cottage
had
no
internet
,
truly
miles
from
civilisation
.
The
remote
cottage
had
no
internet
,
truly
miles
from
civilisation
.
British
explorers
in
the
early
20th
century
often
used
the
word
lightly
to
mean
hot
baths
,
good
food
,
and
other
amenities
.
distinguish
verb
-
distinguish
,
distinguishing
,
distinguishes
,
distinguished
to
recognize
and
show
the
difference
between
two
or
more
people
or
things
•
In
the
thick
morning
mist
,
it
was
hard
to
distinguish
the
shore
from
the
sea
.
In
the
thick
morning
mist
,
it
was
hard
to
distinguish
the
shore
from
the
sea
.
•
Babies
can
quickly
distinguish
their
mother's
voice
from
every
other
sound
in
the
room
.
Babies
can
quickly
distinguish
their
mother's
voice
from
every
other
sound
in
the
room
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
distinguere
“
to
separate
,
divide
,
discern
.”
verb
-
distinguish
,
distinguishing
,
distinguishes
,
distinguished
to
be
the
special
quality
that
makes
someone
or
something
different
from
others
•
A
bright
red
door
distinguishes
the
cottage
from
all
its
neighbors
.
A
bright
red
door
distinguishes
the
cottage
from
all
its
neighbors
.
•
Her
gentle
humor
distinguishes
her
teaching
style
.
Her
gentle
humor
distinguishes
her
teaching
style
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
distinguere
“
to
separate
,
divide
,
discern
.”
verb
-
distinguish
,
distinguishing
,
distinguishes
,
distinguished
to
do
something
so
well
that
people
notice
and
admire
you
•
The
young
researcher
distinguished
herself
by
discovering
a
new
species
of
beetle
.
The
young
researcher
distinguished
herself
by
discovering
a
new
species
of
beetle
.
•
He
distinguished
himself
in
battle
with
acts
of
bravery
.
He
distinguished
himself
in
battle
with
acts
of
bravery
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
distinguere
“
to
separate
,
divide
,
discern
.”
punish
verb
-
punish
,
punishing
,
punishes
,
punished
to
make
someone
suffer
a
penalty
because
they
have
done
something
wrong
•
If
you
break
the
rules
,
the
teacher
will
punish
you
.
If
you
break
the
rules
,
the
teacher
will
punish
you
.
•
The
law
punishes
people
who
drive
under
the
influence
of
alcohol
.
The
law
punishes
people
who
drive
under
the
influence
of
alcohol
.
From
Old
French
puniss-
,
stem
of
punir
,
from
Latin
punīre
“
to
penalize
,
to
inflict
a
penalty
,”
related
to
poena
“
penalty
,
pain
.”
verb
-
punish
,
punishing
,
punishes
,
punished
to
cause
great
pain
,
damage
,
or
strain
to
someone
or
something
•
The
strong
winds
punished
the
small
fishing
boats
all
night
.
The
strong
winds
punished
the
small
fishing
boats
all
night
.
•
Running
on
concrete
can
punish
your
knees
over
time
.
Running
on
concrete
can
punish
your
knees
over
time
.
verb
-
punish
,
punishing
,
punishes
,
punished
(
slang
)
to
eat
or
drink
a
large
amount
of
something
quickly
and
with
enthusiasm
•
After
the
marathon
,
she
punished
a
huge
burger
and
fries
.
After
the
marathon
,
she
punished
a
huge
burger
and
fries
.
•
They
punished
a
case
of
soda
during
the
party
.
They
punished
a
case
of
soda
during
the
party
.
praise
noun
-
praise
words
that
say
someone
or
something
is
good
or
has
done
well
.
•
The
teacher
’
s
praise
made
Maya
feel
proud
of
her
project
.
The
teacher
’
s
praise
made
Maya
feel
proud
of
her
project
.
•
After
months
of
practice
,
the
choir
received
high
praise
from
the
audience
.
After
months
of
practice
,
the
choir
received
high
praise
from
the
audience
.
From
Old
French
‘
preisier
’ (
to
prize
,
value
),
from
Latin
‘
pretiare
’ (
to
value
).
verb
-
praise
,
praising
,
praises
,
praised
to
say
good
things
about
someone
or
something
because
you
think
they
are
good
or
did
well
.
•
The
coach
praised
the
team
for
its
hard
work
after
the
match
.
The
coach
praised
the
team
for
its
hard
work
after
the
match
.
•
Reporters
praise
the
film
for
its
stunning
visuals
.
Reporters
praise
the
film
for
its
stunning
visuals
.
From
Old
French
‘
preisier
’,
from
Latin
‘
pretiare
’,
meaning
‘
to
value
’.
verb
-
praise
,
praising
,
praises
,
praised
to
show
respect
and
thanks
to
a
god
,
especially
by
singing
or
praying
.
•
Worshippers
gathered
to
praise
during
the
sunrise
service
.
Worshippers
gathered
to
praise
during
the
sunrise
service
.
•
They
sang
hymns
to
praise
their
deity
.
They
sang
hymns
to
praise
their
deity
.
Religious
sense
developed
in
Middle
English
from
earlier
general
sense
‘
to
commend
’.
legislative
adjective
relating
to
the
making
or
passing
of
laws
•
The
country
is
drafting
new
legislative
measures
to
reduce
air
pollution
.
The
country
is
drafting
new
legislative
measures
to
reduce
air
pollution
.
•
She
studied
the
legislative
process
at
university
to
understand
how
bills
become
laws
.
She
studied
the
legislative
process
at
university
to
understand
how
bills
become
laws
.
From
Latin
‘
legis
lātīvus
’,
meaning
‘
bringing
laws
’,
formed
from
‘
lex
,
legis
’ (
law
)
and
a
derivative
of
‘
ferre
’ (
to
carry
).
noun
the
branch
or
body
of
government
that
makes
laws
•
The
legislative
voted
to
approve
the
budget
after
hours
of
debate
.
The
legislative
voted
to
approve
the
budget
after
hours
of
debate
.
•
In
many
democracies
,
power
is
divided
among
the
executive
,
the
legislative
,
and
the
judiciary
.
In
many
democracies
,
power
is
divided
among
the
executive
,
the
legislative
,
and
the
judiciary
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
from
Latin
roots
meaning
‘
bringing
laws
’.
disappointed
adjective
Feeling
sad
,
unhappy
,
or
let
down
because
something
did
not
meet
your
hopes
or
expectations
.
•
Lena
was
disappointed
when
the
concert
was
cancelled
at
the
last
minute
.
Lena
was
disappointed
when
the
concert
was
cancelled
at
the
last
minute
.
•
The
team
felt
disappointed
after
losing
the
championship
game
.
The
team
felt
disappointed
after
losing
the
championship
game
.
verb
Past
tense
and
past
participle
of
disappoint
.
•
The
sudden
storm
disappointed
the
hikers
who
hoped
for
clear
skies
.
The
sudden
storm
disappointed
the
hikers
who
hoped
for
clear
skies
.
•
Her
careless
comment
deeply
disappointed
her
friend
.
Her
careless
comment
deeply
disappointed
her
friend
.
consistently
adverb
in
the
same
way
over
a
period
of
time
,
showing
steady
regularity
•
She
consistently
arrives
at
the
office
five
minutes
early
.
She
consistently
arrives
at
the
office
five
minutes
early
.
•
The
soccer
team
has
consistently
won
its
home
games
this
season
.
The
soccer
team
has
consistently
won
its
home
games
this
season
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
“
consistent
”
+
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
”;
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
mid-17th
century
.