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if
conjunction
used
to
introduce
a
condition
on
which
something
depends
•
If
it
rains
tomorrow
,
we
will
cancel
the
picnic
.
If
it
rains
tomorrow
,
we
will
cancel
the
picnic
.
•
You
can
have
dessert
if
you
finish
your
vegetables
.
You
can
have
dessert
if
you
finish
your
vegetables
.
Old
English
gif
,
gief
‘
if
,
whether
’,
of
Germanic
origin
.
conjunction
used
to
introduce
an
indirect
question
meaning
‘
whether
’
•
I
’
m
not
sure
if
he
will
join
us
for
dinner
.
I
’
m
not
sure
if
he
will
join
us
for
dinner
.
•
Do
you
know
if
the
train
has
already
left
?
Do
you
know
if
the
train
has
already
left
?
Same
origin
as
the
conditional
‘
if
’;
over
time
,
it
also
came
to
replace
‘
whether
’
in
many
contexts
.
noun
a
condition
or
doubt
that
could
affect
what
happens
•
The
plan
sounds
good
,
but
there
is
one
big
if
—
the
budget
.
The
plan
sounds
good
,
but
there
is
one
big
if
—
the
budget
.
•
Success
depends
on
several
ifs
and
variables
.
Success
depends
on
several
ifs
and
variables
.
Developed
from
the
conjunction
,
first
recorded
as
a
noun
in
the
16th
century
to
mean
‘
condition
or
stipulation
’.
life
noun
-
life
,
lives
the
state
of
being
alive
rather
than
dead
•
Doctors
fought
all
night
to
save
his
life
.
Doctors
fought
all
night
to
save
his
life
.
•
She
owed
her
life
to
the
quick-thinking
firefighter
.
She
owed
her
life
to
the
quick-thinking
firefighter
.
noun
-
life
,
lives
the
period
of
time
from
birth
to
death
of
a
person
or
animal
•
He
spent
his
whole
life
working
on
the
farm
.
He
spent
his
whole
life
working
on
the
farm
.
•
In
later
life
,
she
travelled
the
world
.
In
later
life
,
she
travelled
the
world
.
noun
-
life
,
lives
living
things
in
general
,
especially
on
a
planet
•
Scientists
search
for
life
on
other
planets
.
Scientists
search
for
life
on
other
planets
.
•
The
forest
is
full
of
life
after
the
spring
rain
.
The
forest
is
full
of
life
after
the
spring
rain
.
noun
-
life
,
lives
energy
,
liveliness
,
or
activity
that
makes
something
interesting
or
exciting
•
The
party
was
full
of
life
and
laughter
.
The
party
was
full
of
life
and
laughter
.
•
His
eyes
sparkled
with
life
when
he
talked
about
music
.
His
eyes
sparkled
with
life
when
he
talked
about
music
.
noun
-
life
,
lives
a
book
or
written
account
that
tells
the
story
of
someone
’
s
life
•
I
’
m
reading
a
life
of
Marie
Curie
.
I
’
m
reading
a
life
of
Marie
Curie
.
•
The
author
spent
years
writing
the
life
of
the
painter
.
The
author
spent
years
writing
the
life
of
the
painter
.
noun
-
life
,
lives
a
punishment
in
which
a
criminal
must
stay
in
prison
for
the
rest
of
their
life
•
The
judge
sentenced
the
murderer
to
life
.
The
judge
sentenced
the
murderer
to
life
.
•
He
could
face
life
if
found
guilty
.
He
could
face
life
if
found
guilty
.
different
adjective
not
the
same
as
another
person
or
thing
;
distinct
•
My
brother
and
I
chose
different
flavors
of
ice
cream
.
My
brother
and
I
chose
different
flavors
of
ice
cream
.
•
The
two
houses
on
this
street
look
different
even
though
they
were
built
in
the
same
year
.
The
two
houses
on
this
street
look
different
even
though
they
were
built
in
the
same
year
.
late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
differens
,
different-
‘
carrying
away
,
differing
’,
present
participle
of
differre
‘
to
differ
’.
adjective
unusual
in
a
way
that
attracts
attention
;
out
of
the
ordinary
•
The
artist
’
s
new
painting
is
really
different
;
I
have
never
seen
colors
used
like
that
before
.
The
artist
’
s
new
painting
is
really
different
;
I
have
never
seen
colors
used
like
that
before
.
•
I
like
his
fashion
sense
—
it
’
s
different
in
a
good
way
.
I
like
his
fashion
sense
—
it
’
s
different
in
a
good
way
.
Extension
of
the
primary
sense
“
not
the
same
,”
first
recorded
in
colloquial
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
.
difference
noun
a
way
in
which
two
or
more
people
or
things
are
not
the
same
•
Can
you
spot
the
difference
between
the
two
pictures
?
Can
you
spot
the
difference
between
the
two
pictures
?
•
There
is
a
big
difference
in
price
between
the
red
jacket
and
the
blue
one
.
There
is
a
big
difference
in
price
between
the
red
jacket
and
the
blue
one
.
From
Latin
differentia
“
diversity
,
distinction
”,
from
differre
“
to
carry
apart
,
differ
”.
noun
the
amount
by
which
one
number
or
quantity
is
larger
or
smaller
than
another
•
The
difference
between
15
and
9
is
6
.
The
difference
between
15
and
9
is
6
.
•
Engineers
calculated
the
temperature
difference
across
the
metal
plate
.
Engineers
calculated
the
temperature
difference
across
the
metal
plate
.
noun
-
difference
importance
or
effect
that
something
has
on
a
situation
•
Turning
off
the
lights
when
you
leave
makes
a
big
difference
to
the
environment
.
Turning
off
the
lights
when
you
leave
makes
a
big
difference
to
the
environment
.
•
Arriving
ten
minutes
early
can
make
all
the
difference
in
catching
the
train
.
Arriving
ten
minutes
early
can
make
all
the
difference
in
catching
the
train
.
noun
a
disagreement
or
quarrel
,
especially
when
people
hold
contrasting
opinions
•
They
settled
their
differences
and
became
friends
again
.
They
settled
their
differences
and
became
friends
again
.
•
Political
differences
can
strain
a
family
dinner
.
Political
differences
can
strain
a
family
dinner
.
verb
-
difference
,
differencing
,
differences
,
differenced
(
technical
)
to
find
or
show
how
two
sets
of
data
are
not
the
same
,
especially
by
subtracting
one
from
the
other
•
The
program
differences
the
files
to
detect
changes
.
The
program
differences
the
files
to
detect
changes
.
•
We
differenced
the
data
to
remove
the
seasonal
pattern
.
We
differenced
the
data
to
remove
the
seasonal
pattern
.
wife
noun
-
wife
,
wives
a
woman
who
is
married
,
especially
in
relation
to
her
spouse
•
Carlos
joked
that
his
wife
makes
the
best
pancakes
in
town
.
Carlos
joked
that
his
wife
makes
the
best
pancakes
in
town
.
•
The
wife
held
her
husband's
hand
as
they
watched
the
sunset
from
the
hilltop
.
The
wife
held
her
husband's
hand
as
they
watched
the
sunset
from
the
hilltop
.
Old
English
wīf
(
woman
,
female
spouse
)
related
to
German
Weib
,
originally
meaning
woman
,
later
narrowing
to
married
woman
in
English
noun
-
wife
,
wives
(
archaic
)
a
woman
,
especially
an
adult
female
person
•
In
the
old
tale
,
a
poor
wife
braved
the
winter
storm
to
find
firewood
.
In
the
old
tale
,
a
poor
wife
braved
the
winter
storm
to
find
firewood
.
•
The
town
crier
told
every
wife
to
gather
in
the
square
.
The
town
crier
told
every
wife
to
gather
in
the
square
.
Same
origin
as
main
sense
;
in
older
English
,
wīf
simply
meant
woman
in
general
,
a
meaning
now
largely
obsolete
except
in
certain
dialects
and
compounds
.
specific
adjective
clear
and
exact
,
referring
to
one
particular
person
,
thing
,
or
detail
rather
than
something
general
•
Can
you
give
me
a
specific
example
of
what
you
mean
?
Can
you
give
me
a
specific
example
of
what
you
mean
?
•
Each
student
had
a
specific
topic
to
research
for
the
project
.
Each
student
had
a
specific
topic
to
research
for
the
project
.
From
Latin
specificus
“
of
a
kind
,
special
,”
from
species
“
appearance
,
kind
”
+
-ficus
“
making
.”
noun
a
precise
detail
or
piece
of
information
about
something
•
Before
we
act
,
we
need
the
specifics
of
the
budget
.
Before
we
act
,
we
need
the
specifics
of
the
budget
.
•
She
refused
to
share
any
specifics
about
the
surprise
party
.
She
refused
to
share
any
specifics
about
the
surprise
party
.
Noun
use
evolved
from
the
adjective
in
the
late
19th
century
,
referring
to
‘
specific
detail
’.
noun
a
medicine
or
treatment
that
works
especially
well
for
a
particular
disease
•
Penicillin
was
once
considered
a
specific
for
pneumonia
.
Penicillin
was
once
considered
a
specific
for
pneumonia
.
•
Researchers
are
searching
for
a
specific
that
will
cure
the
new
virus
.
Researchers
are
searching
for
a
specific
that
will
cure
the
new
virus
.
From
early
17th-century
medical
Latin
remedium
specificum
“
remedy
of
a
kind
.”
significant
adjective
large
or
important
enough
to
have
an
effect
or
to
be
noticed
•
The
new
bridge
made
a
significant
difference
to
traffic
flow
.
The
new
bridge
made
a
significant
difference
to
traffic
flow
.
•
Winning
the
award
was
a
significant
moment
in
her
career
.
Winning
the
award
was
a
significant
moment
in
her
career
.
From
Latin
significans
,
present
participle
of
significare
,
meaning
“
to
show
by
a
sign
,
mean
”.
adjective
showing
or
suggesting
a
special
meaning
beyond
the
obvious
words
or
action
•
He
gave
her
a
significant
look
and
she
knew
it
was
time
to
leave
.
He
gave
her
a
significant
look
and
she
knew
it
was
time
to
leave
.
•
The
pause
before
his
answer
was
significant
,
letting
everyone
sense
his
discomfort
.
The
pause
before
his
answer
was
significant
,
letting
everyone
sense
his
discomfort
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
:
Latin
significare
“
to
indicate
,
mean
”.
adjective
showing
a
result
that
is
unlikely
to
have
happened
by
chance
,
according
to
a
statistical
test
•
The
results
were
statistically
significant
at
the
5%
level
.
The
results
were
statistically
significant
at
the
5%
level
.
•
Researchers
found
a
significant
correlation
between
exercise
and
mood
.
Researchers
found
a
significant
correlation
between
exercise
and
mood
.
Adopted
in
statistical
writing
in
the
late
19th
century
to
label
results
unlikely
to
be
due
to
chance
alone
.
beautiful
adjective
pleasing
to
look
at
,
hear
,
or
experience
because
it
has
beauty
or
grace
.
•
The
garden
looked
beautiful
after
the
spring
rain
.
The
garden
looked
beautiful
after
the
spring
rain
.
•
She
wore
a
beautiful
red
dress
to
the
party
.
She
wore
a
beautiful
red
dress
to
the
party
.
From
Middle
English
beauteu
+
-ful
;
patterned
after
beauty
.
adjective
informal
:
excellent
,
very
good
,
or
highly
satisfying
.
•
You
played
a
beautiful
game
out
there
!
You
played
a
beautiful
game
out
there
!
•
That
was
a
beautiful
idea
—
you
saved
us
hours
of
work
.
That
was
a
beautiful
idea
—
you
saved
us
hours
of
work
.
identify
verb
-
identify
,
identifying
,
identifies
,
identified
to
recognise
someone
or
something
and
say
or
show
who
or
what
they
are
•
The
witness
could
identify
the
thief
in
the
police
lineup
.
The
witness
could
identify
the
thief
in
the
police
lineup
.
•
Can
you
identify
this
bird
by
its
song
?
Can
you
identify
this
bird
by
its
song
?
From
Medieval
Latin
identificare
“
make
to
be
the
same
”,
from
Latin
idem
“
same
”
+
facere
“
to
make
”.
verb
-
identify
,
identifying
,
identifies
,
identified
to
find
or
discover
exactly
what
something
is
,
what
caused
something
,
or
where
something
is
•
Engineers
must
identify
the
source
of
the
leak
before
repairs
begin
.
Engineers
must
identify
the
source
of
the
leak
before
repairs
begin
.
•
Doctors
are
trying
to
identify
the
virus
causing
the
outbreak
.
Doctors
are
trying
to
identify
the
virus
causing
the
outbreak
.
verb
-
identify
,
identifying
,
identifies
,
identified
to
feel
that
you
understand
and
share
another
person
’
s
feelings
or
experience
,
often
expressed
with
“
with
”
•
Many
teenagers
identify
with
the
hero
of
the
story
.
Many
teenagers
identify
with
the
hero
of
the
story
.
•
She
could
identify
with
his
feelings
of
homesickness
.
She
could
identify
with
his
feelings
of
homesickness
.
difficult
adjective
needing
a
lot
of
effort
or
skill
;
not
easy
•
Climbing
the
steep
mountain
trail
was
difficult
,
but
the
view
from
the
top
was
worth
it
.
Climbing
the
steep
mountain
trail
was
difficult
,
but
the
view
from
the
top
was
worth
it
.
•
The
math
test
was
more
difficult
than
I
expected
.
The
math
test
was
more
difficult
than
I
expected
.
adjective
describing
someone
who
is
hard
to
please
or
deal
with
•
Their
toddler
can
be
difficult
when
it's
time
for
bed
.
Their
toddler
can
be
difficult
when
it's
time
for
bed
.
•
My
boss
is
a
difficult
person
who
rarely
praises
anyone
.
My
boss
is
a
difficult
person
who
rarely
praises
anyone
.
gift
noun
something
you
give
to
someone
without
expecting
payment
,
usually
to
celebrate
,
thank
,
or
show
affection
•
Maya
unwrapped
the
brightly
colored
gift
with
a
huge
grin
.
Maya
unwrapped
the
brightly
colored
gift
with
a
huge
grin
.
•
I
bought
a
small
gift
for
my
teacher
to
say
thank
you
.
I
bought
a
small
gift
for
my
teacher
to
say
thank
you
.
Old
English
“
gift
”
meaning
act
of
giving
,
related
to
“
give
”.
noun
a
natural
ability
or
talent
that
someone
is
born
with
or
develops
easily
•
She
has
a
gift
for
languages
and
speaks
four
fluently
.
She
has
a
gift
for
languages
and
speaks
four
fluently
.
•
His
musical
gift
became
clear
when
he
could
play
melodies
by
ear
at
age
five
.
His
musical
gift
became
clear
when
he
could
play
melodies
by
ear
at
age
five
.
Metaphorical
extension
of
“
gift
”
as
something
given
at
birth
.
verb
-
gift
,
gifting
,
gifts
,
gifted
to
give
something
to
someone
,
especially
formally
or
as
a
present
•
The
company
gifted
tablets
to
every
employee
at
the
holiday
party
.
The
company
gifted
tablets
to
every
employee
at
the
holiday
party
.
•
Her
aunt
plans
to
gift
the
old
farmhouse
to
charity
.
Her
aunt
plans
to
gift
the
old
farmhouse
to
charity
.
Verbal
use
developed
from
noun
sense
in
the
17th
century
meaning
‘
bestow
as
a
gift
’.
scientific
adjective
relating
to
science
or
based
on
the
principles
and
methods
of
science
•
The
team
published
their
scientific
findings
in
a
leading
journal
.
The
team
published
their
scientific
findings
in
a
leading
journal
.
•
She
used
scientific
instruments
to
measure
the
air
quality
.
She
used
scientific
instruments
to
measure
the
air
quality
.
From
Latin
scientificus
(“
skilled
,
learned
”),
from
scientia
(“
knowledge
”).
adjective
done
in
a
very
careful
,
systematic
,
and
exact
way
,
like
a
scientist
,
even
outside
of
formal
science
•
We
took
a
scientific
approach
to
reorganizing
the
library
,
sorting
every
book
by
subject
and
author
.
We
took
a
scientific
approach
to
reorganizing
the
library
,
sorting
every
book
by
subject
and
author
.
•
His
kitchen
looks
messy
,
but
his
cooking
is
surprisingly
scientific
and
precise
.
His
kitchen
looks
messy
,
but
his
cooking
is
surprisingly
scientific
and
precise
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
:
Latin
scientificus
(“
skilled
,
learned
”).
lift
verb
-
lift
,
lifting
,
lifts
,
lifted
to
move
something
or
someone
to
a
higher
position
,
usually
by
using
your
hands
or
a
machine
.
•
The
firefighter
lifted
the
child
out
of
the
window
to
safety
.
The
firefighter
lifted
the
child
out
of
the
window
to
safety
.
•
Please
lift
the
suitcase
onto
the
scale
.
Please
lift
the
suitcase
onto
the
scale
.
noun
a
free
ride
in
someone
else
’
s
vehicle
.
•
Could
you
give
me
a
lift
to
the
station
?
Could
you
give
me
a
lift
to
the
station
?
•
I
got
a
lift
home
from
my
neighbor
after
the
party
.
I
got
a
lift
home
from
my
neighbor
after
the
party
.
noun
a
machine
with
a
platform
that
moves
up
and
down
inside
a
building
to
carry
people
or
goods
between
floors
.
•
Take
the
lift
to
the
fourth
floor
;
the
stairs
are
closed
.
Take
the
lift
to
the
fourth
floor
;
the
stairs
are
closed
.
•
The
hotel
’
s
lift
was
out
of
order
all
weekend
.
The
hotel
’
s
lift
was
out
of
order
all
weekend
.
verb
-
lift
,
lifting
,
lifts
,
lifted
to
officially
end
or
remove
a
rule
,
ban
,
or
tax
so
it
no
longer
applies
.
•
The
government
lifted
the
travel
ban
after
the
outbreak
was
contained
.
The
government
lifted
the
travel
ban
after
the
outbreak
was
contained
.
•
When
the
curfew
was
lifted
,
people
poured
into
the
streets
to
celebrate
.
When
the
curfew
was
lifted
,
people
poured
into
the
streets
to
celebrate
.
verb
-
lift
,
lifting
,
lifts
,
lifted
to
make
someone
feel
happier
,
more
hopeful
,
or
more
energetic
.
•
Her
smile
lifted
my
spirits
on
a
gloomy
day
.
Her
smile
lifted
my
spirits
on
a
gloomy
day
.
•
A
good
song
can
lift
your
mood
instantly
.
A
good
song
can
lift
your
mood
instantly
.
verb
-
lift
,
lifting
,
lifts
,
lifted
to
move
upwards
or
become
higher
or
clearer
.
•
When
the
morning
mist
lifted
,
the
mountains
appeared
.
When
the
morning
mist
lifted
,
the
mountains
appeared
.
•
The
balloon
lifted
slowly
into
the
pale
sky
.
The
balloon
lifted
slowly
into
the
pale
sky
.
noun
a
feeling
of
increased
happiness
,
energy
,
or
hope
.
•
Getting
good
news
gave
him
a
real
lift
.
Getting
good
news
gave
him
a
real
lift
.
•
A
short
walk
outside
can
provide
a
quick
lift
.
A
short
walk
outside
can
provide
a
quick
lift
.
verb
-
lift
,
lifting
,
lifts
,
lifted
to
take
something
that
does
not
belong
to
you
without
permission
;
to
steal
.
•
Someone
lifted
my
phone
from
the
café
table
while
I
was
paying
.
Someone
lifted
my
phone
from
the
café
table
while
I
was
paying
.
•
Pickpockets
often
lift
wallets
in
crowded
trains
.
Pickpockets
often
lift
wallets
in
crowded
trains
.
verb
-
lift
,
lifting
,
lifts
,
lifted
to
copy
words
,
ideas
,
or
music
from
another
source
and
use
them
as
your
own
.
•
The
student
was
punished
because
he
lifted
sentences
straight
from
the
internet
.
The
student
was
punished
because
he
lifted
sentences
straight
from
the
internet
.
•
She
accused
the
rival
author
of
lifting
whole
paragraphs
from
her
novel
.
She
accused
the
rival
author
of
lifting
whole
paragraphs
from
her
novel
.
noun
the
upward
force
that
keeps
an
aircraft
in
the
air
.
•
The
wing
’
s
shape
creates
lift
as
air
flows
over
it
.
The
wing
’
s
shape
creates
lift
as
air
flows
over
it
.
•
Without
enough
lift
,
the
plane
cannot
take
off
.
Without
enough
lift
,
the
plane
cannot
take
off
.
specifically
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
meant
for
one
particular
person
,
thing
,
or
purpose
and
not
for
others
•
This
course
was
designed
specifically
for
beginners
.
This
course
was
designed
specifically
for
beginners
.
•
He
bought
a
lightweight
camera
specifically
to
record
his
mountain-climbing
adventures
.
He
bought
a
lightweight
camera
specifically
to
record
his
mountain-climbing
adventures
.
formed
from
specific
+
-ally
in
the
late
17th
century
to
create
the
adverbial
form
adverb
used
to
give
exact
or
detailed
information
about
what
you
mean
•
We
need
to
know
specifically
how
much
the
repairs
will
cost
.
We
need
to
know
specifically
how
much
the
repairs
will
cost
.
•
Can
you
explain
specifically
what
went
wrong
during
the
test
?
Can
you
explain
specifically
what
went
wrong
during
the
test
?
formed
from
specific
+
-ally
in
the
late
17th
century
to
create
the
adverbial
form
unidentified
adjective
not
known
by
name
,
type
,
origin
,
or
owner
•
The
police
found
an
unidentified
bag
left
on
the
bench
.
The
police
found
an
unidentified
bag
left
on
the
bench
.
•
Scientists
are
studying
an
unidentified
species
of
deep-sea
fish
.
Scientists
are
studying
an
unidentified
species
of
deep-sea
fish
.
significantly
adverb
in
an
important
or
noticeable
way
•
The
new
bridge
significantly
reduced
travel
time
between
the
two
towns
.
The
new
bridge
significantly
reduced
travel
time
between
the
two
towns
.
•
Adding
a
pinch
of
salt
significantly
improved
the
flavor
of
the
soup
.
Adding
a
pinch
of
salt
significantly
improved
the
flavor
of
the
soup
.
adverb
in
a
way
that
hints
at
a
hidden
meaning
or
message
•
She
looked
at
him
significantly
and
tapped
her
watch
.
She
looked
at
him
significantly
and
tapped
her
watch
.
•
The
teacher
smiled
significantly
when
he
saw
my
high
test
score
.
The
teacher
smiled
significantly
when
he
saw
my
high
test
score
.
adverb
according
to
scientific
or
statistical
tests
,
in
a
way
unlikely
to
be
due
to
chance
•
The
new
drug
lowered
blood
pressure
significantly
compared
with
the
placebo
.
The
new
drug
lowered
blood
pressure
significantly
compared
with
the
placebo
.
•
Sales
increased
significantly
over
the
holiday
season
,
according
to
the
data
.
Sales
increased
significantly
over
the
holiday
season
,
according
to
the
data
.
difficulty
noun
-
difficulty
,
difficulties
the
state
of
something
being
hard
to
do
,
understand
,
or
deal
with
•
She
had
no
difficulty
finding
the
right
bus
at
the
station
.
She
had
no
difficulty
finding
the
right
bus
at
the
station
.
•
The
child
read
the
long
word
slowly
,
showing
great
difficulty
.
The
child
read
the
long
word
slowly
,
showing
great
difficulty
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
difficultas
,
from
difficilis
‘
hard
,
difficult
’.
noun
-
difficulty
,
difficulties
a
specific
problem
or
obstacle
that
makes
something
harder
•
They
ran
into
a
difficulty
when
the
printer
stopped
working
.
They
ran
into
a
difficulty
when
the
printer
stopped
working
.
•
Unexpected
financial
difficulties
forced
the
family
to
postpone
their
vacation
.
Unexpected
financial
difficulties
forced
the
family
to
postpone
their
vacation
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
difficultas
,
from
difficilis
‘
hard
,
difficult
’.
knife
noun
-
knife
,
knives
a
tool
or
utensil
with
a
sharp-edged
blade
fixed
in
a
handle
,
used
for
cutting
food
,
materials
,
or
other
objects
•
Carefully
,
Mia
used
a
sharp
knife
to
slice
a
ripe
tomato
.
Carefully
,
Mia
used
a
sharp
knife
to
slice
a
ripe
tomato
.
•
The
picnic
basket
held
plates
,
forks
,
and
a
small
knife
for
spreading
butter
on
bread
.
The
picnic
basket
held
plates
,
forks
,
and
a
small
knife
for
spreading
butter
on
bread
.
Old
English
cnīf
,
from
Old
Norse
knífr
,
meaning
“
blade
”
or
“
instrument
for
cutting
”.
verb
-
knife
,
knifing
,
knifes
,
knifed
to
stab
,
cut
,
or
wound
a
person
or
object
using
a
knife
•
In
the
novel
,
the
villain
threatened
to
knife
the
detective
during
a
tense
confrontation
.
In
the
novel
,
the
villain
threatened
to
knife
the
detective
during
a
tense
confrontation
.
•
With
a
swift
motion
,
she
knifed
open
the
thick
package
to
see
what
was
inside
.
With
a
swift
motion
,
she
knifed
open
the
thick
package
to
see
what
was
inside
.
Verb
sense
developed
from
the
noun
in
Middle
English
,
meaning
“
to
attack
with
a
knife
”.
shift
verb
-
shift
,
shifting
,
shifts
,
shifted
to
move
,
or
make
someone
or
something
move
,
a
short
distance
or
into
a
new
position
•
Could
you
shift
the
chair
a
little
so
I
can
open
the
drawer
?
Could
you
shift
the
chair
a
little
so
I
can
open
the
drawer
?
•
The
cat
shifted
on
the
windowsill
to
find
a
sunnier
spot
.
The
cat
shifted
on
the
windowsill
to
find
a
sunnier
spot
.
Old
English
“
sciftan
”
meaning
"
arrange
,
divide
,
allot
",
later
"
move
,
change
".
noun
a
period
of
working
time
in
a
factory
,
hospital
,
shop
,
etc
.
•
I
start
the
morning
shift
at
6
a
.
m
.
I
start
the
morning
shift
at
6
a
.
m
.
•
Doctors
often
work
12-hour
shifts
in
the
emergency
room
.
Doctors
often
work
12-hour
shifts
in
the
emergency
room
.
Sense
of
"
period
of
scheduled
labor
"
arose
in
late
19th-century
industrial
settings
.
verb
-
shift
,
shifting
,
shifts
,
shifted
to
change
or
cause
something
to
change
,
especially
an
idea
,
plan
,
or
situation
•
Public
opinion
has
shifted
in
favor
of
renewable
energy
.
Public
opinion
has
shifted
in
favor
of
renewable
energy
.
•
The
company
plans
to
shift
its
focus
to
online
sales
.
The
company
plans
to
shift
its
focus
to
online
sales
.
Extended
sense
of
physical
movement
to
abstract
change
appeared
in
the
16th
century
.
verb
-
shift
,
shifting
,
shifts
,
shifted
to
change
the
gear
of
a
vehicle
or
bicycle
•
He
shifted
into
second
gear
as
the
car
climbed
the
hill
.
He
shifted
into
second
gear
as
the
car
climbed
the
hill
.
•
Don
’
t
forget
to
shift
before
the
engine
starts
to
strain
.
Don
’
t
forget
to
shift
before
the
engine
starts
to
strain
.
Automotive
use
dates
from
early
20th-century
motorcars
.
noun
a
change
in
something
such
as
a
trend
,
direction
,
or
attitude
•
There
has
been
a
major
shift
in
climate
policy
.
There
has
been
a
major
shift
in
climate
policy
.
•
The
demographic
shift
toward
an
older
population
will
affect
healthcare
.
The
demographic
shift
toward
an
older
population
will
affect
healthcare
.
Abstract
noun
sense
recorded
since
17th
century
.
noun
a
simple
,
loose
dress
that
hangs
straight
down
and
does
not
fit
tightly
at
the
waist
•
She
wore
a
linen
shift
to
keep
cool
in
the
summer
heat
.
She
wore
a
linen
shift
to
keep
cool
in
the
summer
heat
.
•
1960s
fashion
popularized
the
mod
shift
with
bold
patterns
.
1960s
fashion
popularized
the
mod
shift
with
bold
patterns
.
From
Middle
English
meaning
"
undergarment
,"
later
adapted
for
modern
dress
style
.
Shift
noun
a
key
on
a
computer
or
typewriter
keyboard
that
,
when
pressed
with
another
key
,
produces
capital
letters
or
other
alternate
characters
•
Hold
down
Shift
and
press
the
letter
to
type
a
capital
.
Hold
down
Shift
and
press
the
letter
to
type
a
capital
.
•
Use
Shift+Delete
to
permanently
remove
a
file
in
Windows
.
Use
Shift+Delete
to
permanently
remove
a
file
in
Windows
.
Named
for
its
function
on
early
typewriters
to
"
shift
"
the
type
mechanism
to
a
new
position
for
capitals
.
justify
verb
-
justify
,
justifying
,
justifies
,
justified
to
give
a
good
reason
for
something
so
that
people
accept
it
as
fair
,
right
,
or
reasonable
•
She
tried
to
justify
her
lateness
by
blaming
the
traffic
.
She
tried
to
justify
her
lateness
by
blaming
the
traffic
.
•
No
amount
of
money
can
justify
hurting
innocent
people
.
No
amount
of
money
can
justify
hurting
innocent
people
.
From
Middle
English
justifien
,
from
Old
French
justifier
,
from
Late
Latin
justificare
“
to
make
just
”,
from
Latin
justus
“
just
”
+
facere
“
to
make
”.
verb
-
justify
,
justifying
,
justifies
,
justified
to
arrange
written
text
so
that
lines
are
exactly
even
at
both
the
left
and
right
margins
•
Click
this
icon
to
justify
the
text
in
your
document
.
Click
this
icon
to
justify
the
text
in
your
document
.
•
The
paragraph
looked
messy
until
I
justified
it
.
The
paragraph
looked
messy
until
I
justified
it
.
verb
-
justify
,
justifying
,
justifies
,
justified
(
in
theology
)
to
declare
or
make
someone
morally
right
in
the
eyes
of
God
•
The
apostle
wrote
that
faith
alone
can
justify
believers
.
The
apostle
wrote
that
faith
alone
can
justify
believers
.
•
According
to
the
doctrine
,
baptism
does
not
itself
justify
the
soul
.
According
to
the
doctrine
,
baptism
does
not
itself
justify
the
soul
.
fifth
adjective
coming
after
the
fourth
in
order
or
position
•
Emma
finished
fifth
in
the
spelling
bee
,
just
missing
the
finals
.
Emma
finished
fifth
in
the
spelling
bee
,
just
missing
the
finals
.
•
The
apartment
is
on
the
fifth
floor
,
so
we
can
take
the
elevator
.
The
apartment
is
on
the
fifth
floor
,
so
we
can
take
the
elevator
.
noun
one
part
of
something
that
is
divided
into
five
equal
pieces
•
He
ate
a
fifth
of
the
pizza
and
saved
the
rest
for
later
.
He
ate
a
fifth
of
the
pizza
and
saved
the
rest
for
later
.
•
Only
a
fifth
of
the
forest
remains
untouched
.
Only
a
fifth
of
the
forest
remains
untouched
.
noun
in
music
,
the
interval
between
two
notes
that
are
five
scale
degrees
apart
•
The
melody
leaps
up
a
perfect
fifth
at
the
chorus
,
making
it
memorable
.
The
melody
leaps
up
a
perfect
fifth
at
the
chorus
,
making
it
memorable
.
•
Singers
practiced
holding
the
fifth
to
stay
in
harmony
.
Singers
practiced
holding
the
fifth
to
stay
in
harmony
.
noun
a
bottle
of
liquor
holding
about
750
milliliters
,
originally
one
fifth
of
a
U
.
S
.
gallon
•
He
bought
a
fifth
of
whiskey
for
the
camping
trip
.
He
bought
a
fifth
of
whiskey
for
the
camping
trip
.
•
There's
a
fifth
of
rum
on
the
kitchen
counter
.
There's
a
fifth
of
rum
on
the
kitchen
counter
.
lifetime
noun
the
whole
period
during
which
a
person
or
other
living
thing
is
alive
•
During
her
lifetime
,
she
traveled
to
over
fifty
countries
.
During
her
lifetime
,
she
traveled
to
over
fifty
countries
.
•
The
scientist
became
world-famous
only
after
his
lifetime
.
The
scientist
became
world-famous
only
after
his
lifetime
.
Formed
from
life
+
time
in
the
14th
century
to
mean
the
duration
of
a
person
’
s
life
.
noun
the
length
of
time
that
something
continues
to
work
,
remain
useful
,
or
exist
•
The
LED
bulb
has
a
lifetime
of
about
25
,
000
hours
.
The
LED
bulb
has
a
lifetime
of
about
25
,
000
hours
.
•
Regular
oil
changes
will
extend
the
lifetime
of
your
car
engine
.
Regular
oil
changes
will
extend
the
lifetime
of
your
car
engine
.
By
extension
from
the
human
sense
,
first
recorded
19th
century
in
technical
writing
.
adjective
lasting
for
or
intended
to
last
for
the
whole
of
someone
’
s
life
or
the
whole
existence
of
something
•
She
purchased
a
lifetime
membership
at
the
local
museum
.
She
purchased
a
lifetime
membership
at
the
local
museum
.
•
Winning
the
gold
medal
was
a
lifetime
achievement
for
him
.
Winning
the
gold
medal
was
a
lifetime
achievement
for
him
.
Adjectival
use
developed
in
the
early
20th
century
from
the
noun
form
,
used
attributively
before
another
noun
.
sheriff
noun
the
elected
official
who
is
the
chief
law-enforcement
officer
of
a
county
in
the
United
States
,
supervising
deputies
,
running
the
county
jail
,
and
carrying
out
court
orders
•
The
newly
elected
sheriff
promised
to
make
the
streets
safer
.
The
newly
elected
sheriff
promised
to
make
the
streets
safer
.
•
A
deputy
hurried
down
the
hallway
to
brief
the
sheriff
about
an
escaped
prisoner
.
A
deputy
hurried
down
the
hallway
to
brief
the
sheriff
about
an
escaped
prisoner
.
From
Middle
English
shire
reeve
,
the
royal
official
responsible
for
keeping
the
peace
in
a
shire
(
county
)
in
medieval
England
.
noun
in
the
United
Kingdom
,
a
ceremonial
or
judicial
officer
,
such
as
the
high
sheriff
of
an
English
county
or
a
judge
in
the
Scottish
sheriff
court
•
The
sheriff
read
out
the
court's
decision
in
Edinburgh
.
The
sheriff
read
out
the
court's
decision
in
Edinburgh
.
•
Each
year
a
new
sheriff
is
appointed
to
represent
the
county
at
official
events
.
Each
year
a
new
sheriff
is
appointed
to
represent
the
county
at
official
events
.
Originally
an
Anglo-Saxon
royal
officer
called
the
shire
reeve
,
responsible
for
law
and
order
in
a
shire
;
over
centuries
the
role
evolved
into
various
ceremonial
and
judicial
functions
in
the
UK
.
testify
verb
-
testify
,
testifying
,
testifies
,
testified
to
speak
officially
,
especially
in
a
law
court
,
giving
facts
or
information
that
you
know
to
be
true
•
The
witness
will
testify
in
court
tomorrow
.
The
witness
will
testify
in
court
tomorrow
.
•
Several
experts
testified
that
the
documents
were
genuine
.
Several
experts
testified
that
the
documents
were
genuine
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
testifier
,
from
Latin
testificari
‘
bear
witness
’,
from
testis
‘
witness
’.
verb
-
testify
,
testifying
,
testifies
,
testified
to
show
or
prove
that
something
exists
or
is
true
•
The
deep
footprints
testify
to
the
bear's
size
.
The
deep
footprints
testify
to
the
bear's
size
.
•
His
joyful
smile
testified
to
his
success
.
His
joyful
smile
testified
to
his
success
.
verb
-
testify
,
testifying
,
testifies
,
testified
to
speak
publicly
about
your
strong
belief
or
personal
experience
,
especially
about
your
religious
faith
•
During
the
service
,
she
stood
to
testify
about
how
her
faith
helped
her
.
During
the
service
,
she
stood
to
testify
about
how
her
faith
helped
her
.
•
Members
of
the
congregation
testified
to
their
personal
experiences
.
Members
of
the
congregation
testified
to
their
personal
experiences
.
qualify
verb
-
qualify
,
qualifying
,
qualifies
,
qualified
to
achieve
the
necessary
standard
to
take
part
in
the
next
stage
of
a
competition
,
exam
,
or
process
•
After
winning
their
last
match
,
the
team
qualified
for
the
finals
.
After
winning
their
last
match
,
the
team
qualified
for
the
finals
.
•
If
you
score
seventy
percent
on
the
written
test
,
you
qualify
to
take
the
advanced
course
.
If
you
score
seventy
percent
on
the
written
test
,
you
qualify
to
take
the
advanced
course
.
From
Medieval
Latin
qualificare
“
to
make
of
a
certain
quality
,”
from
Latin
qualis
“
of
what
kind
”
+
facere
“
to
make
”.
verb
-
qualify
,
qualifying
,
qualifies
,
qualified
to
have
the
required
education
,
skills
,
or
experience
to
do
a
particular
job
or
activity
•
Julia
finally
qualified
as
a
lawyer
after
seven
years
of
study
.
Julia
finally
qualified
as
a
lawyer
after
seven
years
of
study
.
•
Applicants
must
qualify
for
the
scholarship
by
demonstrating
financial
need
.
Applicants
must
qualify
for
the
scholarship
by
demonstrating
financial
need
.
verb
-
qualify
,
qualifying
,
qualifies
,
qualified
to
give
someone
the
necessary
skills
,
knowledge
,
or
authority
to
do
something
•
This
intensive
program
will
qualify
you
to
work
as
a
paramedic
.
This
intensive
program
will
qualify
you
to
work
as
a
paramedic
.
•
The
new
law
qualifies
small
businesses
for
additional
tax
credits
.
The
new
law
qualifies
small
businesses
for
additional
tax
credits
.
verb
-
qualify
,
qualifying
,
qualifies
,
qualified
to
add
limits
,
conditions
,
or
details
to
a
statement
,
making
it
less
general
or
strong
•
I
should
qualify
my
earlier
comments
by
saying
the
plan
is
still
in
draft
form
.
I
should
qualify
my
earlier
comments
by
saying
the
plan
is
still
in
draft
form
.
•
She
qualified
her
praise
with
a
warning
about
possible
delays
.
She
qualified
her
praise
with
a
warning
about
possible
delays
.
verb
-
qualify
,
qualifying
,
qualifies
,
qualified
(
in
grammar
)
to
describe
or
limit
the
meaning
of
another
word
•
In
the
phrase
“
red
apple
,”
the
adjective
“
red
”
qualifies
the
noun
“
apple
.”
In
the
phrase
“
red
apple
,”
the
adjective
“
red
”
qualifies
the
noun
“
apple
.”
•
Adverbs
often
qualify
verbs
by
adding
information
about
manner
or
time
.
Adverbs
often
qualify
verbs
by
adding
information
about
manner
or
time
.
lifestyle
noun
the
way
a
person
,
group
,
or
society
lives
,
including
their
daily
habits
,
activities
,
and
values
•
Moving
to
the
countryside
completely
changed
her
lifestyle
.
Moving
to
the
countryside
completely
changed
her
lifestyle
.
•
Regular
exercise
and
a
balanced
diet
are
part
of
a
healthy
lifestyle
.
Regular
exercise
and
a
balanced
diet
are
part
of
a
healthy
lifestyle
.
From
life
+
style
,
first
appearing
in
the
early
20th
century
to
describe
patterns
of
living
.
adjective
designed
to
suit
,
express
,
or
improve
a
particular
way
of
living
•
The
company
sells
pricey
lifestyle
products
like
designer
candles
and
yoga
mats
.
The
company
sells
pricey
lifestyle
products
like
designer
candles
and
yoga
mats
.
•
Doctors
advised
him
to
make
lifestyle
changes
,
such
as
walking
more
and
quitting
smoking
.
Doctors
advised
him
to
make
lifestyle
changes
,
such
as
walking
more
and
quitting
smoking
.
Extension
of
the
noun
,
first
used
attributively
in
mid-20th-century
marketing
and
health
writing
.
differently
adverb
in
a
way
that
is
not
the
same
as
someone
or
something
else
•
If
you
mix
red
and
blue
paint
differently
,
you
can
get
a
totally
new
shade
of
purple
.
If
you
mix
red
and
blue
paint
differently
,
you
can
get
a
totally
new
shade
of
purple
.
•
Twins
may
look
alike
,
but
they
often
think
differently
about
many
things
.
Twins
may
look
alike
,
but
they
often
think
differently
about
many
things
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
“
different
”
+
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
differ
verb
to
be
unlike
or
not
the
same
as
something
or
someone
else
•
The
twins
differ
in
personality
even
though
they
look
alike
.
The
twins
differ
in
personality
even
though
they
look
alike
.
•
Prices
differ
from
store
to
store
along
the
busy
street
.
Prices
differ
from
store
to
store
along
the
busy
street
.
From
Latin
“
differre
”
meaning
“
to
carry
apart
,”
which
developed
into
the
sense
of
being
unlike
.
verb
to
have
a
different
opinion
;
to
disagree
•
Scientists
often
differ
about
the
best
way
to
interpret
the
data
.
Scientists
often
differ
about
the
best
way
to
interpret
the
data
.
•
I
differ
with
my
brother
on
how
to
spend
the
holiday
.
I
differ
with
my
brother
on
how
to
spend
the
holiday
.
Same
Latin
root
as
the
first
sense
;
the
idea
of
‘
being
apart
’
extended
to
opinions
.
wildlife
noun
-
wildlife
animals
and
sometimes
plants
that
live
freely
in
their
natural
environment
and
are
not
cared
for
,
kept
,
or
controlled
by
people
•
Tourists
quietly
watched
the
wildlife
from
a
wooden
observation
deck
in
the
national
park
.
Tourists
quietly
watched
the
wildlife
from
a
wooden
observation
deck
in
the
national
park
.
•
Conservationists
are
working
hard
to
protect
local
wildlife
from
pollution
.
Conservationists
are
working
hard
to
protect
local
wildlife
from
pollution
.
formed
in
the
late
19th
century
from
wild
+
life
,
originally
referring
to
undomesticated
animals
living
freely
in
nature
identification
noun
the
act
or
process
of
recognizing
or
proving
who
or
what
someone
or
something
is
•
The
witness
’
s
quick
identification
of
the
thief
helped
the
police
make
an
arrest
.
The
witness
’
s
quick
identification
of
the
thief
helped
the
police
make
an
arrest
.
•
Accurate
species
identification
is
essential
for
protecting
endangered
animals
.
Accurate
species
identification
is
essential
for
protecting
endangered
animals
.
From
Medieval
Latin
identificātiō
,
formed
from
Latin
idem
“
same
”
+
facere
“
to
make
”
+
noun
ending
‑tiō
.
noun
an
official
document
,
card
,
or
other
proof
that
shows
who
a
person
is
•
The
security
guard
asked
every
visitor
to
show
photo
identification
.
The
security
guard
asked
every
visitor
to
show
photo
identification
.
•
Remember
to
bring
two
forms
of
identification
when
you
apply
for
the
passport
.
Remember
to
bring
two
forms
of
identification
when
you
apply
for
the
passport
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
;
applied
to
documents
from
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
a
strong
feeling
of
connection
or
empathy
with
another
person
or
group
because
of
shared
qualities
or
experiences
•
Many
readers
feel
deep
identification
with
the
novel
’
s
courageous
heroine
.
Many
readers
feel
deep
identification
with
the
novel
’
s
courageous
heroine
.
•
Her
own
struggles
created
a
strong
identification
with
the
patients
she
cared
for
.
Her
own
struggles
created
a
strong
identification
with
the
patients
she
cared
for
.
Adopted
into
psychology
in
the
early
20th
century
to
describe
emotional
alignment
with
others
.
fifty
adjective
being
the
number
50
•
There
are
fifty
balloons
tied
to
the
railing
.
There
are
fifty
balloons
tied
to
the
railing
.
•
The
teacher
handed
out
fifty
sheets
of
paper
for
the
test
.
The
teacher
handed
out
fifty
sheets
of
paper
for
the
test
.
noun
-
fifty
,
fifties
the
number
50
,
a
unit
or
set
of
fifty
things
,
or
the
decade/age
range
of
50–59
(
usually
in
plural
form
‘
fifties
’)
•
She
wrote
the
number
fifty
at
the
top
of
the
form
.
She
wrote
the
number
fifty
at
the
top
of
the
form
.
•
A
fifty
is
half
of
a
hundred
.
A
fifty
is
half
of
a
hundred
.
uniform
noun
a
special
set
of
clothes
of
the
same
style
and
colour
that
members
of
a
group
wear
to
show
they
belong
together
•
All
the
students
lined
up
in
the
playground
wearing
their
neat
blue
uniform
.
All
the
students
lined
up
in
the
playground
wearing
their
neat
blue
uniform
.
•
The
firefighter
’
s
protective
uniform
hung
on
a
hook
beside
the
red
engine
,
ready
for
the
next
call
.
The
firefighter
’
s
protective
uniform
hung
on
a
hook
beside
the
red
engine
,
ready
for
the
next
call
.
Borrowed
from
French
uniforme
,
from
Latin
ūniformis
,
meaning
“
having
one
form
”.
adjective
always
the
same
in
appearance
,
size
,
or
way
of
doing
something
•
The
bricks
were
laid
in
a
perfectly
uniform
pattern
across
the
entire
wall
.
The
bricks
were
laid
in
a
perfectly
uniform
pattern
across
the
entire
wall
.
•
She
prefers
clothing
with
a
uniform
colour
scheme
instead
of
bright
contrasts
.
She
prefers
clothing
with
a
uniform
colour
scheme
instead
of
bright
contrasts
.
Same
origin
as
the
noun
:
from
Latin
ūniformis
“
having
one
form
”.
verb
to
make
things
the
same
in
form
,
appearance
,
or
character
•
The
new
policy
aims
to
uniform
safety
standards
across
all
factories
.
The
new
policy
aims
to
uniform
safety
standards
across
all
factories
.
•
Engineers
worked
to
uniform
the
size
of
the
components
before
assembly
.
Engineers
worked
to
uniform
the
size
of
the
components
before
assembly
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
sense
,
meaning
“
to
make
uniform
”.
First
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
significance
noun
the
quality
of
being
important
or
having
a
notable
effect
•
The
teacher
explained
the
significance
of
recycling
to
the
students
.
The
teacher
explained
the
significance
of
recycling
to
the
students
.
•
Many
tourists
don
’
t
realize
the
significance
of
the
ancient
temple
until
they
see
its
detailed
carvings
up
close
.
Many
tourists
don
’
t
realize
the
significance
of
the
ancient
temple
until
they
see
its
detailed
carvings
up
close
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
significantia
,
from
significare
“
to
signify
.”
First
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
17th
century
.
noun
the
hidden
,
symbolic
,
or
special
meaning
that
something
carries
for
someone
•
She
chose
a
yellow
scarf
because
the
color
held
personal
significance
for
her
.
She
chose
a
yellow
scarf
because
the
color
held
personal
significance
for
her
.
•
The
author
uses
rain
with
special
significance
to
show
the
hero
’
s
sadness
.
The
author
uses
rain
with
special
significance
to
show
the
hero
’
s
sadness
.
Same
origin
as
the
main
sense
:
from
Latin
significantia
,
stressing
the
idea
of
what
something
signifies
beyond
surface
appearance
.
noun
in
statistics
,
the
degree
to
which
a
result
is
unlikely
to
have
happened
by
chance
•
The
researcher
said
the
results
reached
statistical
significance
at
the
0
.
05
level
.
The
researcher
said
the
results
reached
statistical
significance
at
the
0
.
05
level
.
•
Without
significance
,
the
experiment
’
s
findings
could
be
due
to
chance
.
Without
significance
,
the
experiment
’
s
findings
could
be
due
to
chance
.
Adopted
into
statistical
language
in
the
20th
century
,
extending
the
older
sense
of
importance
to
a
precise
technical
threshold
.
fifteen
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
show
that
there
are
15
of
something
•
We
need
fifteen
chairs
for
the
meeting
.
We
need
fifteen
chairs
for
the
meeting
.
•
There
are
fifteen
students
in
my
class
.
There
are
fifteen
students
in
my
class
.
noun
-
fifteen
the
number
15
•
Fifteen
is
half
of
thirty
.
Fifteen
is
half
of
thirty
.
•
Her
lucky
number
is
fifteen
.
Her
lucky
number
is
fifteen
.
rifle
noun
a
long
gun
held
against
the
shoulder
that
fires
bullets
through
a
barrel
with
spiral
grooves
so
the
bullets
spin
and
fly
straight
•
The
park
ranger
carried
a
rifle
while
walking
along
the
forest
trail
.
The
park
ranger
carried
a
rifle
while
walking
along
the
forest
trail
.
•
At
the
shooting
range
,
a
teenage
boy
steadied
his
rifle
before
taking
aim
at
the
paper
target
.
At
the
shooting
range
,
a
teenage
boy
steadied
his
rifle
before
taking
aim
at
the
paper
target
.
From
French
'rifler'
meaning
'scratch
,
groove'
,
referring
to
the
spiral
grooves
cut
inside
the
barrel
.
verb
-
rifle
,
rifling
,
rifles
,
rifled
to
search
through
something
quickly
and
carelessly
in
order
to
find
a
particular
thing
•
Nervous
before
the
test
,
Ethan
rifled through
his
backpack
for
a
spare
pen
.
Nervous
before
the
test
,
Ethan
rifled through
his
backpack
for
a
spare
pen
.
•
The
burglar
rifled through
the
drawers
looking
for
jewelry
.
The
burglar
rifled through
the
drawers
looking
for
jewelry
.
Extension
of
the
noun
sense
:
originally
“
to
plunder
”,
later
softened
to
mean
“
search
quickly
”.
verb
-
rifle
,
rifling
,
rifles
,
rifled
to
rob
or
plunder
a
place
,
taking
valuable
things
by
force
or
dishonesty
•
The
pirates
rifled
the
merchant
ship
’
s
hold
,
seizing
gold
and
spices
.
The
pirates
rifled
the
merchant
ship
’
s
hold
,
seizing
gold
and
spices
.
•
Invading
soldiers
rifled
the
town
’
s
treasury
before
marching
onward
.
Invading
soldiers
rifled
the
town
’
s
treasury
before
marching
onward
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
‘
rifler
’
meaning
‘
to
plunder
,
scrape
away
’.
sacrifice
noun
the
act
of
willingly
giving
up
something
valuable
so
that
someone
else
can
benefit
or
so
that
a
goal
can
be
reached
•
Her
parents
made
a
huge
sacrifice
so
she
could
study
abroad
.
Her
parents
made
a
huge
sacrifice
so
she
could
study
abroad
.
•
Winning
the
championship
required
years
of
training
and
endless
sacrifice
.
Winning
the
championship
required
years
of
training
and
endless
sacrifice
.
From
Latin
sacrificium
,
from
sacer
“
holy
”
+
facere
“
to
make
,
to
do
”.
noun
something
valuable
that
you
choose
to
give
up
for
the
sake
of
someone
or
something
else
•
Time
with
friends
was
the
biggest
sacrifice
she
made
during
exam
season
.
Time
with
friends
was
the
biggest
sacrifice
she
made
during
exam
season
.
•
Selling
his
guitar
was
a
painful
sacrifice
,
but
it
paid
for
the
rent
.
Selling
his
guitar
was
a
painful
sacrifice
,
but
it
paid
for
the
rent
.
verb
-
sacrifice
,
sacrificing
,
sacrifices
,
sacrificed
to
willingly
give
up
something
valuable
so
that
someone
else
can
benefit
or
so
that
a
goal
can
be
reached
•
She
sacrificed
her
weekend
to
finish
the
project
on
time
.
She
sacrificed
her
weekend
to
finish
the
project
on
time
.
•
The
firefighter
was
ready
to
sacrifice
his
life
to
save
the
children
.
The
firefighter
was
ready
to
sacrifice
his
life
to
save
the
children
.
noun
an
animal
,
person
,
or
object
offered
to
a
god
in
a
religious
ritual
•
Ancient
cultures
sometimes
offered
a
lamb
as
a
sacrifice
to
their
deities
.
Ancient
cultures
sometimes
offered
a
lamb
as
a
sacrifice
to
their
deities
.
•
The
story
describes
a
human
sacrifice
meant
to
bring
rain
to
the
drought-stricken
land
.
The
story
describes
a
human
sacrifice
meant
to
bring
rain
to
the
drought-stricken
land
.
verb
-
sacrifice
,
sacrificing
,
sacrifices
,
sacrificed
to
kill
an
animal
or
sometimes
a
person
as
an
offering
to
a
god
in
a
religious
ceremony
•
The
priests
sacrificed
a
bull
at
dawn
to
honor
the
harvest
goddess
.
The
priests
sacrificed
a
bull
at
dawn
to
honor
the
harvest
goddess
.
•
Legends
say
the
tribe
sacrificed
their
bravest
warrior
to
appease
the
volcano
.
Legends
say
the
tribe
sacrificed
their
bravest
warrior
to
appease
the
volcano
.
cliff
noun
a
high
,
steep
wall
of
rock
,
earth
,
or
ice
,
especially
at
the
edge
of
the
sea
,
a
river
,
or
a
valley
•
The
hikers
stood
on
the
edge
of
the
cliff
and
watched
the
waves
crash
far
below
.
The
hikers
stood
on
the
edge
of
the
cliff
and
watched
the
waves
crash
far
below
.
•
A
narrow
path
led
down
the
side
of
the
cliff
to
a
hidden
beach
.
A
narrow
path
led
down
the
side
of
the
cliff
to
a
hidden
beach
.
Old
English
*clif*
“
steep
slope
,
bank
,
promontory
,”
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
*klif*
and
German
*Kliff*
.
noun
(
figurative
)
a
sudden
and
very
great
drop
in
value
,
amount
,
or
quality
•
After
the
government
cut
the
subsidy
,
sales
went
off
a
cliff
.
After
the
government
cut
the
subsidy
,
sales
went
off
a
cliff
.
•
Streaming
numbers
usually
stay
high
and
then
drop
off
a
cliff
when
the
series
ends
.
Streaming
numbers
usually
stay
high
and
then
drop
off
a
cliff
when
the
series
ends
.
Extension
of
the
literal
sense
to
express
the
idea
of
suddenly
dropping
away
,
first
recorded
in
economic
journalism
in
the
late
20th
century
.
modify
verb
-
modify
,
modifying
,
modifies
,
modified
to
change
something
slightly
in
order
to
improve
it
or
make
it
more
suitable
•
She
modified
the
recipe
by
adding
more
garlic
.
She
modified
the
recipe
by
adding
more
garlic
.
•
The
mechanic
is
modifying
the
engine
to
improve
its
performance
.
The
mechanic
is
modifying
the
engine
to
improve
its
performance
.
Early
17th
century
from
Latin
modificare
‘
to
measure
,
moderate
,
modify
’.
verb
-
modify
,
modifying
,
modifies
,
modified
to
officially
change
a
legal
,
formal
,
or
technical
document
so
that
it
reflects
new
conditions
•
The
judge
modified
the
court
order
to
reflect
the
new
evidence
.
The
judge
modified
the
court
order
to
reflect
the
new
evidence
.
•
After
negotiations
,
both
companies
modified
the
contract
terms
.
After
negotiations
,
both
companies
modified
the
contract
terms
.
See
general
etymology
under
first
sense
.
verb
-
modify
,
modifying
,
modifies
,
modified
(
linguistics
)
of
a
word
or
phrase
:
to
limit
or
describe
the
meaning
of
another
word
or
phrase
•
In
the
phrase
"
red
apple
,"
the
adjective
"
red
"
modifies
the
noun
"
apple
".
In
the
phrase
"
red
apple
,"
the
adjective
"
red
"
modifies
the
noun
"
apple
".
•
Adverbs
often
modify
verbs
to
give
more
detail
,
like
"
run
quickly
."
Adverbs
often
modify
verbs
to
give
more
detail
,
like
"
run
quickly
."
Same
origin
as
general
sense
,
with
specialized
linguistic
application
arising
in
the
19th
century
.
specify
verb
-
specify
,
specifying
,
specifies
,
specified
to
say
or
describe
something
in
an
exact
and
detailed
way
•
Please
specify
the
size
and
color
when
you
place
your
order
.
Please
specify
the
size
and
color
when
you
place
your
order
.
•
During
the
interview
,
she
failed
to
specify
the
exact
dates
of
her
employment
.
During
the
interview
,
she
failed
to
specify
the
exact
dates
of
her
employment
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
spécifier
,
from
late
Latin
specificare
‘
mention
particularly
’.
verb
-
specify
,
specifying
,
specifies
,
specified
to
state
officially
in
a
document
or
rule
that
something
must
be
done
or
must
have
a
particular
quality
•
The
contract
specifies
that
payment
is
due
within
30
days
.
The
contract
specifies
that
payment
is
due
within
30
days
.
•
Building
codes
specify
the
minimum
distance
between
houses
.
Building
codes
specify
the
minimum
distance
between
houses
.
Same
origin
as
general
sense
:
from
late
Latin
specificare
‘
mention
particularly
’.
verb
-
specify
,
specifying
,
specifies
,
specified
to
choose
or
set
a
particular
value
,
file
,
or
option
in
a
computer
program
or
command
•
You
must
specify
the
file
path
when
saving
the
document
.
You
must
specify
the
file
path
when
saving
the
document
.
•
The
user
can
specify
a
password
of
up
to
16
characters
.
The
user
can
specify
a
password
of
up
to
16
characters
.
Extension
of
the
general
sense
to
computing
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
artificial
adjective
made
or
produced
by
humans
rather
than
occurring
naturally
.
•
The
lab
grew
artificial
diamonds
that
looked
identical
to
real
ones
.
The
lab
grew
artificial
diamonds
that
looked
identical
to
real
ones
.
•
Farmers
cover
their
crops
with
artificial
plastic
tunnels
to
protect
them
from
frost
.
Farmers
cover
their
crops
with
artificial
plastic
tunnels
to
protect
them
from
frost
.
adjective
behaving
or
appearing
in
a
way
that
is
not
natural
or
sincere
.
•
He
greeted
us
with
an
artificial
smile
that
didn't
reach
his
eyes
.
He
greeted
us
with
an
artificial
smile
that
didn't
reach
his
eyes
.
•
The
conversation
felt
artificial
,
as
if
everyone
was
reading
from
a
script
.
The
conversation
felt
artificial
,
as
if
everyone
was
reading
from
a
script
.
terrific
adjective
extremely
good
,
enjoyable
,
or
impressive
•
The
concert
last
night
was
terrific
from
start
to
finish
.
The
concert
last
night
was
terrific
from
start
to
finish
.
•
You
did
a
terrific
job
on
this
presentation
.
You
did
a
terrific
job
on
this
presentation
.
Originally
meant
“
frightening
”
in
the
mid-17th
century
,
from
Latin
terrificus
“
causing
terror
”;
its
positive
sense
of
“
excellent
”
emerged
in
American
English
during
the
early
20th
century
.
adjective
very
large
in
amount
,
intensity
,
or
degree
•
The
racers
moved
at
terrific
speed
down
the
mountain
slope
.
The
racers
moved
at
terrific
speed
down
the
mountain
slope
.
•
There
was
a
terrific
crash
as
the
tree
hit
the
roof
.
There
was
a
terrific
crash
as
the
tree
hit
the
roof
.
adjective
causing
terror
or
great
fear
;
frightening
•
A
terrific
roar
echoed
through
the
forest
,
making
everyone
freeze
.
A
terrific
roar
echoed
through
the
forest
,
making
everyone
freeze
.
•
The
ship
was
caught
in
a
terrific
storm
with
waves
as
high
as
houses
.
The
ship
was
caught
in
a
terrific
storm
with
waves
as
high
as
houses
.
clarify
verb
-
clarify
,
clarifying
,
clarifies
,
clarified
to
make
something
easier
to
understand
by
explaining
it
more
clearly
•
Could
you
clarify
what
you
mean
by
“
optional
”?
Could
you
clarify
what
you
mean
by
“
optional
”?
•
The
teacher
clarified
the
complex
formula
with
a
simple
diagram
.
The
teacher
clarified
the
complex
formula
with
a
simple
diagram
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
‘
clarificare
’,
from
‘
clarus
’
meaning
‘
clear
’.
verb
-
clarify
,
clarifying
,
clarifies
,
clarified
to
remove
solid
particles
from
a
liquid
so
it
becomes
clear
,
especially
when
preparing
food
•
Melt
the
butter
and
clarify
it
to
get
pure
golden
fat
.
Melt
the
butter
and
clarify
it
to
get
pure
golden
fat
.
•
Chefs
often
clarify
stock
to
make
a
crystal-clear
soup
.
Chefs
often
clarify
stock
to
make
a
crystal-clear
soup
.
Early
culinary
use
extended
from
the
general
sense
‘
make
clear
’.
certificate
noun
an
official
document
that
proves
information
is
true
or
records
an
important
fact
•
After
their
baby
was
born
,
they
applied
for
a
birth
certificate
.
After
their
baby
was
born
,
they
applied
for
a
birth
certificate
.
•
The
antique
vase
came
with
a
certificate
of
authenticity
.
The
antique
vase
came
with
a
certificate
of
authenticity
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Medieval
Latin
certificatum
‘
something
certified
’,
from
certificare
‘
to
certify
’.
noun
an
official
document
that
shows
someone
has
completed
training
or
passed
an
exam
•
Maria
earned
a
teaching
certificate
after
two
years
of
study
.
Maria
earned
a
teaching
certificate
after
two
years
of
study
.
•
This
short
course
gives
you
a
nutrition
certificate
you
can
put
on
your
resume
.
This
short
course
gives
you
a
nutrition
certificate
you
can
put
on
your
resume
.
verb
-
certificate
,
certificating
,
certificates
,
certificated
to
issue
or
give
an
official
document
that
confirms
something
•
The
agency
certificates
each
elevator
once
a
year
for
safety
.
The
agency
certificates
each
elevator
once
a
year
for
safety
.
•
The
vets
certificated
the
horses
before
the
race
.
The
vets
certificated
the
horses
before
the
race
.
classify
verb
-
classify
,
classifying
,
classifies
,
classified
to
put
people
or
things
into
groups
because
they
share
certain
qualities
•
The
librarian
helped
a
student
classify
his
books
by
topic
.
The
librarian
helped
a
student
classify
his
books
by
topic
.
•
Scientists
classify
animals
by
looking
at
their
body
structures
.
Scientists
classify
animals
by
looking
at
their
body
structures
.
From
French
classifier
,
from
Latin
classis
“
group
”
+
facere
“
to
make
.”
verb
-
classify
,
classifying
,
classifies
,
classified
to
mark
information
as
secret
so
only
certain
people
can
see
it
•
The
agent
had
to
classify
the
report
before
handing
it
to
the
general
.
The
agent
had
to
classify
the
report
before
handing
it
to
the
general
.
•
Governments
often
classify
satellite
images
that
show
sensitive
locations
.
Governments
often
classify
satellite
images
that
show
sensitive
locations
.
Same
root
as
general
sense
;
modern
secret-information
meaning
arose
in
the
early
1900s
within
government
and
military
use
.
stiff
adjective
-
stiff
,
stiffing
,
stiffs
,
stiffed
,
stiffer
,
stiffest
hard
and
not
easily
bent
,
folded
,
or
moved
•
The
cardboard
sheet
was
so
stiff
that
it
snapped
when
I
tried
to
bend
it
.
The
cardboard
sheet
was
so
stiff
that
it
snapped
when
I
tried
to
bend
it
.
•
She
used
a
stiff
broom
to
sweep
the
wet
leaves
off
the
porch
.
She
used
a
stiff
broom
to
sweep
the
wet
leaves
off
the
porch
.
gifted
adjective
having
a
natural
talent
or
ability
that
is
much
greater
than
most
people
•
The
gifted
young
pianist
played
the
difficult
piece
perfectly
from
memory
.
The
gifted
young
pianist
played
the
difficult
piece
perfectly
from
memory
.
•
Everyone
knew
Carlos
was
gifted
in
languages
because
he
could
learn
new
words
after
hearing
them
only
once
.
Everyone
knew
Carlos
was
gifted
in
languages
because
he
could
learn
new
words
after
hearing
them
only
once
.
Adjective
use
of
the
past
participle
of
the
verb
gift
,
meaning
‘
to
give
as
a
present
’,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
adjective
given
or
provided
as
a
gift
,
not
bought
or
paid
for
•
He
wore
a
gifted
jersey
from
his
favorite
basketball
player
.
He
wore
a
gifted
jersey
from
his
favorite
basketball
player
.
•
The
museum
displays
many
gifted
paintings
from
local
artists
.
The
museum
displays
many
gifted
paintings
from
local
artists
.
Formed
from
the
past
participle
of
the
verb
gift
,
used
attributively
to
describe
something
that
has
been
given
.
drift
verb
-
drift
,
drifting
,
drifts
,
drifted
to
move
slowly
on
water
or
in
the
air
,
carried
by
a
current
or
breeze
•
Leaves
drift
across
the
pond
in
autumn
.
Leaves
drift
across
the
pond
in
autumn
.
•
The
canoe
drifted
gently
down
the
river
.
The
canoe
drifted
gently
down
the
river
.
From
Middle
English
‘
driften
’,
same
root
as
the
noun
.
noun
slow
movement
of
something
carried
along
by
air
or
water
•
The
gentle
drift
of
the
balloon
took
it
over
the
hills
.
The
gentle
drift
of
the
balloon
took
it
over
the
hills
.
•
Without
an
anchor
,
the
kayak
was
at
the
mercy
of
the
ocean
drift
.
Without
an
anchor
,
the
kayak
was
at
the
mercy
of
the
ocean
drift
.
From
Old
Norse
‘
drift
’
meaning
snowdrift
or
gathering
,
later
generalized
to
slow
movement
.
noun
a
pile
of
snow
,
sand
,
or
leaves
built
up
by
the
wind
•
We
had
to
shovel
the
snow
drift
blocking
the
front
door
.
We
had
to
shovel
the
snow
drift
blocking
the
front
door
.
•
Tall
sand
drifts
formed
along
the
desert
road
overnight
.
Tall
sand
drifts
formed
along
the
desert
road
overnight
.
Originally
referred
specifically
to
snow
in
heaps
;
sense
extended
to
other
loose
materials
.
noun
the
general
meaning
or
main
idea
of
what
someone
says
or
writes
•
I
didn
’
t
catch
every
detail
,
but
I
got
the
drift
of
her
plan
.
I
didn
’
t
catch
every
detail
,
but
I
got
the
drift
of
her
plan
.
•
Stop
talking
in
circles
—
what
’
s
the
drift
of
your
argument
?
Stop
talking
in
circles
—
what
’
s
the
drift
of
your
argument
?
Metaphorically
extended
from
the
idea
of
‘
direction
of
motion
’
to
‘
direction
of
thought
’.
verb
-
drift
,
drifting
,
drifts
,
drifted
to
move
from
place
to
place
or
from
one
idea
,
job
,
or
activity
to
another
without
clear
purpose
or
control
•
After
college
,
he
drifted
from
job
to
job
.
After
college
,
he
drifted
from
job
to
job
.
•
She
let
her
thoughts
drift
during
the
long
lecture
.
She
let
her
thoughts
drift
during
the
long
lecture
.
Metaphorically
developed
from
physical
drifting
to
describe
aimless
movement
in
life
or
thought
.
verb
-
drift
,
drifting
,
drifts
,
drifted
to
slide
a
car
sideways
through
a
turn
in
a
controlled
way
•
The
racer
drifted
his
car
around
the
sharp
bend
.
The
racer
drifted
his
car
around
the
sharp
bend
.
•
Fans
cheered
as
the
yellow
coupe
began
to
drift
on
the
track
.
Fans
cheered
as
the
yellow
coupe
began
to
drift
on
the
track
.
Adopted
by
motor-sport
community
in
late
20th
century
from
Japanese
racing
culture
.
verify
verb
-
verify
,
verifying
,
verifies
,
verified
to
check
that
something
is
true
,
correct
,
or
working
properly
•
Please
verify
the
meeting
time
before
you
send
the
invitation
.
Please
verify
the
meeting
time
before
you
send
the
invitation
.
•
The
cashier
verified
my
identity
by
comparing
my
license
to
the
photo
on
the
screen
.
The
cashier
verified
my
identity
by
comparing
my
license
to
the
photo
on
the
screen
.
From
Late
Latin
verificare
“
to
make
true
”,
from
Latin
verus
“
true
”
+
facere
“
to
make
”.
verb
-
verify
,
verifying
,
verifies
,
verified
to
prove
or
show
that
something
is
true
by
providing
evidence
•
DNA
evidence
verified
that
the
suspect
was
innocent
.
DNA
evidence
verified
that
the
suspect
was
innocent
.
•
Historical
records
finally
verified
the
explorer
’
s
route
across
the
desert
.
Historical
records
finally
verified
the
explorer
’
s
route
across
the
desert
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
.
verb
-
verify
,
verifying
,
verifies
,
verified
in
law
,
to
make
a
formal
statement
or
document
official
by
swearing
or
affirming
that
its
contents
are
true
•
The
plaintiff
must
verify
the
complaint
before
it
is
filed
with
the
court
.
The
plaintiff
must
verify
the
complaint
before
it
is
filed
with
the
court
.
•
She
verified
the
affidavit
under
oath
before
the
notary
public
.
She
verified
the
affidavit
under
oath
before
the
notary
public
.
Legal
usage
evolved
from
the
general
sense
of
“
make
true
”
to
the
specific
act
of
confirming
documents
under
oath
.