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all
determiner
the
whole
amount
,
number
,
or
extent
of
something
or
every
person
or
thing
in
a
group
•
All
the
cookies
were
gone
by
the
time
I
arrived
.
All
the
cookies
were
gone
by
the
time
I
arrived
.
•
He
watered
all
the
plants
in
the
garden
before
sunrise
.
He
watered
all
the
plants
in
the
garden
before
sunrise
.
pronoun
everything
or
everyone
;
the
only
things
being
referred
to
•
Is
that
all
you
want
for
dinner
?
Is
that
all
you
want
for
dinner
?
•
All
were
surprised
by
the
sudden
snowstorm
.
All
were
surprised
by
the
sudden
snowstorm
.
determiner
used
before
plural
or
uncountable
nouns
to
mean
the
whole
amount
or
every
part
of
something
•
All
students
must
submit
the
form
by
Friday
.
All
students
must
submit
the
form
by
Friday
.
•
She
drank
all
the
water
in
the
bottle
after
the
hike
.
She
drank
all
the
water
in
the
bottle
after
the
hike
.
Old
English
eall
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*allaz
meaning
‘
entire
,
total
’.
pronoun
everything
or
everyone
considered
together
as
a
single
group
or
amount
•
That
’
s
all
I
can
remember
about
the
accident
.
That
’
s
all
I
can
remember
about
the
accident
.
•
All
were
invited
,
but
only
a
few
showed
up
.
All
were
invited
,
but
only
a
few
showed
up
.
Same
origin
as
determiner
sense
:
Old
English
eall
.
adverb
completely
;
entirely
;
to
the
full
degree
•
The
baby
was
all
smiles
when
she
saw
her
mother
.
The
baby
was
all
smiles
when
she
saw
her
mother
.
•
After
the
rain
,
the
streets
were
all
wet
and
shiny
.
After
the
rain
,
the
streets
were
all
wet
and
shiny
.
adverb
completely
or
entirely
•
The
cake
is
all
gone
.
The
cake
is
all
gone
.
•
Her
clothes
were
all
wet
after
the
storm
.
Her
clothes
were
all
wet
after
the
storm
.
Derived
from
Old
English
eall
,
developing
an
adverbial
use
meaning
‘
entirely
’.
will
verb
-
will
,
would
used
with
the
base
form
of
a
verb
to
talk
about
the
future
or
about
what
someone
is
willing
to
do
•
I
will
call
you
tomorrow
morning
.
I
will
call
you
tomorrow
morning
.
•
She
will
meet
us
at
the
station
at
noon
.
She
will
meet
us
at
the
station
at
noon
.
Old
English
willa
“
mind
,
wish
,
desire
,”
and
wille
(
verb
) “
wish
,
desire
,
be
willing
,”
from
Proto-Germanic
*wiljan
.
The
modal
use
developed
in
Middle
English
to
show
future
actions
.
verb
-
will
,
would
used
with
the
base
form
of
a
verb
to
show
that
something
is
going
to
happen
in
the
future
or
that
someone
is
willing
to
do
it
•
I
will
finish
my
homework
after
dinner
.
I
will
finish
my
homework
after
dinner
.
•
They
will
visit
the
science
museum
this
weekend
.
They
will
visit
the
science
museum
this
weekend
.
noun
the
power
to
decide
,
control
your
own
actions
,
or
keep
trying
•
With
enough
will
,
he
finished
the
marathon
despite
the
pain
.
With
enough
will
,
he
finished
the
marathon
despite
the
pain
.
•
Her
sheer
will
impressed
the
whole
team
during
training
.
Her
sheer
will
impressed
the
whole
team
during
training
.
Same
Old
English
root
as
the
verb
,
originally
meaning
“
wish
”
or
“
desire
,”
later
developing
into
the
idea
of
inner
determination
.
noun
the
strong
desire
or
determination
that
someone
has
to
do
something
•
With
enough
will
,
you
can
overcome
any
obstacle
.
With
enough
will
,
you
can
overcome
any
obstacle
.
•
The
athletes
showed
incredible
will
to
win
the
marathon
.
The
athletes
showed
incredible
will
to
win
the
marathon
.
noun
a
legal
document
that
states
who
should
receive
your
money
and
property
after
you
die
•
My
grandfather
left
me
his
watch
in
his
will
.
My
grandfather
left
me
his
watch
in
his
will
.
•
The
lawyer
helped
the
couple
write
a
will
before
their
trip
.
The
lawyer
helped
the
couple
write
a
will
before
their
trip
.
The
legal
sense
grew
in
Middle
English
from
the
idea
of
a
person
’
s
declared
wishes
,
becoming
a
formal
document
.
verb
to
use
the
power
of
your
mind
or
determination
to
make
something
happen
or
to
make
yourself
do
something
•
She
willed
herself
not
to
cry
during
the
speech
.
She
willed
herself
not
to
cry
during
the
speech
.
•
The
explorer
willed
his
weary
legs
to
keep
moving
through
the
snow
.
The
explorer
willed
his
weary
legs
to
keep
moving
through
the
snow
.
noun
a
legal
document
that
says
what
will
happen
to
a
person's
money
and
property
after
they
die
•
My
uncle
wrote
a
will
to
make
sure
we
all
knew
his
wishes
.
My
uncle
wrote
a
will
to
make
sure
we
all
knew
his
wishes
.
•
The
lawyer
read
the
will
aloud
in
a
quiet
office
.
The
lawyer
read
the
will
aloud
in
a
quiet
office
.
verb
to
cause
or
decide
something
to
happen
by
a
forceful
wish
,
or
to
give
something
to
someone
in
a
legal
will
•
The
scientist
willed
himself
to
stay
awake
through
the
night
of
experiments
.
The
scientist
willed
himself
to
stay
awake
through
the
night
of
experiments
.
•
She
willed
the
doors
to
open
with
a
confident
gesture
.
She
willed
the
doors
to
open
with
a
confident
gesture
.
From
Old
English
willian
“
to
wish
,
desire
,”
later
taking
on
the
sense
of
exercising
mental
power
or
leaving
property
by
will
.
verb
to
give
something
you
own
to
someone
in
your
will
after
you
die
•
Grandpa
willed
his
farmhouse
to
my
mother
.
Grandpa
willed
his
farmhouse
to
my
mother
.
•
The
famous
artist
willed
all
her
paintings
to
a
small
museum
.
The
famous
artist
willed
all
her
paintings
to
a
small
museum
.
tell
verb
-
tell
,
telling
,
tells
,
told
to
give
someone
information
by
speaking
or
writing
•
Please
tell
me
your
name
.
Please
tell
me
your
name
.
•
She
told
her
friends
the
good
news
during
lunch
.
She
told
her
friends
the
good
news
during
lunch
.
Old
English
‘
tellan
’,
meaning
‘
count
’
or
‘
relate
’.
verb
-
tell
,
telling
,
tells
,
told
to
order
or
instruct
someone
to
do
something
•
The
teacher
told
the
class
to
open
their
books
.
The
teacher
told
the
class
to
open
their
books
.
•
Mom
tells
us
to
wash
our
hands
before
dinner
.
Mom
tells
us
to
wash
our
hands
before
dinner
.
verb
-
tell
,
telling
,
tells
,
told
to
know
or
recognize
something
by
noticing
signs
or
details
•
You
can
tell
that
he
is
nervous
by
the
way
he
fidgets
.
You
can
tell
that
he
is
nervous
by
the
way
he
fidgets
.
•
Can
you
tell
which
painting
is
the
original
?
Can
you
tell
which
painting
is
the
original
?
verb
-
tell
,
telling
,
tells
,
told
to
have
a
noticeable
effect
,
usually
a
harmful
one
,
after
some
time
•
Years
of
hard
work
began
to
tell
on
his
health
.
Years
of
hard
work
began
to
tell
on
his
health
.
•
The
long
drought
is
starting
to
tell
on
the
crops
.
The
long
drought
is
starting
to
tell
on
the
crops
.
noun
a
small
,
unconscious
action
or
change
in
behavior
that
shows
what
someone
is
thinking
or
feeling
•
The
poker
player's
quick
glance
at
his
chips
was
a
clear
tell
.
The
poker
player's
quick
glance
at
his
chips
was
a
clear
tell
.
•
She
tries
to
hide
her
tells
,
but
her
smile
always
widens
when
she
has
a
good
hand
.
She
tries
to
hide
her
tells
,
but
her
smile
always
widens
when
she
has
a
good
hand
.
Originally
a
verb
meaning
‘
count
’
or
‘
narrate
’;
noun
use
in
poker
slang
dates
from
the
1970s
.
well
adverb
-
well
,
better
,
best
in
a
good
,
satisfactory
,
or
skillful
manner
•
Olivia
plays
the
piano
very
well
.
Olivia
plays
the
piano
very
well
.
•
Make
sure
you
mix
the
batter
well
so
there
are
no
lumps
.
Make
sure
you
mix
the
batter
well
so
there
are
no
lumps
.
adjective
in
good
health
;
not
ill
•
After
a
week
of
rest
,
he
felt
well
again
.
After
a
week
of
rest
,
he
felt
well
again
.
•
I
hope
you
stay
well
during
the
winter
.
I
hope
you
stay
well
during
the
winter
.
adverb
-
well
,
better
,
best
in
a
good
,
satisfactory
,
or
thorough
way
•
She
plays
the
piano
very
well
.
She
plays
the
piano
very
well
.
•
If
you
listen
well
,
you
can
hear
the
birds
outside
.
If
you
listen
well
,
you
can
hear
the
birds
outside
.
adjective
-
well
,
better
,
best
in
good
health
;
not
sick
•
After
a
week
of
rest
,
I
feel
well
again
.
After
a
week
of
rest
,
I
feel
well
again
.
•
Is
your
daughter
well
enough
to
go
to
school
today
?
Is
your
daughter
well
enough
to
go
to
school
today
?
adverb
-
well
,
better
,
best
in
a
good
,
successful
,
or
satisfactory
way
•
Ella
plays
the
piano
very
well
for
her
age
.
Ella
plays
the
piano
very
well
for
her
age
.
•
If
you
plan
the
trip
well
,
everything
should
go
smoothly
.
If
you
plan
the
trip
well
,
everything
should
go
smoothly
.
Old
English
‘
wel
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
*wel-
‘
according
to
one
’
s
wish
’.
adjective
-
well
,
better
,
best
in
good
health
or
free
from
illness
•
After
a
week
of
rest
,
Grandma
felt
well
enough
to
go
for
a
walk
.
After
a
week
of
rest
,
Grandma
felt
well
enough
to
go
for
a
walk
.
•
Are
you
well
?
You
look
a
bit
pale
.
Are
you
well
?
You
look
a
bit
pale
.
Extension
of
the
adverb
sense
to
describe
a
person
’
s
state
of
health
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
noun
a
deep
hole
or
shaft
in
the
ground
from
which
water
,
oil
,
or
gas
is
taken
•
Villagers
gathered
at
the
well
to
collect
water
each
morning
.
Villagers
gathered
at
the
well
to
collect
water
each
morning
.
•
An
old
wooden
cover
protected
the
garden
well
from
falling
leaves
.
An
old
wooden
cover
protected
the
garden
well
from
falling
leaves
.
noun
a
deep
hole
dug
or
drilled
into
the
ground
to
obtain
water
,
oil
,
or
another
liquid
•
Farmers
drew
water
from
the
old
stone
well
during
the
drought
.
Farmers
drew
water
from
the
old
stone
well
during
the
drought
.
•
They
built
a
new
well
beside
the
village
school
.
They
built
a
new
well
beside
the
village
school
.
interjection
used
to
introduce
a
remark
,
express
hesitation
,
or
show
surprise
•
Well
,
I
didn
’
t
expect
to
see
you
here
!
Well
,
I
didn
’
t
expect
to
see
you
here
!
•
Well
,
let
’
s
get
started
on
the
project
.
Well
,
let
’
s
get
started
on
the
project
.
Interjection
use
recorded
since
the
13th
century
,
likely
from
the
adverb
as
a
filler
in
conversation
.
noun
a
deep
hole
in
the
ground
from
which
water
,
oil
,
or
other
liquid
can
be
taken
•
Villagers
drew
fresh
water
from
the
stone
well
every
morning
.
Villagers
drew
fresh
water
from
the
stone
well
every
morning
.
•
The
oil
company
drilled
a
new
well
in
the
desert
.
The
oil
company
drilled
a
new
well
in
the
desert
.
Old
English
‘
wella
’
meaning
‘
spring
of
water
’,
related
to
the
verb
‘
well
’.
interjection
used
to
introduce
a
remark
,
express
surprise
,
or
give
yourself
time
to
think
•
"
Well
,
I
suppose
we
could
try
a
different
route
,"
she
said
.
"
Well
,
I
suppose
we
could
try
a
different
route
,"
she
said
.
•
Well
,
that's
a
surprise
—
I
didn't
expect
you
so
early
!
Well
,
that's
a
surprise
—
I
didn't
expect
you
so
early
!
interjection
used
to
introduce
a
remark
,
show
hesitation
,
or
express
mild
surprise
•
Well
,
I
guess
it's
time
to
leave
.
Well
,
I
guess
it's
time
to
leave
.
•
Well
,
what
do
you
think
of
my
idea
?
Well
,
what
do
you
think
of
my
idea
?
adverb
-
well
,
better
,
best
to
a
large
degree
or
distance
;
far
;
considerably
•
The
mountain
peak
is
well
over
4
,
000
meters
high
.
The
mountain
peak
is
well
over
4
,
000
meters
high
.
•
We
arrived
well
before
the
movie
started
.
We
arrived
well
before
the
movie
started
.
Developed
as
an
emphatic
use
of
the
basic
adverb
meaning
in
Early
Modern
English
.
verb
-
well
,
welling
,
wells
,
welled
to
rise
up
,
flow
out
,
or
fill
up
,
like
liquid
or
emotion
•
Tears
began
to
well
in
her
eyes
when
she
heard
the
news
.
Tears
began
to
well
in
her
eyes
when
she
heard
the
news
.
•
Water
started
to
well
up
from
the
ground
after
the
heavy
rain
.
Water
started
to
well
up
from
the
ground
after
the
heavy
rain
.
verb
to
rise
or
flow
slowly
to
the
surface
•
Tears
began
to
well
in
her
eyes
.
Tears
began
to
well
in
her
eyes
.
•
Water
started
to
well up
between
the
rocks
.
Water
started
to
well up
between
the
rocks
.
verb
-
well
,
welling
,
wells
,
welled
(
of
liquid
)
to
rise
,
flow
,
or
gush
up
•
Tears
began
to
well
in
her
eyes
when
she
heard
the
news
.
Tears
began
to
well
in
her
eyes
when
she
heard
the
news
.
•
Blood
welled
from
the
small
cut
on
his
finger
.
Blood
welled
from
the
small
cut
on
his
finger
.
Old
English
‘
wellan
’
meaning
‘
to
spring
,
bubble
up
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
*wall-
‘
to
boil
,
surge
’.
really
adverb
used
before
an
adjective
or
another
adverb
to
add
emphasis
,
meaning
very
or
extremely
•
The
soup
is
really
hot
,
so
be
careful
.
The
soup
is
really
hot
,
so
be
careful
.
•
He
ran
really
quickly
and
won
the
race
.
He
ran
really
quickly
and
won
the
race
.
From
real
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
true
or
to
show
surprise
that
it
is
true
,
meaning
actually
or
in
fact
•
Is
the
museum
really
free
on
Sundays
?
Is
the
museum
really
free
on
Sundays
?
•
I
didn
’
t
really
understand
the
question
.
I
didn
’
t
really
understand
the
question
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
.
interjection
used
on
its
own
to
express
surprise
,
doubt
,
or
interest
,
or
to
ask
for
confirmation
•
“
I
’
m
moving
to
Japan
next
month
.” “
Really
?
That
’
s
amazing
!”
“
I
’
m
moving
to
Japan
next
month
.” “
Really
?
That
’
s
amazing
!”
•
He
said
the
test
was
cancelled
.
Really
!
He
said
the
test
was
cancelled
.
Really
!
Same
origin
as
adverb
senses
,
later
used
alone
as
an
exclamation
.
actually
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
true
or
real
,
especially
when
the
truth
is
surprising
or
different
from
what
someone
thought
before
•
The
movie
was
actually
better
than
I
expected
.
The
movie
was
actually
better
than
I
expected
.
•
She
looks
young
,
but
she
is
actually
over
forty
.
She
looks
young
,
but
she
is
actually
over
forty
.
From
Middle
English
‘
actual
+
-ly
’,
ultimately
from
Latin
‘
actuālis
’
meaning
‘
active
,
practical
’.
adverb
used
at
the
beginning
or
end
of
a
statement
to
politely
correct
,
contradict
,
or
add
new
information
•
Actually
,
the
meeting
starts
at
nine
,
not
ten
.
Actually
,
the
meeting
starts
at
nine
,
not
ten
.
•
Thanks
,
but
I
’
ve
actually
already
eaten
.
Thanks
,
but
I
’
ve
actually
already
eaten
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
with
discourse-marker
use
developing
in
the
late
19th
century
.
still
adjective
-
still
,
stiller
,
stillest
not
moving
and
making
no
sound
•
The
lake
was
so
calm
that
the
water
stayed
completely
still
.
The
lake
was
so
calm
that
the
water
stayed
completely
still
.
•
Please
keep
still
while
I
take
your
photograph
.
Please
keep
still
while
I
take
your
photograph
.
Old
English
stille
,
related
to
German
still
"
quiet
".
adverb
continuing
to
happen
,
exist
,
or
be
true
up
to
and
including
the
present
moment
•
It
was
past
midnight
,
but
the
children
were
still
awake
.
It
was
past
midnight
,
but
the
children
were
still
awake
.
•
Do
you
still
need
my
help
with
your
homework
?
Do
you
still
need
my
help
with
your
homework
?
adverb
continuing
to
happen
or
be
true
up
to
now
or
the
time
mentioned
•
Even
after
midnight
,
the
city
streets
were
still
busy
with
traffic
.
Even
after
midnight
,
the
city
streets
were
still
busy
with
traffic
.
•
Ella
was
still
studying
when
the
sun
came
up
.
Ella
was
still
studying
when
the
sun
came
up
.
adjective
-
still
,
stiller
,
stillest
not
moving
;
calm
and
quiet
•
The
lake
was
perfectly
still
at
sunrise
.
The
lake
was
perfectly
still
at
sunrise
.
•
Please
keep
still
while
I
take
the
photograph
.
Please
keep
still
while
I
take
the
photograph
.
adverb
despite
that
;
nevertheless
•
The
task
was
difficult
;
still
,
Maria
refused
to
give
up
.
The
task
was
difficult
;
still
,
Maria
refused
to
give
up
.
•
He
was
tired
,
but
he
still
went
to
the
gym
.
He
was
tired
,
but
he
still
went
to
the
gym
.
adverb
despite
what
has
just
been
said
or
done
;
nevertheless
•
It
was
raining
hard
;
still
,
the
players
finished
the
match
.
It
was
raining
hard
;
still
,
the
players
finished
the
match
.
•
The
café
was
full
;
still
,
we
managed
to
find
a
seat
by
the
window
.
The
café
was
full
;
still
,
we
managed
to
find
a
seat
by
the
window
.
noun
a
piece
of
equipment
used
to
heat
a
liquid
so
that
it
becomes
vapor
and
then
cools
it
back
into
a
purified
liquid
•
The
chemist
watched
the
alcohol
drip
from
the
copper
still
.
The
chemist
watched
the
alcohol
drip
from
the
copper
still
.
•
In
the
shed
behind
the
farmhouse
,
an
illegal
moonshine
still
was
hidden
.
In
the
shed
behind
the
farmhouse
,
an
illegal
moonshine
still
was
hidden
.
Sense
developed
from
verb
“
still
”
meaning
“
distill
”
in
the
16th
century
.
noun
a
single
photograph
taken
from
a
film
or
video
,
or
of
actors
on
a
set
,
used
for
publicity
or
reference
•
The
magazine
printed
a
dramatic
still
from
the
new
superhero
film
.
The
magazine
printed
a
dramatic
still
from
the
new
superhero
film
.
•
She
framed
a
black-and-white
still
of
her
grandfather
on
stage
.
She
framed
a
black-and-white
still
of
her
grandfather
on
stage
.
From
the
idea
of
a
single
,
motionless
frame
extracted
from
moving
pictures
.
verb
to
make
someone
or
something
quiet
,
calm
,
or
motionless
•
A
gentle
song
stilled
the
crying
child
.
A
gentle
song
stilled
the
crying
child
.
•
The
coach
raised
his
hand
to
still
the
noisy
crowd
.
The
coach
raised
his
hand
to
still
the
noisy
crowd
.
verb
-
still
,
stilling
,
stills
,
stilled
to
make
someone
or
something
calm
,
quiet
,
or
motionless
•
She
sang
a
lullaby
to
still
the
crying
baby
.
She
sang
a
lullaby
to
still
the
crying
baby
.
•
Deep
breathing
can
still
your
racing
heart
.
Deep
breathing
can
still
your
racing
heart
.
Old
English
stillan
“
to
quieten
,
become
calm
”.
noun
a
device
that
heats
a
liquid
and
collects
the
vapor
so
it
condenses
into
a
pure
liquid
,
especially
for
making
alcohol
•
The
distiller
checked
the
temperature
gauge
on
the
copper
still
.
The
distiller
checked
the
temperature
gauge
on
the
copper
still
.
•
Moonshiners
once
hid
their
stills
deep
in
the
woods
.
Moonshiners
once
hid
their
stills
deep
in
the
woods
.
small
adjective
-
small
,
smaller
,
smallest
not
big
in
size
,
amount
,
or
importance
•
The
kitten
curled
up
in
a
small
basket
beside
the
warm
fireplace
.
The
kitten
curled
up
in
a
small
basket
beside
the
warm
fireplace
.
•
We
live
in
a
small
town
surrounded
by
green
hills
and
farms
.
We
live
in
a
small
town
surrounded
by
green
hills
and
farms
.
Old
English
smæl
“
narrow
,
slender
,
thin
,”
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
smal
and
German
schmal
.
noun
the
smallest
available
size
of
a
product
,
especially
a
drink
or
snack
•
I
’
ll
have
a
small
with
extra
ice
,
please
.
I
’
ll
have
a
small
with
extra
ice
,
please
.
•
The
popcorn
comes
in
three
sizes
:
small
,
medium
,
and
large
.
The
popcorn
comes
in
three
sizes
:
small
,
medium
,
and
large
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
sense
of
“
small
,”
used
elliptically
to
denote
the
small
size
option
.
adverb
-
small
,
smaller
,
smallest
into
small
pieces
or
a
small
size
•
Cut
the
onions
small
so
they
cook
quickly
.
Cut
the
onions
small
so
they
cook
quickly
.
•
The
carpenter
planed
the
wood
small
to
fit
the
tight
corner
.
The
carpenter
planed
the
wood
small
to
fit
the
tight
corner
.
Adverbial
use
of
the
adjective
“
small
,”
recorded
since
the
17th
century
,
chiefly
in
British
English
.
call
verb
to
telephone
someone
•
I'll
call
you
tomorrow
morning
to
discuss
the
project
.
I'll
call
you
tomorrow
morning
to
discuss
the
project
.
•
She
couldn't
call
him
because
her
phone
battery
was
dead
.
She
couldn't
call
him
because
her
phone
battery
was
dead
.
Derived
from
Old
Norse
“
kalla
”
meaning
“
cry
loudly
,
summon
”.
noun
an
act
of
telephoning
someone
•
I'll
give
you
a
call
later
tonight
.
I'll
give
you
a
call
later
tonight
.
•
I
missed
your
call
while
I
was
in
the
meeting
.
I
missed
your
call
while
I
was
in
the
meeting
.
Noun
sense
recorded
from
late
19th-century
telephone
usage
.
verb
to
speak
to
someone
on
the
telephone
•
She
will
call
her
mother
tonight
to
share
the
good
news
.
She
will
call
her
mother
tonight
to
share
the
good
news
.
•
Can
you
call
me
when
you
arrive
at
the
station
?
Can
you
call
me
when
you
arrive
at
the
station
?
verb
to
shout
or
speak
loudly
so
that
someone
can
hear
•
She
called
for
help
when
she
slipped
on
the
rocks
.
She
called
for
help
when
she
slipped
on
the
rocks
.
•
I
heard
my
dad
calling
me
from
the
garden
.
I
heard
my
dad
calling
me
from
the
garden
.
noun
an
act
of
talking
to
someone
on
the
telephone
•
I
got
a
call
from
my
boss
this
morning
.
I
got
a
call
from
my
boss
this
morning
.
•
Let
’
s
have
a
video
call
after
lunch
.
Let
’
s
have
a
video
call
after
lunch
.
verb
to
shout
or
speak
loudly
to
attract
someone's
attention
•
The
coach
called
to
the
players
to
hurry
up
.
The
coach
called
to
the
players
to
hurry
up
.
•
I
called
across
the
street
,
but
she
didn't
hear
me
.
I
called
across
the
street
,
but
she
didn't
hear
me
.
Same
Germanic
root
as
Old
Norse
“
kalla
,”
originally
meaning
“
cry
out
.”
verb
to
give
someone
or
something
a
particular
name
•
Everyone
calls
her
"
Sunny
"
because
of
her
cheerful
personality
.
Everyone
calls
her
"
Sunny
"
because
of
her
cheerful
personality
.
•
They
called
the
puppy
Max
on
the
first
day
they
adopted
him
.
They
called
the
puppy
Max
on
the
first
day
they
adopted
him
.
Old
English
“
ceallian
”
evolved
to
mean
‘
give
a
name
’
by
the
14th
century
.
verb
to
request
the
presence
or
help
of
someone
or
something
,
especially
a
service
•
We
should
call
an
ambulance
immediately
.
We
should
call
an
ambulance
immediately
.
•
If
the
heater
breaks
again
,
I'll
call
a
technician
.
If
the
heater
breaks
again
,
I'll
call
a
technician
.
Extended
sense
of
“
summon
”
dating
from
Middle
English
era
.
noun
a
loud
cry
or
shout
•
The
hunter
recognized
the
distinctive
call
of
the
owl
.
The
hunter
recognized
the
distinctive
call
of
the
owl
.
•
A
sudden
call
for
help
echoed
through
the
canyon
.
A
sudden
call
for
help
echoed
through
the
canyon
.
From
Old
Norse
“
kalla
,”
referring
to
a
vocal
cry
.
verb
to
give
someone
or
something
a
particular
name
•
We
decided
to
call
our
dog
Buddy
.
We
decided
to
call
our
dog
Buddy
.
•
Everyone
called
her
the
best
baker
in
town
.
Everyone
called
her
the
best
baker
in
town
.
noun
a
decision
or
judgment
that
someone
has
to
make
•
It
’
s
your
call
whether
we
leave
early
or
stay
.
It
’
s
your
call
whether
we
leave
early
or
stay
.
•
The
referee
’
s
call
was
unpopular
with
the
crowd
.
The
referee
’
s
call
was
unpopular
with
the
crowd
.
verb
to
decide
or
announce
officially
•
The
referee
called
a
foul
.
The
referee
called
a
foul
.
•
Let's
call it a day
and
finish
tomorrow
.
Let's
call it a day
and
finish
tomorrow
.
Sense
of
“
decide
”
arose
from
the
idea
of
announcing
aloud
a
judgment
.
noun
a
strong
demand
or
request
for
something
to
happen
•
There
is
growing
call
for
cleaner
energy
sources
.
There
is
growing
call
for
cleaner
energy
sources
.
•
The
committee
issued
a
call
for
new
volunteers
.
The
committee
issued
a
call
for
new
volunteers
.
Metaphorical
use
of
“
call
”
meaning
‘
summons
’
recorded
from
the
17th
century
.
law
noun
-
law
,
lawing
,
laws
,
lawed
the
whole
system
of
rules
that
a
society
or
government
creates
and
enforces
to
keep
order
and
protect
people
•
Everyone
must
follow
the
law
to
keep
society
safe
and
fair
.
Everyone
must
follow
the
law
to
keep
society
safe
and
fair
.
•
The
judge
reminded
the
courtroom
that
nobody
is
above
the
law
.
The
judge
reminded
the
courtroom
that
nobody
is
above
the
law
.
Old
English
lagu
“
ordinance
,
rule
”
from
Old
Norse
*lagu*
“
something
laid
down
.”
noun
-
law
,
lawing
,
laws
,
lawed
a
specific
rule
or
piece
of
legislation
passed
by
a
government
or
authority
•
A
new
law
requires
restaurants
to
list
calorie
counts
on
their
menus
.
A
new
law
requires
restaurants
to
list
calorie
counts
on
their
menus
.
•
Parliament
voted
to
repeal
an
old
tax
law
.
Parliament
voted
to
repeal
an
old
tax
law
.
noun
-
law
,
lawing
,
laws
,
lawed
the
field
of
study
and
profession
that
deals
with
understanding
,
interpreting
,
and
applying
legal
rules
•
She
decided
to
study
law
at
university
.
She
decided
to
study
law
at
university
.
•
After
graduating
from
law
,
he
joined
a
large
international
firm
.
After
graduating
from
law
,
he
joined
a
large
international
firm
.
noun
-
law
,
lawing
,
laws
,
lawed
a
statement
that
describes
a
regular
and
universal
truth
of
nature
or
science
,
such
as
the
law
of
gravity
•
Newton
’
s
first
law
says
that
an
object
at
rest
stays
at
rest
unless
acted
upon
by
a
force
.
Newton
’
s
first
law
says
that
an
object
at
rest
stays
at
rest
unless
acted
upon
by
a
force
.
•
The
ideal
gas
law
links
pressure
,
volume
,
and
temperature
of
a
gas
.
The
ideal
gas
law
links
pressure
,
volume
,
and
temperature
of
a
gas
.
best
adverb
-
well
,
better
,
best
in
the
most
effective
,
suitable
,
or
desirable
way
;
superlative
of
well
•
Lena
sings
best
when
she
feels
relaxed
.
Lena
sings
best
when
she
feels
relaxed
.
•
Which
tool
works
best
for
cutting
thick
cardboard
?
Which
tool
works
best
for
cutting
thick
cardboard
?
From
Old
English
“
betst
”,
superlative
of
“
wel
” (
well
).
adverb
-
well
,
better
,
best
in
the
most
effective
,
skillful
,
or
suitable
way
•
Jorge
plays
the
guitar
best
when
he
is
relaxed
.
Jorge
plays
the
guitar
best
when
he
is
relaxed
.
•
Of
all
the
candidates
,
Maria
spoke
best
during
the
interview
.
Of
all
the
candidates
,
Maria
spoke
best
during
the
interview
.
kill
verb
to
cause
the
death
of
a
person
,
animal
,
or
other
living
thing
•
The
lion
pounced
and
killed
the
zebra
within
seconds
.
The
lion
pounced
and
killed
the
zebra
within
seconds
.
•
Touching
that
jellyfish
can
kill
you
,
so
be
careful
.
Touching
that
jellyfish
can
kill
you
,
so
be
careful
.
Old
English
"
cyllan
"
meaning
"
to
strike
,
hit
,
or
beat
,"
later
coming
to
mean
"
to
deprive
of
life
."
verb
to
cause
something
to
stop
working
,
end
,
or
become
ineffective
•
Please
kill
the
engine
before
you
get
out
of
the
car
.
Please
kill
the
engine
before
you
get
out
of
the
car
.
•
She
quickly
killed
the
lights
and
hid
when
she
heard
footsteps
.
She
quickly
killed
the
lights
and
hid
when
she
heard
footsteps
.
noun
an
act
of
killing
or
the
animal
that
has
been
killed
,
especially
in
hunting
or
by
a
predator
•
The
hunter
proudly
posed
with
his
first
kill
.
The
hunter
proudly
posed
with
his
first
kill
.
•
The
eagle
carried
its
kill
to
a
high
tree
branch
.
The
eagle
carried
its
kill
to
a
high
tree
branch
.
noun
(
sports
&
gaming
)
a
point
scored
by
eliminating
an
opponent
or
making
a
shot
that
cannot
be
returned
•
Jenna
racked
up
ten
kills
in
the
match
.
Jenna
racked
up
ten
kills
in
the
match
.
•
His
spike
earned
the
team
a
crucial
kill
in
the
final
set
.
His
spike
earned
the
team
a
crucial
kill
in
the
final
set
.
verb
(
informal
)
to
impress
or
amuse
someone
very
strongly
•
You
killed
at
the
talent
show
tonight
!
You
killed
at
the
talent
show
tonight
!
•
Her
joke
killed
the
whole
audience
;
everyone
burst
into
laughter
.
Her
joke
killed
the
whole
audience
;
everyone
burst
into
laughter
.
follow
verb
to
walk
or
move
behind
someone
or
something
,
going
in
the
same
direction
•
The
small
boy
followed
his
older
sister
into
the
classroom
.
The
small
boy
followed
his
older
sister
into
the
classroom
.
•
Please
follow
me
;
the
office
is
this
way
.
Please
follow
me
;
the
office
is
this
way
.
Old
English
folgian
,
fylgian
“
to
accompany
,
move
in
the
same
direction
,”
of
Germanic
origin
.
verb
to
do
what
someone
tells
you
or
to
act
according
to
rules
,
advice
,
or
instructions
•
Always
follow
the
safety
rules
in
the
lab
.
Always
follow
the
safety
rules
in
the
lab
.
•
She
followed
the
doctor's
advice
and
rested
for
a
week
.
She
followed
the
doctor's
advice
and
rested
for
a
week
.
verb
to
come
or
happen
after
something
in
time
or
order
•
Night
follows
day
.
Night
follows
day
.
•
Winter
follows
autumn
in
the
northern
hemisphere
.
Winter
follows
autumn
in
the
northern
hemisphere
.
verb
to
understand
what
someone
is
saying
,
explaining
,
or
doing
•
Sorry
,
I
don't
follow
—
could
you
explain
that
again
?
Sorry
,
I
don't
follow
—
could
you
explain
that
again
?
•
Do
you
follow
what
the
teacher
just
said
?
Do
you
follow
what
the
teacher
just
said
?
verb
to
go
after
someone
or
something
in
order
to
watch
,
catch
,
or
monitor
them
•
The
hunter
followed
the
deer
tracks
through
the
snow
.
The
hunter
followed
the
deer
tracks
through
the
snow
.
•
The
police
car
followed
the
suspect
down
the
highway
.
The
police
car
followed
the
suspect
down
the
highway
.
verb
on
social
media
,
to
subscribe
to
someone
’
s
account
so
you
see
their
posts
•
If
you
follow
the
singer
on
Instagram
,
you'll
see
her
tour
photos
.
If
you
follow
the
singer
on
Instagram
,
you'll
see
her
tour
photos
.
•
Millions
of
fans
follow
him
on
social
media
.
Millions
of
fans
follow
him
on
social
media
.
noun
an
act
of
subscribing
to
someone
’
s
social-media
account
•
Give
me
a
new
follow
if
you
like
my
content
.
Give
me
a
new
follow
if
you
like
my
content
.
•
Her
account
reached
a
thousand
follows
in
one
day
.
Her
account
reached
a
thousand
follows
in
one
day
.
level
noun
-
level
,
levelling
,
levels
,
levelled
,
leveled
the
height
or
amount
of
something
when
compared
with
a
fixed
point
,
line
,
or
quantity
•
The
level
of
the
river
rose
after
the
storm
.
The
level
of
the
river
rose
after
the
storm
.
•
Check
the
oil
level
before
you
start
the
car
.
Check
the
oil
level
before
you
start
the
car
.
From
Old
French
‘
level
’ (
tool
for
measuring
horizontal
),
from
Vulgar
Latin
*libella
,
diminutive
of
Latin
libra
“
balance
,
scale
”.
noun
-
level
,
levelling
,
levels
,
levelled
,
leveled
one
of
the
floors
or
layers
in
a
building
,
structure
,
or
game
•
The
parking
garage
has
three
levels
.
The
parking
garage
has
three
levels
.
•
Our
apartment
is
on
the
top
level
of
the
building
.
Our
apartment
is
on
the
top
level
of
the
building
.
noun
-
level
,
levelling
,
levels
,
levelled
,
leveled
a
degree
or
standard
of
quality
,
ability
,
or
importance
•
She
spoke
French
at
an
advanced
level
.
She
spoke
French
at
an
advanced
level
.
•
The
meeting
was
only
for
high-level
managers
.
The
meeting
was
only
for
high-{{{
class='hover
:
underline
'
level
}}}'>href='/dictionary/search/level'>level}}}
managers
.
noun
-
level
,
levelling
,
levels
,
levelled
,
leveled
a
tool
with
a
liquid-filled
tube
used
to
show
if
a
surface
is
perfectly
horizontal
or
vertical
•
The
carpenter
placed
a
level
on
the
shelf
to
check
it
.
The
carpenter
placed
a
level
on
the
shelf
to
check
it
.
•
Make
sure
you
have
a
small
level
in
your
toolbox
.
Make
sure
you
have
a
small
level
in
your
toolbox
.
adjective
-
level
,
levelling
,
levels
,
levelled
,
leveled
flat
and
without
slopes
or
bumps
•
The
ground
must
be
perfectly
level
before
laying
the
tiles
.
The
ground
must
be
perfectly
level
before
laying
the
tiles
.
•
She
drew
a
level
line
with
her
ruler
.
She
drew
a
level
line
with
her
ruler
.
verb
-
level
,
levelling
,
levels
,
levelled
,
leveled
to
make
something
flat
,
even
,
or
equal
•
They
used
heavy
machinery
to
level
the
old
house
.
They
used
heavy
machinery
to
level
the
old
house
.
•
Add
soil
to
level
the
garden
bed
.
Add
soil
to
level
the
garden
bed
.
fall
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
move
downward
suddenly
or
unintentionally
from
a
higher
to
a
lower
place
•
The
toddler
tripped
on
the
rug
and
fell
onto
the
soft
carpet
.
The
toddler
tripped
on
the
rug
and
fell
onto
the
soft
carpet
.
•
Colorful
autumn
leaves
fall
gently
from
a
tall
maple
tree
in
the
park
.
Colorful
autumn
leaves
fall
gently
from
a
tall
maple
tree
in
the
park
.
Old
English
feallan
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Old
Norse
falla
and
German
fallen
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
drop
down
from
a
higher
place
to
a
lower
place
,
usually
without
intending
to
•
Be
careful
on
the
icy
sidewalk
or
you
might
fall
.
Be
careful
on
the
icy
sidewalk
or
you
might
fall
.
•
The
glass
slipped
from
his
hand
and
began
to
fall
toward
the
floor
.
The
glass
slipped
from
his
hand
and
began
to
fall
toward
the
floor
.
Old
English
feallan
“
to
drop
from
a
height
;
die
in
battle
,”
from
Proto-Germanic
*fallaną
.
noun
a
movement
from
a
higher
to
a
lower
position
;
an
act
of
falling
•
His
fall
from
the
ladder
left
him
with
a
broken
arm
.
His
fall
from
the
ladder
left
him
with
a
broken
arm
.
•
The
stuntwoman
landed
safely
after
a
ten-meter
fall
.
The
stuntwoman
landed
safely
after
a
ten-meter
fall
.
noun
-
fall
the
season
between
summer
and
winter
when
the
weather
becomes
cooler
and
leaves
turn
color
;
autumn
•
In
fall
,
the
trees
turn
brilliant
shades
of
red
and
gold
.
In
fall
,
the
trees
turn
brilliant
shades
of
red
and
gold
.
•
Classes
start
in
the
fall
semester
.
Classes
start
in
the
fall
semester
.
noun
an
act
of
coming
down
quickly
from
a
higher
position
,
usually
by
accident
•
After
his
fall
on
the
ice
,
he
needed
a
bandage
on
his
knee
.
After
his
fall
on
the
ice
,
he
needed
a
bandage
on
his
knee
.
•
The
climber
survived
a
ten-meter
fall
.
The
climber
survived
a
ten-meter
fall
.
Noun
sense
from
Old
English
feall
,
related
to
the
verb
.
noun
-
fall
the
season
between
summer
and
winter
,
when
the
weather
becomes
cooler
and
leaves
change
color
•
We
love
going
apple
picking
in
fall
.
We
love
going
apple
picking
in
fall
.
•
The
town
’
s
streets
look
beautiful
with
orange
leaves
in
the
fall
.
The
town
’
s
streets
look
beautiful
with
orange
leaves
in
the
fall
.
Used
since
the
16th
century
as
short
for
"
fall
of
the
leaf
,"
referring
to
leaves
falling
from
trees
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
become
lower
in
level
,
amount
,
or
value
•
Share
prices
could
fall
if
the
company
reports
poor
earnings
.
Share
prices
could
fall
if
the
company
reports
poor
earnings
.
•
As
night
came
,
the
temperature
began
to
fall
.
As
night
came
,
the
temperature
began
to
fall
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
enter
or
pass
into
a
particular
state
suddenly
or
unexpectedly
•
He
fell
asleep
during
the
movie
.
He
fell
asleep
during
the
movie
.
•
She
fell
ill
after
drinking
the
contaminated
water
.
She
fell
ill
after
drinking
the
contaminated
water
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
occur
or
happen
on
a
particular
day
,
date
,
or
time
•
Her
birthday
falls
on
a
Saturday
this
year
.
Her
birthday
falls
on
a
Saturday
this
year
.
•
The
meeting
falls
right
after
lunch
.
The
meeting
falls
right
after
lunch
.
noun
a
reduction
in
amount
,
number
,
or
value
•
There
has
been
a
sharp
fall
in
unemployment
.
There
has
been
a
sharp
fall
in
unemployment
.
•
The
chart
shows
a
gradual
fall
in
temperature
overnight
.
The
chart
shows
a
gradual
fall
in
temperature
overnight
.
noun
a
steep
descent
of
water
over
a
cliff
or
rock
face
,
often
referred
to
in
the
plural
as
“
falls
”
•
We
admired
the
thunderous
Niagara
Falls
.
We
admired
the
thunderous
Niagara
Falls
.
•
A
rainbow
formed
in
the
mist
of
the
hidden
falls
deep
in
the
forest
.
A
rainbow
formed
in
the
mist
of
the
hidden
falls
deep
in
the
forest
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
become
lower
in
number
,
price
,
amount
,
or
level
•
Gas
prices
have
fallen
significantly
since
last
month
.
Gas
prices
have
fallen
significantly
since
last
month
.
•
The
company
’
s
profits
may
fall
if
sales
continue
to
drop
.
The
company
’
s
profits
may
fall
if
sales
continue
to
drop
.
Figurative
use
recorded
since
Middle
English
,
extending
the
physical
sense
of
descending
.
noun
a
place
where
water
flows
over
the
edge
of
a
high
rock
or
cliff
,
especially
a
waterfall
(
often
used
in
the
plural
as
"
falls
")
•
We
could
hear
the
roar
of
the
falls
long
before
we
reached
the
river
.
We
could
hear
the
roar
of
the
falls
long
before
we
reached
the
river
.
•
Victoria
Falls
is
one
of
the
most
famous
natural
wonders
in
Africa
.
Victoria
Falls
is
one
of
the
most
famous
natural
wonders
in
Africa
.
Sense
of
"
waterfall
"
dates
from
the
late
16th
century
,
from
the
idea
of
water
"
falling
"
over
a
cliff
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
be
defeated
,
captured
,
or
killed
,
especially
in
war
or
competition
•
The
fortress
finally
fell
after
a
long
siege
.
The
fortress
finally
fell
after
a
long
siege
.
•
Many
brave
soldiers
fell
on
that
field
.
Many
brave
soldiers
fell
on
that
field
.
verb
-
fall
,
falling
,
falls
,
fell
,
fallen
to
occur
or
be
scheduled
on
a
particular
date
,
day
,
or
time
•
My
birthday
falls
on
a
Saturday
this
year
.
My
birthday
falls
on
a
Saturday
this
year
.
•
The
meeting
will
fall
during
the
first
week
of
April
.
The
meeting
will
fall
during
the
first
week
of
April
.
Temporal
sense
recorded
from
the
14th
century
,
from
the
notion
of
an
event
"
dropping
"
onto
a
point
in
time
.
college
noun
a
post-secondary
educational
institution
that
awards
undergraduate
degrees
or
professional
certificates
•
After
high
school
,
Maria
wants
to
go
to
college
to
study
biology
.
After
high
school
,
Maria
wants
to
go
to
college
to
study
biology
.
•
The
college
campus
was
lively
during
orientation
week
.
The
college
campus
was
lively
during
orientation
week
.
noun
a
school
for
students
aged
16–18
that
prepares
them
for
A-levels
or
vocational
qualifications
•
Lucy
will
start
college
in
September
to
study
art
and
design
.
Lucy
will
start
college
in
September
to
study
art
and
design
.
•
At
college
,
students
can
retake
their
GCSEs
if
they
need
better
grades
.
At
college
,
students
can
retake
their
GCSEs
if
they
need
better
grades
.
noun
the
period
of
life
and
study
spent
at
a
college
,
especially
as
an
experience
•
He
met
his
best
friends
in
college
.
He
met
his
best
friends
in
college
.
•
During
college
,
she
worked
part-time
at
a
café
to
pay
rent
.
During
college
,
she
worked
part-time
at
a
café
to
pay
rent
.
noun
a
constituent
school
or
professional
body
that
forms
part
of
a
larger
university
or
learned
society
•
Trinity
College
is
one
of
the
oldest
parts
of
the
University
of
Dublin
.
Trinity
College
is
one
of
the
oldest
parts
of
the
University
of
Dublin
.
•
She
was
admitted
to
the
Royal
College
of
Music
.
She
was
admitted
to
the
Royal
College
of
Music
.
better
adjective
-
better
,
bettering
,
betters
,
bettered
,
good
,
best
,
well
of
higher
quality
or
more
suitable
than
something
else
•
This
restaurant
is
better
than
the
last
one
we
tried
.
This
restaurant
is
better
than
the
last
one
we
tried
.
•
I
feel
better
after
taking
the
medicine
.
I
feel
better
after
taking
the
medicine
.
adverb
-
better
,
bettering
,
betters
,
bettered
,
good
,
best
,
well
in
a
more
skillful
,
effective
,
or
satisfactory
way
•
She
sings
better
than
anyone
in
the
choir
.
She
sings
better
than
anyone
in
the
choir
.
•
After
extra
practice
,
the
team
played
better
together
.
After
extra
practice
,
the
team
played
better
together
.
verb
-
better
,
bettering
,
betters
,
bettered
,
good
,
best
,
well
to
improve
something
or
make
it
higher
in
quality
•
They
worked
hard
to
better
the
design
of
the
app
.
They
worked
hard
to
better
the
design
of
the
app
.
•
I
want
to
better
myself
by
learning
new
languages
.
I
want
to
better
myself
by
learning
new
languages
.
noun
-
better
,
bettering
,
betters
,
bettered
,
good
,
best
,
well
a
person
or
thing
that
is
superior
in
rank
,
skill
,
or
quality
•
He
always
respected
his
elders
and
recognized
them
as
his
betters
.
He
always
respected
his
elders
and
recognized
them
as
his
betters
.
•
In
chess
,
she
finally
met
her
better
and
lost
the
match
.
In
chess
,
she
finally
met
her
better
and
lost
the
match
.
allow
verb
to
give
permission
for
someone
to
do
something
or
for
something
to
happen
•
His
parents
finally
allow
him
to
stay
up
until
midnight
on
weekends
.
His
parents
finally
allow
him
to
stay
up
until
midnight
on
weekends
.
•
The
security
guard
wouldn't
allow
me
to
enter
without
an
ID
card
.
The
security
guard
wouldn't
allow
me
to
enter
without
an
ID
card
.
Middle
English
"
alouen
",
from
Old
French
"
alouer
" (
to
praise
,
approve
),
later
influenced
by
Latin
"
ad
"
+
"
laudare
" (
to
praise
).
verb
to
make
something
possible
by
creating
the
right
conditions
•
Wide
windows
allow
sunlight
to
fill
the
living
room
.
Wide
windows
allow
sunlight
to
fill
the
living
room
.
•
The
new
app
will
allow
you
to
organize
your
photos
easily
.
The
new
app
will
allow
you
to
organize
your
photos
easily
.
verb
to
set
aside
or
give
a
particular
amount
of
time
,
money
,
or
space
for
something
•
The
tour
schedule
allows
two
hours
for
lunch
.
The
tour
schedule
allows
two
hours
for
lunch
.
•
We
must
allow
extra
funds
for
unexpected
repairs
.
We
must
allow
extra
funds
for
unexpected
repairs
.
verb
to
admit
or
accept
that
something
is
true
,
often
reluctantly
•
She
allowed
that
the
plan
might
need
revisions
.
She
allowed
that
the
plan
might
need
revisions
.
•
I
allow
that
his
idea
has
some
merit
.
I
allow
that
his
idea
has
some
merit
.
especially
adverb
more
than
other
people
,
things
,
or
situations
;
particularly
•
I
enjoy
classical
music
,
especially
Mozart
.
I
enjoy
classical
music
,
especially
Mozart
.
•
Children
especially
need
plenty
of
sleep
.
Children
especially
need
plenty
of
sleep
.
adverb
very
;
to
a
great
degree
•
It
was
especially
cold
last
night
.
It
was
especially
cold
last
night
.
•
I'm
especially
proud
of
your
hard
work
.
I'm
especially
proud
of
your
hard
work
.
sell
verb
-
sell
,
selling
,
sells
,
sold
to
give
something
you
own
to
someone
else
and
receive
money
in
return
•
She
decided
to
sell
her
old
bicycle
online
.
She
decided
to
sell
her
old
bicycle
online
.
•
The
bakery
sells
fresh
bread
every
morning
.
The
bakery
sells
fresh
bread
every
morning
.
Old
English
sellan
‘
give
,
hand
over
’,
later
‘
deliver
,
transfer
property
’,
of
Germanic
origin
.
verb
-
sell
,
selling
,
sells
,
sold
to
be
bought
by
people
,
or
to
be
available
at
a
particular
price
•
The
new
smartphone
is
selling
for
$999
.
The
new
smartphone
is
selling
for
$999
.
•
Tickets
sold
quickly
for
the
concert
.
Tickets
sold
quickly
for
the
concert
.
verb
-
sell
,
selling
,
sells
,
sold
to
persuade
someone
to
accept
,
believe
in
,
or
support
an
idea
or
product
•
The
marketer
managed
to
sell
the
concept
to
the
investors
.
The
marketer
managed
to
sell
the
concept
to
the
investors
.
•
You
’
ll
have
to
sell
your
plan
to
the
rest
of
the
team
.
You
’
ll
have
to
sell
your
plan
to
the
rest
of
the
team
.
noun
an
effort
or
argument
used
to
persuade
someone
to
accept
or
buy
something
•
Convincing
people
to
eat
more
vegetables
should
be
an
easy
sell
.
Convincing
people
to
eat
more
vegetables
should
be
an
easy
sell
.
•
Her
proposal
was
a
tough
sell
to
the
board
.
Her
proposal
was
a
tough
sell
to
the
board
.
million
noun
the
number
that
equals
one
thousand
thousand
,
written
1
,
000
,
000
•
The
city
has
a
population
of
over
one
million
.
The
city
has
a
population
of
over
one
million
.
•
He
won
exactly
two
million
dollars
in
the
lottery
.
He
won
exactly
two
million
dollars
in
the
lottery
.
From
Old
French
million
,
formed
on
mille
“
thousand
”
with
the
augmentative
suffix
-ion
,
originally
meaning
“
a
great
thousand
.”
noun
the
number
1
,
000
,
000
•
There
are
about
one
million
stars
visible
in
the
night
sky
.
There
are
about
one
million
stars
visible
in
the
night
sky
.
•
The
charity
hopes
to
raise
a
million
dollars
this
year
.
The
charity
hopes
to
raise
a
million
dollars
this
year
.
From
Old
French
million
,
from
Italian
milione
,
an
augmentative
of
mille
(“
thousand
”),
ultimately
from
Latin
.
noun
a
very
large
but
not
exact
number
of
people
or
things
•
There
were
millions
of
butterflies
filling
the
valley
.
There
were
millions
of
butterflies
filling
the
valley
.
•
I
’
ve
told
you
millions
of
times
to
clean
your
room
.
I
’
ve
told
you
millions
of
times
to
clean
your
room
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
extended
figurative
use
to
mean
an
indefinite
large
quantity
dates
from
the
17th
century
.
noun
a
very
large
but
not
precisely
stated
number
of
people
or
things
•
Millions
of
butterflies
filled
the
valley
during
migration
.
Millions
of
butterflies
filled
the
valley
during
migration
.
•
The
video
game
sold
millions
of
copies
worldwide
.
The
video
game
sold
millions
of
copies
worldwide
.
pull
verb
to
use
force
with
your
hands
,
body
,
or
a
tool
to
move
something
closer
to
you
or
in
the
direction
you
are
going
•
He
pulled
the
heavy
suitcase
over
the
curb
.
He
pulled
the
heavy
suitcase
over
the
curb
.
•
The
children
pulled
on
the
rope
during
the
school
tug-of-war
.
The
children
pulled
on
the
rope
during
the
school
tug-of-war
.
Old
English
"
pullian
,"
meaning
“
to
pluck
or
tug
,”
of
uncertain
origin
.
noun
the
act
of
using
force
to
move
something
toward
you
,
or
the
force
itself
•
With
one
strong
pull
,
the
sailor
raised
the
sail
.
With
one
strong
pull
,
the
sailor
raised
the
sail
.
•
She
felt
a
sharp
pull
in
her
shoulder
while
lifting
the
box
.
She
felt
a
sharp
pull
in
her
shoulder
while
lifting
the
box
.
verb
to
remove
or
take
something
out
quickly
,
often
with
effort
•
The
dentist
pulled
my
wisdom
tooth
yesterday
.
The
dentist
pulled
my
wisdom
tooth
yesterday
.
•
She
pulled
the
splinter
from
her
finger
with
tweezers
.
She
pulled
the
splinter
from
her
finger
with
tweezers
.
verb
to
attract
people
,
interest
,
or
attention
•
The
new
café
pulled
big
crowds
on
opening
day
.
The
new
café
pulled
big
crowds
on
opening
day
.
•
His
funny
videos
pull
millions
of
viewers
online
.
His
funny
videos
pull
millions
of
viewers
online
.
noun
a
handle
or
knob
designed
to
be
taken
hold
of
and
pulled
,
especially
on
a
door
or
drawer
•
The
antique
chest
had
brass
pulls
shaped
like
lions
.
The
antique
chest
had
brass
pulls
shaped
like
lions
.
•
Replace
the
cabinet
pulls
to
give
the
kitchen
a
fresh
look
.
Replace
the
cabinet
pulls
to
give
the
kitchen
a
fresh
look
.
verb
to
cancel
,
remove
,
or
withdraw
something
from
use
or
availability
•
The
company
pulled
the
advertisement
after
complaints
.
The
company
pulled
the
advertisement
after
complaints
.
•
They
pulled
the
product
from
shelves
for
safety
checks
.
They
pulled
the
product
from
shelves
for
safety
checks
.
noun
-
pull
personal
influence
or
power
that
helps
you
get
something
you
want
•
He
got
the
job
through
family
pull
.
He
got
the
job
through
family
pull
.
•
You
need
some
political
pull
to
speed
up
the
permits
.
You
need
some
political
pull
to
speed
up
the
permits
.
control
verb
-
control
,
controlling
,
controls
,
controlled
to
direct
,
limit
,
or
rule
people
,
things
,
or
events
so
that
they
behave
or
happen
in
the
way
you
want
•
Pilots
control
the
airplane
with
pedals
and
a
yoke
.
Pilots
control
the
airplane
with
pedals
and
a
yoke
.
•
She
tried
to
control
her
laughter
during
the
serious
ceremony
.
She
tried
to
control
her
laughter
during
the
serious
ceremony
.
Same
origin
as
the
noun
:
from
Anglo-French
contreroule
,
meaning
“
counter-check
”.
verb
-
control
,
controlling
,
controls
,
controlled
to
make
something
or
someone
behave
,
move
,
or
work
in
the
way
you
want
•
Strong
winds
controlled
the
direction
of
the
fire
.
Strong
winds
controlled
the
direction
of
the
fire
.
•
You
can
control
the
toy
car
with
this
app
on
your
phone
.
You
can
control
the
toy
car
with
this
app
on
your
phone
.
verb
-
control
,
controlling
,
controls
,
controlled
to
limit
something
or
keep
it
from
becoming
too
strong
,
large
,
or
harmful
•
Medicine
helped
control
his
high
blood
pressure
.
Medicine
helped
control
his
high
blood
pressure
.
•
We
need
to
control
the
spread
of
rumors
before
they
damage
the
company
.
We
need
to
control
the
spread
of
rumors
before
they
damage
the
company
.
finally
adverb
after
a
long
wait
,
effort
,
or
series
of
events
,
at
last
•
After
driving
through
the
night
,
we
finally
saw
the
ocean
glittering
at
dawn
.
After
driving
through
the
night
,
we
finally
saw
the
ocean
glittering
at
dawn
.
•
The
baby
finally
fell
asleep
in
his
crib
after
an
hour
of
gentle
rocking
.
The
baby
finally
fell
asleep
in
his
crib
after
an
hour
of
gentle
rocking
.
from
Middle
English
final
+
-ly
;
influenced
by
Latin
fīnālis
“
last
,
end
”
adverb
used
to
introduce
the
last
point
or
item
in
a
sequence
•
Finally
,
press
the
green
button
to
start
the
washing
machine
.
Finally
,
press
the
green
button
to
start
the
washing
machine
.
•
Finally
,
I
would
like
to
thank
our
volunteers
for
their
hard
work
.
Finally
,
I
would
like
to
thank
our
volunteers
for
their
hard
work
.
same
origin
as
other
sense
:
from
final
+
-ly
full
adjective
-
full
,
fuller
,
fullest
holding
as
much
as
possible
and
having
no
empty
space
•
The
glass
was
full
and
water
spilled
over
the
rim
.
The
glass
was
full
and
water
spilled
over
the
rim
.
•
She
stuffed
her
backpack
until
it
was
full
of
books
.
She
stuffed
her
backpack
until
it
was
full
of
books
.
hell
noun
-
hell
In
some
religions
,
the
place
where
wicked
people
are
believed
to
suffer
after
death
.
•
The
preacher
warned
that
greed
could
send
a
soul
to
hell
.
The
preacher
warned
that
greed
could
send
a
soul
to
hell
.
•
Medieval
paintings
often
show
hell
as
a
pit
of
fire
and
torment
.
Medieval
paintings
often
show
hell
as
a
pit
of
fire
and
torment
.
Old
English
‘
hel
’
or
‘
helle
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
*haljō
"
concealed
place
,"
referring
to
the
world
of
the
dead
.
noun
-
hell
A
very
difficult
,
painful
,
or
unpleasant
situation
or
period
of
time
.
•
Final
exams
week
was
pure
hell
for
the
students
.
Final
exams
week
was
pure
hell
for
the
students
.
•
Running
a
marathon
in
the
blistering
sun
felt
like
hell
.
Running
a
marathon
in
the
blistering
sun
felt
like
hell
.
interjection
Used
to
express
anger
,
frustration
,
surprise
,
or
strong
emphasis
.
•
Hell
!
I
left
my
wallet
at
the
restaurant
.
Hell
!
I
left
my
wallet
at
the
restaurant
.
•
What
the
hell
is
that
noise
upstairs
?
What
the
hell
is
that
noise
upstairs
?
adverb
Very
;
extremely
(
used
after
an
adjective
or
verb
for
emphasis
).
•
This
pizza
is
spicy
as
hell
.
This
pizza
is
spicy
as
hell
.
•
She
worked
like
hell
to
finish
the
project
on
time
.
She
worked
like
hell
to
finish
the
project
on
time
.
reality
noun
-
reality
,
realities
,
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
the
true
state
of
things
as
they
actually
exist
,
not
as
they
are
imagined
or
wished
for
•
After
waking
from
a
vivid
dream
,
Mia
felt
a
jolt
as
she
returned
to
reality
.
After
waking
from
a
vivid
dream
,
Mia
felt
a
jolt
as
she
returned
to
reality
.
•
The
climbing
team
had
trained
for
months
,
but
the
freezing
wind
on
the
mountain
made
the
reality
of
the
ascent
clear
.
The
climbing
team
had
trained
for
months
,
but
the
freezing
wind
on
the
mountain
made
the
reality
of
the
ascent
clear
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
‘
realite
’,
from
medieval
Latin
‘
realitas
’,
from
Latin
‘
realis
’
meaning
‘
relating
to
things
’.
noun
-
reality
,
realities
,
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
a
real
fact
,
situation
,
or
experience
,
especially
one
of
several
kinds
or
examples
•
The
book
explores
the
different
realities
faced
by
refugees
around
the
world
.
The
book
explores
the
different
realities
faced
by
refugees
around
the
world
.
•
Climate
scientists
warn
us
about
the
stark
realities
of
global
warming
.
Climate
scientists
warn
us
about
the
stark
realities
of
global
warming
.
See
Sense
1
etymology
;
the
countable
use
evolved
in
the
17th
century
to
refer
to
specific
factual
situations
.
ball
noun
a
round
object
that
people
throw
,
kick
,
hit
,
or
bounce
when
they
play
games
and
sports
•
The
children
passed
the
ball
back
and
forth
across
the
grass
.
The
children
passed
the
ball
back
and
forth
across
the
grass
.
•
She
kicked
the
soccer
ball
straight
into
the
goal
.
She
kicked
the
soccer
ball
straight
into
the
goal
.
From
Old
Norse
‘
bollr
’
meaning
‘
round
object
’.
noun
a
small
round
mass
of
a
substance
,
made
by
rolling
or
pressing
it
together
•
He
rolled
a
ball
of
snow
to
start
building
the
snowman
.
He
rolled
a
ball
of
snow
to
start
building
the
snowman
.
•
The
kitten
played
with
a
ball
of
yarn
on
the
floor
.
The
kitten
played
with
a
ball
of
yarn
on
the
floor
.
Sense
developed
from
the
basic
idea
of
something
round
.
noun
a
large
formal
dance
or
party
where
people
wear
elegant
clothes
and
dance
•
Cinderella
went
to
the
royal
ball
wearing
a
sparkling
gown
.
Cinderella
went
to
the
royal
ball
wearing
a
sparkling
gown
.
•
The
charity
ball
raised
money
for
the
new
hospital
wing
.
The
charity
ball
raised
money
for
the
new
hospital
wing
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
17th
century
from
French
‘
bal
’,
meaning
‘
dance
’.
verb
to
form
something
into
a
round
shape
or
to
become
round
like
a
ball
•
He
balled
up
the
letter
and
tossed
it
into
the
bin
.
He
balled
up
the
letter
and
tossed
it
into
the
bin
.
•
The
cat
balled
itself
up
on
the
sofa
to
stay
warm
.
The
cat
balled
itself
up
on
the
sofa
to
stay
warm
.
Verb
use
dates
from
the
17th
century
,
extended
from
the
noun
.
skill
noun
the
ability
to
do
something
well
,
especially
because
you
have
practiced
it
•
Playing
the
violin
takes
years
of
skill
and
patience
.
Playing
the
violin
takes
years
of
skill
and
patience
.
•
With
great
skill
,
the
female
chef
carved
a
rose
from
a
tomato
.
With
great
skill
,
the
female
chef
carved
a
rose
from
a
tomato
.
From
Old
Norse
‘
skil
’
meaning
‘
distinction
,
knowledge
’.
noun
a
particular
ability
that
lets
you
do
a
specific
job
or
activity
well
•
Typing
quickly
is
an
essential
skill
for
an
office
worker
.
Typing
quickly
is
an
essential
skill
for
an
office
worker
.
•
He
listed
coding
as
a
key
skill
on
his
résumé
.
He
listed
coding
as
a
key
skill
on
his
résumé
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
from
Old
Norse
‘
skil
’.
usually
adverb
in
most
cases
or
on
most
occasions
;
normally
•
I
usually
take
the
bus
to
work
,
but
today
I
walked
.
I
usually
take
the
bus
to
work
,
but
today
I
walked
.
•
Cats
usually
sleep
for
many
hours
during
the
day
.
Cats
usually
sleep
for
many
hours
during
the
day
.
from
the
adjective
“
usual
”
+
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
recorded
in
English
since
the
late
15th
century
fill
verb
-
fill
,
filling
,
fills
,
filled
to
put
something
into
an
empty
space
or
container
until
no
more
can
be
added
•
She
filled
the
glass
with
water
until
it
overflowed
.
She
filled
the
glass
with
water
until
it
overflowed
.
•
The
attendant
fills
the
car's
tank
at
the
gas
station
every
morning
.
The
attendant
fills
the
car's
tank
at
the
gas
station
every
morning
.
Old
English
‘
fyllan
’,
from
Germanic
roots
meaning
‘
to
make
full
’.
verb
-
fill
,
filling
,
fills
,
filled
to
become
full
•
The
theatre
quickly
filled
as
the
lights
dimmed
.
The
theatre
quickly
filled
as
the
lights
dimmed
.
•
Her
eyes
filled
with
tears
when
she
heard
the
news
.
Her
eyes
filled
with
tears
when
she
heard
the
news
.
Same
origin
as
transitive
form
,
from
Old
English
‘
fyllan
’.
verb
-
fill
,
filling
,
fills
,
filled
to
occupy
space
,
time
,
or
a
role
completely
•
Soft
music
fills
the
house
during
the
holidays
.
Soft
music
fills
the
house
during
the
holidays
.
•
She
was
chosen
to
fill
the
vacant
chair
on
the
board
.
She
was
chosen
to
fill
the
vacant
chair
on
the
board
.
Extended
sense
of
occupying
space
developed
in
Middle
English
.
noun
an
amount
of
something
that
is
enough
to
satisfy
or
to
make
someone
or
something
full
•
After
three
slices
of
pizza
,
he
had
his
fill
.
After
three
slices
of
pizza
,
he
had
his
fill
.
•
The
dog
drank
its
fill
of
water
after
the
long
run
.
The
dog
drank
its
fill
of
water
after
the
long
run
.
From
the
verb
sense
,
first
recorded
as
a
noun
meaning
‘
the
act
of
filling
’
in
the
14th
century
.
noun
-
fill
earth
,
sand
,
or
other
loose
material
used
to
raise
ground
level
or
to
fill
a
hole
•
The
contractor
ordered
more
fill
to
level
the
backyard
.
The
contractor
ordered
more
fill
to
level
the
backyard
.
•
Heavy
trucks
delivered
loads
of
fill
to
the
construction
site
.
Heavy
trucks
delivered
loads
of
fill
to
the
construction
site
.
Specialized
engineering
use
recorded
from
the
19th
century
.
wall
noun
a
vertical
structure
of
stone
,
brick
,
wood
,
or
another
material
that
encloses
,
divides
,
or
supports
a
space
•
The
children
painted
a
colorful
mural
on
the
school
wall
.
The
children
painted
a
colorful
mural
on
the
school
wall
.
•
He
leaned
his
bike
against
the
brick
wall
before
going
into
the
shop
.
He
leaned
his
bike
against
the
brick
wall
before
going
into
the
shop
.
Old
English
*weall*
,
from
Latin
*vallum*
‘
rampart
,
palisade
’.
noun
something
that
stops
movement
,
progress
,
or
communication
between
people
,
like
a
barrier
•
After
their
argument
,
a
silent
wall
rose
between
the
two
friends
.
After
their
argument
,
a
silent
wall
rose
between
the
two
friends
.
•
Halfway
through
the
marathon
,
he
hit
a
wall
and
struggled
to
keep
running
.
Halfway
through
the
marathon
,
he
hit
a
wall
and
struggled
to
keep
running
.
noun
the
part
of
a
social-media
profile
where
other
people
’
s
messages
and
posts
appear
•
She
posted
birthday
wishes
on
my
wall
last
night
.
She
posted
birthday
wishes
on
my
wall
last
night
.
•
His
funny
meme
quickly
filled
his
friends
’
walls
.
His
funny
meme
quickly
filled
his
friends
’
walls
.
verb
to
enclose
,
divide
,
or
protect
an
area
by
building
a
wall
around
or
along
it
•
They
walled
the
new
room
with
recycled
wood
panels
.
They
walled
the
new
room
with
recycled
wood
panels
.
•
The
ancient
city
was
walled
to
protect
its
people
from
invaders
.
The
ancient
city
was
walled
to
protect
its
people
from
invaders
.
region
noun
a
large
area
of
land
that
is
separate
from
other
areas
because
of
geography
,
culture
,
or
administration
•
Many
tourists
visit
the
coastal
region
for
its
warm
climate
and
beaches
.
Many
tourists
visit
the
coastal
region
for
its
warm
climate
and
beaches
.
•
The
mountain
region
becomes
snow-covered
every
winter
.
The
mountain
region
becomes
snow-covered
every
winter
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
regio
‘
direction
,
district
’,
from
regere
‘
to
rule
’.
noun
a
specific
part
of
the
body
•
He
felt
pain
in
the
lower
back
region
after
lifting
the
boxes
.
He
felt
pain
in
the
lower
back
region
after
lifting
the
boxes
.
•
A
rash
appeared
in
the
neck
region
and
quickly
spread
.
A
rash
appeared
in
the
neck
region
and
quickly
spread
.
noun
a
separate
part
of
a
system
,
space
,
or
abstract
field
,
often
with
a
special
function
•
This
program
stores
images
in
a
high-speed
memory
region
.
This
program
stores
images
in
a
high-speed
memory
region
.
•
Astronomers
discovered
a
dense
region
of
gas
between
the
stars
.
Astronomers
discovered
a
dense
region
of
gas
between
the
stars
.
challenge
noun
something
that
is
difficult
and
needs
effort
,
skill
,
or
courage
to
do
•
Climbing
the
high
rock
wall
was
a
big
challenge
for
Mia
.
Climbing
the
high
rock
wall
was
a
big
challenge
for
Mia
.
•
Learning
to
play
the
violin
is
a
real
challenge
,
but
Alex
practices
every
day
.
Learning
to
play
the
violin
is
a
real
challenge
,
but
Alex
practices
every
day
.
From
Old
French
‘
chalenge
’,
later
‘
challenge
’,
from
Latin
‘
calumnia
’
meaning
‘
false
accusation
’,
which
over
time
shifted
to
a
sense
of
calling
someone
to
prove
themselves
.
noun
a
call
or
invitation
to
compete
or
prove
who
is
better
•
The
chess
champion
accepted
the
young
boy's
challenge
to
a
match
.
The
chess
champion
accepted
the
young
boy's
challenge
to
a
match
.
•
Our
school
sent
a
challenge
to
the
neighboring
team
for
a
soccer
game
.
Our
school
sent
a
challenge
to
the
neighboring
team
for
a
soccer
game
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
invite
someone
to
compete
or
try
something
difficult
•
Leo
challenged
his
sister
to
a
game
of
checkers
.
Leo
challenged
his
sister
to
a
game
of
checkers
.
•
The
coach
will
challenge
the
runners
to
beat
their
own
records
.
The
coach
will
challenge
the
runners
to
beat
their
own
records
.
noun
something
difficult
that
needs
skill
,
effort
,
or
courage
to
do
or
understand
•
Climbing
the
steep
cliff
was
a
real
challenge
for
the
young
climbers
.
Climbing
the
steep
cliff
was
a
real
challenge
for
the
young
climbers
.
•
Learning
to
write
Chinese
characters
can
be
a
fun
challenge
for
students
.
Learning
to
write
Chinese
characters
can
be
a
fun
challenge
for
students
.
From
Old
French
chalenge
,
from
Latin
calumnia
‘
accusation
’
noun
an
invitation
or
dare
to
compete
,
fight
,
or
prove
something
•
The
boxer
accepted
the
challenge
to
face
the
world
champion
.
The
boxer
accepted
the
challenge
to
face
the
world
champion
.
•
Our
school
sent
a
football
challenge
to
the
neighboring
school
.
Our
school
sent
a
football
challenge
to
the
neighboring
school
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
say
that
you
doubt
something
is
true
,
fair
,
or
right
and
demand
proof
or
change
•
When
the
bill
seemed
too
high
,
Dad
challenged
the
shop's
total
.
When
the
bill
seemed
too
high
,
Dad
challenged
the
shop's
total
.
•
Scientists
often
challenge
old
ideas
with
new
experiments
.
Scientists
often
challenge
old
ideas
with
new
experiments
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
invite
someone
to
compete
,
fight
,
or
prove
their
ability
•
I
challenge
you
to
a
friendly
game
of
chess
after
dinner
.
I
challenge
you
to
a
friendly
game
of
chess
after
dinner
.
•
The
small
startup
challenged
the
big
company
by
releasing
a
faster
app
.
The
small
startup
challenged
the
big
company
by
releasing
a
faster
app
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
question
whether
something
is
correct
,
fair
,
or
legal
and
demand
that
it
be
proven
•
The
lawyer
challenged
the
accuracy
of
the
witness
’
s
testimony
.
The
lawyer
challenged
the
accuracy
of
the
witness
’
s
testimony
.
•
Scientists
often
challenge
old
theories
to
make
new
discoveries
.
Scientists
often
challenge
old
theories
to
make
new
discoveries
.
bill
noun
a
written
statement
that
tells
you
how
much
money
you
must
pay
for
goods
or
services
•
After
fixing
the
sink
,
the
plumber
gave
us
the
bill
.
After
fixing
the
sink
,
the
plumber
gave
us
the
bill
.
•
The
electricity
bill
arrives
at
the
beginning
of
every
month
.
The
electricity
bill
arrives
at
the
beginning
of
every
month
.
noun
a
piece
of
paper
money
such
as
a
one-dollar
or
twenty-dollar
note
•
He
slipped
a
ten-dollar
bill
into
the
tip
jar
.
He
slipped
a
ten-dollar
bill
into
the
tip
jar
.
•
Grandma
gave
each
grandchild
a
crisp
new
bill
for
the
holiday
.
Grandma
gave
each
grandchild
a
crisp
new
bill
for
the
holiday
.
noun
the
hard
,
pointed
mouth
part
of
a
bird
or
similar
animal
,
also
called
a
beak
•
The
pelican
’
s
large
bill
can
hold
a
lot
of
water
and
fish
.
The
pelican
’
s
large
bill
can
hold
a
lot
of
water
and
fish
.
•
The
parrot
cracked
the
nut
with
its
strong
bill
.
The
parrot
cracked
the
nut
with
its
strong
bill
.
verb
-
bill
,
billing
,
bills
,
billed
to
send
someone
a
statement
saying
how
much
money
they
must
pay
for
goods
or
services
•
The
mechanic
will
bill
you
after
the
repairs
are
complete
.
The
mechanic
will
bill
you
after
the
repairs
are
complete
.
•
They
billed
the
company
for
travel
expenses
.
They
billed
the
company
for
travel
expenses
.
noun
a
written
proposal
for
a
new
law
that
is
presented
to
a
parliament
or
congress
for
discussion
•
Parliament
will
vote
on
the
education
bill
next
week
.
Parliament
will
vote
on
the
education
bill
next
week
.
•
The
senator
introduced
a
bill
to
improve
healthcare
access
.
The
senator
introduced
a
bill
to
improve
healthcare
access
.
noun
a
printed
or
online
notice
that
advertises
or
lists
who
will
perform
or
what
will
be
shown
,
especially
in
a
theater
or
at
a
cinema
•
Her
name
appeared
at
the
top
of
the
concert
bill
.
Her
name
appeared
at
the
top
of
the
concert
bill
.
•
The
double-feature
bill
included
two
classic
horror
films
.
The
double-feature
bill
included
two
classic
horror
films
.
cell
noun
informal
short
form
of
cell
phone
;
a
mobile
telephone
•
Can
you
hand
me
my
cell
?
I
left
it
on
the
couch
.
Can
you
hand
me
my
cell
?
I
left
it
on
the
couch
.
•
Her
cell
died
,
so
she
borrowed
a
friend
’
s
charger
.
Her
cell
died
,
so
she
borrowed
a
friend
’
s
charger
.
Abbreviation
of
“
cellular
phone
,”
first
popular
in
the
United
States
in
the
1980s
.
noun
the
smallest
living
part
of
an
animal
or
plant
that
can
work
on
its
own
•
Under
the
microscope
,
the
scientist
could
see
that
each
cell
had
a
tiny
nucleus
.
Under
the
microscope
,
the
scientist
could
see
that
each
cell
had
a
tiny
nucleus
.
•
Blood
cells
carry
oxygen
around
the
body
.
Blood
cells
carry
oxygen
around
the
body
.
From
Latin
“
cella
”
meaning
small
room
or
storeroom
,
later
applied
to
biology
when
microscopes
revealed
tiny
compartments
in
living
tissue
.
noun
a
small
room
in
a
prison
or
monastery
,
usually
for
one
person
•
The
guard
locked
the
prisoner
inside
his
cell
for
the
night
.
The
guard
locked
the
prisoner
inside
his
cell
for
the
night
.
•
The
monk
prayed
silently
in
his
simple
cell
at
dawn
.
The
monk
prayed
silently
in
his
simple
cell
at
dawn
.
From
Latin
“
cella
”
meaning
storeroom
or
small
room
.
noun
one
box
in
a
table
or
spreadsheet
where
you
can
enter
data
•
Click
the
top-left
cell
to
select
the
entire
sheet
.
Click
the
top-left
cell
to
select
the
entire
sheet
.
•
Type
the
formula
in
cell
C3
to
add
the
numbers
above
.
Type
the
formula
in
cell
C3
to
add
the
numbers
above
.
Borrowed
from
the
biological
sense
:
early
spreadsheet
designers
used
the
idea
of
many
small
compartments
holding
separate
information
.
noun
one
part
of
a
battery
that
produces
electricity
•
A
single
AA
battery
contains
one
electrochemical
cell
.
A
single
AA
battery
contains
one
electrochemical
cell
.
•
Solar
panels
convert
sunlight
into
electricity
using
many
tiny
solar
cells
.
Solar
panels
convert
sunlight
into
electricity
using
many
tiny
solar
cells
.
Adopted
in
the
19th
century
when
scientists
noticed
early
batteries
contained
separate
small
compartments
,
which
they
named
cells
.
noun
a
small
,
independent
group
inside
a
larger
organization
,
often
secret
•
Each
resistance
cell
worked
separately
so
that
the
network
could
survive
if
one
group
was
caught
.
Each
resistance
cell
worked
separately
so
that
the
network
could
survive
if
one
group
was
caught
.
•
Police
arrested
a
terrorist
cell
planning
the
attack
.
Police
arrested
a
terrorist
cell
planning
the
attack
.
Extended
figurative
sense
from
the
idea
of
many
small
rooms
forming
a
larger
structure
,
used
politically
from
the
early
20th
century
.
material
noun
a
substance
that
things
are
made
from
,
such
as
wood
,
metal
,
or
plastic
•
Bricks
are
a
common
building
material
around
the
world
.
Bricks
are
a
common
building
material
around
the
world
.
•
The
artist
collected
recycled
material
for
her
sculpture
.
The
artist
collected
recycled
material
for
her
sculpture
.
noun
-
material
cloth
that
is
sold
by
length
and
used
to
make
clothes
,
curtains
,
and
similar
things
•
She
chose
a
soft
cotton
material
for
the
baby's
blanket
.
She
chose
a
soft
cotton
material
for
the
baby's
blanket
.
•
Do
we
have
enough
material
to
sew
two
skirts
?
Do
we
have
enough
material
to
sew
two
skirts
?
noun
information
or
ideas
that
you
use
for
studying
,
writing
,
or
creating
something
•
The
reporter
gathered
background
material
before
the
interview
.
The
reporter
gathered
background
material
before
the
interview
.
•
Our
teacher
posted
extra
study
material
online
.
Our
teacher
posted
extra
study
material
online
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
considered
suitable
for
a
particular
job
,
role
,
or
purpose
•
The
coach
thinks
Mia
is
real
leadership
material
.
The
coach
thinks
Mia
is
real
leadership
material
.
•
With
his
quick
thinking
,
he's
police
material
.
With
his
quick
thinking
,
he's
police
material
.
adjective
relating
to
physical
things
that
you
can
touch
,
rather
than
to
the
mind
or
spirit
•
They
focused
on
their
material
needs
,
like
food
and
shelter
.
They
focused
on
their
material
needs
,
like
food
and
shelter
.
•
The
monk
gave
up
all
material
possessions
.
The
monk
gave
up
all
material
possessions
.
adjective
important
and
likely
to
influence
a
decision
or
result
,
especially
in
law
or
formal
situations
•
The
lawyer
said
the
witness
left
out
material
facts
.
The
lawyer
said
the
witness
left
out
material
facts
.
•
There
is
no
material
difference
between
the
two
products
.
There
is
no
material
difference
between
the
two
products
.
dollar
noun
the
basic
unit
of
money
in
the
United
States
and
several
other
countries
,
equal
to
100
cents
•
One
dollar
equals
one
hundred
cents
.
One
dollar
equals
one
hundred
cents
.
•
She
exchanged
her
euros
for
fifty
dollars
at
the
airport
.
She
exchanged
her
euros
for
fifty
dollars
at
the
airport
.
Early
16th
century
:
from
Low
German
‘
daler
’,
abbreviated
form
of
‘
Joachimstaler
’,
the
name
of
a
silver
coin
first
minted
in
Joachimstal
(
Jáchymov
in
the
Czech
Republic
).
noun
a
coin
or
paper
note
that
has
the
value
of
one
dollar
•
He
tucked
a
silver
dollar
into
the
tip
jar
.
He
tucked
a
silver
dollar
into
the
tip
jar
.
•
The
child
proudly
showed
her
shiny
new
dollar
.
The
child
proudly
showed
her
shiny
new
dollar
.
noun
(
informal
)
money
in
general
,
especially
large
amounts
•
There
’
s
big
dollar
in
renewable
energy
these
days
.
There
’
s
big
dollar
in
renewable
energy
these
days
.
•
They
spent
serious
dollar
renovating
their
kitchen
.
They
spent
serious
dollar
renovating
their
kitchen
.
total
adjective
-
total
,
totalling
,
totals
,
totaled
,
totalled
complete
;
with
nothing
missing
or
left
out
•
It
was
a
total
surprise
when
her
friends
shouted
"
Happy
Birthday
!"
It
was
a
total
surprise
when
her
friends
shouted
"
Happy
Birthday
!"
•
During
the
blackout
,
the
small
town
fell
into
total
darkness
.
During
the
blackout
,
the
small
town
fell
into
total
darkness
.
From
Latin
“
tōtālis
”
meaning
“
entire
,
whole
”,
from
“
tōtus
” (“
all
,
whole
”).
noun
-
total
,
totalling
,
totals
,
totaled
,
totalled
the
whole
amount
or
number
obtained
by
adding
two
or
more
quantities
•
The
total
of
six
and
four
is
ten
.
The
total
of
six
and
four
is
ten
.
•
Our
monthly
sales
total
was
the
highest
in
the
company
’
s
history
.
Our
monthly
sales
total
was
the
highest
in
the
company
’
s
history
.
First
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
14th
century
as
a
noun
meaning
“
whole
sum
,”
from
Old
French
“
total
”.
verb
-
total
,
totalling
,
totals
,
totaled
,
totalled
to
add
up
numbers
so
as
to
find
the
whole
amount
;
to
amount
to
•
The
bill
totals
fifty
dollars
after
tax
.
The
bill
totals
fifty
dollars
after
tax
.
•
When
you
total
the
points
,
our
team
wins
by
two
.
When
you
total
the
points
,
our
team
wins
by
two
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
and
noun
forms
in
the
early
19th
century
,
meaning
“
to
find
the
total
(
sum
)
of
”.
shall
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
in
questions
to
politely
suggest
,
offer
,
or
ask
what
the
speaker
and
listener
should
do
•
It's
getting
cold
;
shall
we
go
inside
?
It's
getting
cold
;
shall
we
go
inside
?
•
Shall
I
carry
these
bags
for
you
?
Shall
I
carry
these
bags
for
you
?
Old
English
sceal
,
first-person
singular
of
sculan
“
to
owe
,
be
obliged
to
,”
later
developing
modal
meanings
of
obligation
and
futurity
.
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
in
formal
rules
,
contracts
,
or
laws
to
state
that
something
is
required
or
must
happen
•
All
visitors
shall
sign
the
logbook
upon
arrival
.
All
visitors
shall
sign
the
logbook
upon
arrival
.
•
The
contractor
shall
complete
the
project
by
March
1st
.
The
contractor
shall
complete
the
project
by
March
1st
.
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
especially
in
formal
or
old-fashioned
English
to
express
strong
intention
,
promise
,
or
simple
future
time
•
I
shall
return
before
sunset
.
I
shall
return
before
sunset
.
•
You
shall
have
your
answer
tomorrow
.
You
shall
have
your
answer
tomorrow
.
hotel
verb
-
hotel
,
hotelling
,
hotels
,
hoteled
to
stay
in
a
hotel
or
hotels
,
especially
while
travelling
•
The
sales
team
hoteled
downtown
during
the
week-long
trade
fair
.
The
sales
team
hoteled
downtown
during
the
week-long
trade
fair
.
•
We
usually
hotel
near
the
stadium
whenever
there
’
s
a
big
match
.
We
usually
hotel
near
the
stadium
whenever
there
’
s
a
big
match
.
Verbal
use
recorded
from
the
late
19th
century
,
formed
by
functional
shift
from
the
noun
.
eventually
adverb
after
a
long
time
,
effort
,
or
series
of
events
,
something
finally
happens
•
After
months
of
practice
,
Maria
eventually
passed
her
driving
test
.
After
months
of
practice
,
Maria
eventually
passed
her
driving
test
.
•
The
rain
stopped
eventually
,
and
the
children
ran
outside
to
play
.
The
rain
stopped
eventually
,
and
the
children
ran
outside
to
play
.
From
the
adjective
“
eventual
” (
occurring
as
a
result
),
plus
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
”.
adverb
at
an
unspecified
time
in
the
future
,
sooner
or
later
•
We
should
leave
now
;
the
bus
will
arrive
eventually
.
We
should
leave
now
;
the
bus
will
arrive
eventually
.
•
Keep
saving
,
and
you
will
eventually
afford
the
trip
to
Japan
.
Keep
saving
,
and
you
will
eventually
afford
the
trip
to
Japan
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
reflecting
future
expectation
rather
than
completed
result
.
institution
noun
a
large
and
important
organization
created
for
education
,
religion
,
finance
,
or
another
public
purpose
•
Harvard
University
is
a
world-famous
institution
of
higher
learning
.
Harvard
University
is
a
world-famous
institution
of
higher
learning
.
•
The
bank
hopes
to
become
the
leading
financial
institution
in
the
region
.
The
bank
hopes
to
become
the
leading
financial
institution
in
the
region
.
noun
an
established
custom
,
system
,
or
practice
that
is
accepted
as
an
important
part
of
society
•
Many
people
believe
that
marriage
is
a
sacred
institution
.
Many
people
believe
that
marriage
is
a
sacred
institution
.
•
The
institution
of
democracy
allows
citizens
to
choose
their
leaders
.
The
institution
of
democracy
allows
citizens
to
choose
their
leaders
.
noun
a
place
such
as
a
hospital
,
home
,
or
prison
where
people
who
need
special
care
or
supervision
live
•
The
patient
was
moved
to
a
mental
health
institution
for
specialized
care
.
The
patient
was
moved
to
a
mental
health
institution
for
specialized
care
.
•
He
spent
several
months
in
a
rehabilitation
institution
after
the
accident
.
He
spent
several
months
in
a
rehabilitation
institution
after
the
accident
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
has
been
part
of
a
place
or
activity
for
a
very
long
time
and
is
highly
respected
or
well-known
•
At
ninety
,
the
baker
was
considered
a
local
institution
.
At
ninety
,
the
baker
was
considered
a
local
institution
.
•
The
stadium's
giant
hot-dog
vendor
is
an
institution
for
hungry
fans
.
The
stadium's
giant
hot-dog
vendor
is
an
institution
for
hungry
fans
.
noun
the
act
of
starting
or
introducing
something
such
as
a
rule
,
system
,
or
policy
•
The
institution
of
a
curfew
helped
calm
the
city
after
the
unrest
.
The
institution
of
a
curfew
helped
calm
the
city
after
the
unrest
.
•
Parliament
debated
the
institution
of
new
environmental
laws
.
Parliament
debated
the
institution
of
new
environmental
laws
.
hello
interjection
used
as
a
friendly
greeting
or
when
answering
the
telephone
•
When
Mia
opened
the
door
,
she
waved
and
said
hello
to
her
friends
.
When
Mia
opened
the
door
,
she
waved
and
said
hello
to
her
friends
.
•
Ben
picked
up
the
phone
and
said
hello
into
the
receiver
.
Ben
picked
up
the
phone
and
said
hello
into
the
receiver
.
interjection
used
to
express
surprise
,
sudden
understanding
,
or
to
attract
someone
’
s
attention
•
Hello
,
what
’
s
going
on
here
?
Hello
,
what
’
s
going
on
here
?
•
Hello
—
I
just
figured
out
the
answer
!
Hello
—
I
just
figured
out
the
answer
!
noun
an
instance
of
saying
the
word
“
hello
”;
a
greeting
•
A
friendly
hello
can
brighten
someone
’
s
day
.
A
friendly
hello
can
brighten
someone
’
s
day
.
•
After
a
round
of
cheerful
hellos
,
the
meeting
began
.
After
a
round
of
cheerful
hellos
,
the
meeting
began
.
travel
verb
-
travel
,
travelling
,
travels
,
travelled
to
go
from
one
place
to
another
,
especially
over
a
considerable
distance
,
for
work
,
leisure
,
or
another
purpose
.
•
Every
summer
,
my
family
travels
to
the
seaside
for
a
week
.
Every
summer
,
my
family
travels
to
the
seaside
for
a
week
.
•
To
reach
the
mountain
village
,
hikers
must
travel
along
a
narrow
,
winding
trail
.
To
reach
the
mountain
village
,
hikers
must
travel
along
a
narrow
,
winding
trail
.
Middle
English
travailen
,
from
Old
French
travailler
‘
to
toil
,
make
a
journey
’;
later
spelling
influenced
by
the
noun
travail
meaning
‘
labor
’.
verb
-
travel
,
travelling
,
travels
,
travelled
to
go
from
one
place
to
another
,
especially
over
a
long
distance
or
to
a
different
country
•
Many
students
dream
of
travelling
around
the
world
after
graduation
.
Many
students
dream
of
travelling
around
the
world
after
graduation
.
•
Every
morning
,
thousands
of
commuters
travel
by
train
into
the
city
.
Every
morning
,
thousands
of
commuters
travel
by
train
into
the
city
.
Middle
English
travailen
‘
to
journey
’,
from
Old
French
travailler
‘
to
toil
,
labor
,
journey
’.
verb
-
travel
,
travelling
,
travels
,
travelled
(
of
light
,
sound
,
news
,
or
similar
things
)
to
move
or
spread
from
one
place
to
another
.
•
Sound
travels
faster
through
metal
than
through
air
.
Sound
travels
faster
through
metal
than
through
air
.
•
Rumors
can
travel
across
social
media
in
minutes
.
Rumors
can
travel
across
social
media
in
minutes
.
hall
noun
a
large
room
or
separate
building
used
for
public
events
such
as
meetings
,
concerts
,
exhibitions
,
or
sports
•
The
graduation
ceremony
was
held
in
the
town
hall
.
The
graduation
ceremony
was
held
in
the
town
hall
.
•
Fans
cheered
as
the
band
walked
onto
the
concert
hall
stage
.
Fans
cheered
as
the
band
walked
onto
the
concert
hall
stage
.
Old
English
"
heall
",
from
Proto-Germanic
*hallō
,
meaning
a
covered
place
or
roofed
chamber
.
noun
a
narrow
passage
or
corridor
inside
a
building
that
connects
rooms
•
Hang
your
coat
in
the
hall
before
you
come
in
.
Hang
your
coat
in
the
hall
before
you
come
in
.
•
The
bathroom
is
down
the
hall
on
the
left
.
The
bathroom
is
down
the
hall
on
the
left
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
;
extended
in
American
English
to
mean
the
connecting
passage
inside
a
house
.
noun
a
building
or
group
of
buildings
where
university
students
live
and
often
eat
together
•
In
her
first
year
,
Emma
lived
in
hall
close
to
the
library
.
In
her
first
year
,
Emma
lived
in
hall
close
to
the
library
.
•
The
university
hall
serves
breakfast
from
7
a
.
m
.
The
university
hall
serves
breakfast
from
7
a
.
m
.
Sense
developed
at
British
universities
in
the
19th
century
,
referring
to
students
’
communal
living
quarters
.
following
adjective
coming
next
or
listed
immediately
after
something
•
Please
read
the
following
instructions
carefully
.
Please
read
the
following
instructions
carefully
.
•
We
will
meet
on
the
following
day
.
We
will
meet
on
the
following
day
.
verb
present
participle
and
gerund
of
follow
•
The
children
kept
following
the
butterfly
across
the
garden
.
The
children
kept
following
the
butterfly
across
the
garden
.
•
She
glanced
at
the
map
before
following
the
trail
.
She
glanced
at
the
map
before
following
the
trail
.
preposition
after
something
in
time
•
Following
the
concert
,
the
band
signed
autographs
for
fans
.
Following
the
concert
,
the
band
signed
autographs
for
fans
.
•
The
school
reopened
following
the
summer
break
.
The
school
reopened
following
the
summer
break
.
noun
a
group
of
people
who
support
,
admire
,
or
regularly
pay
attention
to
someone
or
something
•
The
singer
has
a
huge
following
on
social
media
.
The
singer
has
a
huge
following
on
social
media
.
•
Over
the
years
,
the
book
series
gained
an
international
following
.
Over
the
years
,
the
book
series
gained
an
international
following
.
willing
adjective
ready
and
happy
to
do
something
when
asked
or
needed
•
The
volunteers
were
willing
to
work
late
to
finish
the
project
.
The
volunteers
were
willing
to
work
late
to
finish
the
project
.
•
If
you're
willing
,
I
can
show
you
how
the
machine
works
.
If
you're
willing
,
I
can
show
you
how
the
machine
works
.
From
Old
English
willende
,
present
participle
of
willan
“
to
wish
,
desire
.”
adjective
done
,
given
,
or
happening
by
free
choice
and
without
force
•
He
made
a
willing
donation
to
the
local
shelter
.
He
made
a
willing
donation
to
the
local
shelter
.
•
The
company
relies
on
the
willing
cooperation
of
its
employees
.
The
company
relies
on
the
willing
cooperation
of
its
employees
.
same
as
Sense
1
,
reflecting
voluntary
nature
developed
in
Middle
English
.
collection
noun
a
group
of
similar
objects
that
someone
has
gathered
and
keeps
together
•
Emma's
stamp
collection
filled
three
large
albums
.
Emma's
stamp
collection
filled
three
large
albums
.
•
The
museum
has
a
vast
collection
of
ancient
pottery
.
The
museum
has
a
vast
collection
of
ancient
pottery
.
from
Latin
colligere
“
to
gather
together
”,
via
Old
French
collection
noun
-
collection
the
act
of
gathering
things
together
•
The
collection
of
data
took
several
months
.
The
collection
of
data
took
several
months
.
•
Street
cleaners
handle
the
collection
of
garbage
early
each
morning
.
Street
cleaners
handle
the
collection
of
garbage
early
each
morning
.
noun
a
set
of
clothing
designs
produced
as
a
group
for
a
season
or
show
•
The
designer
unveiled
her
spring
collection
on
the
runway
.
The
designer
unveiled
her
spring
collection
on
the
runway
.
•
His
latest
collection
features
bright
colors
and
loose
silhouettes
.
His
latest
collection
features
bright
colors
and
loose
silhouettes
.
noun
an
amount
of
money
gathered
from
many
people
for
a
purpose
•
We
took
up
a
collection
for
the
earthquake
victims
.
We
took
up
a
collection
for
the
earthquake
victims
.
•
The
church
collection
usually
happens
after
the
sermon
.
The
church
collection
usually
happens
after
the
sermon
.
hill
noun
a
naturally
raised
area
of
land
that
is
smaller
and
lower
than
a
mountain
•
The
children
rolled
down
the
grassy
hill
on
their
cardboard
sleds
.
The
children
rolled
down
the
grassy
hill
on
their
cardboard
sleds
.
•
From
the
top
of
the
hill
,
we
could
see
the
entire
valley
below
.
From
the
top
of
the
hill
,
we
could
see
the
entire
valley
below
.
Old
English
“
hyll
,”
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
“
hille
”
and
German
“
Hügel
,”
all
meaning
a
small
elevation
of
land
.
noun
a
pile
or
large
heap
of
things
that
forms
a
mound-like
shape
•
He
poured
the
rice
onto
the
table
,
making
a
hill
in
the
middle
.
He
poured
the
rice
onto
the
table
,
making
a
hill
in
the
middle
.
•
The
toddler
sat
among
a
hill
of
colorful
toy
blocks
.
The
toddler
sat
among
a
hill
of
colorful
toy
blocks
.
Extended
figurative
use
of
the
landform
sense
,
attested
since
the
15th
century
.
verb
to
pile
or
draw
earth
up
around
the
base
of
a
plant
to
protect
it
or
help
it
grow
•
After
planting
the
potatoes
,
the
farmer
carefully
hilled
the
soil
around
each
row
.
After
planting
the
potatoes
,
the
farmer
carefully
hilled
the
soil
around
each
row
.
•
You
need
to
keep
hilling
the
stems
so
the
tubers
stay
covered
.
You
need
to
keep
hilling
the
stems
so
the
tubers
stay
covered
.
Verb
use
recorded
since
the
1600s
,
formed
from
the
noun
sense
+
the
productive
verb-forming
pattern
meaning
“
to
cover
or
heap
with
.”
generally
adverb
usually
or
in
most
situations
•
On
weekends
,
families
generally
eat
breakfast
together
.
On
weekends
,
families
generally
eat
breakfast
together
.
•
Cats
generally
dislike
taking
baths
.
Cats
generally
dislike
taking
baths
.
adverb
without
focusing
on
specific
details
;
broadly
or
in
a
general
way
•
Generally speaking
,
electric
cars
are
quieter
than
gasoline
cars
.
Generally speaking
,
electric
cars
are
quieter
than
gasoline
cars
.
•
The
report
,
generally speaking
,
supports
our
earlier
findings
.
The
report
,
generally speaking
,
supports
our
earlier
findings
.
billion
noun
the
number
1
,
000
,
000
,
000
(
one
thousand
million
)
•
The
world
now
has
over
a
billion
smartphones
in
use
.
The
world
now
has
over
a
billion
smartphones
in
use
.
•
The
new
bridge
cost
nearly
two
billion
dollars
to
build
.
The
new
bridge
cost
nearly
two
billion
dollars
to
build
.
from
French
“
billion
”,
formed
on
the
model
of
“
million
”
in
the
late
17th
century
,
originally
meaning
a
million
million
but
later
adopted
for
one
thousand
million
in
most
English-speaking
countries
noun
the
number
1
000
000
000
(
one
thousand
million
)
•
Earth
’
s
population
is
over
eight
billion
people
.
Earth
’
s
population
is
over
eight
billion
people
.
•
Scientists
estimate
there
are
about
three
billion
base
pairs
in
human
DNA
.
Scientists
estimate
there
are
about
three
billion
base
pairs
in
human
DNA
.
Borrowed
in
the
17th
century
from
French
“
billion
”,
originally
meaning
a
million
millions
,
later
adopted
in
the
20th
century
to
mean
a
thousand
millions
in
most
English-speaking
countries
.
noun
an
extremely
large
but
unspecified
number
of
things
;
used
hyperbolically
•
I
’
ve
told
you
a
billion
times
to
close
the
door
.
I
’
ve
told
you
a
billion
times
to
close
the
door
.
•
There
are
a
billion
stars
in
the
sky
tonight
,
or
so
it
seems
.
There
are
a
billion
stars
in
the
sky
tonight
,
or
so
it
seems
.
Extension
of
the
literal
numerical
sense
to
a
figurative
one
for
emphasis
,
attested
from
the
early
1900s
.
noun
in
older
British
usage
,
the
number
1
,
000
,
000
,
000
,
000
(
one
million
million
)
•
A
Victorian
newspaper
quoted
the
national
debt
at
one
billion
pounds
,
meaning
a
million
million
.
A
Victorian
newspaper
quoted
the
national
debt
at
one
billion
pounds
,
meaning
a
million
million
.
•
Students
of
economic
history
must
remember
that
a
British
billion
once
stood
for
10^12
.
Students
of
economic
history
must
remember
that
a
British
billion
once
stood
for
10^12
.
borrowed
from
French
and
used
on
the
long
scale
in
Britain
until
the
mid-20th
century
,
when
official
usage
shifted
to
the
short
scale
noun
(
dated
,
long
scale
)
the
number
1
000
000
000
000
(
one
million
million
)
•
In
Victorian
Britain
,
a
billion
represented
a
million
million
.
In
Victorian
Britain
,
a
billion
represented
a
million
million
.
•
An
1890s
economics
textbook
defines
a
billion
as
10¹²
.
An
1890s
economics
textbook
defines
a
billion
as
10¹²
.
From
French
“
billion
” (
million
million
).
Retained
this
value
in
British
English
until
the
late
20th
century
.
roll
verb
to
move
by
turning
over
and
over
on
a
surface
,
or
to
make
something
move
this
way
•
The
ball
rolled
down
the
hill
until
it
hit
a
tree
.
The
ball
rolled
down
the
hill
until
it
hit
a
tree
.
•
She
laughed
as
her
puppy
tried
to
roll
onto
its
back
to
get
a
belly
rub
.
She
laughed
as
her
puppy
tried
to
roll
onto
its
back
to
get
a
belly
rub
.
Old
French
“
roller
”,
from
Latin
“
rotulus
” (
small
wheel
),
related
to
“
rota
”
meaning
wheel
.
noun
a
small
round
or
long
piece
of
bread
baked
for
one
person
•
I
ate
a
warm
buttered
roll
with
my
soup
.
I
ate
a
warm
buttered
roll
with
my
soup
.
•
Would
you
like
a
ham
roll
for
lunch
?
Would
you
like
a
ham
roll
for
lunch
?
verb
to
move
forward
on
wheels
•
The
train
slowly
rolled
out
of
the
station
.
The
train
slowly
rolled
out
of
the
station
.
•
Make
sure
the
stroller
’
s
wheels
are
locked
,
or
it
might
roll
down
the
ramp
.
Make
sure
the
stroller
’
s
wheels
are
locked
,
or
it
might
roll
down
the
ramp
.
verb
to
shape
something
by
turning
it
round
and
round
,
usually
into
a
tube
or
ball
•
She
rolled
the
dough
into
thin
circles
for
the
tortillas
.
She
rolled
the
dough
into
thin
circles
for
the
tortillas
.
•
He
rolled
a
sheet
of
paper
to
make
a
telescope
for
the
kids
.
He
rolled
a
sheet
of
paper
to
make
a
telescope
for
the
kids
.
verb
(
informal
,
film
)
to
start
or
continue
recording
video
or
sound
•
“
Camera
’
s
rolling
!”
the
director
shouted
before
the
actors
began
the
scene
.
“
Camera
’
s
rolling
!”
the
director
shouted
before
the
actors
began
the
scene
.
•
Keep
it
rolling
—
we
might
catch
a
candid
moment
.
Keep
it
rolling
—
we
might
catch
a
candid
moment
.
noun
an
official
list
of
names
,
especially
of
members
or
students
•
The
teacher
checked
the
attendance
roll
before
starting
the
lesson
.
The
teacher
checked
the
attendance
roll
before
starting
the
lesson
.
•
His
name
was
added
to
the
voters
’
roll
last
month
.
His
name
was
added
to
the
voters
’
roll
last
month
.
secretary
noun
-
secretary
,
secretaries
a
person
employed
in
an
office
or
organization
who
handles
written
correspondence
,
phone
calls
,
appointments
,
and
other
routine
administrative
tasks
•
The
secretary
scheduled
the
meeting
for
Friday
afternoon
.
The
secretary
scheduled
the
meeting
for
Friday
afternoon
.
•
As
the
phones
kept
ringing
,
the
busy
secretary
remained
calm
and
answered
each
call
politely
.
As
the
phones
kept
ringing
,
the
busy
secretary
remained
calm
and
answered
each
call
politely
.
from
Latin
'secretarius'
meaning
'confidential
officer'
,
originally
referring
to
someone
who
keeps
secrets
for
a
superior
noun
-
secretary
,
secretaries
a
senior
government
official
who
is
the
head
of
a
department
or
ministry
,
such
as
the
Secretary
of
State
or
Secretary
of
Defense
•
The
secretary
of
health
answered
questions
from
reporters
about
the
new
vaccine
.
The
secretary
of
health
answered
questions
from
reporters
about
the
new
vaccine
.
•
During
the
summit
,
the
Secretary
of
State
signed
the
peace
agreement
.
During
the
summit
,
the
Secretary
of
State
signed
the
peace
agreement
.
extended
from
the
administrative
sense
to
high
government
offices
in
the
17th
century
noun
-
secretary
,
secretaries
a
piece
of
furniture
with
drawers
and
a
hinged
writing
surface
,
also
called
a
secretary
desk
,
used
for
writing
and
storing
papers
•
Grandma
kept
her
letters
in
the
antique
secretary
in
the
living
room
.
Grandma
kept
her
letters
in
the
antique
secretary
in
the
living
room
.
•
The
old
oak
secretary
folds
out
into
a
spacious
writing
surface
.
The
old
oak
secretary
folds
out
into
a
spacious
writing
surface
.
transferred
from
the
clerical
occupation
to
the
furniture
designed
for
writing
and
document
storage
collect
verb
to
gather
things
of
the
same
kind
and
keep
them
together
as
a
hobby
or
for
a
purpose
•
Maria
loves
to
collect
old
coins
from
different
countries
.
Maria
loves
to
collect
old
coins
from
different
countries
.
•
Every
summer
the
children
collect
colorful
seashells
along
the
shoreline
.
Every
summer
the
children
collect
colorful
seashells
along
the
shoreline
.
From
Latin
‘
colligere
’
meaning
‘
gather
together
’.
verb
to
go
somewhere
and
take
someone
or
something
away
with
you
•
I'll
collect
you
from
the
station
at
six
o'clock
.
I'll
collect
you
from
the
station
at
six
o'clock
.
•
The
courier
will
collect
the
package
tomorrow
morning
.
The
courier
will
collect
the
package
tomorrow
morning
.
verb
to
receive
money
that
is
owed
or
given
,
especially
as
payment
or
donation
•
The
landlord
comes
on
the
first
of
each
month
to
collect
the
rent
.
The
landlord
comes
on
the
first
of
each
month
to
collect
the
rent
.
•
Volunteers
stood
on
the
street
corner
to
collect
money
for
the
shelter
.
Volunteers
stood
on
the
street
corner
to
collect
money
for
the
shelter
.
adverb
with
the
telephone
charge
paid
by
the
person
who
receives
the
call
•
He
called
collect
because
he
had
no
coins
for
the
pay
phone
.
He
called
collect
because
he
had
no
coins
for
the
pay
phone
.
•
You
can
dial
the
operator
and
ask
to
place
the
call
collect
.
You
can
dial
the
operator
and
ask
to
place
the
call
collect
.
adjective
(
of
a
telephone
call
)
paid
for
by
the
person
who
receives
it
•
She
told
the
hotel
clerk
she
was
expecting
a
collect
call
from
her
son
.
She
told
the
hotel
clerk
she
was
expecting
a
collect
call
from
her
son
.
•
Back
then
,
making
a
collect
call
home
was
the
only
affordable
option
.
Back
then
,
making
a
collect
call
home
was
the
only
affordable
option
.
verb
to
calm
down
and
control
your
thoughts
or
emotions
so
you
can
act
effectively
•
She
took
a
deep
breath
to
collect
herself
before
going
on
stage
.
She
took
a
deep
breath
to
collect herself
before
going
on
stage
.
•
Give
me
a
moment
to
collect
my
thoughts
.
Give
me
a
moment
to
collect my thoughts
.
verb
to
gradually
increase
or
form
a
group
or
layer
over
time
•
Dust
tends
to
collect
on
the
bookshelf
if
I
don
’
t
clean
it
weekly
.
Dust
tends
to
collect
on
the
bookshelf
if
I
don
’
t
clean
it
weekly
.
•
Rainwater
collects
in
the
hollow
of
the
rock
after
a
storm
.
Rainwater
collects
in
the
hollow
of
the
rock
after
a
storm
.
noun
a
short
prayer
that
gathers
the
theme
of
a
church
service
,
usually
said
near
the
beginning
of
Christian
liturgy
•
The
priest
recited
the
collect
after
the
opening
hymn
.
The
priest
recited
the
collect
after
the
opening
hymn
.
•
Each
Sunday
has
its
own
specific
collect
in
the
Book
of
Common
Prayer
.
Each
Sunday
has
its
own
specific
collect
in
the
Book
of
Common
Prayer
.
From
Latin
‘
collecta
’,
meaning
‘
gathered
together
’,
referring
to
the
congregation
gathering
its
thoughts
in
prayer
.
totally
adverb
in
a
complete
or
absolute
way
;
entirely
•
After
weeks
of
cleaning
,
the
house
was
totally
spotless
.
After
weeks
of
cleaning
,
the
house
was
totally
spotless
.
•
The
new
phone
is
totally
different
from
the
old
model
.
The
new
phone
is
totally
different
from
the
old
model
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
“
total
”
+
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
interjection
used
to
show
strong
agreement
,
enthusiasm
,
or
affirmation
•
“
Do
you
want
to
go
surfing
this
weekend
?” “
Totally
!”
“
Do
you
want
to
go
surfing
this
weekend
?” “
Totally
!”
•
“
That
concert
was
amazing
.” “
Totally
—
best
night
ever
!”
“
That
concert
was
amazing
.” “
Totally
—
best
night
ever
!”
Extension
of
the
adverb
sense
to
an
affirmative
interjection
,
popularized
in
American
English
from
the
1980s
.
intelligence
noun
the
ability
to
learn
,
understand
,
and
think
clearly
and
logically
•
Puzzles
are
a
fun
way
to
sharpen
your
intelligence
.
Puzzles
are
a
fun
way
to
sharpen
your
intelligence
.
•
The
science
teacher
praised
Carlos
for
the
intelligence
he
showed
during
the
experiment
.
The
science
teacher
praised
Carlos
for
the
intelligence
he
showed
during
the
experiment
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
intelligentia
‘
understanding
’,
from
intelligere
‘
understand
’.
noun
secret
or
strategic
information
collected
about
an
enemy
,
competitor
,
or
situation
•
The
general
waited
for
fresh
intelligence
before
moving
his
troops
.
The
general
waited
for
fresh
intelligence
before
moving
his
troops
.
•
Accurate
market
intelligence
helped
the
company
beat
its
rivals
.
Accurate
market
intelligence
helped
the
company
beat
its
rivals
.
Military
use
attested
from
the
late
16th
century
,
originally
referring
to
information
obtained
by
spying
.
noun
a
government
or
military
organization
that
collects
and
analyzes
secret
information
•
He
decided
to
apply
for
a
job
with
naval
intelligence
.
He
decided
to
apply
for
a
job
with
naval
intelligence
.
•
Parliament
questioned
whether
the
country's
intelligence
had
warned
of
the
threat
in
time
.
Parliament
questioned
whether
the
country's
intelligence
had
warned
of
the
threat
in
time
.
Organizational
sense
arose
in
the
early
20th
century
as
governments
formalized
agencies
dedicated
to
gathering
information
.
recall
verb
to
remember
something
that
happened
in
the
past
•
I
suddenly
recall
the
smell
of
my
grandmother
’
s
pies
cooling
on
the
windowsill
.
I
suddenly
recall
the
smell
of
my
grandmother
’
s
pies
cooling
on
the
windowsill
.
•
Can
you
recall
where
you
left
the
car
keys
?
Can
you
recall
where
you
left
the
car
keys
?
From
Latin
recallō
‘
call
back
’ (
re-
‘
back
’
+
callō
‘
call
’).
verb
to
officially
order
someone
to
return
,
especially
from
a
job
,
post
,
or
place
•
The
government
decided
to
recall
its
ambassador
after
the
diplomatic
dispute
.
The
government
decided
to
recall
its
ambassador
after
the
diplomatic
dispute
.
•
All
soldiers
on
leave
were
recalled
to
base
when
the
emergency
was
declared
.
All
soldiers
on
leave
were
recalled
to
base
when
the
emergency
was
declared
.
verb
to
ask
customers
to
return
a
defective
or
unsafe
product
so
it
can
be
repaired
or
replaced
•
The
carmaker
had
to
recall
thousands
of
vehicles
because
of
faulty
brakes
.
The
carmaker
had
to
recall
thousands
of
vehicles
because
of
faulty
brakes
.
•
The
toy
company
quickly
recalled
the
dolls
after
reports
of
loose
parts
.
The
toy
company
quickly
recalled
the
dolls
after
reports
of
loose
parts
.
noun
the
ability
to
remember
information
or
experiences
•
Children
often
have
excellent
recall
for
stories
they
enjoy
.
Children
often
have
excellent
recall
for
stories
they
enjoy
.
•
Regular
practice
can
improve
your
memory
and
recall
.
Regular
practice
can
improve
your
memory
and
recall
.
noun
an
official
order
to
return
someone
or
something
•
The
sudden
recall
of
the
ambassador
surprised
many
analysts
.
The
sudden
recall
of
the
ambassador
surprised
many
analysts
.
•
During
wartime
,
a
recall
can
bring
reserve
forces
back
into
service
.
During
wartime
,
a
recall
can
bring
reserve
forces
back
into
service
.
noun
a
political
process
in
which
voters
can
remove
an
elected
official
from
office
before
the
end
of
the
term
•
Citizens
began
collecting
signatures
to
force
a
recall
of
the
mayor
.
Citizens
began
collecting
signatures
to
force
a
recall
of
the
mayor
.
•
The
governor
survived
the
recall
after
a
heated
campaign
.
The
governor
survived
the
recall
after
a
heated
campaign
.
football
noun
the
inflated
ball
used
in
any
form
of
football
game
•
The
football
bounced
off
the
crossbar
and
rolled
away
.
The
football
bounced
off
the
crossbar
and
rolled
away
.
•
Please
pump
more
air
into
the
football
before
the
match
.
Please
pump
more
air
into
the
football
before
the
match
.
Named
for
a
ball
that
was
originally
made
of
inflated
animal
bladder
encased
in
leather
.
noun
a
team
sport
played
with
a
round
ball
that
players
mainly
kick
and
try
to
get
into
the
opposing
goal
•
Every
Saturday
,
Liam
meets
his
friends
in
the
park
to
play
football
.
Every
Saturday
,
Liam
meets
his
friends
in
the
park
to
play
football
.
•
The
crowd
roared
when
the
home
team
scored
a
last-minute
football
goal
.
The
crowd
roared
when
the
home
team
scored
a
last-minute
football
goal
.
From
Middle
English
foteballe
,
combined
from
foot
+
ball
,
originally
describing
a
game
played
on
foot
with
a
ball
.
noun
a
North
American
sport
in
which
two
teams
try
to
move
an
oval
ball
down
a
field
to
score
touchdowns
or
field
goals
•
They
spent
Sunday
afternoon
watching
football
on
television
.
They
spent
Sunday
afternoon
watching
football
on
television
.
•
Jackson
trained
hard
all
summer
to
make
the
high-school
football
team
.
Jackson
trained
hard
all
summer
to
make
the
high-school
football
team
.
Originally
applied
to
various
ball
games
played
on
foot
;
in
the
United
States
it
evolved
into
a
distinct
handling
code
in
the
19th
century
.
noun
a
problem
,
issue
,
or
responsibility
that
different
people
keep
passing
around
without
resolving
,
often
used
in
the
phrase
“
political
football
”
•
The
budget
crisis
became
a
political
football
during
the
election
campaign
.
The
budget
crisis
became
a
political
football
during
the
election
campaign
.
•
Don
’
t
let
the
environmental
plan
turn
into
a
football
between
agencies
.
Don
’
t
let
the
environmental
plan
turn
into
a
football
between
agencies
.
Metaphoric
extension
from
the
idea
of
a
ball
being
kicked
back
and
forth
on
a
field
.
basically
adverb
in
the
most
important
or
fundamental
way
;
essentially
•
The
two
smartphones
are
basically
identical
;
the
difference
is
only
the
camera
.
The
two
smartphones
are
basically
identical
;
the
difference
is
only
the
camera
.
•
Water
and
ice
are
basically
the
same
substance
in
different
states
.
Water
and
ice
are
basically
the
same
substance
in
different
states
.
Formed
from
basic
+
-ally
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
to
mean
“
in
a
basic
manner
.”
adverb
used
in
conversation
to
introduce
or
emphasize
a
simple
summary
of
what
you
mean
•
Well
,
basically
,
the
movie
is
about
friendship
.
Well
,
basically
,
the
movie
is
about
friendship
.
•
Basically
,
if
you
follow
the
instructions
,
the
software
will
install
itself
.
Basically
,
if
you
follow
the
instructions
,
the
software
will
install
itself
.
Same
origin
as
the
fundamental
sense
;
its
use
as
a
discourse
marker
became
common
in
the
late
20th
century
.
theater
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
building
or
outdoor
space
with
a
stage
and
seats
where
people
watch
live
plays
,
concerts
,
or
other
performances
•
Our
class
took
a
trip
to
the
old
brick
theater
downtown
to
watch
a
Shakespeare
play
.
Our
class
took
a
trip
to
the
old
brick
theater
downtown
to
watch
a
Shakespeare
play
.
•
The
lights
dimmed
as
the
audience
settled
into
their
seats
inside
the
grand
theater
.
The
lights
dimmed
as
the
audience
settled
into
their
seats
inside
the
grand
theater
.
From
Middle
English
teatre
,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
theatrum
,
from
Ancient
Greek
theátron
“
place
for
viewing
”.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
building
with
screens
and
seats
where
people
watch
films
•
We
bought
popcorn
before
entering
the
theater
to
see
the
new
superhero
movie
.
We
bought
popcorn
before
entering
the
theater
to
see
the
new
superhero
movie
.
•
The
small
town
finally
got
a
modern
theater
with
reclining
seats
.
The
small
town
finally
got
a
modern
theater
with
reclining
seats
.
Extension
of
Sense
1
after
the
invention
of
motion
pictures
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
the
art
,
craft
,
and
academic
study
of
writing
,
producing
,
and
acting
in
live
dramatic
performances
•
She
majored
in
theater
at
college
and
hopes
to
direct
someday
.
She
majored
in
theater
at
college
and
hopes
to
direct
someday
.
•
Theater
has
been
his
passion
since
childhood
puppet
shows
.
Theater
has
been
his
passion
since
childhood
puppet
shows
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
sterile
room
in
a
hospital
where
surgeons
perform
operations
•
Nurses
wheeled
the
patient
into
the
theater
for
the
heart surgery
.
Nurses
wheeled
the
patient
into
the
theater
for
the
heart surgery
.
•
Only
sterile
clothing
is
allowed
inside
the
hospital
’
s
new
theater
.
Only
sterile
clothing
is
allowed
inside
the
hospital
’
s
new
theater
.
Borrowed
from
the
dramatic
sense
to
describe
a
room
where
action
is
closely
watched
,
first
used
in
18th-century
hospitals
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
large
geographic
area
where
important
military
events
happen
during
a
war
•
The
general
inspected
troops
stationed
in
the
Pacific
theater
.
The
general
inspected
troops
stationed
in
the
Pacific
theater
.
•
Supplies
were
flown
to
the
European
theater
throughout
the
war
.
Supplies
were
flown
to
the
European
theater
throughout
the
war
.
Military
use
arose
in
the
mid-19th
century
,
comparing
large-scale
war
zones
to
a
stage
where
major
actions
are
played
out
.
tradition
noun
the
passing
down
of
beliefs
,
customs
,
or
ways
of
doing
things
from
one
generation
to
the
next
•
According
to
ancient
tradition
,
the
villagers
float
paper
lanterns
down
the
river
at
dusk
.
According
to
ancient
tradition
,
the
villagers
float
paper
lanterns
down
the
river
at
dusk
.
•
Music
is
a
central
part
of
West
African
tradition
.
Music
is
a
central
part
of
West
African
tradition
.
From
Latin
‘
traditio
’
meaning
‘
a
handing
over
,
delivery
’,
derived
from
‘
tradere
’ ‘
to
hand
over
’.
noun
a
specific
custom
,
ritual
,
or
practice
that
a
group
or
person
regularly
follows
because
it
has
been
done
the
same
way
for
a
long
time
•
It
’
s
a
family
tradition
to
eat
pancakes
together
every
Sunday
morning
.
It
’
s
a
family
tradition
to
eat
pancakes
together
every
Sunday
morning
.
•
My
college
’
s
strangest
tradition
is
singing
the
school
song
on
the
library
steps
at
midnight
.
My
college
’
s
strangest
tradition
is
singing
the
school
song
on
the
library
steps
at
midnight
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Latin
‘
traditio
’
meaning
‘
handing
over
’.
poll
noun
a
survey
in
which
people
are
asked
questions
to
discover
what
they
think
about
something
•
Before
the
election
,
the
newspaper
published
a
poll
showing
the
mayor
had
60%
support
.
Before
the
election
,
the
newspaper
published
a
poll
showing
the
mayor
had
60%
support
.
•
The
company
ordered
a
customer
satisfaction
poll
to
improve
its
service
.
The
company
ordered
a
customer
satisfaction
poll
to
improve
its
service
.
verb
to
ask
many
people
the
same
questions
to
find
out
what
they
think
about
something
•
The
research
team
polled
1
,
000
voters
across
the
country
.
The
research
team
polled
1
,
000
voters
across
the
country
.
•
We
plan
to
poll
our
employees
about
remote
work
options
.
We
plan
to
poll
our
employees
about
remote
work
options
.
verb
to
receive
a
particular
number
of
votes
in
an
election
•
The
independent
candidate
polled
over
10
,
000
votes
in
the
city
.
The
independent
candidate
polled
over
10
,
000
votes
in
the
city
.
•
Our
party
hopes
to
poll
enough
support
to
win
a
majority
.
Our
party
hopes
to
poll
enough
support
to
win
a
majority
.
noun
the
top
of
a
person
’
s
or
animal
’
s
head
•
The
toddler
placed
a
sunny
hat
on
his
tiny
poll
.
The
toddler
placed
a
sunny
hat
on
his
tiny
poll
.
•
The
horse
shook
its
poll
to
chase
away
flies
.
The
horse
shook
its
poll
to
chase
away
flies
.
fully
adverb
completely
;
to
the
greatest
possible
extent
or
degree
.
•
Please
read
the
instructions
fully
before
starting
the
test
.
Please
read
the
instructions
fully
before
starting
the
test
.
•
The
factory
has
fully
switched
to
renewable
energy
sources
.
The
factory
has
fully
switched
to
renewable
energy
sources
.
From
Middle
English
fulliche
,
formed
from
full
+
-ly
.
adverb
used
to
emphasize
that
a
number
,
amount
,
or
period
of
time
is
as
large
as
stated
,
often
surprisingly
so
.
•
The
journey
will
take
fully
ten
hours
by
bus
.
The
journey
will
take
fully
ten
hours
by
bus
.
•
He
spent
fully
half
his
salary
on
the
new
guitar
.
He
spent
fully
half
his
salary
on
the
new
guitar
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
:
Middle
English
fulliche
,
from
full
+
-ly
.
The
emphatic
use
developed
in
the
18th
century
.
academic
adjective
relating
to
study
,
learning
,
or
scholarship
,
especially
in
schools
,
colleges
,
and
universities
.
•
Maria
earned
excellent
academic
grades
in
her
first
year
of
university
.
Maria
earned
excellent
academic
grades
in
her
first
year
of
university
.
•
The
school
offers
extra
academic
support
for
students
who
struggle
with
math
.
The
school
offers
extra
academic
support
for
students
who
struggle
with
math
.
From
Latin
academicus
,
relating
to
the
Academy
founded
by
Plato
.
village
noun
a
small
group
of
houses
and
other
buildings
in
the
countryside
,
larger
than
a
hamlet
but
smaller
than
a
town
,
together
with
the
surrounding
area
•
They
moved
from
the
crowded
city
to
a
quiet
village
surrounded
by
fields
.
They
moved
from
the
crowded
city
to
a
quiet
village
surrounded
by
fields
.
•
The
village
lies
on
the
riverbank
,
just
five
miles
from
the
town
.
The
village
lies
on
the
riverbank
,
just
five
miles
from
the
town
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
village
,
from
Latin
villaticus
relating
to
a
country
house
(
villa
).
noun
the
people
who
live
in
a
village
considered
as
a
community
•
The
whole
village
gathered
in
the
square
for
the
festival
.
The
whole
village
gathered
in
the
square
for
the
festival
.
•
When
the
storm
hit
,
the
village
came
together
to
repair
the
damaged
bridge
.
When
the
storm
hit
,
the
village
came
together
to
repair
the
damaged
bridge
.
noun
a
small
self-contained
district
inside
a
larger
city
,
resort
,
or
campus
that
has
its
own
housing
and
facilities
•
The
athletes
stayed
in
the
Olympic
village
during
the
games
.
The
athletes
stayed
in
the
Olympic
village
during
the
games
.
•
There's
a
new
shopping
village
just
off
the
highway
.
There's
a
new
shopping
village
just
off
the
highway
.
baseball
noun
-
baseball
A
bat-and-ball
sport
played
between
two
teams
of
nine
players
who
take
turns
batting
and
fielding
on
a
diamond-shaped
field
.
•
Every
Saturday
afternoon
,
families
gather
at
the
park
to
watch
the
local
kids'
baseball
league
.
Every
Saturday
afternoon
,
families
gather
at
the
park
to
watch
the
local
kids'
baseball
league
.
•
After
school
,
Carlos
grabs
his
glove
and
heads
to
the
field
to
practice
baseball
with
his
friends
.
After
school
,
Carlos
grabs
his
glove
and
heads
to
the
field
to
practice
baseball
with
his
friends
.
Originated
in
the
United
States
in
the
mid-19th
century
,
evolving
from
earlier
bat-and-ball
games
such
as
rounders
and
cricket
.
noun
A
small
white
leather-covered
ball
with
raised
red
stitching
that
is
hit
and
thrown
in
the
sport
of
baseball
.
•
The
pitcher
rubbed
a
fresh
baseball
between
his
hands
before
the
first
throw
.
The
pitcher
rubbed
a
fresh
baseball
between
his
hands
before
the
first
throw
.
•
Lena
displayed
the
signed
baseball
from
her
favorite
player
on
her
bedroom
shelf
.
Lena
displayed
the
signed
baseball
from
her
favorite
player
on
her
bedroom
shelf
.
Named
directly
from
the
sport
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
1800s
when
standardized
equipment
was
adopted
.
colleague
noun
a
person
you
work
with
in
the
same
company
,
department
,
or
profession
•
Maria
asked
her
colleague
Ben
to
proofread
the
report
.
Maria
asked
her
colleague
Ben
to
proofread
the
report
.
•
During
lunch
break
,
the
engineers
chatted
with
their
new
colleague
about
the
project
.
During
lunch
break
,
the
engineers
chatted
with
their
new
colleague
about
the
project
.
From
French
“
collègue
”,
from
Latin
“
collega
”
meaning
‘
one
chosen
along
with
another
,
partner
in
office
’.
theme
noun
-
theme
,
theming
,
themes
,
themed
the
main
subject
or
idea
that
is
repeated
and
developed
in
a
piece
of
writing
,
speech
,
film
,
painting
,
or
any
other
work
of
art
•
Courage
is
the
central
theme
of
the
novel
she
is
reading
.
Courage
is
the
central
theme
of
the
novel
she
is
reading
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
identify
the
theme
of
the
short
story
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
identify
the
theme
of
the
short
story
.
From
Greek
‘
thema
’
meaning
“
proposition
,
subject
”
via
Latin
and
Old
French
.
tall
adjective
-
tall
,
taller
,
tallest
having
greater
height
than
most
people
or
things
of
the
same
kind
•
The
tall
giraffe
could
reach
the
highest
leaves
on
the
tree
.
The
tall
giraffe
could
reach
the
highest
leaves
on
the
tree
.
•
My
brother
is
so
tall
that
he
has
to
duck
under
doorways
.
My
brother
is
so
tall
that
he
has
to
duck
under
doorways
.
Old
English
"
getæl
"
meaning
"
towering
,
lofty
"
evolved
through
Middle
English
into
the
modern
form
"
tall
",
originally
referring
to
size
and
grandeur
.
adjective
-
tall
,
taller
,
tallest
(
of
a
drink
)
served
in
a
high
glass
or
cup
,
containing
more
liquid
than
the
regular
size
•
I
ordered
a
tall
lemonade
to
cool
off
on
the
hot
day
.
I
ordered
a
tall
lemonade
to
cool
off
on
the
hot
day
.
•
The
waiter
brought
her
a
tall
glass
of
iced
tea
.
The
waiter
brought
her
a
tall
glass
of
iced
tea
.
Originated
in
American
restaurant
language
in
the
early
20th
century
,
referring
to
the
physical
height
of
the
glass
.
adjective
-
tall
,
taller
,
tallest
difficult
to
believe
because
it
seems
exaggerated
or
impossible
•
Grandpa
told
us
a
tall
story
about
wrestling
a
bear
with
his
bare
hands
.
Grandpa
told
us
a
tall
story
about
wrestling
a
bear
with
his
bare
hands
.
•
Sarah
knew
Tom's
claim
of
flying
a
plane
at
age
ten
was
a
tall
one
.
Sarah
knew
Tom's
claim
of
flying
a
plane
at
age
ten
was
a
tall
one
.
The
figurative
sense
emerged
in
the
18th
century
,
using
"
tall
"
metaphorically
for
something
that
stretches
credibility
just
as
great
height
stretches
upward
.
specifically
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
meant
for
one
particular
person
,
thing
,
or
purpose
and
not
for
others
•
This
course
was
designed
specifically
for
beginners
.
This
course
was
designed
specifically
for
beginners
.
•
He
bought
a
lightweight
camera
specifically
to
record
his
mountain-climbing
adventures
.
He
bought
a
lightweight
camera
specifically
to
record
his
mountain-climbing
adventures
.
formed
from
specific
+
-ally
in
the
late
17th
century
to
create
the
adverbial
form
adverb
used
to
give
exact
or
detailed
information
about
what
you
mean
•
We
need
to
know
specifically
how
much
the
repairs
will
cost
.
We
need
to
know
specifically
how
much
the
repairs
will
cost
.
•
Can
you
explain
specifically
what
went
wrong
during
the
test
?
Can
you
explain
specifically
what
went
wrong
during
the
test
?
formed
from
specific
+
-ally
in
the
late
17th
century
to
create
the
adverbial
form
excellent
adjective
extremely
good
;
of
the
highest
quality
•
Maria
cooked
an
excellent
dinner
that
everyone
loved
.
Maria
cooked
an
excellent
dinner
that
everyone
loved
.
•
The
students
wrote
excellent
essays
about
protecting
forests
.
The
students
wrote
excellent
essays
about
protecting
forests
.
From
Latin
“
excellens
”
meaning
“
surpassing
,
eminent
”,
from
“
excellere
” ‘
to
rise
up
,
surpass
’.
interjection
used
to
show
strong
approval
or
delight
•
You
finished
the
project
early
?
Excellent
!
You
finished
the
project
early
?
Excellent
!
•
“
I
got
promoted
today
.” — “
Excellent
!”
“
I
got
promoted
today
.” — “
Excellent
!”
Derived
from
the
adjective
“
excellent
”
used
elliptically
as
an
exclamation
since
the
17th
century
.
illegal
adjective
Not
allowed
by
the
law
or
by
official
rules
.
•
Selling
fireworks
without
a
license
is
illegal
in
many
countries
.
Selling
fireworks
without
a
license
is
illegal
in
many
countries
.
•
The
company
was
fined
for
its
illegal
dumping
of
waste
into
the
river
.
The
company
was
fined
for
its
illegal
dumping
of
waste
into
the
river
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Medieval
Latin
illegalis
,
formed
from
Latin
in-
‘
not
’
+
legalis
‘
legal
’.
noun
OFFENSIVE
:
A
person
who
is
in
a
country
without
legal
permission
to
live
or
work
there
.
•
The
headline
referred
to
the
migrants
simply
as
illegals
,
which
offended
many
readers
.
The
headline
referred
to
the
migrants
simply
as
illegals
,
which
offended
many
readers
.
•
She
explained
that
calling
someone
an
illegal
ignores
their
humanity
.
She
explained
that
calling
someone
an
illegal
ignores
their
humanity
.
Derived
in
the
mid-20th
century
from
the
adjective
‘
illegal
’,
used
as
a
shorthand
noun
.
valley
noun
a
long
stretch
of
lower
land
between
hills
or
mountains
,
usually
with
a
river
or
stream
running
along
its
bottom
.
•
From
the
cliff
top
we
looked
down
into
the
green
valley
far
below
.
From
the
cliff
top
we
looked
down
into
the
green
valley
far
below
.
•
The
river
winds
through
the
valley
before
reaching
the
sea
.
The
river
winds
through
the
valley
before
reaching
the
sea
.
Old
French
valee
,
from
Latin
vallis
meaning
“
valley
”.
noun
a
period
of
low
activity
,
success
,
or
mood
that
comes
between
higher
,
better
periods
,
often
contrasted
with
a
peak
.
•
After
the
company
hit
a
sales
valley
,
profits
began
to
rise
again
.
After
the
company
hit
a
sales
valley
,
profits
began
to
rise
again
.
•
Everyone
experiences
peaks
and
valleys
in
their
career
.
Everyone
experiences
peaks
and
valleys
in
their
career
.
noun
the
internal
angle
formed
where
two
sloping
sections
of
a
roof
meet
,
which
channels
rainwater
away
.
•
Leaves
had
clogged
the
roof
valley
,
causing
leaks
.
Leaves
had
clogged
the
roof
valley
,
causing
leaks
.
•
Install
flashing
along
the
valley
to
prevent
water
penetration
.
Install
flashing
along
the
valley
to
prevent
water
penetration
.
metal
noun
-
metal
,
metalling
,
metals
,
metalled
a
solid
chemical
element
or
alloy
such
as
iron
,
gold
,
or
aluminium
that
is
usually
hard
,
shiny
,
and
able
to
conduct
heat
and
electricity
•
The
bridge
is
built
from
strong
metal
to
carry
thousands
of
cars
each
day
.
The
bridge
is
built
from
strong
metal
to
carry
thousands
of
cars
each
day
.
•
When
heated
,
the
metal
sheet
expanded
slightly
and
changed
shape
.
When
heated
,
the
metal
sheet
expanded
slightly
and
changed
shape
.
from
Old
French
metal
,
from
Latin
metallum
“
mine
,
metal
,”
from
Ancient
Greek
métallon
“
mine
,
quarry
,
metal
.”
overall
adjective
including
or
covering
everything
;
taken
as
a
whole
•
The
overall
cost
of
the
project
was
lower
than
expected
.
The
overall
cost
of
the
project
was
lower
than
expected
.
•
Her
overall
health
improved
after
she
started
exercising
regularly
.
Her
overall
health
improved
after
she
started
exercising
regularly
.
From
over
+
all
,
originally
meaning
"
everywhere
on
"
in
Middle
English
,
later
developing
the
sense
of
"
including
everything
".
adverb
when
everything
is
considered
;
in
general
•
Overall
,
the
concert
was
a
huge
success
.
Overall
,
the
concert
was
a
huge
success
.
•
The
weather
was
rainy
,
but
we
had
fun
overall
.
The
weather
was
rainy
,
but
we
had
fun
overall
.
Adverbial
use
evolved
in
the
18th
century
from
the
adjective
,
carrying
the
meaning
"
taken
as
a
whole
."
noun
a
loose
protective
piece
of
clothing
,
usually
with
long
sleeves
,
worn
over
ordinary
clothes
to
keep
them
clean
•
The
mechanic
hung
his
oily
blue
overall
on
a
hook
.
The
mechanic
hung
his
oily
blue
overall
on
a
hook
.
•
She
wears
a
white
overall
while
painting
to
protect
her
clothes
.
She
wears
a
white
overall
while
painting
to
protect
her
clothes
.
Originally
plural
"
overalls
"
in
the
19th
century
for
trousers
worn
over
regular
clothes
;
later
also
used
in
singular
for
the
full
protective
garment
.
personally
adverb
used
to
introduce
the
speaker
’
s
own
opinion
or
preference
•
Personally
,
I
like
working
early
in
the
morning
when
it
’
s
quiet
.
Personally
,
I
like
working
early
in
the
morning
when
it
’
s
quiet
.
•
Personally
,
I
don
’
t
think
the
movie
was
very
funny
.
Personally
,
I
don
’
t
think
the
movie
was
very
funny
.
adverb
by
oneself
and
not
through
another
person
or
by
distance
;
in
person
•
The
CEO
personally
greeted
every
new
employee
on
their
first
day
.
The
CEO
personally
greeted
every
new
employee
on
their
first
day
.
•
I
’
d
like
to
thank
you
personally
for
your
help
last
week
.
I
’
d
like
to
thank
you
personally
for
your
help
last
week
.
adverb
in
a
way
that
affects
or
is
meant
for
one
particular
person
,
especially
emotionally
•
Don
’
t
take
the
criticism
personally
;
it
’
s
about
the
work
,
not
you
.
Don
’
t
take
the
criticism
personally
;
it
’
s
about
the
work
,
not
you
.
•
He
felt
personally
responsible
when
the
project
failed
.
He
felt
personally
responsible
when
the
project
failed
.
initial
verb
-
initial
,
initialing
,
initials
,
initialed
,
initialled
to
sign
a
document
by
writing
your
initials
as
a
quick
form
of
approval
•
Please
initial
each
page
before
you
submit
the
contract
.
Please
initial
each
page
before
you
submit
the
contract
.
•
The
nurse
asked
me
to
initial
the
consent
form
.
The
nurse
asked
me
to
initial
the
consent
form
.
Verb
use
attested
from
the
19th
century
,
from
the
noun
sense
of
“
initial
.”
carefully
adverb
in
a
way
that
avoids
danger
,
damage
,
or
mistakes
by
paying
close
attention
to
what
you
are
doing
•
She
carried
the
sleeping
baby
carefully
up
the
stairs
.
She
carried
the
sleeping
baby
carefully
up
the
stairs
.
•
The
chemist
poured
the
acid
carefully
into
the
beaker
.
The
chemist
poured
the
acid
carefully
into
the
beaker
.
From
the
adjective
“
careful
”
+
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
adverb
in
a
thorough
and
attentive
way
,
so
that
every
detail
is
checked
or
considered
•
Please
read
the
instructions
carefully
before
starting
the
test
.
Please
read
the
instructions
carefully
before
starting
the
test
.
•
The
detective
examined
the
clue
carefully
.
The
detective
examined
the
clue
carefully
.
From
the
adjective
“
careful
”
+
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
analyst
noun
-
analyse
,
analysing
,
analyses
,
analysed
a
person
who
carefully
studies
information
,
events
,
or
situations
in
order
to
understand
them
and
explain
their
meaning
•
The
company
hired
an
analyst
to
examine
customer
feedback
and
spot
trends
.
The
company
hired
an
analyst
to
examine
customer
feedback
and
spot
trends
.
•
As
a
sports
analyst
,
she
broke
down
each
team's
strategy
on
live
TV
.
As
a
sports
analyst
,
she
broke
down
each
team's
strategy
on
live
TV
.
From
analyze
+
-ist
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
early
19th
century
.
noun
-
analyse
,
analysing
,
analyses
,
analysed
a
person
who
studies
companies
,
markets
,
and
economic
data
to
give
advice
or
predictions
about
investing
•
The
bank's
senior
analyst
predicted
that
oil
prices
would
fall
next
year
.
The
bank's
senior
analyst
predicted
that
oil
prices
would
fall
next
year
.
•
Many
investors
rely
on
a
financial
analyst's
quarterly
reports
before
buying
stocks
.
Many
investors
rely
on
a
financial
analyst's
quarterly
reports
before
buying
stocks
.
noun
-
analyse
,
analysing
,
analyses
,
analysed
(
informal
)
short
for
psychoanalyst
,
a
therapist
trained
in
psychoanalysis
•
After
her
anxiety
worsened
,
she
began
weekly
sessions
with
an
analyst
.
After
her
anxiety
worsened
,
she
began
weekly
sessions
with
an
analyst
.
•
The
famous
analyst
wrote
several
papers
on
dream
interpretation
.
The
famous
analyst
wrote
several
papers
on
dream
interpretation
.
smell
noun
the
natural
ability
of
people
and
animals
to
notice
odors
through
the
nose
•
After
catching
a
cold
,
Maria
lost
her
smell
for
a
week
.
After
catching
a
cold
,
Maria
lost
her
smell
for
a
week
.
•
Dogs
have
a
far
better
smell
than
humans
.
Dogs
have
a
far
better
smell
than
humans
.
Old
English
‘
smellan
’,
meaning
‘
perceive
an
odor
’,
related
to
Dutch
‘
smellen
’
and
German
‘
schmecken
’.
noun
an
odor
that
can
be
noticed
,
whether
pleasant
or
unpleasant
•
The
kitchen
was
filled
with
the
sweet
smell
of
fresh
bread
.
The
kitchen
was
filled
with
the
sweet
smell
of
fresh
bread
.
•
An
unpleasant
smell
came
from
the
garbage
bin
.
An
unpleasant
smell
came
from
the
garbage
bin
.
verb
-
smell
,
smelling
,
smells
,
smelled
,
smelt
to
notice
an
odor
through
your
nose
•
She
smelled
the
rose
and
smiled
.
She
smelled
the
rose
and
smiled
.
•
Can
you
smell
the
smoke
coming
from
the
fireplace
?
Can
you
smell
the
smoke
coming
from
the
fireplace
?
verb
-
smell
,
smelling
,
smells
,
smelled
,
smelt
to
have
a
particular
odor
•
The
fish
smells
bad
;
we
should
throw
it
away
.
The
fish
smells
bad
;
we
should
throw
it
away
.
•
This
shampoo
smells
like
coconut
.
This
shampoo
smells
like
coconut
.
verb
to
strongly
suspect
that
something
is
wrong
or
dishonest
•
I
smell
trouble
coming
if
we
don't
act
now
.
I
smell
trouble
coming
if
we
don't
act
now
.
•
The
journalist
smelled
a
lie
in
the
politician's
answer
.
The
journalist
smelled
a
lie
in
the
politician's
answer
.
basketball
noun
-
basketball
a
fast-moving
team
sport
in
which
two
teams
try
to
score
by
throwing
a
large
round
ball
through
a
high
hoop
with
a
net
•
Every
Friday
after
school
,
Mia
and
her
friends
play
basketball
on
the
outdoor
court
.
Every
Friday
after
school
,
Mia
and
her
friends
play
basketball
on
the
outdoor
court
.
•
The
Olympics
feature
basketball
games
that
millions
of
people
watch
around
the
world
.
The
Olympics
feature
basketball
games
that
millions
of
people
watch
around
the
world
.
coined
in
1891
by
James
Naismith
,
combining
the
words
“
basket
”
and
“
ball
”
to
describe
the
game
he
invented
using
peach
baskets
as
goals
noun
the
large
round
orange
ball
with
black
seams
that
players
use
in
the
game
of
basketball
•
She
dribbled
the
new
basketball
across
the
court
before
taking
a
shot
.
She
dribbled
the
new
basketball
across
the
court
before
taking
a
shot
.
•
The
old
basketball
lost
air
,
so
it
bounced
unevenly
during
practice
.
The
old
basketball
lost
air
,
so
it
bounced
unevenly
during
practice
.
named
after
the
sport
of
basketball
,
for
which
the
ball
was
specially
designed
in
the
late
19th
century
typically
adverb
in
most
situations
or
on
average
;
normally
•
Typically
,
the
store
opens
at
nine
o'clock
each
morning
.
Typically
,
the
store
opens
at
nine
o'clock
each
morning
.
•
Winter
here
is
typically
cold
and
snowy
.
Winter
here
is
typically
cold
and
snowy
.
formed
from
the
adjective
“
typical
”
+
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
mid-19th
century
adverb
in
a
way
that
shows
the
usual
qualities
of
a
particular
person
,
group
,
or
thing
;
characteristically
•
Typically
,
Oliver
cracks
a
joke
when
the
meeting
gets
tense
.
Typically
,
Oliver
cracks
a
joke
when
the
meeting
gets
tense
.
•
In
her
rush
,
Lisa
typically
forgets
her
umbrella
at
home
.
In
her
rush
,
Lisa
typically
forgets
her
umbrella
at
home
.
See
etymology
of
sense
1
;
same
origin
.
signal
verb
-
signal
,
signalling
,
signals
,
signaled
,
signalled
to
make
a
gesture
,
sound
,
or
action
in
order
to
give
information
or
tell
someone
to
do
something
•
The
lifeguard
signaled
swimmers
to
come
back
to
shore
.
The
lifeguard
signaled
swimmers
to
come
back
to
shore
.
•
If
you
need
the
bill
,
just
signal
the
waiter
by
raising
your
hand
.
If
you
need
the
bill
,
just
signal
the
waiter
by
raising
your
hand
.
yellow
adjective
-
yellow
,
yellower
,
yellowest
having
the
bright
color
that
is
between
green
and
orange
in
the
rainbow
•
The
bright
sunflower
has
big
yellow
petals
.
The
bright
sunflower
has
big
yellow
petals
.
•
He
painted
his
bedroom
walls
light
yellow
to
make
the
room
look
bigger
.
He
painted
his
bedroom
walls
light
yellow
to
make
the
room
look
bigger
.
noun
the
bright
color
between
green
and
orange
•
Yellow
is
my
sister
’
s
favorite
color
.
Yellow
is
my
sister
’
s
favorite
color
.
•
The
artist
mixed
red
and
green
but
got
a
muddy
yellow
instead
.
The
artist
mixed
red
and
green
but
got
a
muddy
yellow
instead
.
verb
to
become
yellow
or
to
make
something
yellow
•
The
pages
of
the
old
book
had
yellowed
with
age
.
The
pages
of
the
old
book
had
yellowed
with
age
.
•
If
you
leave
the
newspaper
in
the
sun
,
it
quickly
yellows
.
If
you
leave
the
newspaper
in
the
sun
,
it
quickly
yellows
.
adjective
-
yellow
,
yellower
,
yellowest
(
informal
)
afraid
to
take
a
risk
or
act
bravely
•
Don't
be
yellow
—
go
and
apologize
to
her
.
Don't
be
yellow
—
go
and
apologize
to
her
.
•
The
boxer
was
called
yellow
for
refusing
to
fight
.
The
boxer
was
called
yellow
for
refusing
to
fight
.
literally
adverb
in
the
exact
,
real
,
or
most
basic
sense
,
without
exaggeration
or
metaphor
•
The
house
is
literally
next
door
to
the
school
.
The
house
is
literally
next
door
to
the
school
.
•
Water
will
literally
boil
at
100
°C
when
you
are
at
sea
level
.
Water
will
literally
boil
at
100
°C
when
you
are
at
sea
level
.
From
Middle
English
literal
+
-ly
,
meaning
“
in
a
literal
manner
.”
adverb
(
informal
)
used
to
add
emphasis
,
even
when
the
statement
is
not
true
in
the
exact
sense
•
My
backpack
is
so
heavy
;
it's
literally
killing
my
shoulders
.
My
backpack
is
so
heavy
;
it's
literally
killing
my
shoulders
.
•
She
was
literally
bouncing
off
the
walls
with
excitement
after
getting
the
job
offer
.
She
was
literally
bouncing
off
the
walls
with
excitement
after
getting
the
job
offer
.
Sense
extension
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
as
an
intensifier
.
fellow
noun
an
informal
word
for
a
man
or
boy
•
A
friendly
fellow
helped
me
carry
my
groceries
up
the
stairs
.
A
friendly
fellow
helped
me
carry
my
groceries
up
the
stairs
.
•
The
fellow
at
the
ticket
counter
answered
all
our
questions
with
a
smile
.
The
fellow
at
the
ticket
counter
answered
all
our
questions
with
a
smile
.
adjective
belonging
to
the
same
group
,
activity
,
or
situation
as
you
•
During
orientation
,
we
met
our
fellow
students
from
different
countries
.
During
orientation
,
we
met
our
fellow
students
from
different
countries
.
•
She
apologized
to
her
fellow
passengers
for
blocking
the
aisle
.
She
apologized
to
her
fellow
passengers
for
blocking
the
aisle
.
noun
a
member
of
a
university
,
college
,
or
learned
society
who
receives
a
special
scholarship
,
position
,
or
honor
•
After
completing
his
PhD
,
Luis
became
a
research
fellow
at
the
university
.
After
completing
his
PhD
,
Luis
became
a
research
fellow
at
the
university
.
•
The
Royal
Society
elected
her
a
fellow
for
her
groundbreaking
work
in
physics
.
The
Royal
Society
elected
her
a
fellow
for
her
groundbreaking
work
in
physics
.
essentially
adverb
in
its
most
basic
or
fundamental
form
;
in
essence
•
A
diamond
is
essentially
pure
carbon
arranged
in
a
crystal
lattice
.
A
diamond
is
essentially
pure
carbon
arranged
in
a
crystal
lattice
.
•
Although
the
two
proposals
look
different
,
they
are
essentially
the
same
in
purpose
.
Although
the
two
proposals
look
different
,
they
are
essentially
the
same
in
purpose
.
adverb
for
the
most
part
;
basically
;
almost
entirely
•
The
restaurant
was
essentially
empty
by
the
time
we
arrived
.
The
restaurant
was
essentially
empty
by
the
time
we
arrived
.
•
She
did
essentially
all
the
work
herself
.
She
did
essentially
all
the
work
herself
.
ally
noun
-
ally
,
allies
a
person
,
group
,
or
country
that
supports
and
works
with
another
toward
a
shared
goal
,
especially
in
times
of
difficulty
or
conflict
•
During
World
War
II
,
the
United
States
was
an
important
ally
of
the
United
Kingdom
.
During
World
War
II
,
the
United
States
was
an
important
ally
of
the
United
Kingdom
.
•
When
the
shy
student
spoke
,
her
best
friend
acted
as
an
ally
and
encouraged
the
class
to
listen
.
When
the
shy
student
spoke
,
her
best
friend
acted
as
an
ally
and
encouraged
the
class
to
listen
.
From
Old
French
"
alié
" (
related
,
connected
)
and
Latin
"
alligare
"
meaning
“
to
bind
to
.”
noun
-
ally
,
allies
a
person
who
actively
supports
and
stands
up
for
a
marginalized
group
they
are
not
a
member
of
•
Although
he
is
not
LGBTQ+
,
Jake
proudly
calls
himself
an
ally
and
marches
in
pride
parades
.
Although
he
is
not
LGBTQ+
,
Jake
proudly
calls
himself
an
ally
and
marches
in
pride
parades
.
•
The
organization
offered
workshops
to
teach
employees
how
to
be
an
ally
to
people
with
disabilities
.
The
organization
offered
workshops
to
teach
employees
how
to
be
an
ally
to
people
with
disabilities
.
Extended
social-justice
sense
developed
in
the
late
20th
century
from
the
older
political
meaning
of
ally
.
verb
-
ally
,
allying
,
allies
,
allied
to
join
or
connect
yourself
or
someone
else
with
another
person
,
group
,
or
country
for
support
•
Several
small
nations
decided
to
ally
with
a
larger
power
for
protection
.
Several
small
nations
decided
to
ally
with
a
larger
power
for
protection
.
•
To
pass
the
new
law
,
the
senator
allied
herself
with
environmental
groups
.
To
pass
the
new
law
,
the
senator
allied
herself
with
environmental
groups
.
Verb
sense
from
Old
French
"
alier
"
and
Latin
"
alligare
"
meaning
“
to
bind
to
or
tie
.”
killer
noun
a
person
who
deliberately
ends
another
person
’
s
life
;
a
murderer
•
The
police
finally
caught
the
killer
after
a
week-long
chase
.
The
police
finally
caught
the
killer
after
a
week-long
chase
.
•
Detectives
searched
the
abandoned
house
for
clues
left
by
the
killer
.
Detectives
searched
the
abandoned
house
for
clues
left
by
the
killer
.
From
Middle
English
kilour
,
formed
from
the
verb
“
kill
”
+
“
-er
” (
agent
suffix
),
first
recorded
in
the
14th
century
.
noun
an
animal
,
disease
,
or
other
thing
that
causes
death
•
Smoking
is
often
called
the
silent
killer
because
its
damage
builds
up
over
years
.
Smoking
is
often
called
the
silent
killer
because
its
damage
builds
up
over
years
.
•
Malaria
remains
a
major
killer
in
many
tropical
countries
.
Malaria
remains
a
major
killer
in
many
tropical
countries
.
noun
something
that
is
extremely
hard
,
tiring
,
or
unpleasant
to
endure
•
Yesterday
’
s
10-mile
run
was
a
killer
.
Yesterday
’
s
10-mile
run
was
a
killer
.
•
That
maths
exam
was
a
real
killer
.
That
maths
exam
was
a
real
killer
.
adjective
(
informal
)
extremely
good
,
impressive
,
or
effective
•
She
played
a
killer
guitar
solo
that
amazed
the
crowd
.
She
played
a
killer
guitar
solo
that
amazed
the
crowd
.
•
They
served
a
killer
chocolate
cake
at
the
party
.
They
served
a
killer
chocolate
cake
at
the
party
.
adjective
causing
death
;
deadly
or
extremely
dangerous
•
Scientists
are
racing
to
stop
the
spread
of
a
killer
virus
.
Scientists
are
racing
to
stop
the
spread
of
a
killer
virus
.
•
A
killer
storm
is
heading
toward
the
coast
.
A
killer
storm
is
heading
toward
the
coast
.
philosophy
noun
-
philosophy
,
philosophies
the
academic
study
that
seeks
to
understand
the
deepest
questions
about
existence
,
knowledge
,
values
,
reason
,
and
language
•
At
university
,
Nora
decided
to
major
in
philosophy
because
she
loved
debating
questions
about
reality
and
truth
.
At
university
,
Nora
decided
to
major
in
philosophy
because
she
loved
debating
questions
about
reality
and
truth
.
•
Ancient
Greek
philosophy
still
shapes
how
we
think
about
ethics
today
.
Ancient
Greek
philosophy
still
shapes
how
we
think
about
ethics
today
.
From
Old
French
philosophie
,
from
Latin
philosophia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
philosophía
meaning
“
love
of
wisdom
”.
install
verb
to
put
equipment
,
furniture
,
or
a
system
in
place
and
make
it
ready
to
use
•
The
plumber
will
install
the
new
sink
tomorrow
.
The
plumber
will
install
the
new
sink
tomorrow
.
•
Technicians
are
installing
solar
panels
on
our
roof
today
.
Technicians
are
installing
solar
panels
on
our
roof
today
.
From
Middle
French
installer
,
from
Medieval
Latin
installare
,
from
in-
“
in
”
+
stallum
“
place
,
stall
”.
Originally
referred
to
placing
someone
in
an
official
seat
.
verb
to
put
computer
software
onto
a
device
so
it
can
be
used
•
I
need
to
install
the
latest
update
before
the
game
will
run
.
I
need
to
install
the
latest
update
before
the
game
will
run
.
•
She
is
installing
a
photo-editing
app
on
her
tablet
.
She
is
installing
a
photo-editing
app
on
her
tablet
.
verb
to
formally
place
someone
in
an
important
job
or
position
•
The
committee
installed
her
as
the
new
chairperson
after
the
vote
.
The
committee
installed
her
as
the
new
chairperson
after
the
vote
.
•
A
solemn
ceremony
will
install
the
archbishop
next
week
.
A
solemn
ceremony
will
install
the
archbishop
next
week
.
noun
an
act
of
putting
software
onto
a
computer
,
or
the
software
package
itself
•
The
game
was
a
3-gigabyte
install
that
took
ten
minutes
.
The
game
was
a
3-gigabyte
install
that
took
ten
minutes
.
•
After
a
clean
install
,
the
laptop
ran
much
faster
.
After
a
clean
install
,
the
laptop
ran
much
faster
.
illness
noun
-
illness
,
illnesses
the
state
of
being
physically
or
mentally
unwell
•
After
three
days
of
illness
,
he
finally
felt
well
enough
to
return
to
school
.
After
three
days
of
illness
,
he
finally
felt
well
enough
to
return
to
school
.
•
Regular
exercise
can
reduce
the
risk
of
illness
.
Regular
exercise
can
reduce
the
risk
of
illness
.
From
Middle
English
"
illness
",
formed
from
"
ill
"
+
"
-ness
"
in
the
15th
century
,
replacing
earlier
"
illhede
".
noun
-
illness
,
illnesses
a
particular
disease
or
period
of
sickness
that
affects
the
body
or
mind
•
The
doctor
diagnosed
her
with
a
rare
illness
.
The
doctor
diagnosed
her
with
a
rare
illness
.
•
Childhood
illnesses
like
measles
are
now
less
common
.
Childhood
illnesses
like
measles
are
now
less
common
.
See
etymology
of
Sense
1
above
;
same
origin
applies
.
fiction
noun
-
fictionalize
,
fictionalizing
,
fictionalizes
,
fictionalized
books
and
stories
about
events
and
characters
that
are
invented
,
not
real
•
Ella
loves
reading
historical
fiction
set
in
ancient
Rome
.
Ella
loves
reading
historical
fiction
set
in
ancient
Rome
.
•
The
library's
fiction
section
was
twice
as
large
as
the
nonfiction
shelves
.
The
library's
fiction
section
was
twice
as
large
as
the
nonfiction
shelves
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
fictio
‘
the
act
of
fashioning
,
a
feigning
’,
from
fingere
‘
form
,
contrive
’.
noun
-
fictionalize
,
fictionalizing
,
fictionalizes
,
fictionalized
something
that
is
invented
or
imagined
and
is
not
true
•
The
rumor
that
the
school
would
close
was
pure
fiction
.
The
rumor
that
the
school
would
close
was
pure
fiction
.
•
He
maintained
the
fiction
that
he
was
rich
,
but
everyone
knew
the
truth
.
He
maintained
the
fiction
that
he
was
rich
,
but
everyone
knew
the
truth
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
fictio
‘
the
act
of
fashioning
,
a
feigning
’,
from
fingere
‘
form
,
contrive
’.
yell
verb
to
shout
in
a
loud
,
sharp
voice
,
often
because
you
are
angry
,
excited
,
or
trying
to
be
heard
•
Please
don
’
t
yell
at
your
sister
;
she
’
s
only
trying
to
help
.
Please
don
’
t
yell
at
your
sister
;
she
’
s
only
trying
to
help
.
•
The
fans
began
to
yell
with
joy
when
their
team
scored
the
winning
goal
.
The
fans
began
to
yell
with
joy
when
their
team
scored
the
winning
goal
.
Old
English
‘
gellan
’
and
Old
Norse
‘
gella
’
both
meaning
‘
to
shout
or
sing
loudly
’;
related
to
‘
yowl
’.
noun
a
loud
,
sharp
shout
•
Suddenly
we
heard
a
yell
coming
from
the
playground
.
Suddenly
we
heard
a
yell
coming
from
the
playground
.
•
With
a
mighty
yell
,
the
runner
crossed
the
finish
line
and
raised
her
arms
in
victory
.
With
a
mighty
yell
,
the
runner
crossed
the
finish
line
and
raised
her
arms
in
victory
.
From
the
verb
‘
yell
’,
which
dates
back
to
Old
English
and
Old
Norse
roots
meaning
‘
to
shout
loudly
’.
equally
adverb
to
the
same
degree
or
level
•
Both
twins
are
equally
talented
at
playing
the
piano
.
Both
twins
are
equally
talented
at
playing
the
piano
.
•
The
two
cities
are
equally
famous
for
their
historic
buildings
.
The
two
cities
are
equally
famous
for
their
historic
buildings
.
adverb
in
equal
parts
or
amounts
•
They
divided
the
prize
money
equally
among
the
three
winners
.
They
divided
the
prize
money
equally
among
the
three
winners
.
•
Cut
the
paper
equally
down
the
middle
.
Cut
the
paper
equally
down
the
middle
.
adverb
used
to
introduce
another
fact
that
is
just
as
important
•
The
project
is
expensive
;
equally
,
it
will
take
a
long
time
to
finish
.
The
project
is
expensive
;
equally
,
it
will
take
a
long
time
to
finish
.
•
You
must
practice
regularly
;
equally
,
you
should
rest
when
you
are
tired
.
You
must
practice
regularly
;
equally
,
you
should
rest
when
you
are
tired
.
gallery
noun
-
gallery
,
galleries
a
public
room
or
building
where
works
of
art
are
shown
so
that
people
can
look
at
or
buy
them
•
We
spent
the
afternoon
exploring
a
modern
gallery
full
of
abstract
paintings
.
We
spent
the
afternoon
exploring
a
modern
gallery
full
of
abstract
paintings
.
•
The
town
’
s
new
art
gallery
hosts
exhibitions
by
local
artists
every
month
.
The
town
’
s
new
art
gallery
hosts
exhibitions
by
local
artists
every
month
.
from
Old
French
galerie
,
from
Medieval
Latin
galeria
,
meaning
a
covered
walk
or
porch
potentially
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
possible
or
could
happen
,
exist
,
or
develop
in
the
future
•
The
new
medicine
could
potentially
save
thousands
of
lives
if
the
trials
succeed
.
The
new
medicine
could
potentially
save
thousands
of
lives
if
the
trials
succeed
.
•
Leaving
the
door
unlocked
is
potentially
dangerous
.
Leaving
the
door
unlocked
is
potentially
dangerous
.
From
potential
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
15th
century
meaning
“
in
a
state
of
potency
.”
It
developed
its
modern
sense
of
“
possibly
”
in
the
19th
century
.
virtually
adverb
almost
or
nearly
,
so
that
for
practical
purposes
it
is
true
•
The
huge
theater
was
virtually
empty
after
the
rainstorm
cleared
the
streets
.
The
huge
theater
was
virtually
empty
after
the
rainstorm
cleared
the
streets
.
•
With
a
good
GPS
,
it
is
virtually
impossible
to
get
lost
in
this
city
.
With
a
good
GPS
,
it
is
virtually
impossible
to
get
lost
in
this
city
.
From
Middle
English
virtual
+
-ly
,
originally
meaning
“
in
essence
”
and
later
“
almost
,
nearly
.”
adverb
by
means
of
computers
,
the
internet
,
or
virtual
reality
rather
than
physical
presence
•
During
the
pandemic
,
students
attended
classes
virtually
from
their
bedrooms
.
During
the
pandemic
,
students
attended
classes
virtually
from
their
bedrooms
.
•
The
architect
gave
a
tour
of
the
new
museum
virtually
using
a
3D
model
.
The
architect
gave
a
tour
of
the
new
museum
virtually
using
a
3D
model
.
Extended
from
the
earlier
sense
of
“
almost
”
to
describe
actions
carried
out
in
virtual
environments
with
computers
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
20th
century
.
normally
adverb
usually
or
in
most
situations
•
We
normally
eat
dinner
at
six
o'clock
.
We
normally
eat
dinner
at
six
o'clock
.
•
It
normally
takes
me
half
an
hour
to
walk
to
work
.
It
normally
takes
me
half
an
hour
to
walk
to
work
.
adverb
in
a
regular
,
healthy
,
or
proper
way
•
After
the
repair
,
the
machine
is
functioning
normally
again
.
After
the
repair
,
the
machine
is
functioning
normally
again
.
•
She
could
not
breathe
normally
after
running
up
the
stairs
.
She
could
not
breathe
normally
after
running
up
the
stairs
.
professional
noun
a
person
with
special
training
and
qualifications
who
does
a
skilled
job
as
their
main
paid
work
•
The
hospital
hired
a
professional
to
maintain
its
computer
network
.
The
hospital
hired
a
professional
to
maintain
its
computer
network
.
•
If
you
are
unsure
about
your
taxes
,
talk
to
a
financial
professional
.
If
you
are
unsure
about
your
taxes
,
talk
to
a
financial
professional
.
noun
a
person
who
earns
money
by
playing
a
sport
or
doing
an
activity
that
many
people
do
only
for
fun
•
After
years
of
practice
,
Maya
finally
became
a
tennis
professional
.
After
years
of
practice
,
Maya
finally
became
a
tennis
professional
.
•
The
golf
professional
gave
us
a
lesson
on
improving
our
swing
.
The
golf
professional
gave
us
a
lesson
on
improving
our
swing
.
adjective
connected
with
the
work
,
standards
,
or
rules
of
people
who
are
specially
trained
in
a
particular
job
•
She
wore
a
suit
to
give
a
professional
presentation
to
the
clients
.
She
wore
a
suit
to
give
a
professional
presentation
to
the
clients
.
•
The
company
is
seeking
professional
advice
before
expanding
overseas
.
The
company
is
seeking
professional
advice
before
expanding
overseas
.
adjective
done
as
a
paid
occupation
rather
than
as
a
hobby
•
He
bought
a
high-end
camera
because
he
is
a
professional
photographer
.
He
bought
a
high-end
camera
because
he
is
a
professional
photographer
.
•
The
town
invited
a
professional
chef
to
judge
the
cooking
contest
.
The
town
invited
a
professional
chef
to
judge
the
cooking
contest
.
adjective
showing
the
skill
,
care
,
and
responsible
behaviour
expected
in
paid
skilled
work
•
Despite
the
noisy
crowd
,
the
actor
stayed
professional
on
stage
.
Despite
the
noisy
crowd
,
the
actor
stayed
professional
on
stage
.
•
Her
email
was
short
,
clear
,
and
professional
.
Her
email
was
short
,
clear
,
and
professional
.
so-called
adjective
used
before
a
noun
when
you
think
the
name
or
description
is
wrong
,
exaggerated
,
or
you
do
not
approve
of
it
•
The
so-called
experts
totally
misread
the
weather
forecast
and
caused
chaos
at
the
outdoor
event
.
The
so-called
experts
totally
misread
the
weather
forecast
and
caused
chaos
at
the
outdoor
event
.
•
Many
people
bought
the
so-called
miracle
diet
pills
,
but
they
made
no
difference
at
all
.
Many
people
bought
the
so-called
miracle
diet
pills
,
but
they
made
no
difference
at
all
.
Formed
from
the
intensifier
"
so
"
+
past
participle
"
called
";
recorded
in
English
since
the
17th
century
as
a
way
to
question
the
accuracy
of
a
name
.
adjective
used
before
a
noun
simply
to
show
that
this
is
the
name
people
usually
give
to
something
•
The
tarsier
is
a
tiny
primate
from
Southeast
Asia
,
often
called
a
so-called
"
ghost
animal
"
because
of
its
big
eyes
.
The
tarsier
is
a
tiny
primate
from
Southeast
Asia
,
often
called
a
so-called
"
ghost
animal
"
because
of
its
big
eyes
.
•
Scientists
study
the
so-called
‘
dark
matter
’
that
makes
up
most
of
the
universe
.
Scientists
study
the
so-called
‘
dark
matter
’
that
makes
up
most
of
the
universe
.
illustrate
verb
-
illustrate
,
illustrating
,
illustrates
,
illustrated
to
add
pictures
,
drawings
,
or
other
visuals
to
a
text
to
make
it
more
attractive
or
easier
to
understand
•
The
children's
storybook
was
beautifully
illustrated
with
bright
watercolor
paintings
.
The
children's
storybook
was
beautifully
illustrated
with
bright
watercolor
paintings
.
•
A
magazine
article
about
ancient
Egypt
was
illustrated
with
detailed
photographs
of
hieroglyphics
.
A
magazine
article
about
ancient
Egypt
was
illustrated
with
detailed
photographs
of
hieroglyphics
.
From
Latin
illustrare
“
make
bright
,
illuminate
,
explain
,
decorate
with
pictures
,”
from
in-
“
in
”
+
lustrare
“
brighten
,
light
up
”.
verb
-
illustrate
,
illustrating
,
illustrates
,
illustrated
to
explain
or
make
something
clear
by
giving
examples
,
pictures
,
or
comparisons
•
The
teacher
used
a
simple
diagram
to
illustrate
how
the
water
cycle
works
.
The
teacher
used
a
simple
diagram
to
illustrate
how
the
water
cycle
works
.
•
Let
me
illustrate
my
point
with
a
short
story
about
teamwork
.
Let
me
illustrate
my
point
with
a
short
story
about
teamwork
.
verb
-
illustrate
,
illustrating
,
illustrates
,
illustrated
to
show
clearly
that
something
is
true
or
exists
,
often
by
being
a
typical
example
•
This
map
illustrates
just
how
large
the
desert
region
is
.
This
map
illustrates
just
how
large
the
desert
region
is
.
•
The
sudden
power
outage
illustrated
the
need
for
a
backup
generator
.
The
sudden
power
outage
illustrated
the
need
for
a
backup
generator
.
sequence
noun
a
number
of
related
things
or
events
that
come
one
after
another
in
a
particular
order
•
She
practiced
the
dance
sequence
until
she
could
perform
it
perfectly
.
She
practiced
the
dance
sequence
until
she
could
perform
it
perfectly
.
•
The
fire
alarm
triggered
a
sequence
of
events
that
ended
with
everyone
safely
outside
.
The
fire
alarm
triggered
a
sequence
of
events
that
ended
with
everyone
safely
outside
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
'sequentia'
meaning
"
that
which
follows
".
initially
adverb
at
the
beginning
;
at
first
,
before
later
changes
or
developments
•
Initially
,
the
puppy
was
shy
,
but
soon
it
started
playing
with
everyone
.
Initially
,
the
puppy
was
shy
,
but
soon
it
started
playing
with
everyone
.
•
The
new
software
seemed
complicated
initially
,
yet
the
engineers
quickly
mastered
it
.
The
new
software
seemed
complicated
initially
,
yet
the
engineers
quickly
mastered
it
.
From
Latin
initium
meaning
“
a
beginning
”,
plus
the
adverbial
suffix
‑ly
,
entering
English
in
the
17th
century
to
describe
the
earliest
stage
of
an
event
or
process
.
originally
adverb
in
the
beginning
,
before
later
changes
happened
•
The
castle
was
originally
built
as
a
wooden
fort
.
The
castle
was
originally
built
as
a
wooden
fort
.
•
We
originally
planned
to
meet
on
Friday
,
but
we
had
to
reschedule
.
We
originally
planned
to
meet
on
Friday
,
but
we
had
to
reschedule
.
from
the
adjective
original
+
-ly
(
adverb
suffix
),
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
15th
century
adverb
used
to
say
where
someone
or
something
came
from
first
•
My
parents
are
originally
from
a
small
island
in
the
Pacific
.
My
parents
are
originally
from
a
small
island
in
the
Pacific
.
•
Although
he
lives
in
Berlin
now
,
he
is
originally
from
Brazil
.
Although
he
lives
in
Berlin
now
,
he
is
originally
from
Brazil
.
extension
of
sense
‘
in
the
beginning
’
to
indicate
point
of
origin
,
recorded
since
the
early
18th
century
adverb
in
a
way
that
shows
new
ideas
or
creativity
•
The
artist
combined
metal
and
glass
originally
,
creating
a
striking
sculpture
.
The
artist
combined
metal
and
glass
originally
,
creating
a
striking
sculpture
.
•
She
originally
interpreted
the
classic
song
,
giving
it
a
modern
twist
.
She
originally
interpreted
the
classic
song
,
giving
it
a
modern
twist
.
semantic
development
from
‘
in
an
original
manner
’
to
‘
creatively
’,
attested
from
the
late
19th
century
bullet
noun
a
small
metal
object
that
is
shot
from
a
gun
•
The
detective
found
a
bullet
lodged
in
the
wooden
door
.
The
detective
found
a
bullet
lodged
in
the
wooden
door
.
•
The
engineer
designed
a
vest
that
can
stop
a
bullet
.
The
engineer
designed
a
vest
that
can
stop
a
bullet
.
from
French
"
boulette
"
meaning
small
ball
,
diminutive
of
"
boule
" (
ball
)
noun
a
small
round
dot
(
•
)
used
to
mark
each
item
in
a
list
•
Please
put
a
bullet
before
every
task
on
the
list
.
Please
put
a
bullet
before
every
task
on
the
list
.
•
The
slide
looked
cleaner
once
she
replaced
numbers
with
a
simple
bullet
.
The
slide
looked
cleaner
once
she
replaced
numbers
with
a
simple
bullet
.
extension
of
the
projectile
sense
because
the
printed
symbol
resembles
a
small
round
pellet
hopefully
adverb
in
a
way
that
shows
hope
or
confidence
about
the
future
•
She
waited
hopefully
outside
the
classroom
for
her
exam
results
.
She
waited
hopefully
outside
the
classroom
for
her
exam
results
.
•
The
children
looked
hopefully
at
their
father
as
he
opened
the
ice-cream
freezer
.
The
children
looked
hopefully
at
their
father
as
he
opened
the
ice-cream
freezer
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
hopeful
+
adverbial
suffix
-ly
;
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
adverb
used
at
the
beginning
of
a
statement
to
express
what
you
hope
will
happen
•
Hopefully
,
the
rain
will
stop
before
the
picnic
starts
.
Hopefully
,
the
rain
will
stop
before
the
picnic
starts
.
•
Hopefully
,
we
can
finish
our
project
by
Friday
.
Hopefully
,
we
can
finish
our
project
by
Friday
.
Emerging
as
a
sentence
adverb
in
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
,
influenced
by
similar
adverbs
like
"
luckily
".
naturally
adverb
in
a
way
that
is
not
artificial
or
forced
;
according
to
nature
or
normal
processes
•
The
actors
moved
naturally
on
stage
,
making
the
scene
believable
.
The
actors
moved
naturally
on
stage
,
making
the
scene
believable
.
•
Babies
learn
to
grasp
objects
naturally
without
formal
teaching
.
Babies
learn
to
grasp
objects
naturally
without
formal
teaching
.
adverb
used
to
show
that
something
is
expected
,
obvious
,
or
a
normal
result
•
Naturally
,
he
was
nervous
before
his
first
flight
.
Naturally
,
he
was
nervous
before
his
first
flight
.
•
The
restaurant
was
full
,
so
naturally
we
had
to
wait
for
a
table
.
The
restaurant
was
full
,
so
naturally
we
had
to
wait
for
a
table
.
adverb
by
a
person
’
s
or
thing
’
s
inherent
character
or
birth
;
innately
•
She
is
naturally
curious
and
asks
many
questions
.
She
is
naturally
curious
and
asks
many
questions
.
•
Some
people
are
naturally
gifted
at
music
.
Some
people
are
naturally
gifted
at
music
.
alliance
noun
a
formal
agreement
between
two
or
more
countries
or
large
organizations
to
work
together
for
shared
military
,
political
,
or
economic
goals
•
NATO
is
a
military
alliance
formed
to
protect
its
member
states
.
NATO
is
a
military
alliance
formed
to
protect
its
member
states
.
•
The
two
small
nations
signed
an
alliance
to
deter
their
powerful
neighbor
.
The
two
small
nations
signed
an
alliance
to
deter
their
powerful
neighbor
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
aliance
,
from
alier
‘
to
ally
’,
based
on
Latin
alligare
‘
to
bind
to
’.
noun
a
cooperative
relationship
in
which
people
,
groups
,
or
companies
join
forces
to
achieve
a
common
purpose
•
The
tech
start-up
formed
an
alliance
with
a
larger
firm
to
reach
new
markets
.
The
tech
start-up
formed
an
alliance
with
a
larger
firm
to
reach
new
markets
.
•
Parent-teacher
alliances
can
improve
school
programs
.
Parent-teacher
alliances
can
improve
school
programs
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Old
French
aliance
,
based
on
Latin
alligare
‘
to
bind
to
’.
brilliant
adjective
very
bright
or
full
of
strong
,
clear
colour
or
light
•
The
sun
shone
with
brilliant
light
over
the
beach
.
The
sun
shone
with
brilliant
light
over
the
beach
.
•
She
wore
a
brilliant
red
scarf
that
caught
everyone's
attention
.
She
wore
a
brilliant
red
scarf
that
caught
everyone's
attention
.
Originally
referred
to
gemstones
sparkling
with
light
,
then
extended
to
vivid
light
or
color
.
adjective
extremely
intelligent
,
skilful
,
or
clever
•
The
brilliant
scientist
explained
the
new
discovery
in
simple
words
.
The
brilliant
scientist
explained
the
new
discovery
in
simple
words
.
•
Emma
came
up
with
a
brilliant
plan
to
finish
the
project
early
.
Emma
came
up
with
a
brilliant
plan
to
finish
the
project
early
.
From
Latin
"
brillare
"
meaning
"
to
shine
"
and
later
used
for
mental
brightness
.
adjective
very
good
,
enjoyable
,
or
impressive
•
The
film
we
watched
last
night
was
brilliant
!
The
film
we
watched
last
night
was
brilliant
!
•
Your
cooking
smells
brilliant
already
.
Your
cooking
smells
brilliant
already
.
Sense
of
general
excellence
arose
in
British
English
in
the
early
20th
century
.
Brilliant
interjection
used
to
show
pleasure
,
excitement
,
or
approval
•
“
We
got
the
tickets
!” “
Brilliant
!”
“
We
got
the
tickets
!” “
Brilliant
!”
•
“
The
test
is
cancelled
.” “
Brilliant
!”
“
The
test
is
cancelled
.” “
Brilliant
!”
Interjectional
use
comes
from
the
adjective
’
s
positive
sense
,
first
recorded
in
British
English
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
ballot
noun
a
secret
vote
in
which
people
choose
a
candidate
or
decide
on
an
issue
•
The
union
will
hold
a
ballot
next
week
to
decide
on
the
strike
.
The
union
will
hold
a
ballot
next
week
to
decide
on
the
strike
.
•
The
committee
chose
the
new
chairperson
by
secret
ballot
.
The
committee
chose
the
new
chairperson
by
secret
ballot
.
from
Italian
‘
ballotta
’,
diminutive
of
‘
balla
’ (“
ball
”),
referring
to
the
little
balls
once
used
for
secret
voting
noun
a
paper
or
electronic
form
on
which
you
mark
your
vote
•
She
slipped
her
marked
ballot
into
the
sealed
box
.
She
slipped
her
marked
ballot
into
the
sealed
box
.
•
Make
sure
your
ballot
is
signed
before
mailing
it
.
Make
sure
your
ballot
is
signed
before
mailing
it
.
noun
the
total
number
of
votes
cast
in
an
election
or
poll
•
The
final
ballot
showed
a
narrow
victory
for
the
mayor
.
The
final
ballot
showed
a
narrow
victory
for
the
mayor
.
•
After
counting
the
ballots
,
officials
announced
a
record
turnout
.
After
counting
the
ballots
,
officials
announced
a
record
turnout
.
verb
to
decide
something
or
choose
someone
by
holding
a
secret
vote
•
The
board
agreed
to
ballot
the
employees
about
remote
work
policies
.
The
board
agreed
to
ballot
the
employees
about
remote
work
policies
.
•
Members
will
ballot
tomorrow
to
elect
a
new
president
.
Members
will
ballot
tomorrow
to
elect
a
new
president
.
occasionally
adverb
sometimes
,
but
not
often
or
regularly
•
I
visit
my
grandparents
occasionally
because
they
live
in
another
city
.
I
visit
my
grandparents
occasionally
because
they
live
in
another
city
.
•
The
small
seaside
café
is
usually
quiet
,
but
it
gets
busy
occasionally
when
tourists
arrive
.
The
small
seaside
café
is
usually
quiet
,
but
it
gets
busy
occasionally
when
tourists
arrive
.
From
occasional
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
,
meaning
‘
on
some
occasions
’.
intellectual
adjective
relating
to
the
use
of
the
mind
to
think
,
understand
,
or
learn
,
especially
about
complex
ideas
•
At
university
,
Maria
loved
the
intellectual
challenge
of
solving
complex
math
problems
.
At
university
,
Maria
loved
the
intellectual
challenge
of
solving
complex
math
problems
.
•
The
museum
offers
tours
that
focus
on
the
intellectual
history
of
the
city
.
The
museum
offers
tours
that
focus
on
the
intellectual
history
of
the
city
.
From
Middle
French
intellectuel
,
from
Latin
intellectualis
(“
relating
to
understanding
”),
from
intellectus
(“
understanding
”).
noun
a
person
who
is
highly
educated
and
enjoys
studying
or
discussing
serious
ideas
•
The
intellectual
on
the
panel
explained
the
economic
theory
in
simple
terms
.
The
intellectual
on
the
panel
explained
the
economic
theory
in
simple
terms
.
•
She
always
invites
local
intellectuals
to
her
book
club
meetings
.
She
always
invites
local
intellectuals
to
her
book
club
meetings
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
ultimately
from
Latin
intellectus
(“
understanding
”).
organic
adjective
produced
or
grown
without
the
use
of
artificial
chemicals
such
as
synthetic
fertilizers
,
pesticides
,
or
preservatives
•
We
always
buy
organic
vegetables
from
the
local
farmers
’
market
.
We
always
buy
organic
vegetables
from
the
local
farmers
’
market
.
•
The
label
guarantees
that
the
apples
were
grown
using
organic
methods
.
The
label
guarantees
that
the
apples
were
grown
using
organic
methods
.
Sense
developed
in
the
1940s
as
interest
grew
in
farming
that
avoided
synthetic
chemicals
.
noun
food
or
other
agricultural
products
that
are
grown
or
made
without
artificial
chemicals
•
The
grocery
store
has
a
special
aisle
for
organics
.
The
grocery
store
has
a
special
aisle
for
organics
.
•
She
spends
more
money
on
organics
because
she
values
health
.
She
spends
more
money
on
organics
because
she
values
health
.
Noun
use
dates
from
the
1970s
as
consumers
began
asking
specifically
for
food
produced
by
organic
farming
.
adjective
relating
to
or
coming
from
living
things
•
Bones
and
feathers
are
organic
materials
that
decompose
over
time
.
Bones
and
feathers
are
organic
materials
that
decompose
over
time
.
•
Scientists
study
organic
matter
to
understand
ancient
ecosystems
.
Scientists
study
organic
matter
to
understand
ancient
ecosystems
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
organicus
“
relating
to
an
organ
or
instrument
”
and
later
linked
to
living
organisms
in
the
17th
century
.
adjective
developing
in
a
natural
,
gradual
,
and
connected
way
rather
than
being
artificially
planned
•
Her
leadership
style
allows
ideas
to
grow
in
an
organic
manner
.
Her
leadership
style
allows
ideas
to
grow
in
an
organic
manner
.
•
The
city
’
s
expansion
was
organic
,
following
the
river
rather
than
a
strict
grid
.
The
city
’
s
expansion
was
organic
,
following
the
river
rather
than
a
strict
grid
.
Figurative
sense
emerged
in
the
late
19th
century
,
likening
social
or
artistic
growth
to
living
organisms
.
adjective
in
chemistry
,
describing
compounds
that
contain
carbon
atoms
bonded
to
hydrogen
or
other
carbon
atoms
•
Organic
solvents
like
ethanol
dissolve
oils
and
fats
.
Organic
solvents
like
ethanol
dissolve
oils
and
fats
.
•
Students
memorize
common
organic
functional
groups
such
as
alcohols
and
ketones
.
Students
memorize
common
organic
functional
groups
such
as
alcohols
and
ketones
.
In
the
early
19th
century
,
chemists
believed
only
living
organisms
could
produce
carbon
compounds
,
calling
them
“
organic
.”
bell
noun
a
hollow
metal
object
that
rings
when
it
is
struck
or
shaken
,
often
used
to
signal
,
warn
,
or
celebrate
•
The
church
bell
rang
at
noon
,
echoing
across
the
valley
.
The
church
bell
rang
at
noon
,
echoing
across
the
valley
.
•
Martin
shook
a
little
hand
bell
to
let
everyone
know
dinner
was
ready
.
Martin
shook
a
little
hand
bell
to
let
everyone
know
dinner
was
ready
.
noun
the
ringing
sound
or
electronic
tone
produced
by
a
bell
or
similar
device
that
attracts
attention
or
gives
a
signal
•
I
heard
the
bell
and
knew
someone
was
at
the
door
.
I
heard
the
bell
and
knew
someone
was
at
the
door
.
•
Set
the
alarm
so
the
bell
will
wake
you
at
six
.
Set
the
alarm
so
the
bell
will
wake
you
at
six
.
noun
the
flared
,
open
end
of
an
object
,
especially
a
musical
instrument
or
garment
,
shaped
like
a
traditional
bell
•
The
trumpet
’
s
bell
gleamed
under
the
stage
lights
.
The
trumpet
’
s
bell
gleamed
under
the
stage
lights
.
•
Snow
collected
inside
the
bell
of
the
upturned
glass
.
Snow
collected
inside
the
bell
of
the
upturned
glass
.
verb
-
bell
,
belling
,
bells
,
belled
to
attach
a
bell
to
an
animal
or
object
so
that
it
rings
when
the
animal
or
object
moves
•
The
shepherd
belled
the
sheep
so
he
could
find
them
easily
in
the
fog
.
The
shepherd
belled
the
sheep
so
he
could
find
them
easily
in
the
fog
.
•
Before
letting
the
cat
outside
,
they
belled
its
collar
to
warn
birds
.
Before
letting
the
cat
outside
,
they
belled
its
collar
to
warn
birds
.
verb
-
bell
,
belling
,
bells
,
belled
of
a
male
deer
,
to
make
a
deep
,
resonant
call
,
especially
during
the
mating
season
•
We
listened
as
the
stag
belled
across
the
misty
glen
at
dawn
.
We
listened
as
the
stag
belled
across
the
misty
glen
at
dawn
.
•
During
the
rut
,
males
bell
to
challenge
rivals
.
During
the
rut
,
males
bell
to
challenge
rivals
.
satellite
noun
a
human-made
object
sent
into
space
that
continually
orbits
Earth
or
another
heavenly
body
to
gather
information
or
relay
signals
•
The
weather
satellite
took
clear
photos
of
the
approaching
hurricane
.
The
weather
satellite
took
clear
photos
of
the
approaching
hurricane
.
•
Engineers
launched
a
new
communications
satellite
into
orbit
last
night
.
Engineers
launched
a
new
communications
satellite
into
orbit
last
night
.
noun
a
natural
object
,
such
as
the
Moon
,
that
moves
around
a
planet
•
The
Moon
is
Earth
’
s
only
natural
satellite
.
The
Moon
is
Earth
’
s
only
natural
satellite
.
•
Jupiter
has
more
than
seventy
known
satellites
circling
it
.
Jupiter
has
more
than
seventy
known
satellites
circling
it
.
noun
a
country
,
town
,
office
,
or
organization
that
is
controlled
by
or
depends
on
a
larger
and
more
powerful
one
•
During
the
Cold
War
,
Poland
was
a
satellite
of
the
Soviet
Union
.
During
the
Cold
War
,
Poland
was
a
satellite
of
the
Soviet
Union
.
•
Many
commuters
live
in
a
satellite
town
outside
the
capital
city
.
Many
commuters
live
in
a
satellite
town
outside
the
capital
city
.
adjective
relating
to
or
using
artificial
satellites
,
especially
for
sending
or
receiving
signals
•
They
watched
the
soccer
final
on
satellite
TV
.
They
watched
the
soccer
final
on
satellite
TV
.
•
A
large
satellite
dish
stood
on
the
roof
of
the
news
station
.
A
large
satellite
dish
stood
on
the
roof
of
the
news
station
.
devil
verb
-
devil
,
devilling
,
devils
,
devilled
to
season
food
with
very
hot
spices
•
She
devilled
the
eggs
with
mustard
and
paprika
for
extra
kick
.
She
devilled
the
eggs
with
mustard
and
paprika
for
extra
kick
.
•
The
chef
loves
to
devil
chicken
wings
before
grilling
them
.
The
chef
loves
to
devil
chicken
wings
before
grilling
them
.
verb
-
devil
,
devilling
,
devils
,
devilled
to
harass
or
annoy
someone
repeatedly
(
informal
,
old-fashioned
)
•
Flies
devilled
the
horses
all
afternoon
on
the
trail
.
Flies
devilled
the
horses
all
afternoon
on
the
trail
.
•
Gossiping
neighbors
devil
her
every
time
she
steps
outside
.
Gossiping
neighbors
devil
her
every
time
she
steps
outside
.
silly
adjective
-
silly
,
sillier
,
silliest
showing
a
lack
of
good
sense
or
judgement
;
foolish
•
It
would
be
silly
to
climb
the
mountain
during
a
storm
.
It
would
be
silly
to
climb
the
mountain
during
a
storm
.
•
I
made
a
silly
mistake
on
the
math
test
and
got
the
answer
wrong
.
I
made
a
silly
mistake
on
the
math
test
and
got
the
answer
wrong
.
From
Middle
English
‘
sely
’,
originally
meaning
happy
or
fortunate
,
later
shifting
to
innocent
and
then
to
foolish
.
adjective
-
silly
,
sillier
,
silliest
playful
,
funny
,
or
light-hearted
in
a
way
that
makes
people
laugh
•
The
clown
told
a
silly
joke
that
made
the
children
giggle
.
The
clown
told
a
silly
joke
that
made
the
children
giggle
.
•
Dad
pulled
a
silly
face
in
the
family
photo
.
Dad
pulled
a
silly
face
in
the
family
photo
.
adjective
-
silly
,
sillier
,
silliest
feeling
embarrassed
,
awkward
,
or
self-conscious
•
I
felt
silly
when
I
waved
at
someone
who
wasn
’
t
my
friend
.
I
felt
silly
when
I
waved
at
someone
who
wasn
’
t
my
friend
.
•
He
looked
silly
after
tripping
over
nothing
in
front
of
the
class
.
He
looked
silly
after
tripping
over
nothing
in
front
of
the
class
.
noun
-
silly
,
sillies
an
informal
term
for
a
person
who
is
acting
in
a
foolish
or
playful
way
•
Don
’
t
be
such
a
silly
—
the
movie
isn
’
t
real
!
Don
’
t
be
such
a
silly
—
the
movie
isn
’
t
real
!
•
You
little
silly
,
put
your
coat
on
before
you
catch
a
cold
.
You
little
silly
,
put
your
coat
on
before
you
catch
a
cold
.
tragedy
noun
-
tragedy
,
tragedies
an
extremely
sad
event
or
situation
that
causes
great
suffering
and
distress
•
The
earthquake
was
a
tragedy
that
left
thousands
homeless
.
The
earthquake
was
a
tragedy
that
left
thousands
homeless
.
•
Losing
the
family
farm
to
fire
was
a
personal
tragedy
for
them
.
Losing
the
family
farm
to
fire
was
a
personal
tragedy
for
them
.
From
Middle
English
tragedie
,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
tragoedia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
tragōidia
,
literally
“
goat
song
,”
referring
to
songs
sung
during
goat
sacrifices
.
noun
-
tragedy
,
tragedies
a
serious
play
,
film
,
or
literary
work
that
ends
sadly
,
often
with
the
main
character
’
s
downfall
or
death
•
Shakespeare
’
s
“
Hamlet
”
is
a
famous
tragedy
about
a
prince
seeking
revenge
.
Shakespeare
’
s
“
Hamlet
”
is
a
famous
tragedy
about
a
prince
seeking
revenge
.
•
Our
class
is
studying
Greek
tragedy
this
semester
.
Our
class
is
studying
Greek
tragedy
this
semester
.
From
Middle
English
tragedie
,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
tragoedia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
tragōidia
,
literally
“
goat
song
,”
referring
to
songs
sung
during
goat
sacrifices
.
politically
adverb
in
a
way
that
concerns
politics
,
government
,
or
public
affairs
•
She
became
politically
active
during
her
first
year
at
university
.
She
became
politically
active
during
her
first
year
at
university
.
•
The
analyst
warned
that
the
budget
cuts
might
be
politically
risky
for
the
governor
.
The
analyst
warned
that
the
budget
cuts
might
be
politically
risky
for
the
governor
.
From
the
adjective
political
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
16th
century
.
killing
noun
the
act
of
causing
a
person
or
animal
to
die
;
an
instance
in
which
someone
is
killed
•
The
detective
investigated
the
brutal
killing
of
the
businessman
.
The
detective
investigated
the
brutal
killing
of
the
businessman
.
•
Hunting
laws
protect
wildlife
by
punishing
illegal
killings
of
endangered
animals
.
Hunting
laws
protect
wildlife
by
punishing
illegal
killings
of
endangered
animals
.
noun
a
large
amount
of
money
earned
very
quickly
and
easily
•
Grace
made a killing
by
selling
her
old
comic
books
online
.
Grace
made a killing
by
selling
her
old
comic
books
online
.
•
If
the
deal
works
,
we
’
ll
make a killing
in
real
estate
.
If
the
deal
works
,
we
’
ll
make a killing
in
real
estate
.
adjective
able
to
cause
death
;
deadly
•
A
killing
frost
destroyed
the
young
tomato
plants
.
A
killing
frost
destroyed
the
young
tomato
plants
.
•
The
hunter
delivered
a
killing
blow
to
the
boar
.
The
hunter
delivered
a
killing
blow
to
the
boar
.
adjective
extremely
tiring
and
hard
to
endure
•
She
finished
a
killing
12-hour
shift
at
the
hospital
.
She
finished
a
killing
12-hour
shift
at
the
hospital
.
•
The
hikers
kept
a
killing
pace
up
the
mountain
.
The
hikers
kept
a
killing
pace
up
the
mountain
.
grace
noun
-
grace
,
gracing
,
graces
,
graced
smooth
,
attractive
,
and
controlled
movement
or
way
of
behaving
•
The
ballerina
moved
with
stunning
grace
across
the
stage
.
The
ballerina
moved
with
stunning
grace
across
the
stage
.
•
The
cat
leapt
onto
the
garden
wall
with
silent
grace
.
The
cat
leapt
onto
the
garden
wall
with
silent
grace
.
From
Old
French
grace
,
from
Latin
gratia
“
favor
,
kindness
,
esteem
.”
verb
-
grace
,
gracing
,
graces
,
graced
to
make
a
place
,
event
,
or
object
more
attractive
or
important
by
being
present
or
by
adding
something
beautiful
•
The
famous
actor
will
grace
the
film
festival
tonight
.
The
famous
actor
will
grace
the
film
festival
tonight
.
•
Her
portrait
graces
the
cover
of
the
magazine
.
Her
portrait
graces
the
cover
of
the
magazine
.
Verb
use
dates
to
late
Middle
English
,
from
the
noun
meaning
of
favor
and
beauty
.
myth
noun
a
very
old
traditional
story
,
often
about
gods
or
heroes
,
that
explains
how
the
world
,
people
,
or
customs
began
•
According
to
Greek
myth
,
Zeus
ruled
the
sky
from
Mount
Olympus
.
According
to
Greek
myth
,
Zeus
ruled
the
sky
from
Mount
Olympus
.
•
The
Māori
tell
a
myth
about
a
hero
fishing
the
islands
up
from
the
sea
.
The
Māori
tell
a
myth
about
a
hero
fishing
the
islands
up
from
the
sea
.
mid-19th
century
:
from
Greek
muthos
‘
story
’.
noun
a
belief
or
idea
that
many
people
think
is
true
but
is
actually
false
•
It
’
s
a
common
myth
that
cracking
your
knuckles
causes
arthritis
.
It
’
s
a
common
myth
that
cracking
your
knuckles
causes
arthritis
.
•
The
documentary
debunks
the
myth
that
all
astronauts
are
men
.
The
documentary
debunks
the
myth
that
all
astronauts
are
men
.
Sense
of
‘
untrue
belief
’
developed
in
early
20th
century
from
the
original
meaning
‘
traditional
story
’.
pill
noun
a
small
,
solid
piece
of
medicine
that
you
swallow
whole
•
The
doctor
gave
me
a
pill
to
take
after
lunch
.
The
doctor
gave
me
a
pill
to
take
after
lunch
.
•
She
cannot
swallow
large
tablets
,
so
her
medicine
comes
in
a
tiny
pill
.
She
cannot
swallow
large
tablets
,
so
her
medicine
comes
in
a
tiny
pill
.
From
Middle
English
pil
,
from
Old
French
pilule
,
from
Latin
pilula
meaning
“
small
ball
or
pill
.”
noun
informally
, “
the
pill
”:
a
daily
medicine
taken
by
women
to
prevent
pregnancy
•
Maria
went
to
the
clinic
to
discuss
going
on
the
pill
.
Maria
went
to
the
clinic
to
discuss
going
on
the pill
.
•
Some
women
experience
lighter
periods
after
starting
the
pill
.
Some
women
experience
lighter
periods
after
starting
the
pill
.
Extension
of
the
basic
sense
“
small
tablet
of
medicine
,”
popularized
in
the
1960s
when
the
first
oral
contraceptives
became
widely
available
.
noun
informal
:
a
person
who
is
annoying
,
boring
,
or
unpleasant
•
Don
’
t
invite
Greg
;
he
’
s
a
real
pill
at
parties
.
Don
’
t
invite
Greg
;
he
’
s
a
real
pill
at
parties
.
•
She
can
be
a
pill
when
she
doesn
’
t
get
her
way
.
She
can
be
a
pill
when
she
doesn
’
t
get
her
way
.
Originally
U
.
S
.
slang
(
early
1900s
),
perhaps
playing
on
the
idea
of
an
unpleasant
medicine
one
is
forced
to
swallow
.
verb
of
cloth
or
knitted
fabric
:
to
form
small
balls
of
tangled
fibers
on
the
surface
through
wear
or
washing
•
After
a
few
washes
,
my
favorite
sweater
began
to
pill
.
After
a
few
washes
,
my
favorite
sweater
began
to
pill
.
•
Cheap
fabrics
tend
to
pill
more
quickly
than
high-quality
ones
.
Cheap
fabrics
tend
to
pill
more
quickly
than
high-quality
ones
.
Back-formation
from
the
noun
“
pill
”
in
the
sense
of
a
small
ball
,
first
recorded
in
textile
industry
use
in
the
1950s
.
cancel
verb
-
cancel
,
cancelling
,
cancels
,
canceled
,
cancelled
to
decide
that
a
planned
event
,
arrangement
,
or
service
will
not
take
place
•
Because
of
the
storm
,
the
airline
canceled
all
evening
flights
.
Because
of
the
storm
,
the
airline
canceled
all
evening
flights
.
•
The
town
parade
was
canceled
after
the
mayor
declared
a
heat
emergency
.
The
town
parade
was
canceled
after
the
mayor
declared
a
heat
emergency
.
From
Latin
‘
cancellāre
’
meaning
‘
to
cross
out
’.
verb
-
cancel
,
cancelling
,
cancels
,
canceled
,
cancelled
to
stop
a
computer
command
or
process
that
is
already
running
or
about
to
run
•
Press
the
ESC
key
to
cancel
the
download
if
it
takes
too
long
.
Press
the
ESC
key
to
cancel
the
download
if
it
takes
too
long
.
•
I
accidentally
clicked
"
print
"
but
quickly
canceled
the
job
before
wasting
paper
.
I
accidentally
clicked
"
print
"
but
quickly
canceled
the
job
before
wasting
paper
.
verb
-
cancel
,
cancelling
,
cancels
,
canceled
,
cancelled
(
of
two
equal
but
opposite
things
)
to
remove
each
other
’
s
effect
so
that
nothing
changes
•
In
the
equation
,
the
positive
and
negative
terms
cancel
each
other
.
In
the
equation
,
the
positive
and
negative
terms
cancel
each
other
.
•
The
extra
income
will
cancel
the
recent
rise
in
rent
,
leaving
our
budget
the
same
.
The
extra
income
will
cancel
the
recent
rise
in
rent
,
leaving
our
budget
the
same
.
collective
adjective
done
by
or
involving
all
the
members
of
a
group
working
together
•
The
volunteers
’
collective
effort
cleaned
the
entire
beach
in
a
single
morning
.
The
volunteers
’
collective
effort
cleaned
the
entire
beach
in
a
single
morning
.
•
Only
through
collective
action
did
the
small
town
save
its
historic
library
from
closing
.
Only
through
collective
action
did
the
small
town
save
its
historic
library
from
closing
.
adjective
belonging
to
or
shared
by
every
member
of
a
group
•
Their
collective
memory
of
the
festival
still
makes
them
laugh
years
later
.
Their
collective
memory
of
the
festival
still
makes
them
laugh
years
later
.
•
The
law
protects
the
collective
rights
of
indigenous
communities
.
The
law
protects
the
collective
rights
of
indigenous
communities
.
noun
a
group
of
people
acting
together
for
a
shared
purpose
•
A
passionate
youth
collective
organized
the
cleanup
campaign
.
A
passionate
youth
collective
organized
the
cleanup
campaign
.
•
The
online
gaming
collective
meets
every
Friday
night
.
The
online
gaming
collective
meets
every
Friday
night
.
noun
a
business
or
organization
owned
and
run
jointly
by
the
people
who
work
in
it
•
She
buys
her
vegetables
from
a
local
farmers
’
collective
.
She
buys
her
vegetables
from
a
local
farmers
’
collective
.
•
The
artists
formed
a
collective
to
share
studio
space
and
ideas
.
The
artists
formed
a
collective
to
share
studio
space
and
ideas
.
physically
adverb
in
a
way
that
involves
the
body
rather
than
the
mind
or
emotions
•
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
felt
physically
ready
for
the
marathon
.
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
felt
physically
ready
for
the
marathon
.
•
The
job
is
physically
demanding
,
so
workers
must
take
regular
breaks
.
The
job
is
physically
demanding
,
so
workers
must
take
regular
breaks
.
Derived
from
"
physical
"
+
"
-ly
",
first
recorded
in
the
15th
century
.
adverb
in
a
real
,
tangible
way
,
involving
actual
contact
or
presence
rather
than
something
virtual
or
theoretical
•
The
old
letters
were
physically
stored
in
a
locked
box
under
the
bed
.
The
old
letters
were
physically
stored
in
a
locked
box
under
the
bed
.
•
Because
he
lived
abroad
,
he
couldn't
physically
attend
the
wedding
.
Because
he
lived
abroad
,
he
couldn't
physically
attend
the
wedding
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
"
physical
"
+
"
-ly
",
extending
to
the
idea
of
real-world
presence
in
the
late
19th
century
with
the
rise
of
telecommunication
.
robot
noun
-
robotize
,
robotizing
,
robotizes
,
robotized
A
machine
that
is
controlled
by
a
computer
and
can
do
work
automatically
,
sometimes
looking
or
moving
like
a
human
.
•
In
the
automobile
plant
,
a
robot
swiftly
paints
each
car
body
the
same
perfect
shade
of
red
.
In
the
automobile
plant
,
a
robot
swiftly
paints
each
car
body
the
same
perfect
shade
of
red
.
•
At
home
,
a
small
vacuum
robot
glided
under
the
sofa
and
picked
up
crumbs
.
At
home
,
a
small
vacuum
robot
glided
under
the
sofa
and
picked
up
crumbs
.
From
Czech
“
robot
”,
meaning
'forced
labour'
,
coined
by
writer
Karel
Čapek
in
his
1920
play
“
R
.
U
.
R
.”.
noun
-
robotize
,
robotizing
,
robotizes
,
robotized
A
computer
program
that
automatically
performs
repetitive
tasks
on
the
internet
,
such
as
indexing
pages
or
answering
simple
questions
.
•
A
search
engine
robot
crawls
millions
of
web
pages
every
day
.
A
search
engine
robot
crawls
millions
of
web
pages
every
day
.
•
The
chat
robot
on
the
company
website
answers
basic
shipping
questions
instantly
.
The
chat
robot
on
the
company
website
answers
basic
shipping
questions
instantly
.
Based
on
the
earlier
sense
of
a
mechanical
robot
;
later
applied
metaphorically
to
software
that
does
automated
work
.
noun
-
robotize
,
robotizing
,
robotizes
,
robotized
A
person
who
acts
or
speaks
in
a
very
mechanical
,
emotionless
way
,
as
if
they
were
a
machine
.
•
During
the
presentation
,
he
repeated
the
script
like
a
robot
,
without
any
feeling
.
During
the
presentation
,
he
repeated
the
script
like
a
robot
,
without
any
feeling
.
•
After
weeks
of
overtime
,
she
felt
like
a
tired
robot
just
going
through
the
motions
.
After
weeks
of
overtime
,
she
felt
like
a
tired
robot
just
going
through
the
motions
.
Extended
figurative
use
from
the
mechanical
sense
of
‘
robot
’.
till
preposition
up
to
(
a
particular
time
,
event
,
or
point
);
until
•
The
store
will
stay
open
till
midnight
for
the
holiday
rush
.
The
store
will
stay
open
till
midnight
for
the
holiday
rush
.
•
Wait
here
till
I
get
back
with
the
tickets
.
Wait
here
till
I
get
back
with
the
tickets
.
Old
English
til
meaning
“
to
,
until
,”
related
to
Old
Norse
til
,
both
expressing
direction
or
limit
.
conjunction
until
the
time
that
something
happens
•
Stay
here
till
the
rain
stops
.
Stay
here
till
the
rain
stops
.
•
They
didn
’
t
leave
the
party
till
it
was
almost
dawn
.
They
didn
’
t
leave
the
party
till
it
was
almost
dawn
.
Developed
alongside
the
prepositional
use
in
Old
English
,
functioning
to
link
clauses
about
time
limits
.
noun
a
machine
or
drawer
in
a
shop
where
money
is
kept
and
sales
are
recorded
•
The
cashier
rang
up
my
groceries
and
put
the
notes
into
the
till
.
The
cashier
rang
up
my
groceries
and
put
the
notes
into
the
till
.
•
At
closing
time
they
counted
the
money
in
the
till
.
At
closing
time
they
counted
the
money
in
the
till
.
Shortened
from
“
cash
till
,”
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
with
the
rise
of
mechanical
cash
registers
.
noun
the
amount
of
money
kept
in
a
shop
’
s
cash
register
at
a
particular
time
•
There
was
only
twenty
pounds
left
in
the
till
after
a
quiet
day
.
There
was
only
twenty
pounds
left
in
the
till
after
a
quiet
day
.
•
We
need
to
put
more
change
in
the
till
before
the
lunch
rush
.
We
need
to
put
more
change
in
the
till
before
the
lunch
rush
.
Extension
of
the
‘
cash
register
’
sense
to
the
money
inside
it
,
late
19th
century
.
verb
-
till
,
tilling
,
tills
,
tilled
to
prepare
and
work
soil
for
planting
crops
•
Farmers
till
the
fields
each
spring
to
loosen
the
soil
.
Farmers
till
the
fields
each
spring
to
loosen
the
soil
.
•
The
land
had
not
been
tilled
for
years
and
was
overgrown
with
weeds
.
The
land
had
not
been
tilled
for
years
and
was
overgrown
with
weeds
.
Old
English
tilian
“
to
strive
for
,
obtain
by
effort
,”
later
narrowing
to
working
the
soil
.
allegation
noun
a
statement
claiming
someone
has
done
something
wrong
or
illegal
,
made
without
yet
showing
proof
•
Several
employees
made
an
allegation
that
the
manager
had
stolen
company
funds
.
Several
employees
made
an
allegation
that
the
manager
had
stolen
company
funds
.
•
The
singer
firmly
denied
the
allegation
of
lip-syncing
during
the
live
show
.
The
singer
firmly
denied
the
allegation
of
lip-syncing
during
the
live
show
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
late
Latin
allegatio
(
n-
),
from
Latin
allegare
‘
adduce
in
support
’.
noun
(
law
)
a
statement
of
fact
set
out
in
a
legal
document
that
a
party
must
prove
in
court
•
The
lawyer
added
an
allegation
of
negligence
to
the
civil
complaint
.
The
lawyer
added
an
allegation
of
negligence
to
the
civil
complaint
.
•
Every
allegation
in
the
brief
must
be
supported
by
evidence
at
trial
.
Every
allegation
in
the
brief
must
be
supported
by
evidence
at
trial
.
Same
origin
as
the
general
sense
:
from
Latin
allegatio
‘
a
bringing
forward
,
alleging
’.
bull
noun
an
adult
male
cow
,
especially
one
kept
for
breeding
•
The
farmer
led
the
bull
into
a
separate
pen
to
keep
it
away
from
the
calves
.
The
farmer
led
the
bull
into
a
separate
pen
to
keep
it
away
from
the
calves
.
•
A
raging
bull
charged
at
the
red
flag
waved
by
the
matador
.
A
raging
bull
charged
at
the
red
flag
waved
by
the
matador
.
Old
English
‘
bula
’
or
‘
bule
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
*bullōn-
meaning
‘
male
bovine
’.
noun
an
investor
who
expects
prices
to
rise
and
buys
shares
hoping
to
sell
them
later
for
a
profit
•
During
the
tech
boom
,
many
young
traders
turned
into
aggressive
bulls
,
buying
every
new
start-up
stock
they
could
find
.
During
the
tech
boom
,
many
young
traders
turned
into
aggressive
bulls
,
buying
every
new
start-up
stock
they
could
find
.
•
A
smart
bull
knows
when
to
exit
before
the
market
overheats
.
A
smart
bull
knows
when
to
exit
before
the
market
overheats
.
Figurative
use
comparing
rising
prices
to
a
charging
bull
,
first
recorded
in
18th-century
London
stock
exchanges
.
noun
-
bull
informal
shortened
form
of
‘
bullshit
’;
nonsense
or
untrue
talk
•
Don
’
t
give
me
that
bull
—
I
know
exactly
what
happened
.
Don
’
t
give
me
that
bull
—
I
know
exactly
what
happened
.
•
The
salesman
’
s
promises
sounded
like
pure
bull
.
The
salesman
’
s
promises
sounded
like
pure
bull
.
Abbreviation
of
the
vulgar
term
‘
bullshit
’,
first
appearing
in
American
English
in
the
20th
century
.
verb
-
bull
,
bulling
,
bulls
,
bulled
to
push
or
force
one
’
s
way
through
something
or
somewhere
with
strength
or
determination
•
The
football
player
bulled
past
two
defenders
to
reach
the
end
zone
.
The
football
player
bulled
past
two
defenders
to
reach
the
end
zone
.
•
Protesters
bulled
their
way
through
the
makeshift
barricade
.
Protesters
bulled
their
way
through
the
makeshift
barricade
.
Verb
use
derives
from
the
strength
and
single-minded
motion
of
a
literal
bull
,
first
attested
in
19th-century
American
English
.
counsellor
noun
a
person
trained
to
give
advice
and
emotional
support
to
people
who
have
personal
,
social
,
or
psychological
problems
•
The
university
provides
free
sessions
with
a
student
counsellor
during
exam
season
.
The
university
provides
free
sessions
with
a
student
counsellor
during
exam
season
.
•
After
his
parents
divorced
,
Jake
met
weekly
with
a
family
counsellor
.
After
his
parents
divorced
,
Jake
met
weekly
with
a
family
counsellor
.
Spelling
with
double
“
l
”
follows
standard
British
pattern
for
verbs
ending
in
–l
+
‑er
/
‑or
suffixes
.
noun
a
lawyer
who
gives
legal
advice
and
speaks
for
clients
in
court
•
The
barrister
acted
as
lead
counsellor
for
the
defence
.
The
barrister
acted
as
lead
counsellor
for
the
defence
.
•
Before
the
trial
,
the
counsellor
advised
his
client
to
gather
more
evidence
.
Before
the
trial
,
the
counsellor
advised
his
client
to
gather
more
evidence
.
Legal
sense
parallels
the
American
use
of
“
counselor
,”
but
British
spelling
keeps
the
doubled
“
l
.”
noun
a
senior
diplomatic
officer
in
an
embassy
,
ranking
just
below
an
ambassador
•
The
commercial
counsellor
at
Britain
’
s
embassy
in
Tokyo
negotiated
trade
agreements
.
The
commercial
counsellor
at
Britain
’
s
embassy
in
Tokyo
negotiated
trade
agreements
.
•
He
served
as
cultural
counsellor
in
Paris
before
being
posted
to
Washington
.
He
served
as
cultural
counsellor
in
Paris
before
being
posted
to
Washington
.
Aligns
with
British
spelling
conventions
and
diplomatic
titles
used
across
the
Commonwealth
.
successfully
adverb
in
a
way
that
achieves
the
desired
aim
or
brings
a
good
result
•
After
months
of
practice
,
Mia
successfully
completed
her
first
marathon
.
After
months
of
practice
,
Mia
successfully
completed
her
first
marathon
.
•
The
firefighters
successfully
rescued
the
kitten
from
the
tall
tree
.
The
firefighters
successfully
rescued
the
kitten
from
the
tall
tree
.
intelligent
adjective
able
to
learn
,
think
,
and
understand
quickly
and
well
•
Maria
is
an
intelligent
student
who
solves
complex
math
problems
with
ease
.
Maria
is
an
intelligent
student
who
solves
complex
math
problems
with
ease
.
•
Crows
are
surprisingly
intelligent
and
can
use
simple
tools
to
get
food
.
Crows
are
surprisingly
intelligent
and
can
use
simple
tools
to
get
food
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
“
intelligent-
”,
present
participle
of
“
intellegere
”
meaning
“
understand
”.
adjective
showing
clear
thought
,
understanding
,
or
good
judgment
•
That
was
an
intelligent
question
during
the
meeting
.
That
was
an
intelligent
question
during
the
meeting
.
•
She
made
an
intelligent
decision
to
save
part
of
her
salary
each
month
.
She
made
an
intelligent
decision
to
save
part
of
her
salary
each
month
.
Derived
from
Latin
roots
meaning
“
choose
wisely
,
understand
”.
adjective
using
advanced
technology
to
sense
,
learn
,
and
act
automatically
like
a
thinking
person
•
The
new
smartphone
has
an
intelligent
assistant
that
answers
voice
commands
.
The
new
smartphone
has
an
intelligent
assistant
that
answers
voice
commands
.
•
Farmers
installed
an
intelligent
irrigation
system
that
waters
crops
only
when
the
soil
is
dry
.
Farmers
installed
an
intelligent
irrigation
system
that
waters
crops
only
when
the
soil
is
dry
.
Applied
to
machines
since
the
mid-20th
century
with
the
rise
of
computing
and
artificial
intelligence
.
mall
noun
a
large
building
or
connected
set
of
buildings
containing
many
different
shops
,
restaurants
,
and
entertainment
areas
where
people
go
to
shop
and
spend
time
together
•
After
class
,
Mia
and
her
friends
met
at
the
mall
to
grab
a
snack
and
look
at
clothes
.
After
class
,
Mia
and
her
friends
met
at
the
mall
to
grab
a
snack
and
look
at
clothes
.
•
During
the
holiday
season
,
the
mall
is
decorated
with
bright
lights
and
a
giant
tree
.
During
the
holiday
season
,
the
mall
is
decorated
with
bright
lights
and
a
giant
tree
.
From
18th-century
shortening
of
pall-mall
,
a
game
and
place
name
for
a
playing
alley
in
London
;
later
used
for
tree-shaded
promenades
and
finally
for
enclosed
shopping
centers
.
noun
a
broad
,
often
tree-lined
street
or
pedestrian
walkway
that
is
closed
to
most
traffic
and
meant
for
walking
or
public
gatherings
•
Couples
strolled
along
the
leafy
mall
as
musicians
played
soft
tunes
nearby
.
Couples
strolled
along
the
leafy
mall
as
musicians
played
soft
tunes
nearby
.
•
The
town
turned
the
old
highway
into
a
pedestrian
mall
lined
with
cafés
and
art
stalls
.
The
town
turned
the
old
highway
into
a
pedestrian
mall
lined
with
cafés
and
art
stalls
.
Originally
referred
to
the
shaded
walk
in
St
James
’
s
Park
,
London
,
which
was
named
after
the
game
pall-mall
once
played
there
.
automatically
adverb
without
any
human
control
or
effort
,
by
means
of
a
machine
,
program
,
or
built-in
mechanism
•
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
•
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
From
automatic
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
self-acting
machines
.
adverb
without
conscious
thought
,
because
of
habit
or
instinct
•
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
•
He
automatically
says
“
thank
you
”
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
He
automatically
says
“
thank
you
”
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
Extension
of
the
mechanical
sense
to
human
behavior
in
the
late
19th
century
,
describing
actions
done
‘
as
if
by
machinery
’.
adverb
inevitably
or
by
necessary
rule
,
without
an
extra
decision
•
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
•
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
Legal
and
bureaucratic
writing
in
the
20th
century
adopted
the
adverb
to
mean
‘
as
a
matter
of
course
or
rule
’.
rebel
verb
-
rebel
,
rebelling
,
rebels
,
rebelled
to
refuse
to
obey
authority
,
rules
,
or
control
•
Teenagers
often
rebel
against
strict
curfews
.
Teenagers
often
rebel
against
strict
curfews
.
•
The
colony
decided
to
rebel
when
unfair
taxes
were
imposed
.
The
colony
decided
to
rebel
when
unfair
taxes
were
imposed
.
From
Old
French
"
rebeller
" ‘
to
war
again
’,
based
on
Latin
"
rebellare
".
barrel
verb
-
barrel
,
barrelling
,
barrels
,
barrelled
,
barreled
to
move
very
fast
and
often
uncontrollably
•
The
truck
barrelled
down
the
highway
,
splashing
rainwater
onto
nearby
cars
.
The
truck
barrelled
down
the
highway
,
splashing
rainwater
onto
nearby
cars
.
•
The
children
barrelled
through
the
hallway
when
the
recess
bell
rang
.
The
children
barrelled
through
the
hallway
when
the
recess
bell
rang
.
collapse
verb
-
collapse
,
collapsing
,
collapses
,
collapsed
to
fall
down
suddenly
because
it
is
no
longer
strong
or
supported
•
After
the
heavy
snow
,
the
roof
collapsed
under
the
weight
.
After
the
heavy
snow
,
the
roof
collapsed
under
the
weight
.
•
The
old
bridge
began
to
shake
and
then
collapsed
into
the
river
.
The
old
bridge
began
to
shake
and
then
collapsed
into
the
river
.
verb
-
collapse
,
collapsing
,
collapses
,
collapsed
to
suddenly
fall
down
because
you
are
very
ill
,
tired
,
or
shocked
•
She
collapsed
on
the
pavement
after
running
the
marathon
.
She
collapsed
on
the
pavement
after
running
the
marathon
.
•
He
suddenly
collapsed
in
the
classroom
,
and
the
teacher
called
an
ambulance
.
He
suddenly
collapsed
in
the
classroom
,
and
the
teacher
called
an
ambulance
.
noun
a
sudden
fall
or
cave-in
when
something
gives
way
•
The
collapse
of
the
tunnel
trapped
the
workers
.
The
collapse
of
the
tunnel
trapped
the
workers
.
•
Engineers
studied
the
bridge
’
s
collapse
to
find
the
cause
.
Engineers
studied
the
bridge
’
s
collapse
to
find
the
cause
.
verb
-
collapse
,
collapsing
,
collapses
,
collapsed
to
fold
or
push
something
so
that
it
becomes
smaller
or
falls
flat
•
He
collapsed
the
stroller
before
putting
it
in
the
car
trunk
.
He
collapsed
the
stroller
before
putting
it
in
the
car
trunk
.
•
After
camping
,
we
collapsed
the
tent
and
packed
it
away
.
After
camping
,
we
collapsed
the
tent
and
packed
it
away
.
verb
-
collapse
,
collapsing
,
collapses
,
collapsed
to
fail
completely
or
stop
working
suddenly
•
The
company
collapsed
after
losing
its
biggest
customer
.
The
company
collapsed
after
losing
its
biggest
customer
.
•
Talks
collapsed
when
neither
side
would
compromise
.
Talks
collapsed
when
neither
side
would
compromise
.
noun
the
sudden
failure
or
breakdown
of
a
system
,
organization
,
or
plan
•
The
sudden
collapse
of
the
banking
system
shocked
the
country
.
The
sudden
collapse
of
the
banking
system
shocked
the
country
.
•
Experts
warned
that
the
health
service
was
close
to
collapse
.
Experts
warned
that
the
health
service
was
close
to
collapse
.
gradually
adverb
little
by
little
over
a
period
of
time
,
not
suddenly
•
The
sky
gradually
turned
pink
as
the
sun
began
to
rise
.
The
sky
gradually
turned
pink
as
the
sun
began
to
rise
.
•
After
his
injury
,
he
gradually
got
stronger
by
exercising
every
day
.
After
his
injury
,
he
gradually
got
stronger
by
exercising
every
day
.
From
gradual
+
-ly
;
gradual
comes
from
Late
Latin
gradālis
,
from
Latin
gradus
“
step
”.
ideology
noun
-
ideology
,
ideologies
a
system
of
ideas
and
beliefs
that
guides
the
aims
and
actions
of
a
person
,
group
,
or
movement
•
The
revolutionary
group
adopted
a
new
ideology
centered
on
equality
and
freedom
.
The
revolutionary
group
adopted
a
new
ideology
centered
on
equality
and
freedom
.
•
Environmental
protection
is
at
the
heart
of
the
party
’
s
ideology
.
Environmental
protection
is
at
the
heart
of
the
party
’
s
ideology
.
early
19th-century
coinage
from
French
idéologie
,
originally
meaning
the
‘
science
of
ideas
’,
from
Greek
idea
‘
form
,
pattern
’
+
–logy
‘
study
’.
noun
-
ideology
,
ideologies
the
general
way
of
thinking
and
set
of
values
typical
of
a
society
,
culture
,
or
historical
period
•
The
dominant
ideology
of
the
1950s
emphasized
traditional
family
roles
.
The
dominant
ideology
of
the
1950s
emphasized
traditional
family
roles
.
•
Modern
business
ideology
often
values
innovation
over
stability
.
Modern
business
ideology
often
values
innovation
over
stability
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
French
idéologie
, ‘
science
of
ideas
’.
Over
time
it
came
to
mean
the
ideas
themselves
.
pollution
noun
-
pollution
harmful
substances
,
noise
,
or
other
forms
of
waste
that
make
air
,
water
,
or
land
dirty
or
unhealthy
•
The
thick
smog
over
the
city
showed
how
bad
the
pollution
had
become
.
The
thick
smog
over
the
city
showed
how
bad
the
pollution
had
become
.
•
Farmers
tested
the
soil
for
pollution
before
planting
their
crops
.
Farmers
tested
the
soil
for
pollution
before
planting
their
crops
.
from
Latin
polluere
‘
to
soil
,
defile
’,
through
Old
French
pollution
and
Middle
English
pollution
noun
-
pollution
the
act
or
process
of
making
air
,
water
,
or
land
dirty
or
unhealthy
•
The
pollution
of
the
river
began
when
the
factory
started
dumping
waste
.
The
pollution
of
the
river
began
when
the
factory
started
dumping
waste
.
•
Strict
laws
aim
to
reduce
the
pollution
of
the
atmosphere
.
Strict
laws
aim
to
reduce
the
pollution
of
the
atmosphere
.
from
Latin
polluere
‘
to
soil
,
defile
’,
through
Old
French
pollution
and
Middle
English
pollution
counsel
verb
-
counsel
,
counselling
,
counsels
,
counselled
to
give
advice
to
someone
,
especially
on
personal
or
professional
problems
•
The
therapist
counselled
the
couple
to
communicate
more
openly
.
The
therapist
counselled
the
couple
to
communicate
more
openly
.
•
Teachers
are
trained
to
counsel
students
who
feel
stressed
.
Teachers
are
trained
to
counsel
students
who
feel
stressed
.