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till
preposition
up
to
(
a
particular
time
,
event
,
or
point
);
until
•
The
store
will
stay
open
till
midnight
for
the
holiday
rush
.
The
store
will
stay
open
till
midnight
for
the
holiday
rush
.
•
Wait
here
till
I
get
back
with
the
tickets
.
Wait
here
till
I
get
back
with
the
tickets
.
Old
English
til
meaning
“
to
,
until
,”
related
to
Old
Norse
til
,
both
expressing
direction
or
limit
.
conjunction
until
the
time
that
something
happens
•
Stay
here
till
the
rain
stops
.
Stay
here
till
the
rain
stops
.
•
They
didn
’
t
leave
the
party
till
it
was
almost
dawn
.
They
didn
’
t
leave
the
party
till
it
was
almost
dawn
.
Developed
alongside
the
prepositional
use
in
Old
English
,
functioning
to
link
clauses
about
time
limits
.
noun
a
machine
or
drawer
in
a
shop
where
money
is
kept
and
sales
are
recorded
•
The
cashier
rang
up
my
groceries
and
put
the
notes
into
the
till
.
The
cashier
rang
up
my
groceries
and
put
the
notes
into
the
till
.
•
At
closing
time
they
counted
the
money
in
the
till
.
At
closing
time
they
counted
the
money
in
the
till
.
Shortened
from
“
cash
till
,”
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
with
the
rise
of
mechanical
cash
registers
.
noun
the
amount
of
money
kept
in
a
shop
’
s
cash
register
at
a
particular
time
•
There
was
only
twenty
pounds
left
in
the
till
after
a
quiet
day
.
There
was
only
twenty
pounds
left
in
the
till
after
a
quiet
day
.
•
We
need
to
put
more
change
in
the
till
before
the
lunch
rush
.
We
need
to
put
more
change
in
the
till
before
the
lunch
rush
.
Extension
of
the
‘
cash
register
’
sense
to
the
money
inside
it
,
late
19th
century
.
verb
-
till
,
tilling
,
tills
,
tilled
to
prepare
and
work
soil
for
planting
crops
•
Farmers
till
the
fields
each
spring
to
loosen
the
soil
.
Farmers
till
the
fields
each
spring
to
loosen
the
soil
.
•
The
land
had
not
been
tilled
for
years
and
was
overgrown
with
weeds
.
The
land
had
not
been
tilled
for
years
and
was
overgrown
with
weeds
.
Old
English
tilian
“
to
strive
for
,
obtain
by
effort
,”
later
narrowing
to
working
the
soil
.
still
adjective
-
still
,
stiller
,
stillest
not
moving
and
making
no
sound
•
The
lake
was
so
calm
that
the
water
stayed
completely
still
.
The
lake
was
so
calm
that
the
water
stayed
completely
still
.
•
Please
keep
still
while
I
take
your
photograph
.
Please
keep
still
while
I
take
your
photograph
.
Old
English
stille
,
related
to
German
still
"
quiet
".
adverb
continuing
to
happen
,
exist
,
or
be
true
up
to
and
including
the
present
moment
•
It
was
past
midnight
,
but
the
children
were
still
awake
.
It
was
past
midnight
,
but
the
children
were
still
awake
.
•
Do
you
still
need
my
help
with
your
homework
?
Do
you
still
need
my
help
with
your
homework
?
adverb
despite
that
;
nevertheless
•
The
task
was
difficult
;
still
,
Maria
refused
to
give
up
.
The
task
was
difficult
;
still
,
Maria
refused
to
give
up
.
•
He
was
tired
,
but
he
still
went
to
the
gym
.
He
was
tired
,
but
he
still
went
to
the
gym
.
noun
a
piece
of
equipment
used
to
heat
a
liquid
so
that
it
becomes
vapor
and
then
cools
it
back
into
a
purified
liquid
•
The
chemist
watched
the
alcohol
drip
from
the
copper
still
.
The
chemist
watched
the
alcohol
drip
from
the
copper
still
.
•
In
the
shed
behind
the
farmhouse
,
an
illegal
moonshine
still
was
hidden
.
In
the
shed
behind
the
farmhouse
,
an
illegal
moonshine
still
was
hidden
.
Sense
developed
from
verb
“
still
”
meaning
“
distill
”
in
the
16th
century
.
noun
a
single
photograph
taken
from
a
film
or
video
,
or
of
actors
on
a
set
,
used
for
publicity
or
reference
•
The
magazine
printed
a
dramatic
still
from
the
new
superhero
film
.
The
magazine
printed
a
dramatic
still
from
the
new
superhero
film
.
•
She
framed
a
black-and-white
still
of
her
grandfather
on
stage
.
She
framed
a
black-and-white
still
of
her
grandfather
on
stage
.
From
the
idea
of
a
single
,
motionless
frame
extracted
from
moving
pictures
.
verb
-
still
,
stilling
,
stills
,
stilled
to
make
someone
or
something
calm
,
quiet
,
or
motionless
•
She
sang
a
lullaby
to
still
the
crying
baby
.
She
sang
a
lullaby
to
still
the
crying
baby
.
•
Deep
breathing
can
still
your
racing
heart
.
Deep
breathing
can
still
your
racing
heart
.
Old
English
stillan
“
to
quieten
,
become
calm
”.
until
preposition
up
to
,
and
no
later
than
,
the
time
or
event
mentioned
•
The
store
is
open
until
9
p
.
m
.
The
store
is
open
until
9
p
.
m
.
•
She
waited
until
the
rain
stopped
.
She
waited
until
the
rain
stopped
.
conjunction
up
to
the
time
that
something
happens
•
Stay
here
until
I
call
you
.
Stay
here
until
I
call
you
.
•
He
didn't
know
the
truth
until
he
read
the
letter
.
He
didn't
know
the
truth
until
he
read
the
letter
.
empty
adjective
-
empty
,
empties
,
emptying
,
emptied
,
emptier
,
emptiest
,
emptily
,
emptilier
,
emptiliest
containing
nothing
inside
;
not
filled
•
The
glass
was
completely
empty
,
so
he
poured
more
water
into
it
.
The
glass
was
completely
empty
,
so
he
poured
more
water
into
it
.
•
After
the
concert
,
the
empty
stadium
echoed
with
silence
.
After
the
concert
,
the
empty
stadium
echoed
with
silence
.
From
Old
French
“
emptie
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*impan
meaning
to
take
.
utility
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
basic
public
service
such
as
electricity
,
water
,
or
gas
that
people
need
for
everyday
life
•
Our
rent
includes
all
utilities
,
so
we
don't
pay
extra
for
water
or
electricity
.
Our
rent
includes
all
utilities
,
so
we
don't
pay
extra
for
water
or
electricity
.
•
Some
rural
areas
lack
reliable
utility
services
such
as
natural
gas
.
Some
rural
areas
lack
reliable
utility
services
such
as
natural
gas
.
noun
-
utility
the
quality
of
being
useful
or
practical
and
able
to
satisfy
a
need
•
The
lightweight
design
adds
to
the
phone's
utility
for
travelers
.
The
lightweight
design
adds
to
the
phone's
utility
for
travelers
.
•
She
questioned
the
utility
of
carrying
a
heavy
laptop
when
a
tablet
would
do
.
She
questioned
the
utility
of
carrying
a
heavy
laptop
when
a
tablet
would
do
.
From
Latin
utilitas
“
use
,
advantage
”,
from
utilis
“
useful
”.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
company
or
public
organization
that
supplies
electricity
,
water
,
gas
,
or
similar
services
•
The
local
utility
announced
a
rate
increase
starting
next
month
.
The
local
utility
announced
a
rate
increase
starting
next
month
.
•
Many
investors
see
a
utility
as
a
safe
long-term
stock
.
Many
investors
see
a
utility
as
a
safe
long-term
stock
.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
small
computer
program
that
performs
a
specific
helpful
task
•
I
ran
a
disk-cleanup
utility
to
free
up
storage
space
.
I
ran
a
disk-cleanup
utility
to
free
up
storage
space
.
•
The
antivirus
utility
updated
its
virus
definitions
overnight
.
The
antivirus
utility
updated
its
virus
definitions
overnight
.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
(
sports
)
a
player
who
can
competently
play
several
different
positions
•
The
coach
values
him
as
a
utility
because
he
can
cover
both
infield
and
outfield
.
The
coach
values
him
as
a
utility
because
he
can
cover
both
infield
and
outfield
.
•
Every
football
team
needs
at
least
one
utility
on
the
bench
.
Every
football
team
needs
at
least
one
utility
on
the
bench
.
adjective
designed
for
practical
use
rather
than
for
decoration
or
luxury
•
He
bought
a
pair
of
sturdy
utility
boots
for
hiking
.
He
bought
a
pair
of
sturdy
utility
boots
for
hiking
.
•
The
building
includes
a
small
utility
room
with
shelves
and
a
washing
machine
.
The
building
includes
a
small
utility
room
with
shelves
and
a
washing
machine
.
noun
-
utility
in
economics
,
the
satisfaction
or
benefit
a
person
gains
from
using
a
good
or
service
•
Economists
assume
that
consumers
try
to
maximize
their
utility
.
Economists
assume
that
consumers
try
to
maximize
their
utility
.
•
The
study
measured
the
utility
people
receive
from
online
shopping
.
The
study
measured
the
utility
people
receive
from
online
shopping
.
utilize
verb
-
utilize
,
utilizing
,
utilizes
,
utilized
to
use
something
effectively
for
a
particular
purpose
•
The
company
plans
to
utilize
solar
energy
to
power
its
factories
.
The
company
plans
to
utilize
solar
energy
to
power
its
factories
.
•
Students
can
utilize
the
online
library
to
access
scholarly
articles
for
their
research
.
Students
can
utilize
the
online
library
to
access
scholarly
articles
for
their
research
.
Early
19th
century
:
from
French
utiliser
,
from
Italian
utilizzare
,
from
Latin
utilis
‘
useful
’.
hostile
adjective
unfriendly
and
ready
to
argue
,
fight
,
or
oppose
•
The
manager
sounded
hostile
when
he
rejected
the
proposal
.
The
manager
sounded
hostile
when
he
rejected
the
proposal
.
•
Some
villagers
were
hostile
to
the
new
road
project
.
Some
villagers
were
hostile
to
the
new
road
project
.
From
Latin
hostilis
,
from
hostis
meaning
“
enemy
.”
adjective
describing
an
environment
or
conditions
that
are
harsh
and
difficult
to
live
or
work
in
•
Astronauts
train
in
a
hostile
desert
landscape
to
simulate
Mars
.
Astronauts
train
in
a
hostile
desert
landscape
to
simulate
Mars
.
•
Few
plants
can
survive
the
hostile
climate
of
Antarctica
.
Few
plants
can
survive
the
hostile
climate
of
Antarctica
.
Same
Latin
root
hostis
,
extended
metaphorically
to
describe
harsh
surroundings
.
adjective
relating
to
or
carried
out
by
an
enemy
,
especially
a
takeover
bid
or
military
force
,
without
the
consent
of
the
other
side
•
The
corporation
launched
a
hostile
bid
for
its
smaller
rival
.
The
corporation
launched
a
hostile
bid
for
its
smaller
rival
.
•
Investors
watched
the
hostile
takeover
unfold
on
the
news
.
Investors
watched
the
hostile
takeover
unfold
on
the
news
.
Specialized
use
of
general
adjective
meaning
“
enemy
”
in
business
and
military
jargon
since
mid-20th
century
.