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rough
adjective
-
rough
,
rougher
,
roughest
having
an
uneven
surface
that
feels
hard
or
bumpy
,
not
smooth
•
The
old
wooden
table
felt
rough
against
my
fingertips
.
The
old
wooden
table
felt
rough
against
my
fingertips
.
•
A
layer
of
rough
sandpaper
smoothed
the
edges
of
the
metal
sheet
.
A
layer
of
rough
sandpaper
smoothed
the
edges
of
the
metal
sheet
.
Originates
from
Old
English
“
ruh
”,
meaning
hairy
or
shaggy
,
which
developed
into
the
idea
of
unevenness
.
adjective
-
rough
,
rougher
,
roughest
not
exact
;
given
as
an
approximate
number
,
amount
,
or
idea
•
I
only
have
a
rough
idea
of
how
much
the
trip
will
cost
.
I
only
have
a
rough
idea
of
how
much
the
trip
will
cost
.
•
The
builder
gave
us
a
rough
estimate
of
three
weeks
to
finish
the
job
.
The
builder
gave
us
a
rough
estimate
of
three
weeks
to
finish
the
job
.
Shifted
from
the
sense
of
‘
uneven
’
to
‘
not
finely
measured
’
in
the
late
16th
century
.
adjective
-
rough
,
rougher
,
roughest
difficult
,
unpleasant
,
or
full
of
hardship
•
She
had
a
rough
day
at
work
and
wanted
to
relax
.
She
had
a
rough
day
at
work
and
wanted
to
relax
.
•
The
travelers
faced
rough
weather
crossing
the
mountain
pass
.
The
travelers
faced
rough
weather
crossing
the
mountain
pass
.
Extended
figurative
use
of
‘
rough
’
for
challenging
conditions
dates
back
to
the
17th
century
.
noun
an
area
of
long
,
wild
grass
on
a
golf
course
that
is
harder
to
play
from
than
the
short
grass
of
the
fairway
•
My
ball
landed
in
the
rough
,
so
the
next
shot
was
tricky
.
My
ball
landed
in
the
rough
,
so
the
next
shot
was
tricky
.
•
She
practiced
hitting
from
the
rough
to
improve
her
game
.
She
practiced
hitting
from
the
rough
to
improve
her
game
.
Golf
sense
recorded
since
the
late
19th
century
,
referring
to
untended
,
uneven
turf
on
the
course
.
adverb
-
rough
,
rougher
,
roughest
in
a
harsh
,
violent
,
or
careless
way
•
The
defenders
played
rough
and
conceded
several
fouls
.
The
defenders
played
rough
and
conceded
several
fouls
.
•
Handle
that
antique
vase
carefully
,
don
’
t
treat
it
rough
.
Handle
that
antique
vase
carefully
,
don
’
t
treat
it
rough
.
Adverbial
use
comes
from
the
adjective
,
recorded
since
the
14th
century
.
verb
to
shape
or
plan
something
quickly
and
without
fine
detail
,
often
followed
by
“
out
”
•
The
sculptor
will
rough
the
figure
out
of
clay
before
adding
details
.
The
sculptor
will
rough
the
figure
out
of
clay
before
adding
details
.
•
I
’
ve
roughed
a
plan
for
the
presentation
;
let
me
know
what
you
think
.
I
’
ve
roughed
a
plan
for
the
presentation
;
let
me
know
what
you
think
.
Verb
sense
arose
in
the
late
17th
century
from
craftsmen
quickly
giving
material
a
basic
shape
before
finishing
.
roughly
adverb
about
,
not
exactly
but
close
in
amount
,
size
,
or
time
•
The
drive
takes
roughly
thirty
minutes
,
depending
on
traffic
.
The
drive
takes
roughly
thirty
minutes
,
depending
on
traffic
.
•
There
were
roughly
fifty
guests
at
the
wedding
reception
.
There
were
roughly
fifty
guests
at
the
wedding
reception
.
From
the
adverbial
use
of
rough
+
-ly
,
first
attested
in
the
15th
century
,
meaning
“
in
a
rough
manner
,”
later
developing
the
sense
“
approximately
.”
adverb
in
a
way
that
is
not
gentle
;
harshly
or
violently
•
The
guard
grabbed
the
thief
roughly
by
the
arm
.
The
guard
grabbed
the
thief
roughly
by
the
arm
.
•
Storm
waves
battered
the
boat
roughly
all
night
long
.
Storm
waves
battered
the
boat
roughly
all
night
long
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
this
is
the
earlier
literal
meaning
of
acting
in
a
rough
manner
.
adverb
without
much
detail
,
care
,
or
finish
;
crudely
•
She
sketched
the
design
roughly
before
starting
the
final
draft
.
She
sketched
the
design
roughly
before
starting
the
final
draft
.
•
The
path
was
only
roughly
cleared
,
with
branches
still
scattered
everywhere
.
The
path
was
only
roughly
cleared
,
with
branches
still
scattered
everywhere
.
Extension
of
the
sense
“
in
a
rough
manner
”
to
craftsmanship
and
prose
,
appearing
in
the
17th
century
.
through
preposition
from
one
side
or
end
of
something
to
the
other
side
or
end
,
passing
inside
it
•
The
cat
squeezed
through
the
narrow
gap
in
the
fence
.
The
cat
squeezed
through
the
narrow
gap
in
the
fence
.
•
We
drove
through
the
long
mountain
tunnel
and
cheered
when
we
saw
daylight
.
We
drove
through
the
long
mountain
tunnel
and
cheered
when
we
saw
daylight
.
preposition
going
in
at
one
side
or
end
of
something
and
out
at
the
other
side
or
end
•
The
train
passed
through
the
tunnel
in
just
a
few
seconds
.
The
train
passed
through
the
tunnel
in
just
a
few
seconds
.
•
Sunlight
streamed
through
the
window
,
warming
the
room
.
Sunlight
streamed
through
the
window
,
warming
the
room
.
Old
English
‘
þurh
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
*thurkh
.
preposition
during
the
whole
of
a
period
from
start
to
finish
•
The
baby
cried
through
the
night
but
finally
fell
asleep
at
dawn
.
The
baby
cried
through
the
night
but
finally
fell
asleep
at
dawn
.
•
She
studied
through
the
weekend
to
prepare
for
her
exam
.
She
studied
through
the
weekend
to
prepare
for
her
exam
.
adverb
from
one
side
or
end
to
the
other
,
or
completely
from
beginning
to
end
•
The
train
didn
’
t
stop
;
it
went
straight
through
.
The
train
didn
’
t
stop
;
it
went
straight
through
.
•
Be
sure
to
read
the
instructions
all
the
way
through
before
you
start
.
Be
sure
to
read
the
instructions
all
the
way
through
before
you
start
.
preposition
during
the
whole
of
a
period
of
time
from
beginning
to
end
•
He
studied
through
the
night
for
his
exam
.
He
studied
through
the
night
for
his
exam
.
•
The
shop
stays
open
through
the
weekend
.
The
shop
stays
open
through
the
weekend
.
adverb
from
beginning
to
end
without
stopping
;
completely
•
She
read
the
book
straight
through
in
one
afternoon
.
She
read
the
book
straight
through
in
one
afternoon
.
•
We
walked
through
to
the
other
side
of
town
.
We
walked
through
to
the
other
side
of
town
.
adjective
finished
with
something
and
no
longer
involved
with
it
•
Are
you
through
with
the
scissors
?
Are
you
through
with
the
scissors
?
•
I'm
through
with
that
project
.
I'm
through
with
that
project
.
adjective
finished
with
something
;
having
completed
or
stopped
an
activity
•
Are
you
through
with
the
scissors
,
or
do
you
still
need
them
?
Are
you
through
with
the
scissors
,
or
do
you
still
need
them
?
•
I'm
through
talking
about
the
past
;
let's
move
forward
.
I'm
through
talking
about
the
past
;
let's
move
forward
.
adjective
(
before
a
noun
)
going
from
one
place
to
another
without
stopping
or
changing
•
We
booked
a
through
flight
to
Sydney
,
so
we
don't
have
to
change
planes
.
We
booked
a
through
flight
to
Sydney
,
so
we
don't
have
to
change
planes
.
•
The
through
train
from
London
to
Edinburgh
leaves
at
noon
.
The
through
train
from
London
to
Edinburgh
leaves
at
noon
.
preposition
by
means
of
someone
or
something
;
using
•
I
heard
about
the
job
through
a
friend
.
I
heard
about
the
job
through
a
friend
.
•
She
raised
money
through
online
donations
.
She
raised
money
through
online
donations
.
preposition
up
to
and
including
a
particular
point
in
a
series
or
period
•
The
store
is
open
Monday
through
Friday
.
The
store
is
open
Monday
through
Friday
.
•
Tickets
are
valid
ages
5
through
12
.
Tickets
are
valid
ages
5
through
12
.
adjective
(
only
before
a
noun
)
going
the
whole
way
without
stopping
or
changing
•
We
took
a
through
train
to
London
.
We
took
a
through
train
to
London
.
•
There's
a
through
bus
service
to
the
airport
.
There's
a
through
bus
service
to
the
airport
.
bring
verb
-
bring
,
bringing
,
brings
,
brought
to
carry
or
move
someone
or
something
with
you
toward
the
place
where
you
are
or
will
be
•
Please
bring
your
homework
to
class
tomorrow
.
Please
bring
your
homework
to
class
tomorrow
.
•
She
always
brings
an
umbrella
when
it
looks
like
rain
.
She
always
brings
an
umbrella
when
it
looks
like
rain
.
Old
English
"
bringan
"
meaning
"
to
carry
,
convey
,
produce
,"
related
to
German
"
bringen
".
verb
-
bring
,
bringing
,
brings
,
brought
to
cause
something
or
someone
to
reach
a
particular
state
,
feeling
,
or
condition
•
The
sad
movie
brought
tears
to
her
eyes
.
The
sad
movie
brought
tears
to
her
eyes
.
•
Exercise
can
bring
your
heart
rate
up
quickly
.
Exercise
can
bring
your
heart
rate
up
quickly
.
Extended
figurative
sense
recorded
since
Middle
English
,
broadening
the
idea
of
physically
carrying
to
causing
a
result
.
verb
-
bring
,
bringing
,
brings
,
brought
to
start
or
introduce
something
such
as
legal
action
,
discussion
,
or
attention
•
The
lawyer
decided
to
bring
a
lawsuit
against
the
corporation
.
The
lawyer
decided
to
bring
a
lawsuit
against
the
corporation
.
•
The
police
are
ready
to
bring
charges
after
the
investigation
.
The
police
are
ready
to
bring
charges
after
the
investigation
.
Specialized
legal
sense
developed
in
the
14th
century
,
using
the
idea
of
"
leading
"
a
matter
into
court
or
public
notice
.
throughout
preposition
in
every
part
of
a
place
or
thing
•
Colorful
lanterns
were
hung
throughout
the
courtyard
for
the
festival
.
Colorful
lanterns
were
hung
throughout
the
courtyard
for
the
festival
.
•
The
smell
of
fresh
paint
lingered
throughout
the
house
.
The
smell
of
fresh
paint
lingered
throughout
the
house
.
preposition
during
the
whole
of
a
period
of
time
•
She
worked
remotely
throughout
the
summer
.
She
worked
remotely
throughout
the
summer
.
•
It
rained
throughout
the
night
.
It
rained
throughout
the
night
.
adverb
everywhere
;
in
every
part
•
Laughter
could
be
heard
throughout
.
Laughter
could
be
heard
throughout
.
•
Dust
lay
thick
throughout
.
Dust
lay
thick
throughout
.
adverb
for
the
entire
duration
;
all
the
time
•
She
remained
optimistic
throughout
.
She
remained
optimistic
throughout
.
•
The
baby
slept
soundly
throughout
.
The
baby
slept
soundly
throughout
.