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pen
noun
a
small
handheld
tool
that
uses
ink
to
write
or
draw
β’
Maria
signed
her
name
with
a
blue
pen
and
smiled
.
Maria
signed
her
name
with
a
blue
pen
and
smiled
.
β’
The
student
frantically
searched
her
bag
for
a
working
pen
before
the
exam
began
.
The
student
frantically
searched
her
bag
for
a
working
pen
before
the
exam
began
.
From
Old
English
β
penne
β
borrowed
from
Latin
β
penna
β
meaning
feather
,
because
early
pens
were
made
from
bird
quills
.
noun
a
small
fenced
area
that
keeps
animals
in
one
place
β’
The
farmer
guided
the
sheep
into
the
wooden
pen
for
the
night
.
The
farmer
guided
the
sheep
into
the
wooden
pen
for
the
night
.
β’
At
the
petting
zoo
,
children
fed
carrots
to
goats
inside
the
small
pen
.
At
the
petting
zoo
,
children
fed
carrots
to
goats
inside
the
small
pen
.
Old
English
β
penn
β
meaning
enclosure
or
fold
.
verb
-
pen
,
penning
,
pens
,
penned
to
write
something
such
as
a
letter
,
article
,
or
song
β’
The
journalist
will
pen
an
article
about
the
festival
.
The
journalist
will
pen
an
article
about
the
festival
.
β’
She
penned
a
heartfelt
letter
to
her
grandmother
.
She
penned
a
heartfelt
letter
to
her
grandmother
.
First
used
in
late
Middle
English
,
originally
meaning
β
to
write
with
a
pen
β.
noun
an
adult
female
swan
β’
The
graceful
pen
glided
across
the
lake
with
her
cygnets
following
.
The
graceful
pen
glided
across
the
lake
with
her
cygnets
following
.
β’
The
wildlife
guide
pointed
out
the
pen
guarding
her
nest
on
the
riverbank
.
The
wildlife
guide
pointed
out
the
pen
guarding
her
nest
on
the
riverbank
.
Origin
uncertain
;
probably
from
Old
Norse
β
penn
β
meaning
female
bird
.
noun
a
prison
,
especially
a
large
state
or
federal
one
β’
After
the
trial
,
the
criminal
was
sent
to
the
pen
for
ten
years
.
After
the
trial
,
the
criminal
was
sent
to
the
pen
for
ten
years
.
β’
He
spent
most
of
his
twenties
in
the
pen
,
regretting
his
choices
.
He
spent
most
of
his
twenties
in
the
pen
,
regretting
his
choices
.
Shortening
of
β
penitentiary
β,
first
recorded
in
U
.
S
.
slang
in
the
late
1800s
.
penalty
noun
-
penalty
,
penalties
a
punishment
or
other
negative
consequence
given
when
someone
breaks
a
law
,
rule
,
or
agreement
β’
If
you
pay
your
taxes
late
,
you
have
to
pay
a
penalty
.
If
you
pay
your
taxes
late
,
you
have
to
pay
a
penalty
.
β’
Students
caught
cheating
face
the
penalty
of
suspension
.
Students
caught
cheating
face
the
penalty
of
suspension
.
Borrowed
in
the
16th
century
from
Medieval
Latin
poenalitΔs
,
from
Latin
poena
β
punishment
,
penalty
.β
noun
-
penalty
,
penalties
in
sports
,
an
official
punishment
that
gives
the
opposing
team
an
advantage
because
a
player
or
team
has
broken
a
rule
β’
The
referee
signaled
a
penalty
for
the
defender
β
s
rough
tackle
.
The
referee
signaled
a
penalty
for
the
defender
β
s
rough
tackle
.
β’
The
team
lost
yards
because
of
an
offside
penalty
.
The
team
lost
yards
because
of
an
offside
penalty
.
Extended
from
the
general
sense
of
punishment
to
sports
in
the
late
19th
century
as
modern
rules
were
codified
.
noun
-
penalty
,
penalties
in
soccer
and
similar
sports
,
a
free
shot
at
goal
taken
from
a
set
spot
because
the
other
team
committed
a
foul
in
the
penalty
area
β’
The
striker
stepped
up
to
take
the
decisive
penalty
.
The
striker
stepped
up
to
take
the
decisive
penalty
.
β’
In
stoppage
time
,
a
late
penalty
won
the
match
.
In
stoppage
time
,
a
late
penalty
won
the
match
.
This
sense
grew
out
of
soccer
β
s
1891
rule
introducing
the
β
penalty
kick
,β
soon
shortened
to
β
penalty
.β
pension
noun
money
that
a
person
regularly
receives
after
they
retire
from
work
,
usually
paid
each
month
by
the
government
or
by
a
former
employer
β’
After
working
for
forty
years
,
Maria
was
happy
to
live
comfortably
on
her
pension
.
After
working
for
forty
years
,
Maria
was
happy
to
live
comfortably
on
her
pension
.
β’
He
spent
part
of
his
monthly
pension
on
gifts
for
his
grandchildren
.
He
spent
part
of
his
monthly
pension
on
gifts
for
his
grandchildren
.
From
Latin
pensiΕ
β
payment
β,
through
Old
French
pension
meaning
β
regular
payment
β
noun
a
small
,
inexpensive
hotel
or
guesthouse
,
especially
in
Europe
,
where
meals
are
often
included
with
the
room
β’
We
booked
a
cozy
pension
near
the
Austrian
lake
for
our
summer
holiday
.
We
booked
a
cozy
pension
near
the
Austrian
lake
for
our
summer
holiday
.
β’
The
pension
owner
greeted
us
with
homemade
soup
when
we
arrived
.
The
pension
owner
greeted
us
with
homemade
soup
when
we
arrived
.
Borrowed
from
French
pension
β
boarding
house
that
provides
meals
β
happen
verb
to
occur
or
take
place
,
especially
without
being
planned
β’
No
one
expected
the
power
cut
,
but
it
happened
during
dinner
.
No
one
expected
the
power
cut
,
but
it
happened
during
dinner
.
β’
Strange
things
happen
in
this
old
house
at
night
.
Strange
things
happen
in
this
old
house
at
night
.
verb
to
occur
to
or
befall
someone
or
something
,
especially
something
unexpected
or
negative
β’
What
happened
to
your
arm
?
Did
you
hurt
yourself
?
What
happened
to
your
arm
?
Did
you
hurt
yourself
?
β’
A
funny
thing
happened
to
me
on
the
way
to
work
.
A
funny
thing
happened
to
me
on
the
way
to
work
.
verb
to
do
or
experience
something
by
chance
,
often
followed
by
an
infinitive
β’
I
happened
to
see
your
sister
at
the
market
yesterday
.
I
happened
to
see
your
sister
at
the
market
yesterday
.
β’
If
you
happen
to
find
my
keys
,
please
call
me
.
If
you
happen
to
find
my
keys
,
please
call
me
.
spend
verb
-
spend
,
spending
,
spends
,
spent
to
give
money
in
order
to
pay
for
goods
,
services
,
or
activities
β’
We
spent
nearly
all
our
savings
on
the
new
roof
.
We
spent
nearly
all
our
savings
on
the
new
roof
.
β’
Tourists
love
to
spend
money
on
local
crafts
.
Tourists
love
to
spend
money
on
local
crafts
.
verb
-
spend
,
spending
,
spends
,
spent
to
use
time
doing
something
or
in
a
particular
place
β’
They
spent
the
afternoon
playing
board
games
indoors
because
of
the
rain
.
They
spent
the
afternoon
playing
board
games
indoors
because
of
the
rain
.
β’
I
like
to
spend
my
weekends
hiking
in
the
mountains
.
I
like
to
spend
my
weekends
hiking
in
the
mountains
.
verb
-
spend
,
spending
,
spends
,
spent
to
use
up
or
exhaust
effort
,
energy
,
or
other
resources
β’
After
the
marathon
,
she
felt
she
had
spent
every
ounce
of
energy
.
After
the
marathon
,
she
felt
she
had
spent
every
ounce
of
energy
.
β’
Don't
spend
all
your
strength
lifting
that
heavy
box
at
once
.
Don't
spend
all
your
strength
lifting
that
heavy
box
at
once
.
noun
the
amount
of
money
that
is
spent
on
something
β’
Our
advertising
spend
increased
last
quarter
.
Our
advertising
spend
increased
last
quarter
.
β’
The
company
cut
its
IT
spend
by
10
percent
.
The
company
cut
its
IT
spend
by
10
percent
.
verb
-
spend
,
spending
,
spends
,
spent
to
come
to
an
end
by
being
completely
used
up
or
exhausted
β’
By
midnight
,
the
storm
had
spent
itself
.
By
midnight
,
the
storm
had
spent
itself
.
β’
The
fireworks
quickly
spend
their
brilliance
and
fade
.
The
fireworks
quickly
spend
their
brilliance
and
fade
.
open
adjective
not
closed
,
covered
,
or
blocked
;
allowing
entry
,
light
,
or
passage
β’
The
dog
ran
through
the
open
gate
into
the
yard
.
The
dog
ran
through
the
open
gate
into
the
yard
.
β’
Please
keep
the
windows
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
Please
keep
the
windows
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
Old
English
β
open
β,
from
Proto-Germanic
*upanaz
,
meaning
uncovered
or
unlocked
.
verb
to
move
,
unfasten
,
or
remove
something
so
it
is
no
longer
closed
,
or
to
begin
operating
or
making
something
available
for
use
β’
Could
you
open
the
jar
for
me
?
The
lid
is
stuck
.
Could
you
open
the
jar
for
me
?
The
lid
is
stuck
.
β’
The
museum
opens
at
ten
o'clock
every
morning
.
The
museum
opens
at
ten
o'clock
every
morning
.
Old
English
β
openian
β (
verb
form
of
β
open
β),
meaning
to
unclose
.
adjective
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
not
shut
;
allowing
air
,
light
,
or
passage
through
β’
Please
keep
the
window
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
Please
keep
the
window
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
β’
The
book
lay
open
on
the
desk
with
notes
scattered
around
it
.
The
book
lay
open
on
the
desk
with
notes
scattered
around
it
.
verb
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
to
move
or
remove
something
that
blocks
a
space
so
it
is
no
longer
closed
β’
He
opened
the
door
and
greeted
his
friends
.
He
opened
the
door
and
greeted
his
friends
.
β’
Could
you
open
this
jar
for
me
?
It
β
s
stuck
.
Could
you
open
this
jar
for
me
?
It
β
s
stuck
.
noun
a
sports
event
or
competition
that
allows
both
professionals
and
amateurs
to
take
part
β’
She
dreamed
of
playing
in
the
US
Open
someday
.
She
dreamed
of
playing
in
the
US
Open
someday
.
β’
The
city
is
hosting
a
chess
open
next
month
for
players
of
all
levels
.
The
city
is
hosting
a
chess
open
next
month
for
players
of
all
levels
.
Taken
from
the
adjective
sense
of
being
unrestricted
,
first
applied
to
sports
events
in
the
late
19th
century
.
adjective
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
accessible
or
available
to
everyone
;
not
restricted
β’
The
museum
exhibition
is
open
to
everyone
,
even
on
holidays
.
The
museum
exhibition
is
open
to
everyone
,
even
on
holidays
.
β’
Our
class
discussion
is
open
to
any
ideas
you
may
have
.
Our
class
discussion
is
open
to
any
ideas
you
may
have
.
verb
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
to
begin
operating
or
be
ready
for
customers
or
activity
β’
The
library
opens
at
eight
o
β
clock
every
weekday
.
The
library
opens
at
eight
o
β
clock
every
weekday
.
β’
A
new
bakery
opened
on
Main
Street
last
week
.
A
new
bakery
opened
on
Main
Street
last
week
.
noun
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
the
outdoors
where
there
are
no
walls
or
roof
;
the
countryside
or
fresh
air
β’
The
hikers
camped
in
open
fields
under
the
stars
.
The
hikers
camped
in
open
fields
under
the
stars
.
β’
She
prefers
to
paint
in
the
open
where
the
light
is
natural
.
She
prefers
to
paint
in
the
open
where
the
light
is
natural
.
Open
noun
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
a
sports
tournament
that
anyone
may
enter
,
regardless
of
ranking
or
invitation
β’
She
qualified
for
the
Australian
Open
after
months
of
training
.
She
qualified
for
the
Australian
Open
after
months
of
training
.
β’
The
local
tennis
club
hosts
an
annual
Open
in
July
.
The
local
tennis
club
hosts
an
annual
Open
in
July
.
depend
verb
-
depend
,
depending
,
depends
,
depended
to
be
decided
or
influenced
by
something
else
;
to
be
conditional
on
a
particular
factor
β’
Whether
we
go
camping
tomorrow
will
depend
on
the
weather
.
Whether
we
go
camping
tomorrow
will
depend
on
the
weather
.
β’
The
success
of
the
project
depends
on
everyone's
cooperation
.
The
success
of
the
project
depends
on
everyone's
cooperation
.
From
Latin
dependΔre
β
to
hang
from
,
be
contingent
upon
β (
de-
β
down
β
+
pendΔre
β
to
hang
β).
verb
-
depend
,
depending
,
depends
,
depended
to
need
someone
or
something
for
support
,
help
,
or
survival
;
to
rely
on
β’
Young
children
depend
on
their
parents
for
food
and
shelter
.
Young
children
depend
on
their
parents
for
food
and
shelter
.
β’
Many
rural
villages
depend
on
a
single
well
for
clean
water
.
Many
rural
villages
depend
on
a
single
well
for
clean
water
.
Same
origin
as
the
first
sense
:
Latin
dependΔre
β
to
hang
from
,
be
supported
by
.β
independent
adjective
not
controlled
,
helped
,
or
influenced
by
other
people
,
things
,
or
countries
β’
At
eighteen
,
Maria
moved
into
her
own
flat
to
become
independent
.
At
eighteen
,
Maria
moved
into
her
own
flat
to
become
independent
.
β’
The
small
island
nation
became
independent
after
decades
of
foreign
rule
.
The
small
island
nation
became
independent
after
decades
of
foreign
rule
.
From
Latin
'independens'
meaning
β
not
relying
on
something
else
β,
formed
from
in-
β
not
β
+
dependere
β
to
hang
from
β.
noun
a
person
,
group
,
or
business
that
does
not
belong
to
or
depend
on
a
larger
organization
,
especially
a
voter
or
politician
with
no
political
party
β’
The
independent
won
the
mayor
β
s
race
,
surprising
the
big
parties
.
The
independent
won
the
mayor
β
s
race
,
surprising
the
big
parties
.
β’
As
an
independent
,
Carla
judges
each
election
by
the
issues
,
not
by
party
loyalty
.
As
an
independent
,
Carla
judges
each
election
by
the
issues
,
not
by
party
loyalty
.
From
the
adjective
β
independent
β;
used
as
a
noun
since
the
17th
century
to
describe
people
or
groups
standing
alone
.
expensive
adjective
costing
a
lot
of
money
;
having
a
high
price
β’
The
designer
handbag
was
too
expensive
for
me
to
buy
.
The
designer
handbag
was
too
expensive
for
me
to
buy
.
β’
We
chose
a
smaller
apartment
because
the
downtown
ones
were
expensive
.
We
chose
a
smaller
apartment
because
the
downtown
ones
were
expensive
.
From
the
Latin
β
expensus
β (
weighed
out
,
paid
),
via
Middle
French
β
expensif
β,
into
English
around
the
17th
century
.
adjective
requiring
a
lot
of
time
,
effort
,
or
computing
resources
to
perform
or
run
β’
Running
that
3D
simulation
is
expensive
in
terms
of
processing
power
.
Running
that
3D
simulation
is
expensive
in
terms
of
processing
power
.
β’
Copying
the
whole
database
for
each
test
is
an
expensive
operation
.
Copying
the
whole
database
for
each
test
is
an
expensive
operation
.
opening
noun
a
hole
,
gap
,
or
empty
space
in
something
that
people
,
light
,
or
objects
can
pass
through
.
β’
A
small
opening
in
the
garden
fence
let
the
rabbit
escape
.
A
small
opening
in
the
garden
fence
let
the
rabbit
escape
.
β’
Sunlight
streamed
through
the
opening
in
the
cave
ceiling
,
lighting
up
the
rocky
chamber
.
Sunlight
streamed
through
the
opening
in
the
cave
ceiling
,
lighting
up
the
rocky
chamber
.
verb
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
present
participle
of
open
:
making
something
no
longer
closed
,
or
becoming
no
longer
closed
.
β’
She
is
opening
the
window
to
let
in
fresh
air
.
She
is
opening
the
window
to
let
in
fresh
air
.
β’
Workers
are
opening
the
new
store
at
dawn
.
Workers
are
opening
the
new
store
at
dawn
.
noun
the
first
part
or
beginning
of
something
such
as
a
speech
,
event
,
performance
,
or
written
work
.
β’
Fireworks
marked
the
opening
of
the
festival
on
Friday
night
.
Fireworks
marked
the
opening
of
the
festival
on
Friday
night
.
β’
Her
opening
paragraph
immediately
hooked
the
reader
.
Her
opening
paragraph
immediately
hooked
the
reader
.
noun
a
job
,
position
,
or
opportunity
that
is
available
for
someone
to
take
.
β’
There
β
s
an
opening
for
a
receptionist
at
the
clinic
.
There
β
s
an
opening
for
a
receptionist
at
the
clinic
.
β’
The
company
posted
three
new
openings
on
its
website
today
.
The
company
posted
three
new
openings
on
its
website
today
.
expense
noun
a
particular
thing
you
spend
money
on
;
a
cost
item
β’
Rent
is
our
biggest
monthly
expense
.
Rent
is
our
biggest
monthly
expense
.
β’
Keep
all
your
travel
expenses
for
reimbursement
.
Keep
all
your
travel
expenses
for
reimbursement
.
See
earlier
sense
for
historical
origin
;
modern
accounting
extended
the
meaning
to
individual
cost
items
in
the
19th
century
.
noun
the
money
that
is
spent
to
do
or
obtain
something
β’
The
company
cut
back
on
marketing
to
reduce
expense
.
The
company
cut
back
on
marketing
to
reduce
expense
.
β’
Moving
to
the
city
can
involve
a
lot
of
unexpected
expense
.
Moving
to
the
city
can
involve
a
lot
of
unexpected
expense
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
β
despense
β
meaning
β
spending
β,
which
came
from
Latin
β
expendere
β β β
to
pay
out
β.
spending
noun
-
spending
the
money
that
a
person
,
group
,
or
government
uses
to
buy
things
or
pay
for
services
β’
Government
spending
on
healthcare
has
increased
this
year
.
Government
spending
on
healthcare
has
increased
this
year
.
β’
He
tracks
his
weekly
spending
in
a
small
notebook
to
stay
within
budget
.
He
tracks
his
weekly
spending
in
a
small
notebook
to
stay
within
budget
.
From
the
verb
spend
+
-ing
,
first
used
as
a
noun
in
the
early
19th
century
.
verb
-
spend
,
spending
,
spends
,
spent
present
participle
of
spend
:
using
money
,
time
,
or
effort
on
something
β’
She
is
spending
the
afternoon
reading
by
the
lake
.
She
is
spending
the
afternoon
reading
by
the
lake
.
β’
They
were
spending
too
much
money
on
takeout
every
week
.
They
were
spending
too
much
money
on
takeout
every
week
.
Present
participle
of
Middle
English
spenden
,
from
Old
English
spendan
,
ultimately
from
Latin
expendere
.
independence
noun
-
independence
the
state
of
not
being
controlled
by
or
relying
on
other
people
,
organizations
,
or
things
β’
After
moving
out
of
her
parents'
house
,
Maria
loved
her
new-found
independence
.
After
moving
out
of
her
parents'
house
,
Maria
loved
her
new-found
independence
.
β’
Learning
to
drive
gave
Jake
a
thrilling
sense
of
independence
.
Learning
to
drive
gave
Jake
a
thrilling
sense
of
independence
.
From
Latin
independens
(β
not
depending
on
something
else
β),
formed
from
in-
(β
not
β)
+
dependere
(β
to
hang
from
,
rely
on
β).
noun
-
independence
freedom
of
a
nation
or
region
to
govern
itself
,
separate
from
another
country
β’
India
celebrates
its
independence
on
August
15
each
year
.
India
celebrates
its
independence
on
August
15
each
year
.
β’
The
colony
fought
a
long
war
to
gain
independence
from
the
empire
.
The
colony
fought
a
long
war
to
gain
independence
from
the
empire
.
Same
root
as
general
sense
;
became
associated
with
national
self-rule
after
political
revolutions
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
-
independence
a
situation
in
mathematics
or
statistics
where
one
value
or
event
does
not
influence
another
β’
The
scientist
questioned
the
independence
of
the
two
measurements
.
The
scientist
questioned
the
independence
of
the
two
measurements
.
β’
A
chi-square
test
can
check
the
independence
of
categorical
variables
.
A
chi-square
test
can
check
the
independence
of
categorical
variables
.
Adopted
into
mathematics
in
the
19th
century
to
describe
variables
that
do
not
depend
on
each
other
.
depending
verb
continuously
relying
on
someone
or
something
for
what
you
need
or
for
something
to
happen
β’
The
villagers
are
depending on
the
river
for
fresh
water
.
The
villagers
are
depending on
the
river
for
fresh
water
.
β’
During
the
hike
,
we
were
depending on
our
map
to
find
the
right
path
.
During
the
hike
,
we
were
depending on
our
map
to
find
the
right
path
.
Present
participle
of
the
verb
β
depend
,β
which
comes
from
Latin
dependere
meaning
β
to
hang
down
β
or
β
be
contingent
on
.β
preposition
used
to
say
that
something
will
change
or
be
decided
by
another
thing
β’
Depending on
the
weather
,
the
picnic
will
be
held
in
the
park
or
indoors
.
Depending on
the
weather
,
the
picnic
will
be
held
in
the
park
or
indoors
.
β’
Class
times
may
vary
depending on
the
instructor
β
s
schedule
.
Class
times
may
vary
depending on
the
instructor
β
s
schedule
.
Evolved
from
the
participial
form
of
β
depend
β
used
absolutely
with
or
without
β
on
β
since
the
late
17th
century
.
dependent
adjective
needing
someone
or
something
else
in
order
to
live
,
work
properly
,
or
succeed
β’
Young
birds
are
completely
dependent
on
their
parents
for
food
.
Young
birds
are
completely
dependent
on
their
parents
for
food
.
β’
Many
commuters
feel
dependent
on
their
smartphones
for
navigation
and
tickets
.
Many
commuters
feel
dependent
on
their
smartphones
for
navigation
and
tickets
.
From
Latin
β
dependΔns
β
meaning
β
hanging
down
,
relying
on
.β
noun
a
person
,
such
as
a
child
or
elderly
relative
,
who
relies
on
someone
else
for
financial
support
β’
She
claimed
her
son
as
a
dependent
on
her
tax
return
.
She
claimed
her
son
as
a
dependent
on
her
tax
return
.
β’
The
company
β
s
health
plan
also
covers
an
employee
β
s
dependents
.
The
company
β
s
health
plan
also
covers
an
employee
β
s
dependents
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
from
Latin
β
dependΔns
,β
referring
to
someone
hanging
on
or
relying
on
another
.