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for
preposition
used
to
show
the
purpose
of
an
action
or
the
use
of
something
•
He
went
to
the
store
for
milk
.
He
went
to
the
store
for
milk
.
•
This
brush
is
perfect
for
painting
walls
.
This
brush
is
perfect
for
painting
walls
.
preposition
used
to
show
who
is
meant
to
receive
or
benefit
from
something
•
I
bought
these
flowers
for
my
mother
.
I
bought
these
flowers
for
my
mother
.
•
There's
a
letter
here
for
you
.
There's
a
letter
here
for
you
.
preposition
used
to
say
how
long
something
lasts
•
They
talked
for
two
hours
.
They
talked
for
two
hours
.
•
She
has
lived
here
for
a
decade
.
She
has
lived
here
for
a
decade
.
preposition
showing
the
purpose
of
an
action
or
who
receives
something
•
I
baked
a
cake
for
your
birthday
.
I
baked
a
cake
for
your
birthday
.
•
This
brush
is
for
cleaning
bottles
.
This
brush
is
for
cleaning
bottles
.
preposition
expressing
how
long
something
lasts
•
He
waited
for
two
hours
.
He
waited
for
two
hours
.
•
We
have
lived
here
for
a
year
.
We
have
lived
here
for
a
year
.
preposition
used
to
show
what
is
given
in
exchange
or
the
price
of
something
•
I
bought
the
bike
for
$50
.
I
bought
the
bike
for
$50
.
•
She
swapped
her
sandwich
for
an
apple
.
She
swapped
her
sandwich
for
an
apple
.
preposition
showing
that
someone
supports
,
favors
,
or
approves
of
something
•
Are
you
for
or
against
the
plan
?
Are
you
for
or
against
the
plan
?
•
Most
of
the
team
is
for
the
new
rules
.
Most
of
the
team
is
for
the
new
rules
.
preposition
expressing
the
price
paid
,
exchanged
,
or
received
•
I
bought
the
book
for
ten
dollars
.
I
bought
the
book
for
ten
dollars
.
•
They
swapped
the
toy
for
a
comic
book
.
They
swapped
the
toy
for
a
comic
book
.
preposition
used
to
say
that
something
is
true
when
compared
with
what
is
normal
or
expected
•
She's
tall
for
her
age
.
She's
tall
for
her
age
.
•
It's
pretty
warm
for
November
.
It's
pretty
warm
for
November
.
preposition
used
to
show
that
something
represents
,
means
,
or
is
a
sign
of
something
else
•
In
math
,
'π'
stands
for
3
.
14
.
In
math
,
'π'
stands
for
3
.
14
.
•
What
does
'CEO'
stand
for
?
What
does
'CEO'
stand
for
?
preposition
used
to
say
how
someone
or
something
compares
with
a
usual
standard
•
The
room
is
warm
for
December
.
The
room
is
warm
for
December
.
•
She
is
tall
for
a
ten-year-old
.
She
is
tall
for
a
ten-year-old
.
conjunction
because
;
since
(
formal
or
literary
)
•
I
must
leave
now
,
for
the
train
is
about
to
depart
.
I
must
leave
now
,
for
the
train
is
about
to
depart
.
•
She
stayed
indoors
,
for
it
was
raining
heavily
.
She
stayed
indoors
,
for
it
was
raining
heavily
.
conjunction
because
;
since
(
formal
or
literary
)
•
We
hurried
inside
,
for
the
sky
had
turned
dark
.
We
hurried
inside
,
for
the
sky
had
turned
dark
.
•
She
stayed
home
,
for
she
was
feeling
ill
.
She
stayed
home
,
for
she
was
feeling
ill
.
before
preposition
earlier
than
a
particular
time
,
event
,
or
action
•
Please
finish
your
homework
before
dinner
.
Please
finish
your
homework
before
dinner
.
•
We
need
to
reach
the
airport
before
sunrise
.
We
need
to
reach
the
airport
before
sunrise
.
Old
English
"
beforan
"
meaning
“
in
front
of
,
earlier
than
,”
from
"
be
" (
by
)
+
"
foran
" (
in
front
).
preposition
earlier
than
a
particular
time
,
event
,
or
action
•
Please
arrive
ten
minutes
before
the
meeting
starts
.
Please
arrive
ten
minutes
before
the
meeting
starts
.
•
She
washed
her
hands
before
dinner
.
She
washed
her
hands
before
dinner
.
preposition
earlier
than
a
particular
time
,
event
,
or
action
•
Please
finish
your
homework
before
dinner
.
Please
finish
your
homework
before
dinner
.
•
The
birds
fly
south
before
winter
arrives
.
The
birds
fly
south
before
winter
arrives
.
Old
English
“
beforan
,”
from
“
be-
” (
by
)
+
“
foran
” (
in
front
of
,
earlier
).
conjunction
earlier
than
the
time
that
something
else
happens
•
Think
carefully
before
you
decide
.
Think
carefully
before
you
decide
.
•
We
left
the
park
before
it
started
to
rain
.
We
left
the
park
before
it
started
to
rain
.
Same
origin
as
the
preposition
sense
,
from
Old
English
“
beforan
.”
preposition
in
front
of
someone
or
something
;
facing
•
A
tall
statue
stood
before
the
museum
entrance
.
A
tall
statue
stood
before
the
museum
entrance
.
•
The
teacher
stood
before
the
class
and
smiled
.
The
teacher
stood
before
the
class
and
smiled
.
conjunction
at
or
until
the
time
that
something
happens
•
Call
me
before
you
arrive
.
Call
me
before
you
arrive
.
•
Finish
the
test
before
the
bell
rings
.
Finish
the
test
before
the
bell
rings
.
adverb
at
an
earlier
time
;
previously
•
I
have
been
here
before
.
I
have
been
here
before
.
•
We
met
once
before
at
a
conference
.
We
met
once
before
at
a
conference
.
adverb
at
an
earlier
time
;
previously
•
I
have
seen
that
movie
before
.
I
have
seen
that
movie
before
.
•
She
had
never
driven
a
car
before
.
She
had
never
driven
a
car
before
.
adverb
at
an
earlier
time
;
previously
;
already
•
I
have
met
her
before
.
I
have
met
her
before
.
•
Have
you
been
to
London
before
?
Have
you
been
to
London
before
?
The
adverb
evolved
from
the
Old
English
adverbial
use
of
“
beforan
,”
meaning
‘
in
front
,
earlier
.’
preposition
ahead
of
something
else
in
importance
or
order
•
Safety
comes
before
speed
on
this
construction
site
.
Safety
comes
before
speed
on
this
construction
site
.
•
She
always
puts
family
before
work
.
She
always
puts
family
before
work
.
conjunction
earlier
than
the
time
when
something
happens
•
Turn
off
the
lights
before
you
leave
the
room
.
Turn
off
the
lights
before
you
leave
the
room
.
•
She
hugged
him
goodbye
before
he
boarded
the
plane
.
She
hugged
him
goodbye
before
he
boarded
the
plane
.
adverb
in
a
position
ahead
or
in
front
•
The
leader
rode
before
with
the
flag
.
The
leader
rode
before
with
the
flag
.
•
A
long
road
stretched
out
before
.
A
long
road
stretched
out
before
.
information
noun
-
information
facts
or
knowledge
about
someone
or
something
that
help
you
understand
it
or
make
decisions
•
The
tourist
asked
the
receptionist
for
information
about
local
bus
routes
.
The
tourist
asked
the
receptionist
for
information
about
local
bus
routes
.
•
Before
buying
a
car
,
Elena
read
online
information
about
its
safety
ratings
.
Before
buying
a
car
,
Elena
read
online
information
about
its
safety
ratings
.
late
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
informatio
‘
forming
,
conception
’,
from
the
verb
informare
‘
give
form
or
shape
to
’
noun
a
formal
written
statement
by
a
prosecutor
accusing
someone
of
a
crime
•
The
prosecutor
filed
an
information
against
the
suspect
in
the
county
court
.
The
prosecutor
filed
an
information
against
the
suspect
in
the
county
court
.
•
After
reviewing
the
information
,
the
judge
scheduled
a
preliminary
hearing
.
After
reviewing
the
information
,
the
judge
scheduled
a
preliminary
hearing
.
legal
sense
developed
in
16th-century
English
law
as
an
official
accusation
presented
by
a
public
officer
.
former
adjective
having
previously
held
a
particular
position
,
status
,
or
form
,
but
not
now
•
My
former
teacher
visited
our
class
yesterday
.
My
former
teacher
visited
our
class
yesterday
.
•
The
city
renovated
a
former
factory
into
stylish
loft
apartments
.
The
city
renovated
a
former
factory
into
stylish
loft
apartments
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
English
‘
forma
’
meaning
‘
first
’,
later
developing
the
sense
of
‘
earlier
in
time
’.
pronoun
the
first
of
two
people
or
things
mentioned
•
Emma
loves
coffee
and
tea
;
she
drinks
the
former
every
morning
.
Emma
loves
coffee
and
tea
;
she
drinks
the
former
every
morning
.
•
Out
of
hiking
or
swimming
,
I
prefer
the
former
.
Out
of
hiking
or
swimming
,
I
prefer
the
former
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
sense
of
‘
former
’,
used
as
a
noun
from
the
16th
century
to
refer
to
the
first
of
two
items
.
effort
noun
the
physical
or
mental
energy
you
use
when
you
do
something
•
After
a
long
climb
,
Maria
smiled
at
the
top
of
the
hill
,
proud
of
the
effort
she
had
made
.
After
a
long
climb
,
Maria
smiled
at
the
top
of
the
hill
,
proud
of
the
effort
she
had
made
.
•
It
takes
very
little
effort
to
offer
a
friendly
smile
to
a
stranger
.
It
takes
very
little
effort
to
offer
a
friendly
smile
to
a
stranger
.
Borrowed
into
Middle
English
from
Old
French
‘
effort
’,
from
Latin
‘
ex
fortis
’
meaning
‘
out
of
strength
’,
originally
referring
to
physical
power
.
noun
an
act
of
trying
hard
to
do
something
,
especially
something
difficult
•
His
first
effort
at
baking
bread
tasted
better
than
anyone
expected
.
His
first
effort
at
baking
bread
tasted
better
than
anyone
expected
.
•
Despite
their
best
efforts
,
the
team
lost
the
final
match
.
Despite
their
best
efforts
,
the
team
lost
the
final
match
.
noun
a
piece
of
work
or
result
that
someone
has
produced
after
trying
hard
•
The
painting
is
considered
the
finest
effort
of
her
career
.
The
painting
is
considered
the
finest
effort
of
her
career
.
•
Please
submit
your
written
efforts
by
Friday
for
review
.
Please
submit
your
written
efforts
by
Friday
for
review
.
noun
the
force
applied
to
a
machine
to
move
or
lift
a
load
•
In
the
experiment
,
students
recorded
the
effort
needed
to
lift
a
10-kilogram
weight
using
a
pulley
.
In
the
experiment
,
students
recorded
the
effort
needed
to
lift
a
10-kilogram
weight
using
a
pulley
.
•
By
lengthening
the
lever
arm
,
less
effort
is
required
to
raise
the
heavy
crate
.
By
lengthening
the
lever
arm
,
less
effort
is
required
to
raise
the
heavy
crate
.
force
noun
-
force
,
forcing
,
forces
,
forced
physical
strength
or
power
that
pushes
,
pulls
,
or
has
an
effect
on
something
•
The
wind
hit
the
sails
with
great
force
,
pushing
the
boat
forward
.
The
wind
hit
the
sails
with
great
force
,
pushing
the
boat
forward
.
•
She
slammed
the
door
with
such
force
that
the
windows
rattled
.
She
slammed
the
door
with
such
force
that
the
windows
rattled
.
From
Old
French
force
,
from
Latin
fortis
“
strong
”.
verb
-
force
,
forcing
,
forces
,
forced
to
make
someone
do
something
against
their
will
or
because
there
is
no
other
choice
•
The
rainstorm
forced
us
to
cancel
the
picnic
.
The
rainstorm
forced
us
to
cancel
the
picnic
.
•
He
was
forced
to
apologize
after
the
mistake
.
He
was
forced
to
apologize
after
the
mistake
.
noun
physical
power
or
strength
that
can
push
,
pull
,
or
move
something
•
With
one
quick
push
,
the
wrestler
used
his
force
to
swing
the
heavy
door
open
.
With
one
quick
push
,
the
wrestler
used
his
force
to
swing
the
heavy
door
open
.
•
You
need
a
lot
of
force
to
squeeze
all
the
water
out
of
a
thick
sponge
.
You
need
a
lot
of
force
to
squeeze
all
the
water
out
of
a
thick
sponge
.
From
Latin
'fortis'
meaning
strong
,
through
Old
French
'force'
.
noun
an
organized
group
of
people
,
especially
soldiers
or
police
,
trained
to
do
a
particular
job
•
The
city
has
a
small
police
force
that
patrols
the
streets
day
and
night
.
The
city
has
a
small
police
force
that
patrols
the
streets
day
and
night
.
•
Several
countries
sent
a
joint
force
to
help
with
the
disaster
relief
effort
.
Several
countries
sent
a
joint
force
to
help
with
the
disaster
relief
effort
.
noun
in
science
,
a
push
or
pull
that
causes
an
object
to
move
,
stop
,
or
change
direction
•
Gravity
is
the
force
that
keeps
the
Moon
moving
around
the
Earth
.
Gravity
is
the
force
that
keeps
the
Moon
moving
around
the
Earth
.
•
When
you
kick
a
soccer
ball
,
the
force
of
your
foot
sends
it
flying
toward
the
goal
.
When
you
kick
a
soccer
ball
,
the
force
of
your
foot
sends
it
flying
toward
the
goal
.
verb
-
force
,
forcing
,
forces
,
forced
to
make
someone
do
something
or
make
something
happen
using
power
,
pressure
,
or
strength
•
The
teacher
forced
the
door
open
when
the
key
broke
in
the
lock
.
The
teacher
forced
the
door
open
when
the
key
broke
in
the
lock
.
•
Heavy
rain
forced
the
football
team
to
cancel
practice
.
Heavy
rain
forced
the
football
team
to
cancel
practice
.
noun
an
organized
group
of
people
with
a
specific
purpose
or
job
•
My
brother
joined
the
police
force
last
year
.
My
brother
joined
the
police
force
last
year
.
•
The
company
has
a
highly
skilled
work
force
of
engineers
.
The
company
has
a
highly
skilled
work
force
of
engineers
.
noun
violent
action
or
power
used
to
achieve
something
•
The
soldiers
took
the
bridge
by
force
.
The
soldiers
took
the
bridge
by
force
.
•
The
protesters
were
removed
with
force
by
the
authorities
.
The
protesters
were
removed
with
force
by
the
authorities
.
verb
-
force
,
forcing
,
forces
,
forced
to
push
or
break
something
open
with
strength
•
He
forced
the
door
open
with
his
shoulder
.
He
forced
the
door
open
with
his
shoulder
.
•
They
had
to
force
the
lock
to
rescue
the
puppy
.
They
had
to
force
the
lock
to
rescue
the
puppy
.
foreign
adjective
coming
from
or
connected
with
a
country
that
is
not
your
own
•
Maria
loves
learning
foreign
languages
like
Japanese
and
French
.
Maria
loves
learning
foreign
languages
like
Japanese
and
French
.
•
The
city
is
crowded
with
foreign
tourists
during
the
summer
.
The
city
is
crowded
with
foreign
tourists
during
the
summer
.
adjective
strange
or
unfamiliar
because
it
is
not
what
you
usually
experience
•
The
new
operating
system
looked
foreign
to
her
,
so
she
asked
for
help
.
The
new
operating
system
looked
foreign
to
her
,
so
she
asked
for
help
.
•
After
years
in
the
desert
,
rain
felt
foreign
to
the
explorer
.
After
years
in
the
desert
,
rain
felt
foreign
to
the
explorer
.
adjective
coming
from
outside
something
and
not
naturally
part
of
it
•
Surgeons
removed
a
foreign
object
from
the
child's
stomach
.
Surgeons
removed
a
foreign
object
from
the
child's
stomach
.
•
Scientists
study
how
the
body
reacts
to
foreign
bacteria
.
Scientists
study
how
the
body
reacts
to
foreign
bacteria
.
noun
-
foreign
countries
and
peoples
outside
one
’
s
own
nation
,
considered
collectively
•
She
dreams
of
traveling
to
the
foreign
after
college
.
She
dreams
of
traveling
to
the
foreign
after
college
.
•
News
from
the
foreign
often
surprises
the
small
village
.
News
from
the
foreign
often
surprises
the
small
village
.
form
noun
a
printed
or
online
document
with
spaces
where
you
write
information
•
Please
fill
out
this
registration
form
before
the
appointment
.
Please
fill
out
this
registration
form
before
the
appointment
.
•
The
customs
officer
handed
me
an
entry
form
.
The
customs
officer
handed
me
an
entry
form
.
noun
an
official
or
printed
document
with
blank
spaces
for
information
•
Please
fill
out
this
form
with
your
contact
details
.
Please
fill
out
this
form
with
your
contact
details
.
•
The
nurse
handed
me
a
consent
form
before
the
procedure
.
The
nurse
handed
me
a
consent
form
before
the
procedure
.
noun
the
visible
shape
or
structure
of
a
person
or
thing
•
Through
the
morning
mist
,
the
form
of
a
large
ship
appeared
on
the
horizon
.
Through
the
morning
mist
,
the
form
of
a
large
ship
appeared
on
the
horizon
.
•
The
sculptor
studied
the
natural
form
of
the
stone
before
carving
.
The
sculptor
studied
the
natural
form
of
the
stone
before
carving
.
noun
a
class
or
year
group
in
a
British
school
•
Olivia
is
in
the
third
form
this
year
.
Olivia
is
in
the
third
form
this
year
.
•
The
whole
form
gathered
for
assembly
in
the
hall
.
The
whole
form
gathered
for
assembly
in
the
hall
.
verb
-
form
,
forming
,
forms
,
formed
to
create
or
develop
something
;
to
come
into
existence
•
The
committee
was
formed
to
plan
the
festival
.
The
committee
was
formed
to
plan
the
festival
.
•
Ice
crystals
form
on
the
window
when
it
’
s
very
cold
.
Ice
crystals
form
on
the
window
when
it
’
s
very
cold
.
noun
the
shape
or
visible
structure
of
something
•
The
glass
vase
has
an
elegant
form
that
curves
gently
at
the
top
.
The
glass
vase
has
an
elegant
form
that
curves
gently
at
the
top
.
•
From
the
balcony
,
we
admired
the
jagged
forms
of
the
distant
mountains
at
sunrise
.
From
the
balcony
,
we
admired
the
jagged
forms
of
the
distant
mountains
at
sunrise
.
noun
a
particular
type
or
variety
of
something
•
Yoga
is
a
popular
form
of
exercise
around
the
world
.
Yoga
is
a
popular
form
of
exercise
around
the
world
.
•
Carbon
exists
in
several
forms
,
including
diamond
and
graphite
.
Carbon
exists
in
several
forms
,
including
diamond
and
graphite
.
noun
a
person
’
s
or
team
’
s
current
level
of
performance
,
especially
in
sports
•
After
months
of
training
,
the
sprinter
is
in
top
form
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
sprinter
is
in
top
form
.
•
The
pianist
was
on
brilliant
form
during
the
concert
.
The
pianist
was
on
brilliant
form
during
the
concert
.
verb
-
form
,
forming
,
forms
,
formed
to
make
or
bring
together
something
and
give
it
shape
;
to
come
into
existence
•
The
children
formed
a
circle
and
held
hands
.
The
children
formed
a
circle
and
held
hands
.
•
Clouds
form
when
warm
air
rises
and
cools
.
Clouds
form
when
warm
air
rises
and
cools
.
noun
the
condition
of
someone
’
s
ability
to
perform
well
,
especially
in
sport
or
work
•
After
a
long
injury
,
the
runner
was
back
in
top
form
.
After
a
long
injury
,
the
runner
was
back
in
top
form
.
•
The
pianist
’
s
poor
form
surprised
the
audience
.
The
pianist
’
s
poor
form
surprised
the
audience
.
noun
a
particular
version
or
arrangement
of
something
,
such
as
a
word
,
piece
of
art
,
or
activity
•
Past
tense
is
a
form
of
the
verb
.
Past
tense
is
a
form
of
the
verb
.
•
Salsa
is
a
lively
form
of
dance
.
Salsa
is
a
lively
form
of
dance
.
verb
-
form
,
forming
,
forms
,
formed
to
develop
or
decide
on
an
idea
,
opinion
,
or
plan
•
He
quickly
formed
an
opinion
about
the
new
policy
.
He
quickly
formed
an
opinion
about
the
new
policy
.
•
Try
to
form
a
clear
plan
before
you
start
.
Try
to
form
a
clear
plan
before
you
start
.
noun
a
class
group
in
a
British
school
,
often
identified
by
year
or
tutor
•
Luke
joined
the
lower sixth form
at
the
new
college
.
Luke
joined
the
lower sixth form
at
the
new
college
.
•
The
teacher
called
the
names
of
her
Year
9
form
before
assembly
.
The
teacher
called
the
names
of
her
Year
9
form
before
assembly
.
noun
a
particular
shape
of
a
word
showing
tense
,
number
,
etc
.,
in
grammar
•
"
Went
"
is
the
past
form
of
the
verb
"
go
."
"
Went
"
is
the
past
form
of
the
verb
"
go
."
•
Some
nouns
have
an
irregular
plural
form
.
Some
nouns
have
an
irregular
plural
form
.
noun
socially
correct
or
accepted
behaviour
or
procedure
•
It
’
s
good
form
to
thank
your
host
before
leaving
the
party
.
It
’
s
good
form
to
thank
your
host
before
leaving
the
party
.
•
Coughing
without
covering
your
mouth
is
considered
bad
form
.
Coughing
without
covering
your
mouth
is
considered
bad
form
.
forget
verb
-
forget
,
forgetting
,
forgets
,
forgot
,
forgotten
to
fail
to
remember
something
or
someone
•
I
often
forget
my
neighbor's
name
even
though
we
talk
every
day
.
I
often
forget
my
neighbor's
name
even
though
we
talk
every
day
.
•
Rita
forgot
what
time
the
meeting
started
and
arrived
late
.
Rita
forgot
what
time
the
meeting
started
and
arrived
late
.
Old
English
forgietan
,
from
for–
(
completely
)
+
gietan
(
to
get
,
grasp
mentally
),
meaning
originally
‘
lose
grasp
of
’.
performance
noun
an
act
of
presenting
a
play
,
concert
,
dance
,
or
other
entertainment
for
an
audience
•
The
school's
drama
club
gave
an
impressive
performance
of
“
Hamlet
”
last
night
.
The
school's
drama
club
gave
an
impressive
performance
of
“
Hamlet
”
last
night
.
•
Tickets
for
the
ballet
performance
sold
out
in
minutes
.
Tickets
for
the
ballet
performance
sold
out
in
minutes
.
from
perform
+
-ance
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
in
reference
to
carrying
out
an
act
,
later
applied
to
theatrical
shows
noun
-
performance
how
well
a
person
,
group
,
or
organization
does
a
task
or
achieves
results
•
Regular
practice
improved
his
performance
on
the
math
test
.
Regular
practice
improved
his
performance
on
the
math
test
.
•
The
coach
praised
the
team's
performance
in
the
final
.
The
coach
praised
the
team's
performance
in
the
final
.
noun
-
performance
how
well
a
machine
,
vehicle
,
or
system
works
•
Upgrading
the
memory
increased
the
computer's
performance
.
Upgrading
the
memory
increased
the
computer's
performance
.
•
High
temperatures
can
affect
engine
performance
.
High
temperatures
can
affect
engine
performance
.
noun
an
unnecessary
or
exaggerated
display
of
actions
,
often
to
attract
attention
or
show
annoyance
•
He
made
a
big
performance
about
forgetting
his
keys
.
He
made
a
big
performance
about
forgetting
his
keys
.
•
Stop
making
a
performance
—
it's
only
a
small
scratch
.
Stop
making
a
performance
—
it's
only
a
small
scratch
.
forward
adverb
towards
a
place
,
position
,
or
time
that
is
ahead
or
in
front
.
•
The
hikers
kept
moving
forward
along
the
trail
until
they
reached
the
lake
.
The
hikers
kept
moving
forward
along
the
trail
until
they
reached
the
lake
.
•
Take
two
steps
forward
and
stand
by
the
door
.
Take
two
steps
forward
and
stand
by
the
door
.
adjective
at
or
toward
the
front
;
positioned
ahead
of
something
else
.
•
She
chose
a
forward
seat
so
she
could
see
the
screen
clearly
.
She
chose
a
forward
seat
so
she
could
see
the
screen
clearly
.
•
Passengers
in
the
forward
cabin
heard
a
loud
bang
.
Passengers
in
the
forward
cabin
heard
a
loud
bang
.
verb
-
forward
,
forwarding
,
forwards
,
forwarded
to
send
something
you
have
received
to
another
person
or
place
.
•
I
will
forward
the
message
to
the
group
chat
.
I
will
forward
the
message
to
the
group
chat
.
•
The
post
office
will
forward
your
mail
to
your
new
address
.
The
post
office
will
forward
your
mail
to
your
new
address
.
noun
a
player
who
plays
near
the
opponent
’
s
goal
and
tries
to
score
in
sports
such
as
soccer
,
basketball
,
or
hockey
.
•
The
star
forward
dribbled
past
three
defenders
.
The
star
forward
dribbled
past
three
defenders
.
•
Our
team
needs
a
taller
forward
for
rebounds
.
Our
team
needs
a
taller
forward
for
rebounds
.
adjective
bold
or
overly
familiar
in
a
way
that
may
seem
rude
or
disrespectful
.
•
It
was
rather
forward
of
him
to
ask
about
my
salary
.
It
was
rather
forward
of
him
to
ask
about
my
salary
.
•
She
felt
his
questions
were
too
forward
for
a
first
meeting
.
She
felt
his
questions
were
too
forward
for
a
first
meeting
.
therefore
adverb
for
that
reason
;
as
a
result
•
It
was
raining
heavily
;
therefore
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
.
It
was
raining
heavily
;
therefore
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
.
•
Liam
forgot
his
wallet
and
therefore
couldn
’
t
buy
a
train
ticket
.
Liam
forgot
his
wallet
and
therefore
couldn
’
t
buy
a
train
ticket
.
Middle
English
:
from
Old
English
thǣrfore
,
formed
from
thǣr
‘
there
’
+
fore
‘
for
’
meaning
‘
for
that
(
reason
)’.
conjunction
so
or
consequently
,
introducing
a
conclusion
that
follows
from
what
was
said
•
The
data
were
incomplete
;
therefore
the
researchers
postponed
publishing
their
findings
.
The
data
were
incomplete
;
therefore
the
researchers
postponed
publishing
their
findings
.
•
She
had
no
valid
ID
,
and
therefore
she
was
denied
entry
to
the
club
.
She
had
no
valid
ID
,
and
therefore
she
was
denied
entry
to
the
club
.
Same
origin
as
the
adverb
sense
:
Middle
English
thǣrfore
‘
for
that
reason
’.
perform
verb
to
carry
out
or
complete
an
action
,
duty
,
or
piece
of
work
•
The
engineer
will
perform
safety
checks
before
the
machine
starts
.
The
engineer
will
perform
safety
checks
before
the
machine
starts
.
•
Students
must
perform
all
the
experiments
listed
in
the
lab
manual
.
Students
must
perform
all
the
experiments
listed
in
the
lab
manual
.
From
Middle
English
performen
,
borrowed
from
Anglo-French
parfourmer
,
from
par-
“
completely
”
+
fourmer
“
to
form
.”
verb
to
entertain
an
audience
by
acting
,
singing
,
playing
music
,
or
doing
another
art
live
•
The
band
will
perform
on
the
main
stage
at
8
p
.
m
.
The
band
will
perform
on
the
main
stage
at
8
p
.
m
.
•
She
loves
to
perform
in
school
plays
.
She
loves
to
perform
in
school
plays
.
verb
to
operate
or
function
in
a
particular
way
,
especially
showing
how
well
something
works
•
The
new
smartphone
performs
better
than
the
older
model
.
The
new
smartphone
performs
better
than
the
older
model
.
•
After
months
of
training
,
the
athlete
performed
impressively
in
the
marathon
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
athlete
performed
impressively
in
the
marathon
.
reform
verb
-
reform
,
reforming
,
reforms
,
reformed
to
change
laws
,
systems
,
or
organizations
in
order
to
make
them
better
•
The
president
promised
to
reform
the
healthcare
system
within
his
first
year
in
office
.
The
president
promised
to
reform
the
healthcare
system
within
his
first
year
in
office
.
•
A
group
of
young
activists
marched
to
demand
that
lawmakers
reform
outdated
voting
laws
.
A
group
of
young
activists
marched
to
demand
that
lawmakers
reform
outdated
voting
laws
.
From
Latin
reformare
“
to
form
again
,
reshape
”,
from
re-
“
again
”
+
formare
“
to
form
”.
verb
-
reform
,
reforming
,
reforms
,
reformed
to
stop
behaving
badly
and
start
living
in
a
better
,
more
honest
way
•
After
years
in
prison
,
he
decided
to
reform
and
build
a
new
life
.
After
years
in
prison
,
he
decided
to
reform
and
build
a
new
life
.
•
She
joined
a
support
group
to
help
her
reform
from
her
gambling
addiction
.
She
joined
a
support
group
to
help
her
reform
from
her
gambling
addiction
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
:
Latin
reformare
'form
again'
.
noun
the
action
or
process
of
improving
a
law
,
system
,
or
practice
by
making
changes
•
Tax
reform
is
a
major
topic
in
the
upcoming
election
.
Tax
reform
is
a
major
topic
in
the
upcoming
election
.
•
Citizens
demanded
sweeping
police
reform
after
the
scandal
.
Citizens
demanded
sweeping
police
reform
after
the
scandal
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
reformare
via
Middle
French
‘
reforme
’,
originally
meaning
‘
reshaping
’.
forest
noun
a
large
area
of
land
that
is
thickly
covered
with
trees
and
other
plants
•
The
hikers
set
up
camp
deep
in
the
forest
.
The
hikers
set
up
camp
deep
in
the
forest
.
•
A
family
of
deer
darted
between
the
tall
pines
in
the
forest
.
A
family
of
deer
darted
between
the
tall
pines
in
the
forest
.
From
Old
French
‘
forest
’,
from
Medieval
Latin
‘
foresta
’,
originally
meaning
an
unenclosed
woodland
reserved
for
hunting
.
verb
to
plant
trees
on
an
area
of
land
so
that
it
becomes
a
forest
•
Environmental
groups
plan
to
forest
the
barren
hillside
next
spring
.
Environmental
groups
plan
to
forest
the
barren
hillside
next
spring
.
•
The
government
pledged
funds
to
forest
the
desert
fringe
.
The
government
pledged
funds
to
forest
the
desert
fringe
.
Back-formation
from
the
noun
‘
forest
’,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
forever
adverb
for
all
time
without
ending
•
The
memory
of
her
kindness
will
live
forever
in
our
hearts
.
The
memory
of
her
kindness
will
live
forever
in
our
hearts
.
•
Scientists
once
thought
the
universe
would
expand
forever
.
Scientists
once
thought
the
universe
would
expand
forever
.
adverb
for
a
very
long
time
,
especially
longer
than
expected
or
wanted
•
Hurry
up
—
this
download
is
taking
forever
!
Hurry
up
—
this
download
is
taking
forever
!
•
The
traffic
jam
seemed
to
last
forever
this
morning
.
The
traffic
jam
seemed
to
last
forever
this
morning
.
noun
-
forever
an
extremely
long
time
or
eternity
•
For
what
felt
like
a
forever
,
the
lights
remained
out
.
For
what
felt
like
a
forever
,
the
lights
remained
out
.
•
They
pledged
their
love
for
forever
.
They
pledged
their
love
for
forever
.
adjective
lasting
or
meant
to
last
for
all
time
;
permanent
•
They
adopted
a
dog
and
gave
it
a
forever
home
.
They
adopted
a
dog
and
gave
it
a
forever
home
.
•
The
postal
service
sells
forever
stamps
that
stay
valid
even
after
prices
rise
.
The
postal
service
sells
forever
stamps
that
stay
valid
even
after
prices
rise
.
unfortunately
adverb
used
to
introduce
or
emphasize
that
a
fact
or
situation
is
unlucky
,
bad
,
or
disappointing
•
Unfortunately
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
because
heavy
rain
flooded
the
stage
.
Unfortunately
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
because
heavy
rain
flooded
the
stage
.
•
Unfortunately
,
I
realized
on
the
bus
that
I
had
left
my
phone
at
home
.
Unfortunately
,
I
realized
on
the
bus
that
I
had
left
my
phone
at
home
.
comfortable
adjective
giving
physical
ease
,
warmth
,
or
relaxation
with
no
pain
or
discomfort
•
This
sofa
is
so
comfortable
that
I
could
sit
here
all
day
.
This
sofa
is
so
comfortable
that
I
could
sit
here
all
day
.
•
She
wore
comfortable
shoes
for
the
long
walk
.
She
wore
comfortable
shoes
for
the
long
walk
.
adjective
feeling
relaxed
,
calm
,
and
free
from
worry
in
a
situation
or
with
someone
•
Ella
is
comfortable
speaking
in
front
of
large
audiences
now
.
Ella
is
comfortable
speaking
in
front
of
large
audiences
now
.
•
I'm
not
comfortable
with
this
plan
;
it
seems
risky
.
I'm
not
comfortable
with
this
plan
;
it
seems
risky
.
adjective
having
or
providing
enough
money
to
live
without
financial
worry
•
They
have
a
comfortable
income
and
can
travel
every
year
.
They
have
a
comfortable
income
and
can
travel
every
year
.
•
After
getting
the
promotion
,
Maya
felt
comfortable
financially
.
After
getting
the
promotion
,
Maya
felt
comfortable
financially
.
adjective
large
enough
to
remove
doubt
or
risk
;
ample
or
safely
above
a
required
amount
•
The
team
won
by
a
comfortable
ten-point
margin
.
The
team
won
by
a
comfortable
ten-point
margin
.
•
He
finished
the
exam
with
a
comfortable
fifteen
minutes
to
spare
.
He
finished
the
exam
with
a
comfortable
fifteen
minutes
to
spare
.
afford
verb
to
have
enough
money
,
time
,
or
other
resources
to
pay
for
or
do
something
you
want
or
need
•
After
months
of
saving
,
Maria
could
finally
afford
a
second-hand
laptop
for
her
studies
.
After
months
of
saving
,
Maria
could
finally
afford
a
second-hand
laptop
for
her
studies
.
•
We
can't
afford
to
eat
out
every
night
while
traveling
.
We
can't
afford
to
eat
out
every
night
while
traveling
.
From
Old
English
‘
a-
’ (
intensive
prefix
)
+
‘
fordon
’ “
to
accomplish
,
to
further
,”
literally
“
to
make
forward
.”
Over
time
it
shifted
to
the
modern
sense
of
having
the
means
to
do
something
.
verb
to
provide
or
give
something
,
especially
something
useful
,
pleasant
,
or
needed
•
The
balcony
affords
a
stunning
view
of
the
snow-capped
mountains
.
The
balcony
affords
a
stunning
view
of
the
snow-capped
mountains
.
•
This
policy
affords
employees
the
flexibility
to
work
from
home
.
This
policy
affords
employees
the
flexibility
to
work
from
home
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
.
The
meaning
broadened
in
the
17th
century
from
“
accomplish
”
to
“
give
or
yield
,”
as
in
a
window
affording
light
.
forth
adverb
used
after
"
and
so
"
to
mean
"
and
other
similar
things
".
•
We
need
glue
,
scissors
,
string
,
and
so
forth
to
finish
the
craft
project
.
We
need
glue
,
scissors
,
string
,
and
so
forth
to
finish
the
craft
project
.
•
She
plays
the
guitar
,
the
piano
,
the
violin
,
and
so
forth
.
She
plays
the
guitar
,
the
piano
,
the
violin
,
and
so
forth
.
adverb
moving
or
going
forward
,
away
from
a
starting
point
.
•
The
knights
rode
forth
from
the
castle
at
dawn
.
The
knights
rode
forth
from
the
castle
at
dawn
.
•
After
packing
their
gear
,
the
hikers
set
forth
along
the
winding
forest
trail
.
After
packing
their
gear
,
the
hikers
set
forth
along
the
winding
forest
trail
.
Old
English
"
forð
"
meaning
“
forward
,
onward
,”
cognate
with
Old
Norse
"
fram
"
and
German
"
fort
,"
all
conveying
a
sense
of
forward
movement
.
adverb
from
this
moment
or
point
in
time
onward
.
•
From
this
day
forth
,
the
park
will
close
at
six
in
the
evening
.
From
this
day
forth
,
the
park
will
close
at
six
in
the
evening
.
•
The
two
agreed
that
,
forth
on
,
they
would
meet
every
Friday
.
The
two
agreed
that
,
forth
on
,
they
would
meet
every
Friday
.
inform
verb
to
give
someone
facts
or
knowledge
about
something
so
that
they
understand
it
•
The
teacher
informed
the
class
about
the
sudden
schedule
change
.
The
teacher
informed
the
class
about
the
sudden
schedule
change
.
•
Please
inform
me
as
soon
as
the
package
arrives
.
Please
inform
me
as
soon
as
the
package
arrives
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
informare
‘
shape
,
describe
,
instruct
’.
verb
to
secretly
give
information
about
someone
’
s
wrongdoing
to
the
police
or
another
authority
•
The
neighbor
informed
on
the
burglars
after
seeing
them
hide
the
stolen
bikes
.
The
neighbor
informed
on
the
burglars
after
seeing
them
hide
the
stolen
bikes
.
•
She
refused
to
inform
against
her
coworkers
,
even
under
pressure
.
She
refused
to
inform
against
her
coworkers
,
even
under
pressure
.
Extension
of
main
sense
;
19-century
criminal
slang
‘
to
give
information
’.
verb
to
give
shape
,
influence
,
or
character
to
something
•
Her
rural
childhood
deeply
informs
the
themes
of
her
paintings
.
Her
rural
childhood
deeply
informs
the
themes
of
her
paintings
.
•
Cultural
traditions
inform
the
festival
’
s
vibrant
costumes
.
Cultural
traditions
inform
the
festival
’
s
vibrant
costumes
.
Same
origin
as
main
sense
:
Latin
informare
‘
shape
,
instruct
’.
platform
noun
a
flat
,
raised
surface
or
structure
that
people
or
things
can
stand
on
so
they
are
above
the
area
around
them
•
The
speaker
stood
on
the
wooden
platform
to
address
the
crowd
.
The
speaker
stood
on
the
wooden
platform
to
address
the
crowd
.
•
Workers
used
a
metal
platform
to
reach
the
high
ceiling
of
the
theater
.
Workers
used
a
metal
platform
to
reach
the
high
ceiling
of
the
theater
.
from
Old
French
plateforme
“
ground
plan
”,
later
“
raised
,
flat
structure
”,
from
plat
“
flat
”
+
forme
“
form
”
noun
a
long
,
flat
area
beside
a
railway
or
subway
track
where
passengers
get
on
and
off
trains
•
Early
commuters
waited
on
the
chilly
platform
for
the
7
a
.
m
.
train
.
Early
commuters
waited
on
the
chilly
platform
for
the
7
a
.
m
.
train
.
•
He
sprinted
along
the
platform
and
leapt
aboard
just
before
the
doors
closed
.
He
sprinted
along
the
platform
and
leapt
aboard
just
before
the
doors
closed
.
noun
the
basic
computer
system
,
operating
system
,
or
environment
that
software
or
digital
services
run
on
•
The
app
works
on
any
mobile
platform
,
including
Android
and
iOS
.
The
app
works
on
any
mobile
platform
,
including
Android
and
iOS
.
•
Before
releasing
the
game
,
the
studio
chose
PC
as
its
primary
platform
.
Before
releasing
the
game
,
the
studio
chose
PC
as
its
primary
platform
.
noun
the
set
of
main
goals
and
policies
that
a
political
party
or
candidate
promises
to
follow
•
The
candidate
’
s
platform
includes
affordable
housing
and
clean
energy
.
The
candidate
’
s
platform
includes
affordable
housing
and
clean
energy
.
•
Voters
read
the
party
’
s
platform
before
the
national
convention
.
Voters
read
the
party
’
s
platform
before
the
national
convention
.
noun
a
place
,
service
,
or
situation
that
allows
someone
to
publicly
share
ideas
,
products
,
or
talents
•
The
festival
gave
young
artists
a
platform
to
showcase
their
music
.
The
festival
gave
young
artists
a
platform
to
showcase
their
music
.
•
Social
media
provided
her
with
a
global
platform
for
her
photography
.
Social
media
provided
her
with
a
global
platform
for
her
photography
.
noun
a
shoe
with
an
unusually
thick
sole
that
adds
extra
height
•
She
paired
her
dress
with
red
platform
to
stand
out
at
the
party
.
She
paired
her
dress
with
red
platform
to
stand
out
at
the
party
.
•
Thick
black
platform
were
popular
in
the
1970s
.
Thick
black
platform
were
popular
in
the
1970s
.
enforcement
noun
-
enforcement
the
act
or
process
of
making
sure
that
people
obey
a
law
,
rule
,
or
agreement
•
Strict
enforcement
of
the
speed
limit
has
reduced
accidents
on
the
highway
.
Strict
enforcement
of
the
speed
limit
has
reduced
accidents
on
the
highway
.
•
The
school
hired
extra
staff
to
improve
the
enforcement
of
its
no-bullying
policy
.
The
school
hired
extra
staff
to
improve
the
enforcement
of
its
no-bullying
policy
.
Derived
from
the
verb
“
enforce
” (
to
compel
observance
),
plus
the
suffix
“
-ment
”,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
14th
century
.
noun
-
enforcement
the
police
and
other
official
organizations
responsible
for
making
sure
laws
are
obeyed
•
Local
enforcement
arrived
within
minutes
of
the
alarm
going
off
.
Local
enforcement
arrived
within
minutes
of
the
alarm
going
off
.
•
She
hopes
to
join
federal
enforcement
after
graduating
from
the
academy
.
She
hopes
to
join
federal
enforcement
after
graduating
from
the
academy
.
Sense
developed
in
the
19th
century
as
a
shorthand
for
“
law
enforcement
”,
referring
collectively
to
police
and
related
agencies
.
transform
verb
to
change
something
or
someone
completely
so
that
it
looks
,
works
,
or
behaves
in
a
very
different
and
often
better
way
•
The
new
paint
job
completely
transformed
the
living
room
.
The
new
paint
job
completely
transformed
the
living
room
.
•
Digital
technology
is
transforming
the
way
we
communicate
across
the
globe
.
Digital
technology
is
transforming
the
way
we
communicate
across
the
globe
.
From
Latin
trans-
“
across
”
+
formare
“
to
shape
.”
noun
a
mathematical
or
technical
operation
that
converts
one
set
of
numbers
,
signals
,
or
functions
into
another
form
to
make
them
easier
to
analyze
or
use
•
The
engineer
applied
a
Fourier
transform
to
filter
out
noise
from
the
signal
.
The
engineer
applied
a
Fourier
transform
to
filter
out
noise
from
the
signal
.
•
In
computer
graphics
,
the
rotation
transform
lifted
the
character
’
s
arm
upward
.
In
computer
graphics
,
the
rotation
transform
lifted
the
character
’
s
arm
upward
.
Shortened
form
of
transformation
,
first
used
in
mathematics
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
formal
adjective
suitable
for
serious
or
official
occasions
,
especially
describing
elegant
clothing
or
events
that
require
it
•
The
invitation
said
the
wedding
was
formal
,
so
everyone
wore
suits
and
evening
gowns
.
The
invitation
said
the
wedding
was
formal
,
so
everyone
wore
suits
and
evening
gowns
.
•
At
the
embassy
dinner
,
a
formal
dress
code
was
strictly
enforced
.
At
the
embassy
dinner
,
a
formal
dress
code
was
strictly
enforced
.
From
Latin
“
formalis
”
meaning
“
relating
to
form
.”
adjective
showing
serious
,
polite
behavior
or
style
that
follows
accepted
social
rules
;
not
casual
or
relaxed
•
My
teacher
is
always
formal
when
she
speaks
to
parents
.
My
teacher
is
always
formal
when
she
speaks
to
parents
.
•
He
used
very
formal
language
in
his
job
interview
.
He
used
very
formal
language
in
his
job
interview
.
Derived
from
the
idea
of
keeping
to
set
social
“
forms
.”
noun
a
large
,
organized
school
dance
or
ball
,
especially
one
held
at
the
end
of
the
academic
year
•
Ella
bought
a
blue
gown
for
her
Year-12
formal
.
Ella
bought
a
blue
gown
for
her
Year-12
formal
.
•
They
hired
a
limo
to
arrive
in
style
at
the
school
formal
.
They
hired
a
limo
to
arrive
in
style
at
the
school
formal
.
Shortened
from
“
formal
dance
,”
popularized
in
Australian
schools
in
the
late
20th
century
.
adjective
official
and
recognized
by
rules
or
law
;
carried
out
in
a
fixed
,
proper
way
•
The
company
made
a
formal
announcement
of
the
merger
.
The
company
made
a
formal
announcement
of
the
merger
.
•
You
must
file
a
formal
complaint
to
start
the
process
.
You
must
file
a
formal
complaint
to
start
the
process
.
Sense
developed
from
Latin
“
formalis
”
referring
to
something
done
according
to
form
or
ceremony
.
adjective
concerned
with
form
,
structure
,
or
symbols
rather
than
practical
content
,
especially
in
mathematics
,
logic
,
or
linguistics
•
Students
study
formal
logic
before
tackling
real-world
arguments
.
Students
study
formal
logic
before
tackling
real-world
arguments
.
•
Programming
languages
have
precise
formal
grammars
.
Programming
languages
have
precise
formal
grammars
.
Adopted
in
technical
fields
to
stress
abstract
structure
.
formula
noun
a
set
of
symbols
and
numbers
that
shows
a
rule
or
fact
in
mathematics
,
science
,
or
chemistry
•
In
chemistry
class
,
the
teacher
wrote
the
formula
for
water
,
H2O
,
on
the
board
.
In
chemistry
class
,
the
teacher
wrote
the
formula
for
water
,
H2O
,
on
the
board
.
•
If
you
rearrange
this
algebraic
formula
,
you
can
solve
for
x
easily
.
If
you
rearrange
this
algebraic
formula
,
you
can
solve
for
x
easily
.
From
Latin
formula
meaning
“
small
form
,
rule
,”
originally
the
diminutive
of
forma
“
shape
.”
noun
a
fixed
way
of
doing
or
saying
something
that
is
expected
to
give
a
particular
result
•
Hard
work
plus
good
planning
is
his
simple
formula
for
success
.
Hard
work
plus
good
planning
is
his
simple
formula
for
success
.
•
The
bakery
follows
a
secret
formula
to
create
its
famous
sourdough
bread
.
The
bakery
follows
a
secret
formula
to
create
its
famous
sourdough
bread
.
Same
origin
as
scientific
sense
:
Latin
formula
“
rule
,
method
.”
noun
powdered
or
liquid
milk
specially
made
to
feed
babies
instead
of
breast
milk
•
The
mother
mixed
the
baby
formula
with
warm
water
in
a
bottle
.
The
mother
mixed
the
baby
formula
with
warm
water
in
a
bottle
.
•
We
packed
enough
formula
for
the
trip
so
the
infant
wouldn't
go
hungry
.
We
packed
enough
formula
for
the
trip
so
the
infant
wouldn't
go
hungry
.
Named
because
the
mixture
follows
a
fixed
formula
of
nutrients
needed
for
babies
.
forgive
verb
-
forgive
,
forgiving
,
forgives
,
forgave
,
forgiven
to
stop
being
angry
with
someone
and
no
longer
blame
them
for
something
wrong
they
have
done
•
After
a
week
of
silence
,
Maria
finally
forgave
her
friend
for
forgetting
her
birthday
.
After
a
week
of
silence
,
Maria
finally
forgave
her
friend
for
forgetting
her
birthday
.
•
The
children
found
it
hard
to
forgive
their
classmate
who
had
broken
their
favorite
toy
.
The
children
found
it
hard
to
forgive
their
classmate
who
had
broken
their
favorite
toy
.
Old
English
forgiefan
,
from
for-
“
completely
”
+
giefan
“
to
give
,”
originally
meaning
“
give
up
anger
”
and
later
“
pardon
.”
verb
-
forgive
,
forgiving
,
forgives
,
forgave
,
forgiven
used
as
a
polite
way
to
say
sorry
or
to
ask
someone
to
excuse
a
question
,
interruption
,
or
small
mistake
•
Forgive
me
,
could
you
tell
me
where
the
nearest
pharmacy
is
?
Forgive
me
,
could
you
tell
me
where
the
nearest
pharmacy
is
?
•
Forgive
my
ignorance
,
but
how
does
this
device
work
?
Forgive
my
ignorance
,
but
how
does
this
device
work
?
The
imperative
“
Forgive
me
”
has
been
used
since
the
15th
century
as
a
courteous
apology
or
request
for
pardon
.
verb
-
forgive
,
forgiving
,
forgives
,
forgave
,
forgiven
to
say
that
someone
no
longer
has
to
pay
money
they
owe
•
The
bank
forgave
part
of
the
farmer
’
s
loan
after
the
devastating
flood
.
The
bank
forgave
part
of
the
farmer
’
s
loan
after
the
devastating
flood
.
•
Under
the
new
program
,
the
government
will
forgive
student
loans
after
ten
years
of
payments
.
Under
the
new
program
,
the
government
will
forgive
student
loans
after
ten
years
of
payments
.
Extension
of
the
sense
“
pardon
”
to
the
financial
idea
of
releasing
someone
from
an
obligation
,
attested
from
the
19th
century
.
forum
noun
a
website
or
online
message
board
where
people
post
messages
and
have
discussions
about
shared
interests
•
I
asked
for
camera
advice
on
a
photography
forum
and
got
helpful
replies
.
I
asked
for
camera
advice
on
a
photography
forum
and
got
helpful
replies
.
•
The
gaming
forum
bans
spoilers
during
the
first
week
after
a
new
release
.
The
gaming
forum
bans
spoilers
during
the
first
week
after
a
new
release
.
Extension
of
the
earlier
sense
of
forum
as
a
place
for
discussion
,
transferred
to
cyberspace
in
the
late
20th
century
.
noun
a
meeting
or
event
where
people
come
together
to
discuss
a
particular
subject
and
exchange
ideas
•
The
town
council
organized
a
forum
to
hear
residents'
ideas
about
traffic
.
The
town
council
organized
a
forum
to
hear
residents'
ideas
about
traffic
.
•
At
the
regional
education
forum
,
teachers
from
many
schools
shared
new
classroom
strategies
.
At
the
regional
education
forum
,
teachers
from
many
schools
shared
new
classroom
strategies
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
forum
meaning
a
marketplace
or
public
square
;
later
broadened
to
any
place
for
discussion
.
noun
in
ancient
Rome
,
a
public
square
used
for
markets
,
political
speeches
,
and
important
meetings
•
Tourists
walked
across
the
ruins
of
the
Roman
forum
in
the
hot
summer
sun
.
Tourists
walked
across
the
ruins
of
the
Roman
forum
in
the
hot
summer
sun
.
•
Historians
say
the
forum
was
the
heart
of
public
life
in
ancient
Rome
.
Historians
say
the
forum
was
the
heart
of
public
life
in
ancient
Rome
.
Latin
forum
originally
referred
to
an
open
public
space
for
markets
and
civic
activities
in
Roman
towns
.
fortune
noun
a
very
large
amount
of
money
or
valuable
possessions
.
•
Her
company
is
worth
a
fortune
now
.
Her
company
is
worth
a
fortune
now
.
•
They
spent
a
small fortune
on
the
wedding
decorations
.
They
spent
a
small fortune
on
the
wedding
decorations
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
the
connection
between
luck
and
prosperity
led
to
the
monetary
meaning
.
noun
chance
or
luck
,
especially
when
it
affects
what
happens
in
life
and
is
beyond
anyone
’
s
control
.
•
By
sheer
fortune
,
the
lost
dog
found
its
way
home
.
By
sheer
fortune
,
the
lost
dog
found
its
way
home
.
•
It
was
pure
fortune
that
the
rain
stopped
right
before
the
outdoor
wedding
.
It
was
pure
fortune
that
the
rain
stopped
right
before
the
outdoor
wedding
.
From
Middle
English
,
via
Old
French
“
fortune
”,
from
Latin
“
fortūna
”
meaning
luck
or
fate
.
noun
the
changing
success
,
condition
,
or
prospects
of
a
person
,
group
,
or
place
,
often
spoken
of
in
the
plural
.
•
The
team's
fortunes
improved
after
they
hired
a
new
coach
.
The
team's
fortunes
improved
after
they
hired
a
new
coach
.
•
The
economic
fortunes
of
the
country
have
shifted
dramatically
in
the
last
decade
.
The
economic
fortunes
of
the
country
have
shifted
dramatically
in
the
last
decade
.
Extension
of
the
luck
sense
to
describe
overall
success
or
failure
across
time
.
comfort
noun
a
state
of
physical
ease
,
warmth
,
or
freedom
from
pain
•
After
a
long
hike
,
the
soft
sofa
brought
me
pure
comfort
.
After
a
long
hike
,
the
soft
sofa
brought
me
pure
comfort
.
•
She
wrapped
the
baby
in
a
fluffy
blanket
for
extra
comfort
.
She
wrapped
the
baby
in
a
fluffy
blanket
for
extra
comfort
.
noun
a
feeling
of
relief
or
reassurance
that
makes
someone
less
sad
or
worried
•
His
kind
words
gave
her
great
comfort
after
the
bad
news
.
His
kind
words
gave
her
great
comfort
after
the
bad
news
.
•
Many
people
find
comfort
in
talking
to
close
friends
.
Many
people
find
comfort
in
talking
to
close
friends
.
noun
a
thing
,
often
one
of
several
small
luxuries
,
that
makes
life
easier
or
more
pleasant
•
Modern
comforts
like
air-conditioning
make
summer
bearable
.
Modern
comforts
like
air-conditioning
make
summer
bearable
.
•
Camping
is
fun
,
but
I
miss
the
comforts
of
home
.
Camping
is
fun
,
but
I
miss
the
comforts
of
home
.
verb
to
make
someone
feel
less
sad
,
worried
,
or
frightened
•
I
tried
to
comfort
my
friend
when
her
cat
disappeared
.
I
tried
to
comfort
my
friend
when
her
cat
disappeared
.
•
A
warm
hug
can
comfort
someone
who
is
sad
.
A
warm
hug
can
comfort
someone
who
is
sad
.
formation
noun
the
act
or
process
of
creating
or
developing
something
•
The
rapid
formation
of
ice
on
the
pond
surprised
the
children
.
The
rapid
formation
of
ice
on
the
pond
surprised
the
children
.
•
Language
teachers
study
the
formation
of
new
words
over
time
.
Language
teachers
study
the
formation
of
new
words
over
time
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
formatio
meaning
‘
a
shaping
,
a
forming
’,
from
formare
‘
to
form
’.
noun
a
physical
structure
or
pattern
that
has
been
naturally
or
artificially
created
•
Tourists
flocked
to
see
the
towering
sandstone
formation
in
the
desert
.
Tourists
flocked
to
see
the
towering
sandstone
formation
in
the
desert
.
•
Coral
reefs
are
a
delicate
formation
built
by
tiny
sea
creatures
.
Coral
reefs
are
a
delicate
formation
built
by
tiny
sea
creatures
.
noun
an
orderly
arrangement
or
pattern
in
which
people
,
animals
,
or
vehicles
move
or
stand
•
The
soldiers
marched
in
perfect
formation
during
the
parade
.
The
soldiers
marched
in
perfect
formation
during
the
parade
.
•
Five
jets
streaked
across
the
sky
in
a
tight
V
formation
.
Five
jets
streaked
across
the
sky
in
a
tight
V
formation
.
format
noun
the
size
,
shape
,
or
arrangement
of
something
,
especially
the
way
information
,
a
document
,
or
a
program
is
organized
and
presented
•
The
teacher
explained
the
new
format
of
the
weekly
quiz
.
The
teacher
explained
the
new
format
of
the
weekly
quiz
.
•
The
TV
show
changed
its
format
to
attract
younger
viewers
.
The
TV
show
changed
its
format
to
attract
younger
viewers
.
Borrowed
from
French
format
,
from
Latin
forma
“
shape
,
form
.”
It
first
appeared
in
English
in
the
mid-19th
century
to
describe
book
sizes
before
broadening
to
other
kinds
of
arrangement
.
verb
-
format
,
formatting
,
formats
,
formatted
to
arrange
the
appearance
or
structure
of
text
,
pages
,
or
other
information
in
a
particular
way
•
She
formatted
the
essay
with
double
spacing
and
wide
margins
.
She
formatted
the
essay
with
double
spacing
and
wide
margins
.
•
Make
sure
to
format
the
table
so
the
numbers
align
.
Make
sure
to
format
the
table
so
the
numbers
align
.
verb
-
format
,
formatting
,
formats
,
formatted
to
prepare
a
disk
,
memory
card
,
or
other
storage
device
for
use
,
which
deletes
all
existing
data
•
Before
installing
the
new
system
,
he
had
to
format
the
hard
drive
.
Before
installing
the
new
system
,
he
had
to
format
the
hard
drive
.
•
The
photographer
formatted
the
memory
card
to
clear
space
for
new
pictures
.
The
photographer
formatted
the
memory
card
to
clear
space
for
new
pictures
.
uniform
noun
a
special
set
of
clothes
of
the
same
style
and
colour
that
members
of
a
group
wear
to
show
they
belong
together
•
All
the
students
lined
up
in
the
playground
wearing
their
neat
blue
uniform
.
All
the
students
lined
up
in
the
playground
wearing
their
neat
blue
uniform
.
•
The
firefighter
’
s
protective
uniform
hung
on
a
hook
beside
the
red
engine
,
ready
for
the
next
call
.
The
firefighter
’
s
protective
uniform
hung
on
a
hook
beside
the
red
engine
,
ready
for
the
next
call
.
Borrowed
from
French
uniforme
,
from
Latin
ūniformis
,
meaning
“
having
one
form
”.
adjective
always
the
same
in
appearance
,
size
,
or
way
of
doing
something
•
The
bricks
were
laid
in
a
perfectly
uniform
pattern
across
the
entire
wall
.
The
bricks
were
laid
in
a
perfectly
uniform
pattern
across
the
entire
wall
.
•
She
prefers
clothing
with
a
uniform
colour
scheme
instead
of
bright
contrasts
.
She
prefers
clothing
with
a
uniform
colour
scheme
instead
of
bright
contrasts
.
Same
origin
as
the
noun
:
from
Latin
ūniformis
“
having
one
form
”.
verb
to
make
things
the
same
in
form
,
appearance
,
or
character
•
The
new
policy
aims
to
uniform
safety
standards
across
all
factories
.
The
new
policy
aims
to
uniform
safety
standards
across
all
factories
.
•
Engineers
worked
to
uniform
the
size
of
the
components
before
assembly
.
Engineers
worked
to
uniform
the
size
of
the
components
before
assembly
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
sense
,
meaning
“
to
make
uniform
”.
First
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
uncomfortable
adjective
Causing
physical
discomfort
so
that
it
is
hard
to
relax
.
•
The
wooden
bench
felt
uncomfortable
after
we
sat
on
it
for
hours
.
The
wooden
bench
felt
uncomfortable
after
we
sat
on
it
for
hours
.
•
She
shifted
in
her
seat
because
her
new
shoes
were
uncomfortable
.
She
shifted
in
her
seat
because
her
new
shoes
were
uncomfortable
.
From
un-
‘
not
’
+
comfortable
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
18th
century
.
adjective
Feeling
uneasy
,
embarrassed
,
or
anxious
in
a
situation
.
•
I
felt
uncomfortable
talking
about
money
in
front
of
strangers
.
I
felt
uncomfortable
talking
about
money
in
front
of
strangers
.
•
The
long
silence
made
everyone
at
the
table
uncomfortable
.
The
long
silence
made
everyone
at
the
table
uncomfortable
.
From
un-
‘
not
’
+
comfortable
;
the
sense
of
emotional
unease
developed
in
the
19th
century
.
enforce
verb
-
enforce
,
enforcing
,
enforces
,
enforced
to
make
sure
that
a
rule
,
law
,
or
decision
is
obeyed
•
Traffic
police
officers
work
hard
to
enforce
the
speed
limit
on
this
busy
highway
.
Traffic
police
officers
work
hard
to
enforce
the
speed
limit
on
this
busy
highway
.
•
The
school
principal
warned
that
she
would
enforce
the
new
no-phone
policy
starting
next
week
.
The
school
principal
warned
that
she
would
enforce
the
new
no-phone
policy
starting
next
week
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
enforcier
‘
strengthen
,
compel
’,
from
en-
‘
in
,
into
’
+
force
‘
strength
’.
verb
-
enforce
,
enforcing
,
enforces
,
enforced
to
make
someone
do
something
by
using
force
or
authority
•
The
dictator
tried
to
enforce
silence
by
arresting
anyone
who
spoke
out
.
The
dictator
tried
to
enforce
silence
by
arresting
anyone
who
spoke
out
.
•
Parents
should
guide
rather
than
enforce
obedience
through
fear
.
Parents
should
guide
rather
than
enforce
obedience
through
fear
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Old
French
enforcier
,
originally
meaning
‘
force
in
’.
Over
time
it
developed
the
sense
of
compelling
a
person
.
transformation
noun
a
thorough
or
dramatic
change
in
form
,
appearance
,
or
character
•
The
abandoned
warehouse
underwent
a
stunning
transformation
into
luxury
lofts
.
The
abandoned
warehouse
underwent
a
stunning
transformation
into
luxury
lofts
.
•
After
months
of
training
,
Marco's
body
transformation
amazed
his
friends
.
After
months
of
training
,
Marco's
body
transformation
amazed
his
friends
.
from
Latin
transformare
“
to
change
in
shape
,”
from
trans-
“
across
”
+
formare
“
to
form
.”
noun
in
stories
,
myths
,
or
magic
,
the
act
of
changing
one
thing
or
creature
into
another
•
The
witch
’
s
sudden
transformation
of
the
prince
into
a
frog
shocked
the
court
.
The
witch
’
s
sudden
transformation
of
the
prince
into
a
frog
shocked
the
court
.
•
In
the
legend
,
the
phoenix
’
s
fiery
death
leads
to
its
glorious
transformation
and
rebirth
.
In
the
legend
,
the
phoenix
’
s
fiery
death
leads
to
its
glorious
transformation
and
rebirth
.
used
in
folklore
and
alchemy
to
describe
magical
changes
long
before
modern
science
adopted
the
word
.
noun
in
mathematics
,
a
rule
that
maps
every
point
of
a
figure
or
space
to
another
point
,
often
changing
its
position
,
size
,
or
orientation
•
A
rotation
by
90
degrees
is
a
common
geometric
transformation
.
A
rotation
by
90
degrees
is
a
common
geometric
transformation
.
•
The
programmer
used
a
matrix
transformation
to
render
the
3-D
model
.
The
programmer
used
a
matrix
transformation
to
render
the
3-D
model
.
adopted
into
mathematical
vocabulary
in
the
19th
century
to
describe
operations
that
change
geometric
figures
.
noun
in
genetics
,
the
process
by
which
a
cell
takes
up
foreign
DNA
and
expresses
it
•
Scientists
used
bacterial
transformation
to
produce
insulin
.
Scientists
used
bacterial
transformation
to
produce
insulin
.
•
Heat
shock
is
a
common
method
to
induce
plasmid
transformation
in
bacteria
.
Heat
shock
is
a
common
method
to
induce
plasmid
transformation
in
bacteria
.
coined
in
early
20th-century
microbiology
after
Frederick
Griffith
’
s
1928
experiments
showing
bacteria
could
change
form
when
exposed
to
material
from
other
strains
.