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π
there
adverb
in
,
at
,
or
to
that
place
or
position
β’
β
Put
the
vase
there
on
the
shelf
where
everyone
can
see
it
.β
β
Put
the
vase
there
on
the
shelf
where
everyone
can
see
it
.β
β’
β
We
stayed
there
for
two
weeks
and
loved
the
beaches
.β
β
We
stayed
there
for
two
weeks
and
loved
the
beaches
.β
Old
English
thΗ£r
,
ultimately
from
Proto-Germanic
*ΓΎaΓΎr
.
pronoun
used
at
the
beginning
of
a
sentence
or
clause
to
say
that
something
exists
or
happens
β’
There
is
a
spider
on
the
wall
!
There
is
a
spider
on
the
wall
!
β’
There
were
only
ten
tickets
left
when
I
arrived
.
There
were
only
ten
tickets
left
when
I
arrived
.
Extension
of
adverb
β
there
β
to
a
grammatical
subject
role
in
Middle
English
.
interjection
used
to
express
satisfaction
,
triumph
,
or
to
draw
attention
to
something
that
has
been
done
or
given
β’
There
!
The
puzzle
is
finished
at
last
.
There
!
The
puzzle
is
finished
at
last
.
β’
Here
β
s
the
book
you
wanted
β
there
.
Here
β
s
the
book
you
wanted
β
there
.
Natural
extension
of
adverb
β
there
β
as
an
exclamation
since
the
14th
century
.
here
adverb
in
,
at
,
or
to
this
place
or
position
β’
Please
sit
here
next
to
me
.
Please
sit
here
next
to
me
.
β’
The
bus
stops
here
every
morning
at
seven
.
The
bus
stops
here
every
morning
at
seven
.
adverb
used
when
giving
or
showing
something
to
someone
β’
Here
is
your
coffee
β
be
careful
,
it
β
s
hot
.
Here
is
your
coffee
β
be
careful
,
it
β
s
hot
.
β’
Here
are
the
keys
you
asked
for
.
Here
are
the
keys
you
asked
for
.
interjection
used
to
say
you
are
present
when
your
name
is
called
or
to
draw
attention
β’
Teacher
: β
Emily
?β
Student
: β
Here
!β
Teacher
: β
Emily
?β
Student
: β
Here
!β
β’
During
the
meeting
,
the
chairperson
called
β
Mr
.
Lee
?β
and
he
replied
β
Here
!β
During
the
meeting
,
the
chairperson
called
β
Mr
.
Lee
?β
and
he
replied
β
Here
!β
adverb
at
this
point
in
a
talk
,
story
,
or
process
β’
Here
the
author
introduces
the
main
character
.
Here
the
author
introduces
the
main
character
.
β’
Stop
here
and
take
a
short
break
.
Stop
here
and
take
a
short
break
.
noun
-
here
the
present
place
or
moment
,
especially
in
the
phrase
β
the
here
and
now
β
β’
You
should
focus
on
the
here
and
now
instead
of
worrying
about
tomorrow
.
You
should
focus
on
the
here
and
now
instead
of
worrying
about
tomorrow
.
β’
Meditation
helps
me
stay
in
the
here
.
Meditation
helps
me
stay
in
the
here
.
where
adverb
used
to
ask
about
the
place
or
position
of
someone
or
something
β’
Where
are
my
keys
?
I
can
β
t
find
them
.
Where
are
my
keys
?
I
can
β
t
find
them
.
β’
Do
you
remember
where
you
parked
the
car
?
Do
you
remember
where
you
parked
the
car
?
conjunction
introduces
a
clause
that
tells
the
place
or
situation
in
which
something
happens
β’
This
is
the
cafΓ©
where
we
first
met
.
This
is
the
cafΓ©
where
we
first
met
.
β’
Put
the
book
back
where
you
found
it
.
Put
the
book
back
where
you
found
it
.
mother
verb
to
care
for
and
protect
someone
as
a
mother
does
β’
The
elder
elephant
gently
mothered
the
orphaned
calf
until
it
could
survive
on
its
own
.
The
elder
elephant
gently
mothered
the
orphaned
calf
until
it
could
survive
on
its
own
.
β’
She
often
mothers
her
younger
teammates
,
reminding
them
to
drink
water
and
stretch
.
She
often
mothers
her
younger
teammates
,
reminding
them
to
drink
water
and
stretch
.
father
verb
to
be
the
male
parent
of
a
child
or
to
create
something
new
β’
He
fathered
three
children
before
he
turned
thirty
.
He
fathered
three
children
before
he
turned
thirty
.
β’
Scientists
discovered
that
one
male
turtle
had
fathered
over
a
hundred
hatchlings
on
the
island
.
Scientists
discovered
that
one
male
turtle
had
fathered
over
a
hundred
hatchlings
on
the
island
.
therefore
adverb
for
that
reason
;
as
a
result
β’
It
was
raining
heavily
;
therefore
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
.
It
was
raining
heavily
;
therefore
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
.
β’
Liam
forgot
his
wallet
and
therefore
couldn
β
t
buy
a
train
ticket
.
Liam
forgot
his
wallet
and
therefore
couldn
β
t
buy
a
train
ticket
.
Middle
English
:
from
Old
English
thΗ£rfore
,
formed
from
thΗ£r
β
there
β
+
fore
β
for
β
meaning
β
for
that
(
reason
)β.
conjunction
so
or
consequently
,
introducing
a
conclusion
that
follows
from
what
was
said
β’
The
data
were
incomplete
;
therefore
the
researchers
postponed
publishing
their
findings
.
The
data
were
incomplete
;
therefore
the
researchers
postponed
publishing
their
findings
.
β’
She
had
no
valid
ID
,
and
therefore
she
was
denied
entry
to
the
club
.
She
had
no
valid
ID
,
and
therefore
she
was
denied
entry
to
the
club
.
Same
origin
as
the
adverb
sense
:
Middle
English
thΗ£rfore
β
for
that
reason
β.
somewhere
adverb
in
,
at
,
or
to
a
place
that
is
not
known
,
named
,
or
specified
β’
I
left
my
glasses
somewhere
in
the
kitchen
.
I
left
my
glasses
somewhere
in
the
kitchen
.
β’
His
phone
is
ringing
somewhere
in
his
backpack
.
His
phone
is
ringing
somewhere
in
his
backpack
.
adverb
used
to
show
that
a
number
,
amount
,
or
time
is
approximate
β’
The
repairs
will
cost
somewhere
around
$500
.
The
repairs
will
cost
somewhere
around
$500
.
β’
It's
somewhere
around
midnight
,
and
the
streets
are
empty
.
It's
somewhere
around
midnight
,
and
the
streets
are
empty
.
noun
-
somewhere
an
unspecified
or
unknown
place
β’
Let's
stop
and
eat
somewhere
before
the
movie
.
Let's
stop
and
eat
somewhere
before
the
movie
.
β’
We
need
somewhere
quiet
to
study
.
We
need
somewhere
quiet
to
study
.
gather
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
bring
things
or
people
together
into
one
place
or
group
β’
At
the
end
of
the
picnic
,
we
gather
the
empty
plates
and
cups
into
a
trash
bag
.
At
the
end
of
the
picnic
,
we
gather
the
empty
plates
and
cups
into
a
trash
bag
.
β’
The
librarian
asked
visitors
to
gather
their
belongings
before
the
library
closed
.
The
librarian
asked
visitors
to
gather
their
belongings
before
the
library
closed
.
Old
English
gaderian
,
from
a
Germanic
root
meaning
β
come
together
.β
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
come
together
in
a
group
β’
A
small
crowd
began
to
gather
outside
the
museum
before
it
opened
.
A
small
crowd
began
to
gather
outside
the
museum
before
it
opened
.
β’
On
New
Year's
Eve
,
families
gather
around
the
television
to
watch
the
countdown
.
On
New
Year's
Eve
,
families
gather
around
the
television
to
watch
the
countdown
.
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
understand
or
believe
something
after
considering
information
β’
From
her
smile
,
I
gather
that
she
liked
the
surprise
.
From
her
smile
,
I
gather
that
she
liked
the
surprise
.
β’
I
gather
you
have
finished
the
report
,
judging
by
your
relaxed
face
.
I
gather
you
have
finished
the
report
,
judging
by
your
relaxed
face
.
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
pull
fabric
together
in
small
folds
β’
She
gather
the
fabric
at
the
waist
to
make
the
skirt
look
fuller
.
She
gather
the
fabric
at
the
waist
to
make
the
skirt
look
fuller
.
β’
The
seamstress
will
gather
the
sleeves
before
sewing
them
on
.
The
seamstress
will
gather
the
sleeves
before
sewing
them
on
.
noun
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
a
small
fold
or
pleat
made
by
gathering
fabric
β’
The
blouse
has
a
neat
gather
at
each
shoulder
.
The
blouse
has
a
neat
gather
at
each
shoulder
.
β’
Tiny
gathers
give
the
dress
a
graceful
flow
.
Tiny
gathers
give
the
dress
a
graceful
flow
.
weather
verb
to
gradually
change
in
color
,
shape
,
or
surface
because
of
exposure
to
sun
,
wind
,
rain
,
or
other
outdoor
conditions
β’
The
wooden
fence
has
weathered
to
a
soft
gray
over
the
years
.
The
wooden
fence
has
weathered
to
a
soft
gray
over
the
years
.
β’
Stone
statues
weather
slowly
when
they
stand
in
salty
sea
air
.
Stone
statues
weather
slowly
when
they
stand
in
salty
sea
air
.
Extension
of
the
noun
sense
:
surfaces
change
because
of
the
action
of
weather
.
verb
to
survive
or
successfully
deal
with
a
difficult
or
dangerous
situation
β’
The
small
company
weathered
the
economic
crisis
by
cutting
costs
and
innovating
.
The
small
company
weathered
the
economic
crisis
by
cutting
costs
and
innovating
.
β’
The
sailors
weathered
the
fierce
storm
and
reached
the
port
safely
.
The
sailors
weathered
the
fierce
storm
and
reached
the
port
safely
.
Figurative
use
from
earlier
nautical
sense
of
β
come
safely
through
bad
weather
β.
anywhere
adverb
in
,
at
,
or
to
any
place
β’
You
can
sit
anywhere
you
like
.
You
can
sit
anywhere
you
like
.
β’
I
looked
for
my
phone
but
couldn
β
t
find
it
anywhere
.
I
looked
for
my
phone
but
couldn
β
t
find
it
anywhere
.
From
the
combination
of
any
+
where
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
pronoun
any
place
,
especially
when
the
specific
place
does
not
matter
β’
Anywhere
is
better
than
staying
in
this
traffic
jam
.
Anywhere
is
better
than
staying
in
this
traffic
jam
.
β’
For
the
adventurous
couple
,
anywhere
could
become
home
.
For
the
adventurous
couple
,
anywhere
could
become
home
.
Evolved
from
the
adverb
"
anywhere
"
being
re-analysed
as
a
pronoun
in
the
17th
century
.
bother
verb
-
bother
,
bothering
,
bothers
,
bothered
to
annoy
,
disturb
,
or
upset
someone
β’
Please
don
β
t
bother
the
cat
while
it
β
s
sleeping
.
Please
don
β
t
bother
the
cat
while
it
β
s
sleeping
.
β’
The
buzzing
mosquitoes
bothered
the
campers
all
night
.
The
buzzing
mosquitoes
bothered
the
campers
all
night
.
Early
18th
century
,
origin
uncertain
;
perhaps
related
to
Irish
β
bodhar
β
meaning
β
deaf
,
dull
β.
verb
-
bother
,
bothering
,
bothers
,
bothered
to
make
the
effort
to
do
something
,
especially
when
it
seems
unnecessary
β’
She
didn't
bother
to
turn
off
the
lights
before
leaving
.
She
didn't
bother
to
turn
off
the
lights
before
leaving
.
β’
Why
bother
fixing
it
if
it's
cheaper
to
buy
a
new
one
?
Why
bother
fixing
it
if
it's
cheaper
to
buy
a
new
one
?
everywhere
adverb
in
or
to
all
places
β’
She
looked
everywhere
for
her
missing
keys
.
She
looked
everywhere
for
her
missing
keys
.
β’
Wildflowers
grow
everywhere
in
the
valley
during
spring
.
Wildflowers
grow
everywhere
in
the
valley
during
spring
.
from
Middle
English
everi
where
,
combining
everi
(β
every
β)
+
where
(β
place
β),
later
fused
into
one
word
pronoun
all
places
considered
together
;
every
place
β’
Everywhere
is
quieter
after
the
snowstorm
.
Everywhere
is
quieter
after
the
snowstorm
.
β’
During
the
blackout
,
everywhere
was
dark
and
silent
.
During
the
blackout
,
everywhere
was
dark
and
silent
.
developed
from
the
adverb
"
everywhere
"
used
substantively
to
mean
β
every
place
β
atmosphere
noun
the
layer
of
gases
that
surrounds
a
planet
,
especially
Earth
β’
The
Earth's
atmosphere
protects
us
from
harmful
solar
radiation
.
The
Earth's
atmosphere
protects
us
from
harmful
solar
radiation
.
β’
Scientists
study
the
thin
atmosphere
of
Mars
to
look
for
signs
of
water
.
Scientists
study
the
thin
atmosphere
of
Mars
to
look
for
signs
of
water
.
Mid-17th
century
:
from
Greek
atmos
β
vapour
β
+
sphaira
β
sphere
β.
noun
the
general
mood
or
feeling
that
exists
in
a
place
or
at
an
event
β’
The
restaurant
had
a
warm
,
cozy
atmosphere
that
made
us
feel
at
home
.
The
restaurant
had
a
warm
,
cozy
atmosphere
that
made
us
feel
at
home
.
β’
Laughter
created
a
joyful
atmosphere
at
the
birthday
party
.
Laughter
created
a
joyful
atmosphere
at
the
birthday
party
.
noun
a
unit
for
measuring
pressure
,
equal
to
the
average
air
pressure
at
sea
level
(
about
101
,
325
pascals
)
β’
At
sea
level
,
air
pressure
is
about
one
atmosphere
.
At
sea
level
,
air
pressure
is
about
one
atmosphere
.
β’
The
diver's
lungs
faced
more
than
two
atmospheres
of
pressure
underwater
.
The
diver's
lungs
faced
more
than
two
atmospheres
of
pressure
underwater
.
elsewhere
adverb
in
,
at
,
or
to
a
different
place
;
somewhere
else
β’
If
we
can't
find
a
hotel
in
the
city
center
,
we
will
look
elsewhere
.
If
we
can't
find
a
hotel
in
the
city
center
,
we
will
look
elsewhere
.
β’
The
kids
wandered
off
to
play
elsewhere
in
the
park
.
The
kids
wandered
off
to
play
elsewhere
in
the
park
.
from
Middle
English
elleswher
,
formed
from
else
+
where
,
meaning
β
in
another
place
β.
nowhere
adverb
in
or
to
no
place
at
all
;
not
anywhere
β’
I
looked
for
my
keys
,
but
they
were
nowhere
to
be
seen
.
I
looked
for
my
keys
,
but
they
were
nowhere
to
be
seen
.
β’
When
the
streetlights
went
out
,
the
town
felt
like
the
middle
of
nowhere
.
When
the
streetlights
went
out
,
the
town
felt
like
the
middle
of
nowhere
.
From
Middle
English
"
nowher
",
a
compound
of
"
no
"
+
"
where
",
dating
back
to
Old
English
"
nΔhwΗ£r
".
noun
an
isolated
or
insignificant
place
;
a
place
lacking
importance
β’
After
college
he
moved
to
a
tiny
nowhere
in
the
desert
to
find
peace
.
After
college
he
moved
to
a
tiny
nowhere
in
the
desert
to
find
peace
.
β’
My
hometown
was
a
real
nowhere
,
but
I
loved
its
quiet
charm
.
My
hometown
was
a
real
nowhere
,
but
I
loved
its
quiet
charm
.
Metaphorical
extension
of
the
adverb
,
first
attested
in
the
late
19th
century
.
whereas
conjunction
used
to
introduce
a
fact
that
clearly
contrasts
with
another
fact
β’
Jenny
loves
outdoor
sports
,
whereas
her
sister
prefers
reading
indoors
.
Jenny
loves
outdoor
sports
,
whereas
her
sister
prefers
reading
indoors
.
β’
The
north
of
the
country
is
hot
and
dry
,
whereas
the
south
gets
plenty
of
rain
.
The
north
of
the
country
is
hot
and
dry
,
whereas
the
south
gets
plenty
of
rain
.
Middle
English
from
β
where
β
+
β
as
β,
originally
meaning
β
at
which
place
β;
later
developed
a
contrasting
sense
.
conjunction
(
formal
)
introducing
a
fact
or
condition
that
is
the
basis
for
a
decision
,
especially
in
legal
or
official
documents
,
meaning
β
given
that
β
or
β
considering
that
β.
β’
Whereas
the
parties
agree
to
the
terms
below
,
they
now
sign
this
contract
.
Whereas
the
parties
agree
to
the
terms
below
,
they
now
sign
this
contract
.
β’
The
declaration
began
: "
Whereas
great
damage
has
been
done
,
new
measures
must
be
taken
."
The
declaration
began
: "
Whereas
great
damage
has
been
done
,
new
measures
must
be
taken
."
Same
origin
as
the
contrasting
sense
,
but
retained
in
the
legal
style
of
formal
preambles
.
adverb
(
archaic
)
at
or
in
which
place
;
where
β’
He
returned
to
the
village
whereas
he
was
born
.
He
returned
to
the
village
whereas
he
was
born
.
β’
Show
me
the
room
whereas
the
guests
will
dine
.
Show
me
the
room
whereas
the
guests
will
dine
.
From
Middle
English
phrase
β
where
as
β
meaning
β
where
β;
later
usage
narrowed
and
became
archaic
.
grandfather
verb
to
allow
someone
or
something
to
continue
under
an
old
rule
while
new
rules
apply
to
others
β’
Existing
taxi
drivers
were
grandfathered
and
did
not
need
the
new
license
.
Existing
taxi
drivers
were
grandfathered
and
did
not
need
the
new
license
.
β’
The
old
neon
sign
was
grandfathered
under
previous
regulations
,
so
the
restaurant
could
keep
it
.
The
old
neon
sign
was
grandfathered
under
previous
regulations
,
so
the
restaurant
could
keep
it
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
via
the
legal
term
β
grandfather
clause
β
in
late
19th-century
American
legislation
.
leather
verb
to
hit
someone
or
something
very
hard
many
times
,
especially
with
a
strap
,
belt
,
or
the
hand
β’
In
the
story
,
the
cruel
master
leathered
the
servant
for
dropping
the
tray
.
In
the
story
,
the
cruel
master
leathered
the
servant
for
dropping
the
tray
.
β’
The
coach
warned
us
he
would
leather
the
ball
into
the
net
if
we
didn
β
t
close
him
down
.
The
coach
warned
us
he
would
leather
the
ball
into
the
net
if
we
didn
β
t
close
him
down
.
Derived
from
the
noun
β
leather
,β
originally
referring
to
beating
with
a
leather
strap
.
wherever
conjunction
in
or
to
any
place
,
or
in
every
place
that
something
happens
or
is
true
β’
Carry
your
jacket
with
you
wherever
you
go
,
because
the
weather
changes
quickly
in
the
mountains
.
Carry
your
jacket
with
you
wherever
you
go
,
because
the
weather
changes
quickly
in
the
mountains
.
β’
The
toddler
follows
his
mother
wherever
she
walks
around
the
house
.
The
toddler
follows
his
mother
wherever
she
walks
around
the
house
.
Formed
in
Middle
English
by
combining
where
+
ever
to
give
an
indefinite
sense
of
place
.
adverb
used
in
questions
to
show
strong
surprise
or
confusion
about
where
someone
or
something
is
β’
Wherever
did
you
leave
your
phone
this
time
?
Wherever
did
you
leave
your
phone
this
time
?
β’
Dad
asked
,
'Wherever
have
all
the
cookies
gone
?
'
Dad
asked
,
'Wherever
have
all
the
cookies
gone
?
'
Same
origin
as
the
conjunction
:
where
+
ever
,
later
used
for
emphasis
in
questions
.
thereby
adverb
as
a
result
of
that
action
or
situation
;
by
that
means
β’
She
updated
the
security
settings
,
thereby
protecting
the
data
from
hackers
.
She
updated
the
security
settings
,
thereby
protecting
the
data
from
hackers
.
β’
The
factory
installed
solar
panels
,
thereby
cutting
its
electricity
costs
.
The
factory
installed
solar
panels
,
thereby
cutting
its
electricity
costs
.
Middle
English
,
formed
from
the
pronoun
there
+
by
,
meaning
β
by
that
.β
sphere
noun
a
solid
or
hollow
round
object
in
three
dimensions
where
every
point
on
its
surface
is
the
same
distance
from
the
center
β’
The
child
rolled
a
shiny
metal
sphere
across
the
kitchen
floor
.
The
child
rolled
a
shiny
metal
sphere
across
the
kitchen
floor
.
β’
Soap
bubbles
naturally
form
a
delicate
sphere
that
glistens
in
the
afternoon
sun
.
Soap
bubbles
naturally
form
a
delicate
sphere
that
glistens
in
the
afternoon
sun
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
β
sperre
β,
from
Latin
β
sphaera
β
meaning
β
globe
,
ball
β,
itself
from
Ancient
Greek
β
sphaira
β.
noun
a
particular
area
of
activity
,
interest
,
or
influence
β’
After
years
in
finance
,
she
moved
into
the
academic
sphere
to
teach
economics
.
After
years
in
finance
,
she
moved
into
the
academic
sphere
to
teach
economics
.
β’
Social
media
has
become
a
powerful
sphere
where
opinions
spread
quickly
.
Social
media
has
become
a
powerful
sphere
where
opinions
spread
quickly
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
the
geometric
sense
:
borrowed
in
the
17th
century
to
describe
an
abstract
β
field
β
of
action
or
influence
.
noun
in
older
or
literary
language
,
a
planet
,
star
,
or
the
sky
imagined
as
a
huge
transparent
globe
surrounding
the
Earth
β’
Medieval
astronomers
believed
each
planet
moved
on
its
own
crystal
sphere
.
Medieval
astronomers
believed
each
planet
moved
on
its
own
crystal
sphere
.
β’
In
the
poem
,
the
soul
rises
through
the
shining
spheres
toward
the
divine
.
In
the
poem
,
the
soul
rises
through
the
shining
spheres
toward
the
divine
.
Sense
comes
from
medieval
cosmology
,
where
the
heavens
were
thought
to
consist
of
nested
,
transparent
spheres
carrying
the
stars
and
planets
.
gathering
verb
present
participle
of
gather
,
expressing
the
action
of
collecting
things
or
coming
together
β’
The
children
were
gathering
seashells
along
the
shore
.
The
children
were
gathering
seashells
along
the
shore
.
β’
As
dusk
fell
,
dark
clouds
were
gathering
over
the
mountains
.
As
dusk
fell
,
dark
clouds
were
gathering
over
the
mountains
.