toqus
Dictionary
English
한국어
Register
Login
🔍
people
noun
more
than
one
person
;
human
beings
in
general
•
Many
people
queued
outside
the
stadium
to
buy
tickets
.
Many
people
queued
outside
the
stadium
to
buy
tickets
.
•
People
usually
feel
happier
on
sunny
days
.
People
usually
feel
happier
on
sunny
days
.
Old
English
"
pēople
,"
from
Latin
"
populus
"
meaning
nation
or
multitude
.
noun
a
community
or
nation
that
shares
the
same
history
,
culture
,
or
language
•
The
Māori
are
a
proud
people
of
New
Zealand
.
The
Māori
are
a
proud
people
of
New
Zealand
.
•
Every
people
has
stories
that
explain
the
world
.
Every
people
has
stories
that
explain
the
world
.
Sense
of
"
a
nation
"
developed
in
late
Middle
English
influenced
by
Latin
"
populus
."
verb
-
people
,
peopling
,
peoples
,
peopled
to
fill
a
place
with
inhabitants
•
Settlers
peopled
the
island
in
the
18th
century
.
Settlers
peopled
the
island
in
the
18th
century
.
•
Legends
say
that
giants
once
peopled
these
mountains
.
Legends
say
that
giants
once
peopled
these
mountains
.
Verb
use
appeared
in
the
15th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
"
to
populate
."
percent
noun
one
part
of
every
hundred
•
Only
five
percent
of
the
village
homes
have
clean
drinking
water
.
Only
five
percent
of
the
village
homes
have
clean
drinking
water
.
•
The
survey
showed
that
sixty
percent
of
students
prefer
online
classes
.
The
survey
showed
that
sixty
percent
of
students
prefer
online
classes
.
adverb
for
or
by
every
hundred
in
the
stated
amount
•
House
prices
rose
ten
percent
in
just
a
year
.
House
prices
rose
ten
percent
in
just
a
year
.
•
Our
profits
jumped
twenty-five
percent
after
the
campaign
.
Our
profits
jumped
twenty-five
percent
after
the
campaign
.
per cent
noun
one
part
of
every
hundred
•
About
thirty
per
cent
of
the
land
is
covered
by
forest
.
About
thirty
per cent
of
the
land
is
covered
by
forest
.
•
Only
two
per
cent
of
the
applicants
were
accepted
.
Only
two
per cent
of
the
applicants
were
accepted
.
adverb
for
or
by
every
hundred
in
the
stated
amount
•
Inflation
rose
three
per
cent
last
month
.
Inflation
rose
three
per cent
last
month
.
•
The
charity
cut
its
administrative
costs
by
fifteen
per
cent
.
The
charity
cut
its
administrative
costs
by
fifteen
per cent
.
person
noun
-
person
,
people
a
human
being
,
considered
as
an
individual
•
Only
one
person
can
sit
in
the
front
seat
at
a
time
.
Only
one
person
can
sit
in
the
front
seat
at
a
time
.
•
She
is
the
kindest
person
I
know
.
She
is
the
kindest
person
I
know
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
persone
,
from
Latin
persōna
‘
human
being
,
character
,
mask
’.
noun
a
human
or
organization
that
the
law
considers
to
have
rights
and
responsibilities
•
Under
the
contract
,
a
company
is
treated
as
a
single
person
in
law
.
Under
the
contract
,
a
company
is
treated
as
a
single
person
in
law
.
•
A
minor
cannot
be
considered
a
legal
person
capable
of
signing
the
agreement
.
A
minor
cannot
be
considered
a
legal
person
capable
of
signing
the
agreement
.
Extension
of
the
everyday
sense
;
first
recorded
in
English
legal
texts
in
the
late
14th
century
.
perhaps
adverb
used
to
express
that
something
might
be
true
or
might
happen
,
but
you
are
not
certain
•
Perhaps
it
will
stop
raining
by
afternoon
,
and
we
can
have
the
picnic
.
Perhaps
it
will
stop
raining
by
afternoon
,
and
we
can
have
the
picnic
.
•
She
hasn't
arrived
yet
—
Perhaps
she
missed
the
bus
.
She
hasn't
arrived
yet
—
Perhaps
she
missed
the
bus
.
Middle
English
peraventure
and
perhap
(
en
)
were
blended
into
perhaps
in
the
16th
century
,
from
Anglo-French
per
aventure
“
by
chance
.”
adverb
used
to
make
a
suggestion
or
request
in
a
polite
,
gentle
way
•
Perhaps
you
could
close
the
window
;
it's
getting
cold
in
here
.
Perhaps
you
could
close
the
window
;
it's
getting
cold
in
here
.
•
Perhaps
we
should
take
a
break
and
have
some
coffee
.
Perhaps
we
should
take
a
break
and
have
some
coffee
.
personal
adjective
belonging
to
or
connected
with
one
particular
person
,
not
shared
with
others
•
Please
remove
any
personal
belongings
from
the
classroom
before
you
leave
.
Please
remove
any
personal
belongings
from
the
classroom
before
you
leave
.
•
I
keep
my
personal
files
on
a
password-protected
laptop
.
I
keep
my
personal
files
on
a
password-protected
laptop
.
From
Middle
English
personal
,
from
Old
French
personel
,
from
Latin
personalis
(“
pertaining
to
a
person
”).
adjective
related
to
someone
’
s
private
life
and
feelings
rather
than
to
their
work
or
public
position
•
I
’
d
rather
not
answer
such
personal
questions
.
I
’
d
rather
not
answer
such
personal
questions
.
•
She
never
talks
about
her
personal
life
at
work
.
She
never
talks
about
her
personal
life
at
work
.
adjective
given
directly
by
a
particular
person
rather
than
by
a
machine
or
an
organisation
•
The
teacher
gives
each
child
personal
attention
.
The
teacher
gives
each
child
personal
attention
.
•
I
prefer
a
personal
tour
guide
instead
of
an
audio
headset
.
I
prefer
a
personal
tour
guide
instead
of
an
audio
headset
.
adjective
(
of
remarks
or
attacks
)
aimed
at
someone
as
an
individual
and
likely
to
offend
•
Don
’
t
get
personal
—
we
’
re
only
discussing
the
proposal
.
Don
’
t
get
personal
—
we
’
re
only
discussing
the
proposal
.
•
His
comments
became
personal
and
hurtful
.
His
comments
became
personal
and
hurtful
.
noun
a
short
advertisement
in
which
someone
looks
for
friendship
,
romance
,
or
other
personal
contact
,
especially
in
a
newspaper
or
online
•
He
met
his
wife
after
answering
a
personal
in
the
Sunday
paper
.
He
met
his
wife
after
answering
a
personal
in
the
Sunday
paper
.
•
She
placed
a
personal
to
find
a
hiking
partner
.
She
placed
a
personal
to
find
a
hiking
partner
.
period
noun
the
small
dot
(.)
used
at
the
end
of
a
sentence
in
American
English
•
Remember
to
put
a
period
after
every
statement
in
your
essay
.
Remember
to
put
a
period
after
every
statement
in
your
essay
.
•
The
teacher
wrote
a
sentence
on
the
board
and
asked
, “
What
punctuation
mark
is
missing
?”
Everyone
shouted
, “
A
period
!”
The
teacher
wrote
a
sentence
on
the
board
and
asked
, “
What
punctuation
mark
is
missing
?”
Everyone
shouted
, “
A
period
!”
Borrowed
into
English
from
Middle
French
periode
and
Latin
periodus
,
originally
from
Ancient
Greek
períodoς
meaning
“
circuit
”
or
“
cycle
.”
noun
a
length
of
time
that
has
a
clear
beginning
and
end
•
The
dinosaurs
lived
millions
of
years
ago
during
the
Jurassic
Period
.
The
dinosaurs
lived
millions
of
years
ago
during
the
Jurassic
Period
.
•
There
will
be
a
quiet
period
for
questions
at
the
end
of
the
talk
.
There
will
be
a
quiet
period
for
questions
at
the
end
of
the
talk
.
noun
one
class
time
slot
in
a
school
schedule
•
Math
is
my
first
period
on
Mondays
.
Math
is
my
first
period
on
Mondays
.
•
After
lunch
we
have
a
free
period
,
so
I
usually
read
in
the
library
.
After
lunch
we
have
a
free
period
,
so
I
usually
read
in
the
library
.
noun
one
of
the
fixed
segments
of
play
in
certain
sports
such
as
ice
hockey
or
basketball
•
The
team
scored
twice
in
the
first
period
.
The
team
scored
twice
in
the
first
period
.
•
The
coach
told
them
to
conserve
energy
for
the
final
period
.
The
coach
told
them
to
conserve
energy
for
the
final
period
.
interjection
used
at
the
end
of
a
statement
to
show
that
nothing
more
will
be
said
or
accepted
on
the
matter
•
I
’
m
not
lending
you
my
bike
again
,
period
!
I
’
m
not
lending
you
my
bike
again
,
period
!
•
We
are
going
to
Grandma
’
s
for
the
holidays
,
period
.
We
are
going
to
Grandma
’
s
for
the
holidays
,
period
.
noun
the
monthly
flow
of
blood
experienced
by
women
and
girls
as
part
of
the
menstrual
cycle
•
She
always
keeps
pain
relievers
in
her
bag
in
case
her
period
starts
while
she
’
s
at
school
.
She
always
keeps
pain
relievers
in
her
bag
in
case
her
period
starts
while
she
’
s
at
school
.
•
During
her
period
,
she
prefers
to
use
a
heat
pad
to
ease
cramps
.
During
her
period
,
she
prefers
to
use
a
heat
pad
to
ease
cramps
.
adjective
relating
to
or
typical
of
a
particular
historical
time
,
especially
in
style
or
design
•
The
actors
wore
elaborate
period
costumes
in
the
Shakespeare
play
.
The
actors
wore
elaborate
period
costumes
in
the
Shakespeare
play
.
•
They
restored
the
old
house
with
authentic
period
furniture
.
They
restored
the
old
house
with
authentic
period
furniture
.
perfect
adjective
having
no
mistakes
,
flaws
,
or
weaknesses
;
as
good
as
something
can
be
•
The
sky
was
clear
and
the
weather
was
perfect
for
a
picnic
.
The
sky
was
clear
and
the
weather
was
perfect
for
a
picnic
.
•
Mia
smiled
proudly
when
she
saw
her
perfect
score
on
the
math
test
.
Mia
smiled
proudly
when
she
saw
her
perfect
score
on
the
math
test
.
From
Latin
perfectus
,
past
participle
of
perficere
“
to
complete
,
accomplish
”.
verb
to
make
something
completely
free
from
faults
or
to
improve
it
until
it
is
as
good
as
possible
•
She
practiced
every
day
to
perfect
her
violin
solo
before
the
concert
.
She
practiced
every
day
to
perfect
her
violin
solo
before
the
concert
.
•
Engineers
are
working
to
perfect
a
new
type
of
eco-friendly
battery
.
Engineers
are
working
to
perfect
a
new
type
of
eco-friendly
battery
.
From
the
adjective
perfect
;
verb
use
recorded
since
the
late
14th
century
,
meaning
“
to
bring
to
perfection
”.
noun
a
verb
tense
that
shows
an
action
finished
before
now
or
before
another
stated
time
•
In
the
sentence
“
She
has
eaten
”,
the
verb
is
in
the
perfect
.
In
the
sentence
“
She
has
eaten
”,
the
verb
is
in
the
perfect
.
•
Our
tutor
asked
us
to
change
each
past
tense
verb
into
the
present
perfect
.
Our
tutor
asked
us
to
change
each
past
tense
verb
into
the
present
perfect
.
Adopted
into
grammatical
terminology
in
the
17th
century
,
modelling
Latin
tempus
perfectum
“
completed
time
”.
per
preposition
used
to
express
how
many
units
of
one
thing
exist
for
each
single
unit
of
another
thing
,
showing
a
rate
or
ratio
•
The
speed
limit
on
this
highway
is
100
kilometers
per
hour
.
The
speed
limit
on
this
highway
is
100
kilometers
per
hour
.
•
The
bakery
charges
two
dollars
per
cupcake
.
The
bakery
charges
two
dollars
per
cupcake
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
per
meaning
“
through
,
by
means
of
,
for
each
”.
preposition
according
to
or
following
what
someone
has
said
,
written
,
or
required
•
Per
your
request
,
I
have
updated
the
budget
report
.
Per
your
request
,
I
have
updated
the
budget
report
.
•
We
sorted
the
documents
per
department
guidelines
.
We
sorted
the
documents
per
department
guidelines
.
From
Latin
per
meaning
“
by
,
through
,
according
to
”.
performance
noun
an
act
of
presenting
a
play
,
concert
,
dance
,
or
other
entertainment
for
an
audience
•
The
school's
drama
club
gave
an
impressive
performance
of
“
Hamlet
”
last
night
.
The
school's
drama
club
gave
an
impressive
performance
of
“
Hamlet
”
last
night
.
•
Tickets
for
the
ballet
performance
sold
out
in
minutes
.
Tickets
for
the
ballet
performance
sold
out
in
minutes
.
from
perform
+
-ance
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
in
reference
to
carrying
out
an
act
,
later
applied
to
theatrical
shows
noun
-
performance
how
well
a
person
,
group
,
or
organization
does
a
task
or
achieves
results
•
Regular
practice
improved
his
performance
on
the
math
test
.
Regular
practice
improved
his
performance
on
the
math
test
.
•
The
coach
praised
the
team's
performance
in
the
final
.
The
coach
praised
the
team's
performance
in
the
final
.
noun
-
performance
how
well
a
machine
,
vehicle
,
or
system
works
•
Upgrading
the
memory
increased
the
computer's
performance
.
Upgrading
the
memory
increased
the
computer's
performance
.
•
High
temperatures
can
affect
engine
performance
.
High
temperatures
can
affect
engine
performance
.
noun
an
unnecessary
or
exaggerated
display
of
actions
,
often
to
attract
attention
or
show
annoyance
•
He
made
a
big
performance
about
forgetting
his
keys
.
He
made
a
big
performance
about
forgetting
his
keys
.
•
Stop
making
a
performance
—
it's
only
a
small
scratch
.
Stop
making
a
performance
—
it's
only
a
small
scratch
.
peace
noun
-
peace
a
situation
in
which
there
is
no
war
,
fighting
,
or
violence
•
After
years
of
conflict
,
the
two
countries
finally
signed
a
treaty
that
brought
peace
.
After
years
of
conflict
,
the
two
countries
finally
signed
a
treaty
that
brought
peace
.
•
The
children
at
school
drew
pictures
of
doves
to
show
their
wish
for
world
peace
.
The
children
at
school
drew
pictures
of
doves
to
show
their
wish
for
world
peace
.
From
Old
French
“
pais
,”
from
Latin
“
pax
”
meaning
“
peace
,
compact
,
agreement
.”
noun
-
peace
a
feeling
of
calm
and
quiet
,
without
worry
or
noise
•
Sitting
by
the
lake
at
sunrise
filled
her
with
a
deep
sense
of
peace
.
Sitting
by
the
lake
at
sunrise
filled
her
with
a
deep
sense
of
peace
.
•
He
shut
the
door
to
enjoy
some
peace
and
quiet
while
reading
.
He
shut
the
door
to
enjoy
some
peace
and
quiet
while
reading
.
interjection
used
as
a
friendly
greeting
,
farewell
,
or
sign
of
goodwill
•
"
Peace
,
everyone
!"
the
DJ
shouted
as
the
crowd
cheered
.
"
Peace
,
everyone
!"
the
DJ
shouted
as
the
crowd
cheered
.
•
She
waved
and
said
"
Peace
!"
before
leaving
the
café
.
She
waved
and
said
"
Peace
!"
before
leaving
the
café
.
perform
verb
to
carry
out
or
complete
an
action
,
duty
,
or
piece
of
work
•
The
engineer
will
perform
safety
checks
before
the
machine
starts
.
The
engineer
will
perform
safety
checks
before
the
machine
starts
.
•
Students
must
perform
all
the
experiments
listed
in
the
lab
manual
.
Students
must
perform
all
the
experiments
listed
in
the
lab
manual
.
From
Middle
English
performen
,
borrowed
from
Anglo-French
parfourmer
,
from
par-
“
completely
”
+
fourmer
“
to
form
.”
verb
to
entertain
an
audience
by
acting
,
singing
,
playing
music
,
or
doing
another
art
live
•
The
band
will
perform
on
the
main
stage
at
8
p
.
m
.
The
band
will
perform
on
the
main
stage
at
8
p
.
m
.
•
She
loves
to
perform
in
school
plays
.
She
loves
to
perform
in
school
plays
.
verb
to
operate
or
function
in
a
particular
way
,
especially
showing
how
well
something
works
•
The
new
smartphone
performs
better
than
the
older
model
.
The
new
smartphone
performs
better
than
the
older
model
.
•
After
months
of
training
,
the
athlete
performed
impressively
in
the
marathon
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
athlete
performed
impressively
in
the
marathon
.
perspective
noun
a
particular
way
of
thinking
about
or
understanding
something
•
From
her
perspective
,
the
plan
made
perfect
sense
.
From
her
perspective
,
the
plan
made
perfect
sense
.
•
Traveling
abroad
can
change
your
perspective
on
life
.
Traveling
abroad
can
change
your
perspective
on
life
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
perspectiva
(
ars
) ‘
science
of
optics
’,
from
perspicere
‘
to
see
through
’.
noun
a
reasonable
sense
of
how
important
something
is
compared
with
other
things
•
Losing
one
match
isn
’
t
the
end
of
the
world
—
keep
things
in
perspective
.
Losing
one
match
isn
’
t
the
end
of
the
world
—
keep
things
in
perspective
.
•
Talking
to
her
grandmother
gave
her
valuable
perspective
on
her
troubles
.
Talking
to
her
grandmother
gave
her
valuable
perspective
on
her
troubles
.
noun
the
art
or
technique
of
representing
depth
and
distance
on
a
flat
surface
by
making
objects
appear
smaller
as
they
recede
•
The
artist
used
linear
perspective
to
make
the
street
look
realistic
.
The
artist
used
linear
perspective
to
make
the
street
look
realistic
.
•
In
art
class
we
practiced
one-point
perspective
.
In
art
class
we
practiced
one-point
perspective
.
noun
a
view
,
especially
one
seen
from
a
particular
place
•
From
the
hilltop
,
we
had
a
breathtaking
perspective
of
the
valley
.
From
the
hilltop
,
we
had
a
breathtaking
perspective
of
the
valley
.
•
The
hotel
room
offered
a
unique
perspective
over
the
harbour
.
The
hotel
room
offered
a
unique
perspective
over
the
harbour
.
percentage
noun
an
amount
or
share
of
something
,
shown
as
parts
out
of
one
hundred
•
A
high
percentage
of
the
class
passed
the
exam
with
flying
colors
.
A
high
percentage
of
the
class
passed
the
exam
with
flying
colors
.
•
What
percentage
of
your
income
do
you
spend
on
rent
each
month
?
What
percentage
of
your
income
do
you
spend
on
rent
each
month
?
noun
a
sum
of
money
paid
to
someone
,
calculated
as
a
part
of
the
total
amount
they
helped
to
earn
•
The
agent
earns
a
percentage
of
every
house
she
sells
.
The
agent
earns
a
percentage
of
every
house
she
sells
.
•
He
gets
a
small
percentage
for
brokering
the
deal
.
He
gets
a
small
percentage
for
brokering
the
deal
.
noun
informal
:
the
benefit
or
profit
that
someone
can
get
from
doing
something
•
There's
no
percentage
in
staying
up
all
night
if
the
work
can
wait
.
There's
no
percentage
in
staying
up
all
night
if
the
work
can
wait
.
•
He
wondered
what
the
percentage
was
in
lying
to
his
friends
.
He
wondered
what
the
percentage
was
in
lying
to
his
friends
.
personally
adverb
used
to
introduce
the
speaker
’
s
own
opinion
or
preference
•
Personally
,
I
like
working
early
in
the
morning
when
it
’
s
quiet
.
Personally
,
I
like
working
early
in
the
morning
when
it
’
s
quiet
.
•
Personally
,
I
don
’
t
think
the
movie
was
very
funny
.
Personally
,
I
don
’
t
think
the
movie
was
very
funny
.
adverb
by
oneself
and
not
through
another
person
or
by
distance
;
in
person
•
The
CEO
personally
greeted
every
new
employee
on
their
first
day
.
The
CEO
personally
greeted
every
new
employee
on
their
first
day
.
•
I
’
d
like
to
thank
you
personally
for
your
help
last
week
.
I
’
d
like
to
thank
you
personally
for
your
help
last
week
.
adverb
in
a
way
that
affects
or
is
meant
for
one
particular
person
,
especially
emotionally
•
Don
’
t
take
the
criticism
personally
;
it
’
s
about
the
work
,
not
you
.
Don
’
t
take
the
criticism
personally
;
it
’
s
about
the
work
,
not
you
.
•
He
felt
personally
responsible
when
the
project
failed
.
He
felt
personally
responsible
when
the
project
failed
.
perception
noun
the
ability
to
notice
or
become
aware
of
things
through
sight
,
hearing
,
touch
,
taste
,
or
smell
•
A
cat's
sharp
night
vision
gives
it
excellent
perception
in
the
dark
.
A
cat's
sharp
night
vision
gives
it
excellent
perception
in
the
dark
.
•
After
the
lights
went
out
,
her
sense
of
touch
became
key
to
her
perception
of
the
room
.
After
the
lights
went
out
,
her
sense
of
touch
became
key
to
her
perception
of
the
room
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
perceptio
’
meaning
‘
receiving
,
understanding
’,
from
‘
percipere
’ ‘
to
seize
,
understand
’.
noun
the
way
you
understand
or
think
about
something
;
an
opinion
or
belief
formed
in
your
mind
•
Media
coverage
can
shape
the
public's
perception
of
a
political
candidate
.
Media
coverage
can
shape
the
public's
perception
of
a
political
candidate
.
•
Traveling
abroad
changed
his
perception
of
other
cultures
.
Traveling
abroad
changed
his
perception
of
other
cultures
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
perceptio
’
meaning
‘
receiving
,
understanding
’,
from
‘
percipere
’ ‘
to
seize
,
understand
’.
personality
noun
-
personality
,
personalities
the
set
of
qualities
that
make
a
person
different
from
others
in
the
way
they
think
,
feel
,
and
behave
•
Maria's
cheerful
personality
makes
everyone
feel
welcome
at
the
office
.
Maria's
cheerful
personality
makes
everyone
feel
welcome
at
the
office
.
•
Even
though
the
twins
look
alike
,
their
personality
differences
are
obvious
.
Even
though
the
twins
look
alike
,
their
personality
differences
are
obvious
.
from
Latin
personalitas
“
quality
of
being
a
person
,”
based
on
persona
“
mask
,
character
.”
noun
-
personality
,
personalities
a
lively
,
interesting
quality
that
makes
someone
or
something
attractive
or
distinctive
•
The
small
café
on
the
corner
has
so
much
personality
with
its
colorful
chairs
and
handwritten
menus
.
The
small
café
on
the
corner
has
so
much
personality
with
its
colorful
chairs
and
handwritten
menus
.
•
Paintings
on
the
walls
give
the
apartment
personality
.
Paintings
on
the
walls
give
the
apartment
personality
.
extension
of
sense
relating
to
people
,
applied
figuratively
to
objects
and
voices
since
the
early
20th
century
noun
-
personality
,
personalities
a
well-known
person
,
especially
in
television
,
radio
,
or
sports
•
The
popular
radio
personality
greeted
listeners
with
a
friendly
laugh
.
The
popular
radio
personality
greeted
listeners
with
a
friendly
laugh
.
•
Several
TV
personalities
attended
the
charity
gala
.
Several
TV
personalities
attended
the
charity
gala
.
sense
of
“
celebrity
”
arose
in
mid-20th-century
American
media
slang
,
from
the
idea
of
someone
whose
public
character
is
well
known
.
permit
verb
-
permit
,
permitting
,
permits
,
permitted
to
allow
someone
to
do
something
,
or
to
allow
something
to
happen
•
The
teacher
did
not
permit
students
to
use
phones
during
class
.
The
teacher
did
not
permit
students
to
use
phones
during
class
.
•
The
security
guard
permitted
us
to
enter
the
building
after
checking
our
IDs
.
The
security
guard
permitted
us
to
enter
the
building
after
checking
our
IDs
.
from
Latin
‘
permittere
’
meaning
‘
to
let
go
through
’
noun
an
official
paper
or
electronic
document
that
says
you
are
allowed
to
do
something
•
You
need
a
parking
permit
to
leave
your
car
on
this
street
.
You
need
a
parking
permit
to
leave
your
car
on
this
street
.
•
She
applied
for
a
work
permit
before
moving
to
Canada
.
She
applied
for
a
work
permit
before
moving
to
Canada
.
sense
developed
in
the
17th
century
from
the
verbal
noun
‘
permit
’
meaning
permission
.
noun
-
permit
a
large
,
flat
,
silvery
fish
that
lives
in
warm
coastal
waters
of
the
Atlantic
and
is
popular
with
sport
fishers
•
The
angler
was
thrilled
when
he
caught
a
20-pound
permit
off
the
Florida
Keys
.
The
angler
was
thrilled
when
he
caught
a
20-pound
permit
off
the
Florida
Keys
.
•
Schools
of
permit
often
feed
on
crabs
near
sandy
flats
.
Schools
of
permit
often
feed
on
crabs
near
sandy
flats
.
likely
from
Spanish
‘
palometa
’,
adopted
by
English-speaking
fishers
in
the
Caribbean
region
.
perfectly
adverb
in
a
flawless
way
,
without
any
errors
or
defects
•
The
gymnast
landed
her
routine
perfectly
,
drawing
loud
applause
from
the
crowd
.
The
gymnast
landed
her
routine
perfectly
,
drawing
loud
applause
from
the
crowd
.
•
He
adjusted
the
camera
settings
until
the
picture
looked
perfectly
sharp
on
the
screen
.
He
adjusted
the
camera
settings
until
the
picture
looked
perfectly
sharp
on
the
screen
.
From
perfect
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
adverb
completely
or
absolutely
,
used
to
emphasize
an
adjective
,
verb
,
or
clause
•
I
am
perfectly
aware
of
the
consequences
of
this
decision
.
I
am
perfectly
aware
of
the
consequences
of
this
decision
.
•
It
was
a
warm
evening
,
and
the
children
felt
perfectly
fine
playing
outside
.
It
was
a
warm
evening
,
and
the
children
felt
perfectly
fine
playing
outside
.
Intensifying
use
attested
from
the
16th
century
,
extending
the
literal
sense
of
“
in
a
perfect
manner
.”
pepper
noun
-
pepper
A
hot
,
pungent
powder
or
small
granules
made
by
grinding
dried
peppercorns
,
used
to
give
food
a
sharp
flavour
.
•
Please
pass
the
pepper
so
I
can
season
my
eggs
.
Please
pass
the
pepper
so
I
can
season
my
eggs
.
•
A
dash
of
pepper
made
the
soup
taste
much
better
.
A
dash
of
pepper
made
the
soup
taste
much
better
.
Old
English
peper
,
from
Latin
piper
,
from
Greek
peperi
,
ultimately
from
Sanskrit
pippalī
.
noun
A
hollow
,
usually
sweet
or
mildly
hot
vegetable
that
can
be
green
,
red
,
yellow
,
or
other
colours
;
also
,
any
of
several
hot
chili
fruits
.
•
She
stuffed
a
red
pepper
with
rice
and
cheese
.
She
stuffed
a
red
pepper
with
rice
and
cheese
.
•
Green
peppers
turn
yellow
and
then
red
as
they
ripen
.
Green
peppers
turn
yellow
and
then
red
as
they
ripen
.
verb
To
put
pepper
on
or
into
food
to
add
flavour
.
•
He
peppered
his
steak
before
putting
it
on
the
grill
.
He
peppered
his
steak
before
putting
it
on
the
grill
.
•
Taste
the
sauce
and
pepper
it
if
necessary
.
Taste
the
sauce
and
pepper
it
if
necessary
.
noun
The
small
dried
dark
berry
of
the
tropical
vine
Piper
nigrum
,
or
the
plant
itself
,
from
which
the
spice
is
made
.
•
The
humid
climate
of
Kerala
is
perfect
for
growing
pepper
.
The
humid
climate
of
Kerala
is
perfect
for
growing
pepper
.
•
Traders
once
sailed
vast
distances
to
buy
sacks
of
dried
pepper
.
Traders
once
sailed
vast
distances
to
buy
sacks
of
dried
pepper
.
verb
To
cover
or
fill
something
with
many
small
spots
,
marks
,
or
objects
,
or
to
bombard
someone
with
many
things
such
as
questions
.
•
Bullet
holes
peppered
the
old
sign
by
the
road
.
Bullet
holes
peppered
the
old
sign
by
the
road
.
•
Reporters
peppered
the
mayor
with
questions
after
the
meeting
.
Reporters
peppered
the
mayor
with
questions
after
the
meeting
.
perceive
verb
-
perceive
,
perceiving
,
perceives
,
perceived
to
notice
or
become
aware
of
something
through
your
senses
,
especially
sight
,
hearing
,
or
smell
•
From
the
kitchen
,
Ella
could
perceive
the
aroma
of
fresh
bread
.
From
the
kitchen
,
Ella
could
perceive
the
aroma
of
fresh
bread
.
•
In
the
darkness
,
the
guard
perceived
a
slight
movement
near
the
gate
.
In
the
darkness
,
the
guard
perceived
a
slight
movement
near
the
gate
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
«perceivre»
,
from
Latin
«percipere»
meaning
‘
seize
,
understand
’.
verb
-
perceive
,
perceiving
,
perceives
,
perceived
to
understand
,
think
about
,
or
interpret
someone
or
something
in
a
particular
way
•
Many
students
perceive
math
as
a
difficult
subject
.
Many
students
perceive
math
as
a
difficult
subject
.
•
The
artist
was
perceived
as
a
genius
by
his
peers
.
The
artist
was
perceived
as
a
genius
by
his
peers
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Latin
«percipere»
,
through
Old
French
and
Middle
English
developments
.
peer
noun
a
person
who
is
the
same
age
,
status
,
or
level
as
another
person
•
Young
students
often
imitate
the
behaviour
of
their
peers
at
recess
.
Young
students
often
imitate
the
behaviour
of
their
peers
at
recess
.
•
Employees
feel
more
motivated
when
their
hard
work
is
recognised
by
their
peers
.
Employees
feel
more
motivated
when
their
hard
work
is
recognised
by
their
peers
.
From
Middle
English
pere
,
from
Old
French
per
“
equal
,
peer
”,
from
Latin
pār
“
equal
”.
verb
-
peer
,
peering
,
peers
,
peered
to
look
closely
or
with
difficulty
at
something
,
usually
because
it
is
hard
to
see
clearly
•
She
peered
through
the
keyhole
to
see
who
was
inside
.
She
peered
through
the
keyhole
to
see
who
was
inside
.
•
The
driver
peered
into
the
thick
fog
,
searching
for
the
road
signs
.
The
driver
peered
into
the
thick
fog
,
searching
for
the
road
signs
.
From
Middle
English
peren
,
of
uncertain
origin
,
perhaps
related
to
appear
.
noun
in
the
UK
,
a
member
of
the
nobility
such
as
a
duke
,
marquess
,
earl
,
viscount
,
or
baron
•
The
House
of
Lords
is
made
up
of
peers
who
debate
and
revise
proposed
laws
.
The
House
of
Lords
is
made
up
of
peers
who
debate
and
revise
proposed
laws
.
•
Upon
inheriting
the
title
,
she
became
the
youngest
peer
in
modern
times
.
Upon
inheriting
the
title
,
she
became
the
youngest
peer
in
modern
times
.
Sense
developed
in
Middle
English
as
the
French
feudal
system
influenced
English
society
.
peak
noun
the
pointed
very
top
of
a
mountain
or
hill
•
The
climbers
reached
the
peak
just
as
the
sun
was
rising
.
The
climbers
reached
the
peak
just
as
the
sun
was
rising
.
•
Snow
covered
the
peak
even
in
midsummer
.
Snow
covered
the
peak
even
in
midsummer
.
noun
the
time
or
level
when
something
is
at
its
greatest
amount
,
value
,
or
intensity
•
Ticket
prices
hit
their
peak
during
the
holiday
season
.
Ticket
prices
hit
their
peak
during
the
holiday
season
.
•
The
athlete
was
at
his
peak
when
he
broke
the
world
record
.
The
athlete
was
at
his
peak
when
he
broke
the
world
record
.
verb
-
peak
,
peaking
,
peaks
,
peaked
to
reach
the
highest
point
,
level
,
or
value
before
starting
to
decline
•
Sales
usually
peak
in
December
.
Sales
usually
peak
in
December
.
•
The
runners'
speed
peaked
halfway
through
the
race
.
The
runners'
speed
peaked
halfway
through
the
race
.
adjective
describing
a
time
,
level
,
or
condition
that
is
at
its
busiest
,
highest
,
or
strongest
•
Avoid
driving
during
peak
hours
if
you
can
.
Avoid
driving
during
peak
hours
if
you
can
.
•
The
hotel
charges
more
in
peak
season
.
The
hotel
charges
more
in
peak
season
.
noun
the
stiff
front
part
of
a
cap
that
sticks
out
to
shade
the
eyes
•
He
pulled
the
peak
of
his
cap
low
to
block
the
sun
.
He
pulled
the
peak
of
his
cap
low
to
block
the
sun
.
•
Rain
dripped
from
the
peak
as
she
waited
for
the
bus
.
Rain
dripped
from
the
peak
as
she
waited
for
the
bus
.
personnel
noun
-
personnel
the
people
who
work
for
an
organization
,
especially
its
employees
as
a
whole
•
The
company
hired
extra
personnel
to
handle
the
holiday
rush
.
The
company
hired
extra
personnel
to
handle
the
holiday
rush
.
•
All
medical
personnel
were
on
standby
during
the
emergency
.
All
medical
personnel
were
on
standby
during
the
emergency
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
19th
century
from
French
personnel
(“
staff
,
employees
”),
from
personne
(“
person
”).
noun
-
personnel
the
department
in
an
organization
that
recruits
,
trains
,
and
helps
employees
(
now
often
called
Human
Resources
)
•
If
you
have
questions
about
your
vacation
days
,
talk
to
personnel
on
the
third
floor
.
If
you
have
questions
about
your
vacation
days
,
talk
to
personnel
on
the
third
floor
.
•
She
transferred
from
marketing
to
personnel
last
year
.
She
transferred
from
marketing
to
personnel
last
year
.
Developed
from
the
earlier
sense
of
‘
people
employed
by
an
organization
’,
and
by
the
mid-20th
century
came
to
refer
to
the
office
that
manages
those
people
.
penalty
noun
-
penalty
,
penalties
a
punishment
or
other
negative
consequence
given
when
someone
breaks
a
law
,
rule
,
or
agreement
•
If
you
pay
your
taxes
late
,
you
have
to
pay
a
penalty
.
If
you
pay
your
taxes
late
,
you
have
to
pay
a
penalty
.
•
Students
caught
cheating
face
the
penalty
of
suspension
.
Students
caught
cheating
face
the
penalty
of
suspension
.
Borrowed
in
the
16th
century
from
Medieval
Latin
poenalitās
,
from
Latin
poena
“
punishment
,
penalty
.”
noun
-
penalty
,
penalties
in
sports
,
an
official
punishment
that
gives
the
opposing
team
an
advantage
because
a
player
or
team
has
broken
a
rule
•
The
referee
signaled
a
penalty
for
the
defender
’
s
rough
tackle
.
The
referee
signaled
a
penalty
for
the
defender
’
s
rough
tackle
.
•
The
team
lost
yards
because
of
an
offside
penalty
.
The
team
lost
yards
because
of
an
offside
penalty
.
Extended
from
the
general
sense
of
punishment
to
sports
in
the
late
19th
century
as
modern
rules
were
codified
.
noun
-
penalty
,
penalties
in
soccer
and
similar
sports
,
a
free
shot
at
goal
taken
from
a
set
spot
because
the
other
team
committed
a
foul
in
the
penalty
area
•
The
striker
stepped
up
to
take
the
decisive
penalty
.
The
striker
stepped
up
to
take
the
decisive
penalty
.
•
In
stoppage
time
,
a
late
penalty
won
the
match
.
In
stoppage
time
,
a
late
penalty
won
the
match
.
This
sense
grew
out
of
soccer
’
s
1891
rule
introducing
the
‘
penalty
kick
,’
soon
shortened
to
‘
penalty
.’
permanent
adjective
lasting
or
meant
to
last
for
a
long
time
or
forever
,
without
changing
•
The
bridge
was
built
to
be
permanent
,
not
just
a
temporary
crossing
.
The
bridge
was
built
to
be
permanent
,
not
just
a
temporary
crossing
.
•
She
made
a
permanent
mark
on
the
glass
with
a
diamond
tip
.
She
made
a
permanent
mark
on
the
glass
with
a
diamond
tip
.
noun
a
hairstyle
created
by
treating
the
hair
with
chemicals
so
that
it
stays
curly
or
wavy
for
several
months
•
Emma
decided
to
get
a
permanent
before
her
cousin
’
s
wedding
.
Emma
decided
to
get
a
permanent
before
her
cousin
’
s
wedding
.
•
His
mother
showed
him
an
old
photo
of
her
high
school
permanent
.
His
mother
showed
him
an
old
photo
of
her
high
school
permanent
.
pet
noun
an
animal
that
people
keep
mainly
for
companionship
or
pleasure
rather
than
for
work
or
food
•
Mia
feeds
her
pet
every
morning
before
school
.
Mia
feeds
her
pet
every
morning
before
school
.
•
The
hospital
allows
patients
to
meet
a
therapy
pet
once
a
week
.
The
hospital
allows
patients
to
meet
a
therapy
pet
once
a
week
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
‘
petit
’
meaning
‘
small
,
little
favorite
’
verb
-
pet
,
petting
,
pets
,
petted
to
gently
stroke
or
touch
someone
or
an
animal
to
show
affection
•
The
little
girl
pet
the
sleepy
cat
curled
up
on
the
sofa
.
The
little
girl
pet
the
sleepy
cat
curled
up
on
the
sofa
.
•
Please
don't
pet
the
guide
dog
while
it's
working
.
Please
don't
pet
the
guide
dog
while
it's
working
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
of
‘
pet
’
meaning
a
cherished
animal
,
first
recorded
as
a
verb
in
the
early
17th
century
.
adjective
especially
liked
,
favored
,
or
chosen
above
others
•
Climate
change
is
the
professor's
pet
topic
.
Climate
change
is
the
professor's
pet
topic
.
•
The
CEO
talked
about
his
pet
project
during
the
meeting
.
The
CEO
talked
about
his
pet
project
during
the
meeting
.
Evolved
from
the
noun
‘
pet
’
meaning
a
favorite
,
first
used
as
an
adjective
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
noun
a
sudden
feeling
or
show
of
annoyance
or
bad
mood
,
often
expressed
by
sulking
•
Lucy
stormed
out
in
a
pet
after
losing
the
game
.
Lucy
stormed
out
in
a
pet
after
losing
the
game
.
•
He
was
in
such
a
pet
that
he
refused
to
speak
to
anyone
.
He
was
in
such
a
pet
that
he
refused
to
speak
to
anyone
.
Scottish
dialect
origin
in
the
early
17th
century
,
meaning
‘
fit
of
peevishness
’.
permission
noun
the
act
of
allowing
someone
to
do
something
,
or
the
state
of
being
allowed
to
do
it
;
consent
or
authorization
•
Sara
asked
her
parents
for
permission
to
stay
out
late
.
Sara
asked
her
parents
for
permission
to
stay
out
late
.
•
“
You
do
not
have
permission
to
enter
this
area
,”
the
guard
said
firmly
.
“
You
do
not
have
permission
to
enter
this
area
,”
the
guard
said
firmly
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
"
permissioun
",
from
Latin
"
permissio
"
meaning
"
allowance
",
from
"
permittere
" "
to
allow
".
noun
in
computing
,
a
setting
or
rule
that
decides
what
a
user
or
program
is
allowed
to
do
with
a
file
,
folder
,
or
resource
•
The
administrator
changed
the
file
’
s
permissions
to
read-only
.
The
administrator
changed
the
file
’
s
permissions
to
read-only
.
•
Without
the
right
permission
,
the
app
cannot
access
your
camera
.
Without
the
right
permission
,
the
app
cannot
access
your
camera
.
Borrowed
into
technical
jargon
in
the
1960s–70s
as
computer
operating
systems
began
to
include
access-control
lists
.
pension
noun
money
that
a
person
regularly
receives
after
they
retire
from
work
,
usually
paid
each
month
by
the
government
or
by
a
former
employer
•
After
working
for
forty
years
,
Maria
was
happy
to
live
comfortably
on
her
pension
.
After
working
for
forty
years
,
Maria
was
happy
to
live
comfortably
on
her
pension
.
•
He
spent
part
of
his
monthly
pension
on
gifts
for
his
grandchildren
.
He
spent
part
of
his
monthly
pension
on
gifts
for
his
grandchildren
.
From
Latin
pensiō
‘
payment
’,
through
Old
French
pension
meaning
‘
regular
payment
’
noun
a
small
,
inexpensive
hotel
or
guesthouse
,
especially
in
Europe
,
where
meals
are
often
included
with
the
room
•
We
booked
a
cozy
pension
near
the
Austrian
lake
for
our
summer
holiday
.
We
booked
a
cozy
pension
near
the
Austrian
lake
for
our
summer
holiday
.
•
The
pension
owner
greeted
us
with
homemade
soup
when
we
arrived
.
The
pension
owner
greeted
us
with
homemade
soup
when
we
arrived
.
Borrowed
from
French
pension
‘
boarding
house
that
provides
meals
’
pen
noun
a
small
handheld
tool
that
uses
ink
to
write
or
draw
•
Maria
signed
her
name
with
a
blue
pen
and
smiled
.
Maria
signed
her
name
with
a
blue
pen
and
smiled
.
•
The
student
frantically
searched
her
bag
for
a
working
pen
before
the
exam
began
.
The
student
frantically
searched
her
bag
for
a
working
pen
before
the
exam
began
.
From
Old
English
‘
penne
’
borrowed
from
Latin
‘
penna
’
meaning
feather
,
because
early
pens
were
made
from
bird
quills
.
noun
a
small
fenced
area
that
keeps
animals
in
one
place
•
The
farmer
guided
the
sheep
into
the
wooden
pen
for
the
night
.
The
farmer
guided
the
sheep
into
the
wooden
pen
for
the
night
.
•
At
the
petting
zoo
,
children
fed
carrots
to
goats
inside
the
small
pen
.
At
the
petting
zoo
,
children
fed
carrots
to
goats
inside
the
small
pen
.
Old
English
‘
penn
’
meaning
enclosure
or
fold
.
verb
-
pen
,
penning
,
pens
,
penned
to
write
something
such
as
a
letter
,
article
,
or
song
•
The
journalist
will
pen
an
article
about
the
festival
.
The
journalist
will
pen
an
article
about
the
festival
.
•
She
penned
a
heartfelt
letter
to
her
grandmother
.
She
penned
a
heartfelt
letter
to
her
grandmother
.
First
used
in
late
Middle
English
,
originally
meaning
‘
to
write
with
a
pen
’.
noun
an
adult
female
swan
•
The
graceful
pen
glided
across
the
lake
with
her
cygnets
following
.
The
graceful
pen
glided
across
the
lake
with
her
cygnets
following
.
•
The
wildlife
guide
pointed
out
the
pen
guarding
her
nest
on
the
riverbank
.
The
wildlife
guide
pointed
out
the
pen
guarding
her
nest
on
the
riverbank
.
Origin
uncertain
;
probably
from
Old
Norse
‘
penn
’
meaning
female
bird
.
noun
a
prison
,
especially
a
large
state
or
federal
one
•
After
the
trial
,
the
criminal
was
sent
to
the
pen
for
ten
years
.
After
the
trial
,
the
criminal
was
sent
to
the
pen
for
ten
years
.
•
He
spent
most
of
his
twenties
in
the
pen
,
regretting
his
choices
.
He
spent
most
of
his
twenties
in
the
pen
,
regretting
his
choices
.
Shortening
of
‘
penitentiary
’,
first
recorded
in
U
.
S
.
slang
in
the
late
1800s
.
up
adverb
-
up
,
upping
,
ups
,
upped
towards
a
higher
place
or
position
•
The
boy
climbed
up
the
ladder
to
pick
apples
.
The
boy
climbed
up
the
ladder
to
pick
apples
.
•
Birds
soared
up
into
the
clear
blue
sky
.
Birds
soared
up
into
the
clear
blue
sky
.
Old
English
up
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*upp
,
meaning
“
upward
,
above
”.
verb
-
up
,
upping
,
ups
,
upped
to
increase
or
raise
something
•
The
company
plans
to
up
production
next
year
.
The
company
plans
to
up
production
next
year
.
•
If
demand
grows
,
we
will
up
our
orders
.
If
demand
grows
,
we
will
up
our
orders
.
happen
verb
to
occur
or
take
place
,
especially
without
being
planned
•
No
one
expected
the
power
cut
,
but
it
happened
during
dinner
.
No
one
expected
the
power
cut
,
but
it
happened
during
dinner
.
•
Strange
things
happen
in
this
old
house
at
night
.
Strange
things
happen
in
this
old
house
at
night
.
verb
to
occur
to
or
befall
someone
or
something
,
especially
something
unexpected
or
negative
•
What
happened
to
your
arm
?
Did
you
hurt
yourself
?
What
happened
to
your
arm
?
Did
you
hurt
yourself
?
•
A
funny
thing
happened
to
me
on
the
way
to
work
.
A
funny
thing
happened
to
me
on
the
way
to
work
.
verb
to
do
or
experience
something
by
chance
,
often
followed
by
an
infinitive
•
I
happened
to
see
your
sister
at
the
market
yesterday
.
I
happened
to
see
your
sister
at
the
market
yesterday
.
•
If
you
happen
to
find
my
keys
,
please
call
me
.
If
you
happen
to
find
my
keys
,
please
call
me
.
help
verb
to
make
it
easier
for
someone
to
do
something
by
giving
assistance
,
advice
,
or
support
•
Could
you
help
me
carry
these
boxes
upstairs
?
Could
you
help
me
carry
these
boxes
upstairs
?
•
She
always
helps
her
little
brother
with
his
homework
.
She
always
helps
her
little
brother
with
his
homework
.
Old
English
helpan
“
to
assist
,
benefit
,
do
good
to
,”
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
helpen
and
German
helfen
.
verb
-
help
to
make
it
easier
for
someone
to
do
something
or
solve
a
problem
by
giving
your
effort
,
time
,
advice
,
or
resources
•
Could
you
help
me
carry
these
boxes
up
the
stairs
?
Could
you
help
me
carry
these
boxes
up
the
stairs
?
•
A
volunteer
helps
the
elderly
man
cross
the
busy
street
.
A
volunteer
helps
the
elderly
man
cross
the
busy
street
.
Old
English
helpan
“
to
assist
,
succor
,”
from
Proto-Germanic
*helpanan
.
verb
to
make
a
situation
better
or
easier
;
to
be
useful
or
effective
•
Drinking
water
will
help
you
feel
better
when
you
have
a
cold
.
Drinking
water
will
help
you
feel
better
when
you
have
a
cold
.
•
Turning
off
the
lights
helps
save
energy
.
Turning
off
the
lights
helps
save
energy
.
verb
used
with
‘
can
’
t/cannot
’
to
mean
to
be
unable
to
stop
yourself
from
doing
something
•
I
can
’
t
help
laughing
at
his
jokes
.
I
can
’
t
help
laughing
at
his
jokes
.
•
She
couldn
’
t
help
crying
during
the
sad
movie
.
She
couldn
’
t
help
crying
during
the
sad
movie
.
group
verb
-
group
,
grouping
,
groups
,
grouped
to
put
people
or
things
together
based
on
shared
features
•
Please
group
the
files
by
month
before
you
send
them
.
Please
group
the
files
by
month
before
you
send
them
.
•
The
teacher
grouped
the
students
according
to
their
interests
.
The
teacher
grouped
the
students
according
to
their
interests
.
Developed
from
the
noun
sense
in
the
17th
century
,
shifting
from
the
idea
of
a
cluster
to
the
action
of
forming
one
.
stop
verb
-
stop
,
stopping
,
stops
,
stopped
to
come
to
an
end
,
or
to
make
something
come
to
an
end
,
especially
movement
or
an
activity
•
Please
stop
making
so
much
noise
;
the
baby
is
sleeping
.
Please
stop
making
so
much
noise
;
the
baby
is
sleeping
.
•
The
driver
pressed
the
brakes
and
the
car
stopped
just
in
time
at
the
red
light
.
The
driver
pressed
the
brakes
and
the
car
stopped
just
in
time
at
the
red
light
.
Old
English
‘
stoppian
’
meaning
‘
to
plug
or
block
’,
later
broadened
to
the
modern
sense
of
bringing
something
to
an
end
.
verb
-
stop
,
stopping
,
stops
,
stopped
to
come
to
an
end
or
no
longer
move
or
continue
•
The
bus
will
stop
at
the
next
corner
.
The
bus
will
stop
at
the
next
corner
.
•
It
finally
stopped
raining
after
three
hours
.
It
finally
stopped
raining
after
three
hours
.
From
Old
English
‘
stoppian
’,
meaning
to
plug
or
block
,
related
to
German
‘
stopfen
’.
verb
-
stop
,
stopping
,
stops
,
stopped
to
make
someone
or
something
no
longer
do
something
,
move
,
or
continue
•
He
stopped
the
video
to
answer
the
phone
.
He
stopped
the
video
to
answer
the
phone
.
•
The
police
officer
stopped
the
traffic
to
let
the
ambulance
pass
.
The
police
officer
stopped
the
traffic
to
let
the
ambulance
pass
.
Same
origin
as
intransitive
sense
,
emphasizing
the
causative
use
developed
in
Middle
English
.
verb
-
stop
,
stopping
,
stops
,
stopped
to
prevent
something
from
happening
or
continuing
•
Good
sunscreen
stops
your
skin
from
burning
.
Good
sunscreen
stops
your
skin
from
burning
.
•
He
put
up
a
fence
to
stop
the
dog
from
running
away
.
He
put
up
a
fence
to
stop
the
dog
from
running
away
.
speak
verb
-
speak
,
speaking
,
speaks
,
spoke
,
spoken
to
say
words
;
to
talk
•
"
Please
raise
your
hand
before
you
speak
."
"
Please
raise
your
hand
before
you
speak
."
•
He
was
so
nervous
that
he
could
barely
speak
during
the
interview
.
He
was
so
nervous
that
he
could
barely
speak
during
the
interview
.
Old
English
“
spǣcan
/
sprecan
”,
meaning
“
to
utter
words
”,
related
to
German
“
sprechen
”.
verb
-
speak
,
speaking
,
speaks
,
spoke
,
spoken
to
be
able
to
use
a
particular
language
•
Maria
speaks
three
languages
:
Spanish
,
English
,
and
French
.
Maria
speaks
three
languages
:
Spanish
,
English
,
and
French
.
•
Do
you
speak
Japanese
well
enough
to
order
food
?
Do
you
speak
Japanese
well
enough
to
order
food
?
verb
-
speak
,
speaking
,
speaks
,
spoke
,
spoken
to
give
a
formal
talk
to
an
audience
•
The
scientist
will
speak
about
climate
change
at
the
conference
tomorrow
.
The
scientist
will
speak
about
climate
change
at
the
conference
tomorrow
.
•
Our
class
president
spoke
in
front
of
the
whole
school
.
Our
class
president
spoke
in
front
of
the
whole
school
.
spend
verb
-
spend
,
spending
,
spends
,
spent
to
give
money
in
order
to
pay
for
goods
,
services
,
or
activities
•
We
spent
nearly
all
our
savings
on
the
new
roof
.
We
spent
nearly
all
our
savings
on
the
new
roof
.
•
Tourists
love
to
spend
money
on
local
crafts
.
Tourists
love
to
spend
money
on
local
crafts
.
verb
-
spend
,
spending
,
spends
,
spent
to
use
time
doing
something
or
in
a
particular
place
•
They
spent
the
afternoon
playing
board
games
indoors
because
of
the
rain
.
They
spent
the
afternoon
playing
board
games
indoors
because
of
the
rain
.
•
I
like
to
spend
my
weekends
hiking
in
the
mountains
.
I
like
to
spend
my
weekends
hiking
in
the
mountains
.
verb
-
spend
,
spending
,
spends
,
spent
to
use
up
or
exhaust
effort
,
energy
,
or
other
resources
•
After
the
marathon
,
she
felt
she
had
spent
every
ounce
of
energy
.
After
the
marathon
,
she
felt
she
had
spent
every
ounce
of
energy
.
•
Don't
spend
all
your
strength
lifting
that
heavy
box
at
once
.
Don't
spend
all
your
strength
lifting
that
heavy
box
at
once
.
noun
the
amount
of
money
that
is
spent
on
something
•
Our
advertising
spend
increased
last
quarter
.
Our
advertising
spend
increased
last
quarter
.
•
The
company
cut
its
IT
spend
by
10
percent
.
The
company
cut
its
IT
spend
by
10
percent
.
verb
-
spend
,
spending
,
spends
,
spent
to
come
to
an
end
by
being
completely
used
up
or
exhausted
•
By
midnight
,
the
storm
had
spent
itself
.
By
midnight
,
the
storm
had
spent
itself
.
•
The
fireworks
quickly
spend
their
brilliance
and
fade
.
The
fireworks
quickly
spend
their
brilliance
and
fade
.
open
adjective
not
closed
,
covered
,
or
blocked
;
allowing
entry
,
light
,
or
passage
•
The
dog
ran
through
the
open
gate
into
the
yard
.
The
dog
ran
through
the
open
gate
into
the
yard
.
•
Please
keep
the
windows
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
Please
keep
the
windows
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
Old
English
‘
open
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
*upanaz
,
meaning
uncovered
or
unlocked
.
verb
to
move
,
unfasten
,
or
remove
something
so
it
is
no
longer
closed
,
or
to
begin
operating
or
making
something
available
for
use
•
Could
you
open
the
jar
for
me
?
The
lid
is
stuck
.
Could
you
open
the
jar
for
me
?
The
lid
is
stuck
.
•
The
museum
opens
at
ten
o'clock
every
morning
.
The
museum
opens
at
ten
o'clock
every
morning
.
Old
English
‘
openian
’ (
verb
form
of
‘
open
’),
meaning
to
unclose
.
adjective
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
not
shut
;
allowing
air
,
light
,
or
passage
through
•
Please
keep
the
window
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
Please
keep
the
window
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
•
The
book
lay
open
on
the
desk
with
notes
scattered
around
it
.
The
book
lay
open
on
the
desk
with
notes
scattered
around
it
.
verb
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
to
move
or
remove
something
that
blocks
a
space
so
it
is
no
longer
closed
•
He
opened
the
door
and
greeted
his
friends
.
He
opened
the
door
and
greeted
his
friends
.
•
Could
you
open
this
jar
for
me
?
It
’
s
stuck
.
Could
you
open
this
jar
for
me
?
It
’
s
stuck
.
noun
a
sports
event
or
competition
that
allows
both
professionals
and
amateurs
to
take
part
•
She
dreamed
of
playing
in
the
US
Open
someday
.
She
dreamed
of
playing
in
the
US
Open
someday
.
•
The
city
is
hosting
a
chess
open
next
month
for
players
of
all
levels
.
The
city
is
hosting
a
chess
open
next
month
for
players
of
all
levels
.
Taken
from
the
adjective
sense
of
being
unrestricted
,
first
applied
to
sports
events
in
the
late
19th
century
.
adjective
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
accessible
or
available
to
everyone
;
not
restricted
•
The
museum
exhibition
is
open
to
everyone
,
even
on
holidays
.
The
museum
exhibition
is
open
to
everyone
,
even
on
holidays
.
•
Our
class
discussion
is
open
to
any
ideas
you
may
have
.
Our
class
discussion
is
open
to
any
ideas
you
may
have
.
verb
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
to
begin
operating
or
be
ready
for
customers
or
activity
•
The
library
opens
at
eight
o
’
clock
every
weekday
.
The
library
opens
at
eight
o
’
clock
every
weekday
.
•
A
new
bakery
opened
on
Main
Street
last
week
.
A
new
bakery
opened
on
Main
Street
last
week
.
noun
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
the
outdoors
where
there
are
no
walls
or
roof
;
the
countryside
or
fresh
air
•
The
hikers
camped
in
open
fields
under
the
stars
.
The
hikers
camped
in
open
fields
under
the
stars
.
•
She
prefers
to
paint
in
the
open
where
the
light
is
natural
.
She
prefers
to
paint
in
the
open
where
the
light
is
natural
.
hope
verb
-
hope
,
hoping
,
hopes
,
hoped
to
want
something
to
happen
or
be
true
and
think
that
it
is
possible
•
I
hope
you
can
come
to
the
party
tomorrow
.
I
hope
you
can
come
to
the
party
tomorrow
.
•
They
are
hoping
for
good
weather
during
the
picnic
.
They
are
hoping
for
good
weather
during
the
picnic
.
From
Old
English
hopian
,
related
to
Dutch
hopen
and
German
hoffen
.
noun
a
feeling
of
expectation
and
desire
for
something
good
to
happen
•
Even
in
the
storm
,
Anna's
hope
kept
her
smiling
.
Even
in
the
storm
,
Anna's
hope
kept
her
smiling
.
•
The
team
hasn't
given
up
hope
of
winning
the
cup
.
The
team
hasn't
given
up
hope
of
winning
the
cup
.
Old
English
hopa
“
confidence
in
the
future
,
expectation
,”
related
to
the
verb
‘
hope
’.
verb
-
hope
,
hoping
,
hopes
,
hoped
to
want
something
to
happen
and
think
that
it
is
possible
•
I
hope
you
can
visit
us
this
summer
.
I
hope
you
can
visit
us
this
summer
.
•
They
still
hope
to
find
their
missing
dog
.
They
still
hope
to
find
their
missing
dog
.
From
Old
English
hopian
“
to
hope
,
expect
.”
noun
a
feeling
of
expectation
and
desire
that
something
good
will
happen
•
The
team's
hope
of
winning
the
championship
grew
after
their
latest
victory
.
The
team's
hope
of
winning
the
championship
grew
after
their
latest
victory
.
•
She
held
onto
hope
even
during
the
darkest
days
of
her
recovery
.
She
held
onto
hope
even
during
the
darkest
days
of
her
recovery
.
Old
English
hopa
,
from
the
verb
'hope'
;
related
to
Dutch
hoop
and
German
Hoffnung
.
experience
noun
knowledge
or
skill
you
gain
over
time
by
doing
,
seeing
,
or
learning
things
•
Working
abroad
gave
Maria
valuable
experience
in
international
marketing
.
Working
abroad
gave
Maria
valuable
experience
in
international
marketing
.
•
You
need
at
least
two
years
of
teaching
experience
for
this
job
.
You
need
at
least
two
years
of
teaching
experience
for
this
job
.
noun
a
particular
event
or
situation
that
happens
to
you
and
affects
how
you
feel
or
think
•
Riding
a
roller
coaster
was
an
exciting
experience
for
the
children
.
Riding
a
roller
coaster
was
an
exciting
experience
for
the
children
.
•
His
first
day
at
college
turned
out
to
be
an
overwhelming
experience
.
His
first
day
at
college
turned
out
to
be
an
overwhelming
experience
.
noun
knowledge
or
practical
skill
that
you
get
by
doing
a
job
,
activity
,
or
living
through
events
•
Working
part-time
in
the
café
gave
Lily
valuable
experience
in
dealing
with
customers
.
Working
part-time
in
the
café
gave
Lily
valuable
experience
in
dealing
with
customers
.
•
You
need
hands-on
experience
before
you
can
repair
a
car
engine
confidently
.
You
need
hands-on
experience
before
you
can
repair
a
car
engine
confidently
.
noun
an
event
or
situation
that
happens
to
you
and
that
you
remember
because
it
is
interesting
or
unusual
•
Riding
a
roller
coaster
for
the
first
time
was
an
unforgettable
experience
.
Riding
a
roller
coaster
for
the
first
time
was
an
unforgettable
experience
.
•
The
concert
was
the
best
experience
of
my
life
.
The
concert
was
the
best
experience
of
my
life
.
verb
-
experience
,
experiencing
,
experiences
,
experienced
to
feel
,
live
through
,
or
undergo
something
•
Tourists
can
experience
local
culture
by
staying
with
host
families
.
Tourists
can
experience
local
culture
by
staying
with
host
families
.
•
She
experienced
a
sudden
burst
of
joy
when
she
saw
the
puppy
.
She
experienced
a
sudden
burst
of
joy
when
she
saw
the
puppy
.
verb
-
experience
,
experiencing
,
experiences
,
experienced
to
have
something
happen
to
you
or
to
feel
something
yourself
•
Many
tourists
want
to
experience
the
city's
famous
night
markets
.
Many
tourists
want
to
experience
the
city's
famous
night
markets
.
•
During
the
eclipse
,
we
experienced
complete
darkness
at
noon
.
During
the
eclipse
,
we
experienced
complete
darkness
at
noon
.
expect
verb
to
believe
that
something
will
probably
happen
or
be
true
•
I
expect
the
bus
to
arrive
any
minute
.
I
expect
the
bus
to
arrive
any
minute
.
•
Scientists
expect
that
the
new
drug
will
save
many
lives
.
Scientists
expect
that
the
new
drug
will
save
many
lives
.
From
Latin
‘
expectare
’
meaning
‘
to
look
out
for
’.
verb
to
think
that
someone
should
do
something
because
it
is
normal
or
required
•
Parents
expect
their
children
to
be
polite
.
Parents
expect
their
children
to
be
polite
.
•
The
company
expects
high
performance
from
all
its
employees
.
The
company
expects
high
performance
from
all
its
employees
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
Latin
‘
expectare
’.
The
idea
of
‘
looking
for
’
developed
into
‘
requiring
’.
verb
(
usually
progressive
)
to
be
pregnant
•
They
’
re
expecting
their
first
baby
in
July
.
They
’
re
expecting
their
first
baby
in
July
.
•
Maria
proudly
told
her
parents
she
was
expecting
.
Maria
proudly
told
her
parents
she
was
expecting
.
Sense
arose
in
the
late
18th
century
from
‘
expecting
the
birth
of
a
child
’.
appear
verb
to
come
into
sight
after
not
being
seen
•
After
the
heavy
rain
stopped
,
a
bright
rainbow
began
to
appear
in
the
sky
.
After
the
heavy
rain
stopped
,
a
bright
rainbow
began
to
appear
in
the
sky
.
•
The
magician
waved
his
wand
,
and
a
dove
suddenly
appeared
from
an
empty
hat
.
The
magician
waved
his
wand
,
and
a
dove
suddenly
appeared
from
an
empty
hat
.
From
Latin
apparēre
meaning
“
to
become
visible
,
to
be
evident
.”
verb
to
seem
or
give
the
impression
of
being
something
•
From
his
smile
,
it
appears
that
he
enjoyed
the
concert
.
From
his
smile
,
it
appears
that
he
enjoyed
the
concert
.
•
The
task
appeared
easy
at
first
,
but
it
was
actually
quite
tricky
.
The
task
appeared
easy
at
first
,
but
it
was
actually
quite
tricky
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
:
Latin
apparēre
.
verb
to
be
printed
,
shown
,
or
become
available
to
read
or
use
•
Her
article
will
appear
in
tomorrow
’
s
newspaper
.
Her
article
will
appear
in
tomorrow
’
s
newspaper
.
•
A
pop-up
message
appeared
on
the
computer
screen
,
asking
me
to
update
the
software
.
A
pop-up
message
appeared
on
the
computer
screen
,
asking
me
to
update
the
software
.
Use
developed
with
the
rise
of
print
media
and
later
digital
displays
.
verb
to
take
part
in
a
public
performance
or
to
be
present
officially
•
The
famous
actor
will
appear
in
a
new
Broadway
musical
next
month
.
The
famous
actor
will
appear
in
a
new
Broadway
musical
next
month
.
•
The
band
appeared
on
a
late-night
talk
show
to
promote
their
album
.
The
band
appeared
on
a
late-night
talk
show
to
promote
their
album
.
Sense
extended
in
Middle
English
to
public
performances
and
legal
presence
.
especially
adverb
more
than
other
people
,
things
,
or
situations
;
particularly
•
I
enjoy
classical
music
,
especially
Mozart
.
I
enjoy
classical
music
,
especially
Mozart
.
•
Children
especially
need
plenty
of
sleep
.
Children
especially
need
plenty
of
sleep
.
adverb
very
;
to
a
great
degree
•
It
was
especially
cold
last
night
.
It
was
especially
cold
last
night
.
•
I'm
especially
proud
of
your
hard
work
.
I'm
especially
proud
of
your
hard
work
.
special
adjective
different
from
what
is
ordinary
and
often
better
,
more
important
,
or
more
loved
•
Grandma
baked
a
special
cake
just
for
my
birthday
.
Grandma
baked
a
special
cake
just
for
my
birthday
.
•
The
museum
opened
a
special
exhibit
featuring
ancient
Egyptian
jewelry
.
The
museum
opened
a
special
exhibit
featuring
ancient
Egyptian
jewelry
.
From
Latin
‘
specialis
’
meaning
‘
particular
,
individual
’,
via
Old
French
‘
especial
’.
adjective
made
or
done
for
one
particular
person
,
purpose
,
or
occasion
•
The
school
provides
special
classes
for
students
who
need
extra
help
in
math
.
The
school
provides
special
classes
for
students
who
need
extra
help
in
math
.
•
We
ordered
a
special
wheelchair
ramp
so
my
grandfather
can
enter
the
house
easily
.
We
ordered
a
special
wheelchair
ramp
so
my
grandfather
can
enter
the
house
easily
.
noun
a
dish
that
a
restaurant
offers
for
a
limited
time
,
often
at
a
lower
price
or
to
highlight
fresh
ingredients
•
The
soup
of
the
day
is
a
tomato
basil
special
.
The
soup
of
the
day
is
a
tomato
basil
special
.
•
We
chose
the
lunch
special
because
it
came
with
a
drink
and
dessert
.
We
chose
the
lunch
special
because
it
came
with
a
drink
and
dessert
.
noun
a
television
or
radio
program
that
is
broadcast
only
once
or
outside
a
regular
series
,
often
marking
a
holiday
or
event
•
We
watched
a
New
Year
’
s
Eve
comedy
special
last
night
.
We
watched
a
New
Year
’
s
Eve
comedy
special
last
night
.
•
The
documentary
special
about
space
exploration
airs
at
8
p
.
m
.
The
documentary
special
about
space
exploration
airs
at
8
p
.
m
.
Open
noun
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
a
sports
tournament
that
anyone
may
enter
,
regardless
of
ranking
or
invitation
•
She
qualified
for
the
Australian
Open
after
months
of
training
.
She
qualified
for
the
Australian
Open
after
months
of
training
.
•
The
local
tennis
club
hosts
an
annual
Open
in
July
.
The
local
tennis
club
hosts
an
annual
Open
in
July
.
develop
verb
to
grow
or
cause
something
to
grow
and
become
larger
,
stronger
,
or
more
advanced
•
The
seed
quickly
developed
into
a
small
sapling
in
the
warm
greenhouse
.
The
seed
quickly
developed
into
a
small
sapling
in
the
warm
greenhouse
.
•
Maria
could
see
her
language
skills
develop
every
day
while
working
abroad
.
Maria
could
see
her
language
skills
develop
every
day
while
working
abroad
.
Mid-17th
century
(
in
the
sense
‘
unfold
,
unwrap
’):
from
French
développer
,
from
Old
French
desveloper
‘
unwrap
’,
based
on
voloper
‘
to
wrap
’.
type
noun
a
group
or
category
of
people
or
things
that
have
the
same
main
features
•
This
type
of
flower
grows
only
in
the
mountains
.
This
type
of
flower
grows
only
in
the
mountains
.
•
What
type
of
music
do
you
like
most
?
What
type
of
music
do
you
like
most
?
From
Latin
‘
typus
’,
meaning
“
figure
,
image
,
form
”,
through
French
and
early
modern
English
.
verb
-
type
,
typing
,
types
,
typed
to
write
words
on
a
keyboard
or
typewriter
•
He
typed
the
report
in
less
than
an
hour
.
He
typed
the
report
in
less
than
an
hour
.
•
Please
type
your
password
and
press
Enter
.
Please
type
your
password
and
press
Enter
.
Verb
sense
originated
in
the
late
19th
century
with
the
advent
of
the
typewriter
.
noun
printed
or
digital
letters
and
characters
,
especially
considered
by
their
size
,
style
,
or
arrangement
•
The
type
on
the
old
poster
was
faded
and
hard
to
read
.
The
type
on
the
old
poster
was
faded
and
hard
to
read
.
•
She
designed
the
type
for
the
company
’
s
new
logo
.
She
designed
the
type
for
the
company
’
s
new
logo
.
Sense
developed
in
the
15th
century
with
the
invention
of
movable
metal
type
for
printing
presses
.
paper
noun
a
thin
,
flat
material
made
mainly
from
wood
pulp
that
is
used
for
writing
,
printing
,
drawing
,
or
wrapping
things
•
Maria
folded
the
colored
paper
into
a
small
crane
.
Maria
folded
the
colored
paper
into
a
small
crane
.
•
Please
recycle
the
scrap
paper
after
you
finish
your
notes
.
Please
recycle
the
scrap
paper
after
you
finish
your
notes
.
From
Middle
English
papere
,
from
Old
French
papier
,
from
Latin
papȳrus
“
papyrus
,
writing
material
used
in
antiquity
”.
noun
a
newspaper
•
Grandpa
still
buys
the
Sunday
paper
and
reads
it
over
breakfast
.
Grandpa
still
buys
the
Sunday
paper
and
reads
it
over
breakfast
.
•
The
local
paper
printed
a
photo
of
our
school
play
on
the
front
page
.
The
local
paper
printed
a
photo
of
our
school
play
on
the
front
page
.
noun
an
academic
essay
,
report
,
or
article
that
presents
research
or
ideas
,
especially
one
published
in
a
journal
or
delivered
at
a
conference
•
Dr
.
Lee
’
s
paper
on
renewable
energy
won
an
award
.
Dr
.
Lee
’
s
paper
on
renewable
energy
won
an
award
.
•
We
have
to
write
a
ten-page
research
paper
for
biology
class
.
We
have
to
write
a
ten-page
research
paper
for
biology
class
.
noun
a
written
examination
that
students
must
take
•
I
finished
the
maths
paper
with
ten
minutes
to
spare
.
I
finished
the
maths
paper
with
ten
minutes
to
spare
.
•
Tomorrow
we
sit
our
English
paper
at
nine
o
’
clock
.
Tomorrow
we
sit
our
English
paper
at
nine
o
’
clock
.
verb
to
cover
a
wall
or
surface
with
wallpaper
or
sheets
of
paper
•
They
decided
to
paper
the
nursery
with
bright
animal
print
wallpaper
.
They
decided
to
paper
the
nursery
with
bright
animal
print
wallpaper
.
•
The
landlord
papered
the
living
room
last
summer
.
The
landlord
papered
the
living
room
last
summer
.
adjective
existing
in
theory
or
in
written
form
but
not
in
reality
•
The
two
countries
signed
a
paper
agreement
that
was
never
enforced
.
The
two
countries
signed
a
paper
agreement
that
was
never
enforced
.
•
His
company
’
s
huge
profits
were
only
paper
gains
before
the
market
crash
.
His
company
’
s
huge
profits
were
only
paper
gains
before
the
market
crash
.
papers
noun
official
documents
that
prove
a
person
’
s
identity
,
ownership
,
or
legal
status
•
The
border
guard
asked
to
see
our
papers
before
letting
us
pass
.
The
border
guard
asked
to
see
our
papers
before
letting
us
pass
.
•
Keep
your
car
papers
in
the
glove
compartment
at
all
times
.
Keep
your
car
papers
in
the
glove
compartment
at
all
times
.
specific
adjective
clear
and
exact
,
referring
to
one
particular
person
,
thing
,
or
detail
rather
than
something
general
•
Can
you
give
me
a
specific
example
of
what
you
mean
?
Can
you
give
me
a
specific
example
of
what
you
mean
?
•
Each
student
had
a
specific
topic
to
research
for
the
project
.
Each
student
had
a
specific
topic
to
research
for
the
project
.
From
Latin
specificus
“
of
a
kind
,
special
,”
from
species
“
appearance
,
kind
”
+
-ficus
“
making
.”
noun
a
precise
detail
or
piece
of
information
about
something
•
Before
we
act
,
we
need
the
specifics
of
the
budget
.
Before
we
act
,
we
need
the
specifics
of
the
budget
.
•
She
refused
to
share
any
specifics
about
the
surprise
party
.
She
refused
to
share
any
specifics
about
the
surprise
party
.
Noun
use
evolved
from
the
adjective
in
the
late
19th
century
,
referring
to
‘
specific
detail
’.
noun
a
medicine
or
treatment
that
works
especially
well
for
a
particular
disease
•
Penicillin
was
once
considered
a
specific
for
pneumonia
.
Penicillin
was
once
considered
a
specific
for
pneumonia
.
•
Researchers
are
searching
for
a
specific
that
will
cure
the
new
virus
.
Researchers
are
searching
for
a
specific
that
will
cure
the
new
virus
.
From
early
17th-century
medical
Latin
remedium
specificum
“
remedy
of
a
kind
.”
step
verb
-
step
,
stepping
,
steps
,
stepped
to
move
by
lifting
your
foot
and
putting
it
down
somewhere
•
Please
step
carefully
over
the
puddle
.
Please
step
carefully
over
the
puddle
.
•
The
actor
stepped
onto
the
stage
to
a
round
of
applause
.
The
actor
stepped
onto
the
stage
to
a
round
of
applause
.
Old
English
stæppan
,
related
to
German
stapfen
,
meaning
“
to
tread
.”
verb
-
step
,
stepping
,
steps
,
stepped
to
move
by
lifting
your
foot
and
putting
it
down
in
another
place
,
or
to
place
your
foot
on
something
•
Careful
not
to
step
on
the
flowers
beside
the
path
.
Careful
not
to
step
on
the
flowers
beside
the
path
.
•
He
stepped
aside
to
let
the
elderly
woman
pass
.
He
stepped
aside
to
let
the
elderly
woman
pass
.
property
noun
-
property
,
properties
something
that
a
person
or
organization
owns
and
has
the
legal
right
to
use
,
keep
,
or
sell
•
A
burglar
was
caught
carrying
bags
of
stolen
property
down
the
street
.
A
burglar
was
caught
carrying
bags
of
stolen
property
down
the
street
.
•
Please
do
not
touch
other
people's
property
without
permission
.
Please
do
not
touch
other
people's
property
without
permission
.
From
Middle
English
propretee
,
from
Old
French
propriete
,
from
Latin
proprietas
“
ownership
,
peculiarity
,”
from
proprius
“
one
’
s
own
.”
noun
-
property
,
properties
land
and
the
buildings
on
it
,
considered
as
real
estate
•
They
bought
a
lakeside
property
as
a
vacation
home
.
They
bought
a
lakeside
property
as
a
vacation
home
.
•
The
agent
showed
us
several
properties
in
the
city
center
.
The
agent
showed
us
several
properties
in
the
city
center
.
noun
-
property
,
properties
a
quality
or
characteristic
that
something
has
•
One
useful
property
of
copper
is
that
it
conducts
electricity
well
.
One
useful
property
of
copper
is
that
it
conducts
electricity
well
.
•
Flexibility
is
an
important
property
of
good
leather
.
Flexibility
is
an
important
property
of
good
leather
.
noun
-
property
,
properties
an
object
used
by
actors
on
stage
or
in
a
film
,
also
called
a
prop
•
The
sword
on
stage
is
only
a
property
,
not
a
real
weapon
.
The
sword
on
stage
is
only
a
property
,
not
a
real
weapon
.
•
Stagehands
set
every
property
in
place
before
the
curtain
rose
.
Stagehands
set
every
property
in
place
before
the
curtain
rose
.
noun
-
property
,
properties
a
named
value
or
attribute
that
stores
information
about
an
object
or
element
in
computer
programs
or
digital
documents
•
Change
the
backgroundColor
property
to
blue
in
the
code
.
Change
the
backgroundColor
property
to
blue
in
the
code
.
•
Each
user
object
has
a
name
property
and
an
ID
number
.
Each
user
object
has
a
name
property
and
an
ID
number
.
cup
noun
-
cup
,
cupping
,
cups
,
cupped
A
small
bowl-shaped
container
,
usually
with
a
handle
,
used
for
drinking
hot
liquids
such
as
tea
or
coffee
.
•
She
poured
steaming
tea
into
her
favourite
blue
cup
.
She
poured
steaming
tea
into
her
favourite
blue
cup
.
•
The
toddler
grabbed
the
plastic
cup
and
took
a
sip
of
water
.
The
toddler
grabbed
the
plastic
cup
and
took
a
sip
of
water
.
Old
English
"
cuppe
",
from
Late
Latin
"
cuppa
"
meaning
a
drinking
vessel
.
noun
-
cup
,
cupping
,
cups
,
cupped
A
standard
unit
of
volume
used
in
cooking
,
equal
to
about
240
millilitres
in
the
US
and
250
millilitres
in
the
UK
and
Australia
.
•
The
recipe
calls
for
one
cup
of
sugar
.
The
recipe
calls
for
one
cup
of
sugar
.
•
He
measured
three
cups
of
flour
before
mixing
the
dough
.
He
measured
three
cups
of
flour
before
mixing
the
dough
.
noun
-
cup
,
cupping
,
cups
,
cupped
A
large
ornamental
drinking
vessel-shaped
trophy
awarded
to
the
winner
of
a
sports
competition
.
•
The
captain
lifted
the
silver
cup
high
above
his
head
in
celebration
.
The
captain
lifted
the
silver
cup
high
above
his
head
in
celebration
.
•
Their
team
has
won
the
national
cup
three
years
in
a
row
.
Their
team
has
won
the
national
cup
three
years
in
a
row
.
noun
-
cup
,
cupping
,
cups
,
cupped
The
part
of
a
bra
that
surrounds
and
supports
one
breast
.
•
She
bought
a
bra
with
a
larger
cup
for
better
comfort
.
She
bought
a
bra
with
a
larger
cup
for
better
comfort
.
•
The
store
offers
sizes
from
A
cup
to
D
cup
.
The
store
offers
sizes
from
A
cup
to
D
cup
.
verb
-
cup
,
cupping
,
cups
,
cupped
To
shape
your
hand
or
hands
into
a
curved
form
around
something
so
you
can
hold
or
protect
it
gently
.
•
He
gently
cupped
the
injured
bird
in
his
hands
.
He
gently
cupped
the
injured
bird
in
his
hands
.
•
She
cupped
her
ear
to
hear
the
distant
music
.
She
cupped
her
ear
to
hear
the
distant
music
.
top
verb
-
top
,
topping
,
tops
,
topped
to
be
higher
or
greater
than
something
else
;
to
exceed
•
The
tower
tops
300
meters
in
height
.
The
tower
tops
300
meters
in
height
.
•
Ticket
sales
have
topped
last
year
’
s
record
.
Ticket
sales
have
topped
last
year
’
s
record
.
verb
-
top
,
topping
,
tops
,
topped
to
put
something
on
the
surface
or
highest
part
of
something
else
•
She
topped
the
cake
with
fresh
strawberries
.
She
topped
the
cake
with
fresh
strawberries
.
•
Sprinkle
cheese
to
top
the
pasta
before
serving
.
Sprinkle
cheese
to
top
the
pasta
before
serving
.
drop
verb
-
drop
,
dropping
,
drops
,
dropped
to
let
something
fall
from
your
hand
or
from
a
higher
place
without
trying
to
catch
or
hold
it
•
Tom
accidentally
dropped
his
phone
on
the
pavement
.
Tom
accidentally
dropped
his
phone
on
the
pavement
.
•
Please
don
’
t
drop
the
plates
while
you
carry
them
to
the
table
.
Please
don
’
t
drop
the
plates
while
you
carry
them
to
the
table
.
Old
English
“
dropian
”
meaning
“
to
fall
in
drops
,”
from
Proto-Germanic
*dropjaną
.
verb
-
drop
,
dropping
,
drops
,
dropped
to
let
something
fall
,
or
to
fall
,
from
a
higher
place
to
a
lower
place
,
often
by
accident
.
•
Lena
slipped
on
the
stairs
and
almost
dropped
her
laptop
.
Lena
slipped
on
the
stairs
and
almost
dropped
her
laptop
.
•
Please
drop
the
letter
into
the
mailbox
on
your
way
to
school
.
Please
drop
the
letter
into
the
mailbox
on
your
way
to
school
.
Old
English
‘
dropian
’
meaning
‘
to
fall
in
drops
’,
related
to
Proto-Germanic
*drupjan
.
noun
-
drop
,
dropping
,
drops
,
dropped
a
very
small
round
amount
of
liquid
that
hangs
or
falls
,
like
water
or
rain
.
•
A
single
drop
of
paint
landed
on
his
shirt
.
A
single
drop
of
paint
landed
on
his
shirt
.
•
Add
a
drop
of
vanilla
to
enhance
the
flavor
.
Add
a
drop
of
vanilla
to
enhance
the
flavor
.
verb
-
drop
,
dropping
,
drops
,
dropped
to
fall
suddenly
to
a
lower
position
•
Temperatures
dropped
below
zero
last
night
.
Temperatures
dropped
below
zero
last
night
.
•
The
coin
dropped
into
the
wishing
well
with
a
splash
.
The
coin
dropped
into
the
wishing
well
with
a
splash
.
Same
Germanic
root
as
other
senses
;
figurative
sense
of
“
falling
”
recorded
since
Middle
English
.
verb
-
drop
,
dropping
,
drops
,
dropped
to
reduce
something
or
become
reduced
in
level
,
amount
,
or
value
•
The
company
dropped
its
prices
to
attract
more
customers
.
The
company
dropped
its
prices
to
attract
more
customers
.
•
Fuel
costs
have
dropped
significantly
this
month
.
Fuel
costs
have
dropped
significantly
this
month
.
verb
-
drop
,
dropping
,
drops
,
dropped
to
become
lower
in
amount
,
value
,
temperature
,
or
level
.
•
Sales
usually
drop
after
the
holiday
season
ends
.
Sales
usually
drop
after
the
holiday
season
ends
.
•
The
temperature
will
drop
below
freezing
tonight
.
The
temperature
will
drop
below
freezing
tonight
.
noun
-
drop
,
dropping
,
drops
,
dropped
a
sudden
decrease
in
amount
,
value
,
or
level
.
•
There
was
a
sharp
drop
in
temperature
overnight
.
There
was
a
sharp
drop
in
temperature
overnight
.
•
The
company
reported
a
10
percent
drop
in
profits
.
The
company
reported
a
10
percent
drop
in
profits
.
verb
-
drop
,
dropping
,
drops
,
dropped
to
stop
including
someone
or
something
;
to
remove
•
The
coach
dropped
him
from
the
team
after
the
incident
.
The
coach
dropped
him
from
the
team
after
the
incident
.
•
I
decided
to
drop
French
class
next
semester
.
I
decided
to
drop
French
class
next
semester
.
speech
noun
-
speech
the
ability
or
act
of
speaking
and
using
spoken
language
•
After
the
surgery
,
Maria
slowly
regained
her
speech
.
After
the
surgery
,
Maria
slowly
regained
her
speech
.
•
Babies
usually
develop
speech
around
their
first
year
.
Babies
usually
develop
speech
around
their
first
year
.
noun
-
speech
,
speeches
a
formal
talk
given
to
an
audience
•
The
president
delivered
a
powerful
speech
about
unity
.
The
president
delivered
a
powerful
speech
about
unity
.
•
I
practised
my
graduation
speech
for
weeks
.
I
practised
my
graduation
speech
for
weeks
.
noun
-
speech
,
speeches
the
particular
way
a
person
or
group
pronounces
words
and
uses
rhythm
and
tone
when
speaking
•
Her
lively
speech
kept
the
audience
engaged
.
Her
lively
speech
kept
the
audience
engaged
.
•
His
slow
,
careful
speech
makes
him
easy
to
understand
.
His
slow
,
careful
speech
makes
him
easy
to
understand
.
trip
verb
-
trip
,
tripping
,
trips
,
tripped
to
catch
your
foot
on
something
and
stumble
or
fall
,
or
to
make
someone
do
this
•
I
tripped
on
the
curb
and
nearly
dropped
the
groceries
.
I
tripped
on
the
curb
and
nearly
dropped
the
groceries
.
•
Watch
your
step
so
you
don't
trip
.
Watch
your
step
so
you
don't
trip
.
Middle
English
trippen
,
from
Old
French
triper
‘
to
tread
,
stamp
’,
of
Germanic
origin
.
verb
-
trip
,
tripping
,
trips
,
tripped
(
of
a
switch
or
safety
device
)
to
automatically
turn
off
a
circuit
or
piece
of
equipment
,
or
to
make
it
turn
off
•
The
hair
dryer
overloaded
the
circuit
and
the
breaker
tripped
.
The
hair
dryer
overloaded
the
circuit
and
the
breaker
tripped
.
•
Surge
protectors
trip
to
stop
dangerous
voltage
spikes
.
Surge
protectors
trip
to
stop
dangerous
voltage
spikes
.
Extended
technical
sense
from
the
idea
of
a
mechanical
part
being
‘
pushed
out
of
place
’
to
break
a
circuit
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
20th
century
.
expert
noun
someone
who
has
a
lot
of
knowledge
or
skill
in
a
particular
subject
•
The
museum
hired
an
expert
to
authenticate
the
ancient
painting
.
The
museum
hired
an
expert
to
authenticate
the
ancient
painting
.
•
Whenever
my
computer
breaks
,
I
call
my
cousin
because
he's
a
tech
expert
.
Whenever
my
computer
breaks
,
I
call
my
cousin
because
he's
a
tech
expert
.
From
Latin
expertus
,
past
participle
of
experīrī
meaning
‘
to
try
or
test
’.
adjective
having
or
showing
a
lot
of
knowledge
or
skill
•
With
expert
skill
,
Maria
guided
the
raft
through
the
rapids
.
With
expert
skill
,
Maria
guided
the
raft
through
the
rapids
.
•
Jake
gave
me
expert
advice
on
how
to
fix
the
bike
.
Jake
gave
me
expert
advice
on
how
to
fix
the
bike
.
Originally
the
past
participle
of
the
rare
verb
"
expert
"
meaning
"
to
experience
";
now
used
only
as
an
adjective
.
deep
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
extending
a
long
way
down
from
the
top
,
surface
,
or
edge
toward
the
bottom
or
center
•
The
lake
is
so
deep
that
no
one
has
ever
touched
the
bottom
.
The
lake
is
so
deep
that
no
one
has
ever
touched
the
bottom
.
•
The
miners
dug
a
deep
tunnel
through
the
mountain
.
The
miners
dug
a
deep
tunnel
through
the
mountain
.
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
extending
a
long
way
down
from
the
top
,
surface
,
or
opening
•
The
lake
is
so
deep
that
you
can
’
t
see
the
bottom
.
The
lake
is
so
deep
that
you
can
’
t
see
the
bottom
.
•
Miners
work
in
a
deep
tunnel
under
the
mountain
.
Miners
work
in
a
deep
tunnel
under
the
mountain
.
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
very
strong
or
extreme
in
degree
,
feeling
,
or
quality
•
She
felt
deep
sadness
when
her
dog
passed
away
.
She
felt
deep
sadness
when
her
dog
passed
away
.
•
I
have
deep
respect
for
my
grandparents
.
I
have
deep
respect
for
my
grandparents
.
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
having
a
low
,
full
sound
or
pitch
•
His
voice
is
so
deep
it
sounds
like
thunder
.
His
voice
is
so
deep
it
sounds
like
thunder
.
•
The
singer
hit
a
deep
note
at
the
end
of
the
song
.
The
singer
hit
a
deep
note
at
the
end
of
the
song
.
adverb
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
far
below
a
surface
,
or
far
inside
a
place
or
thing
•
The
treasure
is
buried
deep
underground
.
The
treasure
is
buried
deep
underground
.
•
The
tunnel
runs
deep
into
the
mountain
.
The
tunnel
runs
deep
into
the
mountain
.
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
showing
or
involving
great
seriousness
,
intensity
,
or
emotion
•
He
has
a
deep
love
for
his
family
.
He
has
a
deep
love
for
his
family
.
•
They
sat
in
deep
silence
after
hearing
the
news
.
They
sat
in
deep
silence
after
hearing
the
news
.
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
low
in
pitch
or
sound
•
The
actor
’
s
deep
voice
filled
the
theater
.
The
actor
’
s
deep
voice
filled
the
theater
.
•
Thunder
rumbled
in
a
deep
growl
above
us
.
Thunder
rumbled
in
a
deep
growl
above
us
.
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
rich
and
dark
in
color
•
She
painted
the
wall
a
deep
blue
.
She
painted
the
wall
a
deep
blue
.
•
The
sunset
glowed
with
deep
oranges
and
reds
.
The
sunset
glowed
with
deep
oranges
and
reds
.
adverb
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
a
long
way
into
,
below
,
or
inside
something
•
The
treasure
is
buried
deep
under
the
old
oak
tree
.
The
treasure
is
buried
deep
under
the
old
oak
tree
.
•
They
walked
deep
into
the
forest
before
setting
up
camp
.
They
walked
deep
into
the
forest
before
setting
up
camp
.
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
far
into
the
middle
or
later
part
of
a
period
of
time
•
It
was
deep
winter
and
the
river
was
frozen
solid
.
It
was
deep
winter
and
the
river
was
frozen
solid
.
•
We
talked
until
deep
into
the
night
.
We
talked
until
deep
into
the
night
.
operation
noun
the
way
a
machine
,
system
,
or
process
works
and
is
used
•
The
new
washing
machine
runs
quietly
during
its
operation
.
The
new
washing
machine
runs
quietly
during
its
operation
.
•
Engineers
watched
computer
screens
to
track
the
bridge
’
s
operation
on
a
windy
day
.
Engineers
watched
computer
screens
to
track
the
bridge
’
s
operation
on
a
windy
day
.
noun
a
business
or
organized
activity
that
produces
goods
or
provides
services
•
Her
cupcake
shop
started
as
a
small
home
operation
and
grew
into
three
busy
stores
.
Her
cupcake
shop
started
as
a
small
home
operation
and
grew
into
three
busy
stores
.
•
The
mining
operation
employs
hundreds
of
workers
in
the
desert
.
The
mining
operation
employs
hundreds
of
workers
in
the
desert
.
noun
a
medical
procedure
in
which
doctors
cut
into
the
body
to
treat
or
fix
something
•
The
heart
operation
lasted
four
hours
and
was
a
success
.
The
heart
operation
lasted
four
hours
and
was
a
success
.
•
After
her
knee
operation
,
she
used
crutches
for
two
weeks
.
After
her
knee
operation
,
she
used
crutches
for
two
weeks
.
noun
a
process
such
as
addition
,
subtraction
,
multiplication
,
or
division
that
changes
numbers
or
amounts
•
Multiplication
is
a
faster
operation
than
repeated
addition
.
Multiplication
is
a
faster
operation
than
repeated
addition
.
•
The
calculator
can
perform
every
basic
operation
.
The
calculator
can
perform
every
basic
operation
.
noun
a
planned
military
,
police
,
or
rescue
action
•
The
rescue
operation
saved
the
sailors
from
the
sinking
ship
.
The
rescue
operation
saved
the
sailors
from
the
sinking
ship
.
•
Police
launched
an
undercover
operation
to
catch
the
smugglers
.
Police
launched
an
undercover
operation
to
catch
the
smugglers
.
noun
an
action
or
command
that
a
computer
or
machine
carries
out
on
data
•
Copying
a
file
is
a
simple
operation
in
most
operating
systems
.
Copying
a
file
is
a
simple
operation
in
most
operating
systems
.
•
The
robot
repeated
the
sorting
operation
thousands
of
times
without
error
.
The
robot
repeated
the
sorting
operation
thousands
of
times
without
error
.
newspaper
noun
a
printed
publication
,
usually
issued
daily
or
weekly
,
that
contains
news
,
articles
,
photographs
,
and
advertisements
•
She
buys
a
newspaper
every
morning
on
her
way
to
work
.
She
buys
a
newspaper
every
morning
on
her
way
to
work
.
•
The
headline
on
the
front
of
the
newspaper
surprised
everyone
.
The
headline
on
the
front
of
the
newspaper
surprised
everyone
.
mid-17th
century
,
from
the
words
“
news
”
+
“
paper
”,
originally
meaning
‘
a
printed
sheet
giving
news
’.
noun
a
company
or
organization
that
produces
and
distributes
a
newspaper
publication
•
The
newspaper
hired
a
new
editor
last
month
.
The
newspaper
hired
a
new
editor
last
month
.
•
Our
local
newspaper
won
an
award
for
investigative
journalism
.
Our
local
newspaper
won
an
award
for
investigative
journalism
.
noun
-
newspaper
old
sheets
of
newsprint
used
as
a
material
for
wrapping
,
cleaning
,
or
other
practical
purposes
•
He
wrapped
the
dishes
in
newspaper
before
packing
them
.
He
wrapped
the
dishes
in
newspaper
before
packing
them
.
•
The
wet
dog
lay
on
a
sheet
of
newspaper
to
keep
the
floor
clean
.
The
wet
dog
lay
on
a
sheet
of
newspaper
to
keep
the
floor
clean
.
ship
verb
-
ship
,
shipping
,
ships
,
shipped
to
send
or
transport
something
from
one
place
to
another
,
especially
by
mail
,
truck
,
or
ship
•
We
will
ship
your
order
within
two
business
days
.
We
will
ship
your
order
within
two
business
days
.
•
The
factory
ships
hundreds
of
bicycles
overseas
every
month
.
The
factory
ships
hundreds
of
bicycles
overseas
every
month
.
From
the
noun
,
originally
meaning
“
put
aboard
a
ship
,”
later
widened
to
any
means
of
transport
.
verb
-
ship
,
shipping
,
ships
,
shipped
(
informal
business
)
to
make
a
new
product
available
for
customers
or
users
•
The
startup
plans
to
ship
its
new
app
next
month
.
The
startup
plans
to
ship
its
new
app
next
month
.
•
After
fixing
the
last
bug
,
the
game
finally
shipped
to
players
worldwide
.
After
fixing
the
last
bug
,
the
game
finally
shipped
to
players
worldwide
.
Evolved
in
the
1980s
tech
industry
from
the
idea
of
physically
sending
boxed
software
to
stores
.
verb
-
ship
,
shipping
,
ships
,
shipped
(
slang
,
internet
)
to
imagine
or
hope
that
two
people
become
romantically
involved
•
Many
fans
ship
the
main
characters
even
though
they
never
date
in
the
show
.
Many
fans
ship
the
main
characters
even
though
they
never
date
in
the
show
.
•
I
can
’
t
believe
people
still
ship
those
singers
after
their
public
argument
.
I
can
’
t
believe
people
still
ship
those
singers
after
their
public
argument
.
Short
for
“
relationship
,”
first
used
in
1990s
fan
communities
for
TV
show
“
The
X-Files
.”
jump
verb
to
push
yourself
off
the
ground
and
into
the
air
,
usually
using
your
legs
•
The
frog
jumped
over
the
small
log
.
The
frog
jumped
over
the
small
log
.
•
During
recess
,
the
children
love
to
jump
on
the
trampoline
.
During
recess
,
the
children
love
to
jump
on
the
trampoline
.
Middle
English
‘
jumpe
’,
probably
of
imitative
origin
,
first
recorded
in
the
16th
century
meaning
‘
move
suddenly
’.
verb
to
rise
or
increase
suddenly
and
by
a
large
amount
•
Gas
prices
jumped
overnight
after
the
storm
.
Gas
prices
jumped
overnight
after
the
storm
.
•
The
number
of
online
shoppers
jumped
during
the
holiday
season
.
The
number
of
online
shoppers
jumped
during
the
holiday
season
.
verb
to
move
suddenly
because
you
are
surprised
or
frightened
•
The
loud
bang
made
him
jump
.
The
loud
bang
made
him
jump
.
•
I
jumped
when
the
phone
rang
in
the
quiet
room
.
I
jumped
when
the
phone
rang
in
the
quiet
room
.
verb
to
move
quickly
from
one
place
,
subject
,
or
position
to
another
without
following
the
usual
order
•
You
can
jump
to
page
50
to
see
the
answer
key
.
You
can
jump
to
page
50
to
see
the
answer
key
.
•
During
the
story
,
the
movie
suddenly
jumps
ten
years
into
the
future
.
During
the
story
,
the
movie
suddenly
jumps
ten
years
into
the
future
.
species
noun
-
species
a
group
or
class
of
things
or
people
that
share
the
same
kind
of
qualities
;
a
kind
or
sort
•
This
species
of
problem
needs
creative
thinking
rather
than
simple
calculations
.
This
species
of
problem
needs
creative
thinking
rather
than
simple
calculations
.
•
He
’
s
not
the
species
of
person
who
gives
up
after
one
failure
.
He
’
s
not
the
species
of
person
who
gives
up
after
one
failure
.
Same
Latin
origin
as
the
biological
sense
;
extended
to
abstract
groupings
in
the
15th
century
.
noun
-
species
the
basic
unit
of
biological
classification
:
a
group
of
living
things
that
can
breed
together
and
produce
fertile
young
•
The
giant
panda
is
an
endangered
species
found
only
in
mountainous
forests
of
China
.
The
giant
panda
is
an
endangered
species
found
only
in
mountainous
forests
of
China
.
•
Scientists
recently
discovered
a
new
species
of
bright-blue
frog
deep
in
the
Amazon
rainforest
.
Scientists
recently
discovered
a
new
species
of
bright-blue
frog
deep
in
the
Amazon
rainforest
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
specieīs
‘
appearance
,
form
,
kind
’.
In
biological
use
since
the
17th
century
.
camp
noun
a
place
where
people
stay
in
tents
or
simple
shelters
for
a
short
time
•
We
pitched
our
camp
beside
a
quiet
mountain
lake
.
We
pitched
our
camp
beside
a
quiet
mountain
lake
.
•
The
children
met
new
friends
at
summer
camp
.
The
children
met
new
friends
at
summer
camp
.
verb
to
sleep
outdoors
in
tents
or
simple
shelters
for
a
short
time
•
We
will
camp
on
the
beach
and
watch
the
sunrise
.
We
will
camp
on
the
beach
and
watch
the
sunrise
.
•
They
camped
near
the
river
during
their
cycling
trip
.
They
camped
near
the
river
during
their
cycling
trip
.
noun
a
group
of
people
who
share
the
same
opinion
or
side
in
an
argument
or
competition
•
In
the
debate
,
the
audience
split
into
two
camps
.
In
the
debate
,
the
audience
split
into
two
camps
.
•
You
can
usually
tell
which
political
camp
a
newspaper
supports
.
You
can
usually
tell
which
political
camp
a
newspaper
supports
.
noun
-
camp
a
deliberately
exaggerated
,
theatrical
,
and
humorous
style
that
people
often
find
funny
or
kitschy
•
The
movie's
costumes
were
pure
camp
,
full
of
glitter
and
feathers
.
The
movie's
costumes
were
pure
camp
,
full
of
glitter
and
feathers
.
•
Some
people
love
the
singer's
camp
style
,
others
find
it
too
over-the-top
.
Some
people
love
the
singer's
camp
style
,
others
find
it
too
over-the-top
.
aspect
noun
one
particular
part
or
feature
of
a
situation
,
idea
,
or
thing
•
The
safety
aspect
of
the
new
playground
was
very
important
to
parents
.
The
safety
aspect
of
the
new
playground
was
very
important
to
parents
.
•
Cost
is
only
one
aspect
we
must
consider
before
we
buy
the
car
.
Cost
is
only
one
aspect
we
must
consider
before
we
buy
the
car
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
aspectus
‘
a
seeing
,
look
,
appearance
’,
from
ad-
‘
towards
’
+
spectare
‘
to
look
’.
noun
the
way
something
or
someone
appears
to
other
people
•
The
gloomy
weather
gave
the
city
a
dull
aspect
.
The
gloomy
weather
gave
the
city
a
dull
aspect
.
•
Her
cheerful
aspect
made
everyone
feel
welcome
.
Her
cheerful
aspect
made
everyone
feel
welcome
.
noun
the
direction
in
which
a
building
,
window
,
or
piece
of
land
faces
•
The
apartment's
south-facing
aspect
lets
in
plenty
of
sunlight
.
The
apartment's
south-facing
aspect
lets
in
plenty
of
sunlight
.
•
Gardeners
prefer
a
western
aspect
for
their
greenhouse
.
Gardeners
prefer
a
western
aspect
for
their
greenhouse
.
noun
in
grammar
,
a
form
of
a
verb
that
shows
whether
an
action
is
completed
,
ongoing
,
repeated
,
etc
.
•
In
English
,
the
perfect
aspect
shows
that
an
action
is
finished
.
In
English
,
the
perfect
aspect
shows
that
an
action
is
finished
.
•
Students
often
confuse
tense
with
aspect
.
Students
often
confuse
tense
with
aspect
.
noun
in
astrology
,
the
angle
formed
between
two
planets
,
said
to
influence
events
on
Earth
•
The
horoscope
said
the
favorable
aspect
between
Venus
and
Jupiter
would
bring
luck
.
The
horoscope
said
the
favorable
aspect
between
Venus
and
Jupiter
would
bring
luck
.
•
Astrologers
studied
the
challenging
square
aspect
in
his
birth
chart
.
Astrologers
studied
the
challenging
square
aspect
in
his
birth
chart
.
depend
verb
-
depend
,
depending
,
depends
,
depended
to
be
decided
or
influenced
by
something
else
;
to
be
conditional
on
a
particular
factor
•
Whether
we
go
camping
tomorrow
will
depend
on
the
weather
.
Whether
we
go
camping
tomorrow
will
depend
on
the
weather
.
•
The
success
of
the
project
depends
on
everyone's
cooperation
.
The
success
of
the
project
depends
on
everyone's
cooperation
.
From
Latin
dependēre
“
to
hang
from
,
be
contingent
upon
” (
de-
“
down
”
+
pendēre
“
to
hang
”).
verb
-
depend
,
depending
,
depends
,
depended
to
need
someone
or
something
for
support
,
help
,
or
survival
;
to
rely
on
•
Young
children
depend
on
their
parents
for
food
and
shelter
.
Young
children
depend
on
their
parents
for
food
and
shelter
.
•
Many
rural
villages
depend
on
a
single
well
for
clean
water
.
Many
rural
villages
depend
on
a
single
well
for
clean
water
.
Same
origin
as
the
first
sense
:
Latin
dependēre
“
to
hang
from
,
be
supported
by
.”
European
adjective
relating
to
Europe
or
to
its
people
,
languages
,
or
cultures
•
She
loves
European
history
and
often
spends
hours
in
museums
when
she
travels
.
She
loves
European
history
and
often
spends
hours
in
museums
when
she
travels
.
•
The
restaurant
serves
delicious
European
dishes
like
creamy
Italian
pasta
and
flaky
French
pastries
.
The
restaurant
serves
delicious
European
dishes
like
creamy
Italian
pasta
and
flaky
French
pastries
.
From
Latin
Europaeus
(“
of
Europe
”),
ultimately
deriving
from
Ancient
Greek
Εὐρώπη
(
Eurṓpē
),
the
mythological
princess
and
namesake
of
the
continent
.
noun
a
person
who
was
born
in
,
lives
in
,
or
comes
from
Europe
•
A
friendly
European
offered
to
help
us
find
the
train
station
.
A
friendly
European
offered
to
help
us
find
the
train
station
.
•
During
the
conference
,
Europeans
and
Americans
discussed
climate
policy
.
During
the
conference
,
Europeans
and
Americans
discussed
climate
policy
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
ultimately
from
Latin
Europaeus
,
referring
to
someone
from
Europe
.
independent
adjective
not
controlled
,
helped
,
or
influenced
by
other
people
,
things
,
or
countries
•
At
eighteen
,
Maria
moved
into
her
own
flat
to
become
independent
.
At
eighteen
,
Maria
moved
into
her
own
flat
to
become
independent
.
•
The
small
island
nation
became
independent
after
decades
of
foreign
rule
.
The
small
island
nation
became
independent
after
decades
of
foreign
rule
.
From
Latin
'independens'
meaning
‘
not
relying
on
something
else
’,
formed
from
in-
‘
not
’
+
dependere
‘
to
hang
from
’.
noun
a
person
,
group
,
or
business
that
does
not
belong
to
or
depend
on
a
larger
organization
,
especially
a
voter
or
politician
with
no
political
party
•
The
independent
won
the
mayor
’
s
race
,
surprising
the
big
parties
.
The
independent
won
the
mayor
’
s
race
,
surprising
the
big
parties
.
•
As
an
independent
,
Carla
judges
each
election
by
the
issues
,
not
by
party
loyalty
.
As
an
independent
,
Carla
judges
each
election
by
the
issues
,
not
by
party
loyalty
.
From
the
adjective
‘
independent
’;
used
as
a
noun
since
the
17th
century
to
describe
people
or
groups
standing
alone
.
respect
noun
a
feeling
of
deep
admiration
for
someone
or
something
because
of
their
qualities
,
achievements
,
or
abilities
•
The
students
looked
at
their
teacher
with
respect
after
his
inspiring
speech
.
The
students
looked
at
their
teacher
with
respect
after
his
inspiring
speech
.
•
She
has
enormous
respect
for
scientists
who
devote
their
lives
to
curing
diseases
.
She
has
enormous
respect
for
scientists
who
devote
their
lives
to
curing
diseases
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
‘
respectus
’
meaning
‘
regard
,
consideration
’,
from
‘
respicere
’ ‘
to
look
back
at
,
regard
’.
noun
-
respect
careful
,
polite
behaviour
that
shows
you
value
another
person
’
s
rights
,
feelings
,
or
traditions
•
It
is
important
to
show
respect
to
older
people
in
many
cultures
.
It
is
important
to
show
respect
to
older
people
in
many
cultures
.
•
Please
speak
with
respect
when
you
address
the
judge
.
Please
speak
with
respect
when
you
address
the
judge
.
verb
-
respect
,
respecting
,
respects
,
respected
to
admire
someone
or
something
for
their
qualities
,
achievements
,
or
abilities
•
I
really
respect
my
grandmother
for
her
courage
.
I
really
respect
my
grandmother
for
her
courage
.
•
Children
tend
to
respect
teachers
who
are
fair
and
kind
.
Children
tend
to
respect
teachers
who
are
fair
and
kind
.
noun
a
feeling
of
deep
admiration
for
someone
or
something
because
of
their
abilities
,
qualities
,
or
achievements
•
The
students
had
great
respect
for
their
science
teacher
.
The
students
had
great
respect
for
their
science
teacher
.
•
You
need
to
earn
people's
respect
through
honest
actions
.
You
need
to
earn
people's
respect
through
honest
actions
.
verb
to
admire
someone
or
something
highly
for
their
qualities
or
achievements
•
I
respect
Dr
.
Lee
for
her
dedication
to
rural
medicine
.
I
respect
Dr
.
Lee
for
her
dedication
to
rural
medicine
.
•
They
respected
their
coach
and
followed
his
advice
.
They
respected
their
coach
and
followed
his
advice
.
noun
a
particular
aspect
,
point
,
or
detail
of
something
•
In
this
respect
,
the
new
phone
is
lighter
and
faster
than
the
old
model
.
In
this
respect
,
the
new
phone
is
lighter
and
faster
than
the
old
model
.
•
The
plan
was
successful
in
many
respects
,
but
it
cost
more
than
expected
.
The
plan
was
successful
in
many
respects
,
but
it
cost
more
than
expected
.
verb
-
respect
,
respecting
,
respects
,
respected
to
act
according
to
something
,
or
to
avoid
harming
or
interfering
with
it
•
Drivers
must
respect
the
speed
limit
at
all
times
.
Drivers
must
respect
the
speed
limit
at
all
times
.
•
Please
respect
the
privacy
of
the
family
during
this
difficult
time
.
Please
respect
the
privacy
of
the
family
during
this
difficult
time
.
noun
polite
or
considerate
behaviour
toward
someone
or
something
•
It
is
a
sign
of
respect
to
take
off
your
shoes
before
entering
the
temple
.
It
is
a
sign
of
respect
to
take
off
your
shoes
before
entering
the
temple
.
•
Please
show
respect
to
the
museum
artifacts
and
do
not
touch
them
.
Please
show
respect
to
the
museum
artifacts
and
do
not
touch
them
.
noun
a
particular
detail
,
point
,
or
aspect
of
something
•
The
two
cars
are
similar
in
every
respect
except
price
.
The
two
cars
are
similar
in
every
respect
except
price
.
•
In
this
respect
,
the
new
policy
is
better
than
the
old
one
.
In
this
respect
,
the
new
policy
is
better
than
the
old
one
.
verb
to
accept
and
follow
a
rule
,
decision
,
or
right
•
All
citizens
must
respect
the
law
.
All
citizens
must
respect
the
law
.
•
Drivers
are
expected
to
respect
the
speed
limit
.
Drivers
are
expected
to
respect
the
speed
limit
.
verb
to
treat
someone
or
something
politely
and
considerately
•
If
you
can
’
t
respect
other
opinions
,
the
discussion
will
fail
.
If
you
can
’
t
respect
other
opinions
,
the
discussion
will
fail
.
•
She
always
respects
her
colleagues
,
even
when
she
disagrees
.
She
always
respects
her
colleagues
,
even
when
she
disagrees
.
Respect
interjection
used
informally
to
express
admiration
or
approval
for
someone
’
s
achievement
or
action
•
You
finished
the
marathon
in
under
three
hours
?
Respect
!
You
finished
the
marathon
in
under
three
hours
?
Respect
!
•
He
fixed
the
old
car
by
himself
—
Respect
!
He
fixed
the
old
car
by
himself
—
Respect
!
speed
noun
how
fast
someone
or
something
moves
or
happens
•
The
cheetah
reached
a
speed
of
100
kilometers
per
hour
as
it
chased
its
prey
.
The
cheetah
reached
a
speed
of
100
kilometers
per
hour
as
it
chased
its
prey
.
•
Please
reduce
your
speed
when
the
road
is
wet
.
Please
reduce
your
speed
when
the
road
is
wet
.
Old
English
“
spēd
”
meaning
success
or
prosperity
,
later
developing
the
idea
of
quick
movement
.
noun
the
quality
of
doing
something
quickly
•
With
impressive
speed
,
the
secretary
typed
the
entire
report
.
With
impressive
speed
,
the
secretary
typed
the
entire
report
.
•
The
speed
of
the
rescue
team
saved
many
lives
.
The
speed
of
the
rescue
team
saved
many
lives
.
noun
the
legal
limit
on
how
fast
vehicles
may
travel
in
a
place
•
What
’
s
the
speed
here
?
I
don
’
t
see
a
sign
.
What
’
s
the
speed
here
?
I
don
’
t
see
a
sign
.
•
Drivers
must
watch
the
speed
when
passing
a
school
.
Drivers
must
watch
the
speed
when
passing
a
school
.
verb
-
speed
,
speeding
,
speeds
,
sped
,
speeded
to
move
or
go
quickly
•
Cars
speed
down
the
highway
at
night
.
Cars
speed
down
the
highway
at
night
.
•
The
cyclists
sped
down
the
mountain
trail
.
The
cyclists
sped
down
the
mountain
trail
.
verb
-
speed
,
speeding
,
speeds
,
sped
,
speeded
to
drive
faster
than
the
legal
limit
•
He
was
fined
for
speeding
on
the
motorway
.
He
was
fined
for
speeding
on
the
motorway
.
•
Police
caught
three
drivers
speeding
last
night
.
Police
caught
three
drivers
speeding
last
night
.
verb
-
speed
,
speeding
,
speeds
,
sped
,
speeded
to
make
something
happen
or
move
faster
•
New
funding
will
speed
the
construction
of
the
bridge
.
New
funding
will
speed
the
construction
of
the
bridge
.
•
Adding
salt
can
speed
the
melting
of
ice
on
the
sidewalk
.
Adding
salt
can
speed
the
melting
of
ice
on
the
sidewalk
.
noun
an
illegal
stimulant
drug
also
known
as
amphetamine
•
He
was
arrested
for
carrying
speed
in
his
backpack
.
He
was
arrested
for
carrying
speed
in
his
backpack
.
•
The
effects
of
speed
can
be
dangerous
to
the
heart
.
The
effects
of
speed
can
be
dangerous
to
the
heart
.
shop
verb
-
shop
,
shopping
,
shops
,
shopped
to
visit
stores
,
websites
,
or
markets
in
order
to
look
at
and
buy
things
•
On
Saturdays
we
shop
at
the
farmers'
market
.
On
Saturdays
we
shop
at
the
farmers'
market
.
•
She
likes
to
shop
for
new
dresses
during
sales
.
She
likes
to
shop
for
new
dresses
during
sales
.
Verb
use
recorded
since
the
mid-16th
century
,
directly
from
the
noun
‘
shop
’,
meaning
‘
to
go
to
shops
’.
verb
-
shop
,
shopping
,
shops
,
shopped
(
informal
)
to
tell
the
police
or
another
authority
about
someone's
wrongdoing
•
He
was
arrested
after
a
neighbour
shopped
him
to
the
police
.
He
was
arrested
after
a
neighbour
shopped
him
to
the
police
.
•
No
one
wanted
to
shop
the
gang
leader
for
fear
of
revenge
.
No
one
wanted
to
shop
the
gang
leader
for
fear
of
revenge
.
Slang
use
emerged
in
early
20th-century
British
English
,
perhaps
from
the
idea
of
‘
trading
’
information
with
police
.
temperature
noun
how
hot
or
cold
something
is
,
measured
with
a
scale
such
as
degrees
Celsius
or
Fahrenheit
•
The
temperature
dropped
below
freezing
overnight
.
The
temperature
dropped
below
freezing
overnight
.
•
Set
the
oven
to
a
temperature
of
200
degrees
Celsius
before
you
put
in
the
bread
.
Set
the
oven
to
a
temperature
of
200
degrees
Celsius
before
you
put
in
the
bread
.
From
Latin
temperatūra
“
moderation
,
mixture
,
proper
proportion
,”
later
“
degree
of
heat
,”
from
temperāre
“
to
mix
in
proper
proportion
.”
noun
the
level
of
heat
in
a
person
’
s
or
animal
’
s
body
,
used
to
see
if
they
have
a
fever
•
The
nurse
took
my
temperature
with
an
ear
thermometer
.
The
nurse
took
my
temperature
with
an
ear
thermometer
.
•
If
your
temperature
is
above
38
°C
,
you
should
rest
and
drink
plenty
of
water
.
If
your
temperature
is
above
38
°C
,
you
should
rest
and
drink
plenty
of
water
.
Same
origin
as
general
sense
;
use
in
medicine
recorded
since
the
mid-18th
century
.
noun
the
general
level
of
emotion
,
tension
,
or
excitement
in
a
situation
or
group
•
The
moderator
’
s
calm
voice
lowered
the
temperature
of
the
heated
debate
.
The
moderator
’
s
calm
voice
lowered
the
temperature
of
the
heated
debate
.
•
Managers
use
surveys
to
take
the
temperature
of
employee
morale
.
Managers
use
surveys
to
take
the
temperature
of
employee
morale
.
Figurative
extension
recorded
since
the
early
20th
century
,
comparing
social
mood
to
heat
.
operate
verb
-
operate
,
operating
,
operates
,
operated
(
of
a
machine
or
system
)
to
work
or
function
in
the
way
it
was
designed
•
You
must
fix
the
wiring
before
the
elevator
can
operate
again
.
You
must
fix
the
wiring
before
the
elevator
can
operate
again
.
•
My
old
wristwatch
still
operates
perfectly
after
twenty
years
.
My
old
wristwatch
still
operates
perfectly
after
twenty
years
.
verb
-
operate
,
operating
,
operates
,
operated
to
control
or
use
a
machine
,
device
,
or
piece
of
equipment
•
Only
trained
pilots
are
allowed
to
operate
the
aircraft
.
Only
trained
pilots
are
allowed
to
operate
the
aircraft
.
•
She
learned
to
operate
the
3D
printer
in
one
afternoon
.
She
learned
to
operate
the
3D
printer
in
one
afternoon
.
verb
-
operate
,
operating
,
operates
,
operated
(
of
a
person
,
company
,
or
service
)
to
carry
out
business
or
be
active
,
especially
in
a
particular
place
or
way
•
The
bakery
will
operate
seven
days
a
week
during
the
holidays
.
The
bakery
will
operate
seven
days
a
week
during
the
holidays
.
•
They
operate
mainly
in
South
America
and
Asia
.
They
operate
mainly
in
South
America
and
Asia
.
verb
-
operate
,
operating
,
operates
,
operated
to
perform
surgery
on
someone
•
The
surgeon
will
operate
on
the
patient
at
noon
.
The
surgeon
will
operate
on
the
patient
at
noon
.
•
Doctors
had
to
operate
immediately
to
stop
the
bleeding
.
Doctors
had
to
operate
immediately
to
stop
the
bleeding
.
verb
-
operate
,
operating
,
operates
,
operated
(
of
a
law
,
rule
,
or
force
)
to
have
an
effect
or
exert
influence
•
The
new
law
will
operate
to
protect
tenants
from
unfair
rent
increases
.
The
new
law
will
operate
to
protect
tenants
from
unfair
rent
increases
.
•
In
zero
gravity
,
different
physical
laws
operate
.
In
zero
gravity
,
different
physical
laws
operate
.
troop
verb
to
walk
somewhere
as
a
group
,
often
slowly
or
in
a
tired
but
orderly
way
•
After
the
game
,
disappointed
fans
trooped
out
of
the
stadium
in
silence
.
After
the
game
,
disappointed
fans
trooped
out
of
the
stadium
in
silence
.
•
We
trooped
up
the
steep
hill
before
dawn
to
watch
the
sunrise
.
We
trooped
up
the
steep
hill
before
dawn
to
watch
the
sunrise
.
Verb
use
grew
out
of
the
noun
meaning
of
moving
soldiers
in
the
17th
century
.
map
noun
-
map
,
mapping
,
maps
,
mapped
a
drawing
or
digital
picture
that
shows
the
positions
of
roads
,
rivers
,
cities
,
and
other
features
of
an
area
•
Layla
unfolded
a
map
to
find
the
nearest
campground
.
Layla
unfolded
a
map
to
find
the
nearest
campground
.
•
The
bus
driver
pointed
to
the
city
map
on
the
wall
and
showed
the
tourists
where
to
transfer
.
The
bus
driver
pointed
to
the
city
map
on
the
wall
and
showed
the
tourists
where
to
transfer
.
Middle
English
"
mappe
,"
from
Medieval
Latin
"
mappa
mundi
"
meaning
"
sheet
of
the
world
"
verb
-
map
,
mapping
,
maps
,
mapped
to
make
a
detailed
drawing
of
an
area
showing
its
features
•
Scientists
mapped
the
ocean
floor
using
sonar
technology
.
Scientists
mapped
the
ocean
floor
using
sonar
technology
.
•
The
city
plans
to
map
every
tree
to
improve
urban
forestry
.
The
city
plans
to
map
every
tree
to
improve
urban
forestry
.
From
the
noun
sense
:
to
‘
map
’
something
is
to
put
it
into
the
form
of
a
map
.
verb
-
map
,
mapping
,
maps
,
mapped
to
show
or
match
how
one
thing
is
connected
or
related
to
another
•
The
teacher
asked
students
to
map
each
historical
event
to
its
main
cause
.
The
teacher
asked
students
to
map
each
historical
event
to
its
main
cause
.
•
Researchers
mapped
brain
activity
to
different
emotions
in
the
study
.
Researchers
mapped
brain
activity
to
different
emotions
in
the
study
.
Extended
figurative
use
from
the
idea
of
‘
laying
out
’
relationships
as
a
map
.
noun
-
map
,
mapping
,
maps
,
mapped
in
computing
,
a
set
of
data
in
which
each
key
is
connected
to
a
specific
value
•
The
program
stores
user
IDs
and
passwords
in
a
secure
map
.
The
program
stores
user
IDs
and
passwords
in
a
secure
map
.
•
Using
a
hash
map
speeds
up
searches
because
each
key
points
directly
to
its
value
.
Using
a
hash
map
speeds
up
searches
because
each
key
points
directly
to
its
value
.
Figurative
extension
of
the
geographic
sense
,
first
used
in
computer
science
in
the
1960s
to
describe
structures
that
‘
map
’
one
item
to
another
.
competition
noun
a
contest
or
event
in
which
people
or
teams
try
to
win
a
prize
•
Maria
entered
a
cooking
competition
at
the
local
fair
.
Maria
entered
a
cooking
competition
at
the
local
fair
.
•
The
city
hosts
an
annual
music
competition
for
young
talent
.
The
city
hosts
an
annual
music
competition
for
young
talent
.
noun
the
activity
or
situation
of
trying
to
be
better
than
other
people
or
groups
in
order
to
win
or
get
something
you
want
•
Our
company
faces
tough
competition
from
overseas
brands
.
Our
company
faces
tough
competition
from
overseas
brands
.
•
There
is
friendly
competition
between
the
two
sisters
when
they
play
chess
after
school
.
There
is
friendly
competition
between
the
two
sisters
when
they
play
chess
after
school
.
Borrowed
in
the
early
1600s
from
Latin
competitio
“
rivalry
,
contest
,”
from
competere
“
to
strive
together
.”
noun
the
people
or
groups
you
are
trying
to
beat
in
a
contest
,
business
,
or
other
activity
•
The
competition
was
well
prepared
,
so
we
had
to
work
hard
to
stand
out
.
The
competition
was
well
prepared
,
so
we
had
to
work
hard
to
stand
out
.
•
She
studied
the
competition
before
launching
her
product
online
.
She
studied
the
competition
before
launching
her
product
online
.
noun
the
struggle
between
living
things
for
the
same
limited
resources
such
as
food
,
water
,
or
space
•
In
the
forest
,
there
is
intense
competition
for
sunlight
among
tall
trees
.
In
the
forest
,
there
is
intense
competition
for
sunlight
among
tall
trees
.
•
The
introduction
of
rabbits
increased
competition
for
grass
with
native
species
.
The
introduction
of
rabbits
increased
competition
for
grass
with
native
species
.
cop
verb
-
cop
,
copping
,
cops
,
copped
to
quickly
get
,
obtain
,
or
buy
something
,
especially
something
desirable
or
in
short
supply
•
She
managed
to
cop
front-row
concert
tickets
.
She
managed
to
cop
front-row
concert
tickets
.
•
We
should
leave
early
if
we
want
to
cop
a
good
table
.
We
should
leave
early
if
we
want
to
cop
a
good
table
.
Slang
extension
of
the
older
verb
“
to
cop
”
meaning
“
to
seize
or
capture
.”
cop to
verb
-
cop
to
,
copping
to
,
cops
to
,
copped
to
to
admit
or
confess
that
you
did
something
wrong
•
He
finally
copped
to
taking
the
money
.
He
finally
copped to
taking
the
money
.
•
She
refused
to
cop
to
cheating
on
the
test
.
She
refused
to
cop to
cheating
on
the
test
.
Early
20th-century
American
slang
,
extending
the
sense
of
“
seize
”
to
“
seize
ownership
of
wrongdoing
,”
hence
“
admit
.”
cheap
adjective
-
cheap
,
cheaper
,
cheapest
costing
little
money
compared
with
similar
things
•
We
found
a
cheap
hotel
near
the
city
center
.
We
found
a
cheap
hotel
near
the
city
center
.
•
Those
apples
are
cheap
at
the
farmers
’
market
today
.
Those
apples
are
cheap
at
the
farmers
’
market
today
.
From
Old
English
“
céap
”
meaning
‘
trade
,
bargain
’
which
gradually
developed
the
idea
of
low
price
.
repeat
verb
to
say
,
write
,
or
do
something
again
•
"
Could
you
please
repeat
your
question
?"
the
teacher
asked
.
"
Could
you
please
repeat
your
question
?"
the
teacher
asked
.
•
The
children
love
to
repeat
the
song
’
s
chorus
over
and
over
while
clapping
their
hands
.
The
children
love
to
repeat
the
song
’
s
chorus
over
and
over
while
clapping
their
hands
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
repeter
,
from
Latin
repetere
“
to
seek
again
,
return
to
,
repeat
”,
from
re-
“
again
”
+
petere
“
to
seek
”.
noun
the
act
of
doing
or
saying
something
again
,
or
something
that
is
done
or
said
again
•
I
didn
’
t
hear
the
announcement
,
so
could
we
have
a
repeat
?
I
didn
’
t
hear
the
announcement
,
so
could
we
have
a
repeat
?
•
His
joke
got
such
a
laugh
that
an
immediate
repeat
was
inevitable
.
His
joke
got
such
a
laugh
that
an
immediate
repeat
was
inevitable
.
noun
a
television
or
radio
programme
that
is
broadcast
again
after
it
was
first
shown
or
heard
•
Tonight
’
s
sitcom
is
a
repeat
from
last
season
.
Tonight
’
s
sitcom
is
a
repeat
from
last
season
.
•
The
channel
schedules
repeats
during
the
summer
break
.
The
channel
schedules
repeats
during
the
summer
break
.
expensive
adjective
costing
a
lot
of
money
;
having
a
high
price
•
The
designer
handbag
was
too
expensive
for
me
to
buy
.
The
designer
handbag
was
too
expensive
for
me
to
buy
.
•
We
chose
a
smaller
apartment
because
the
downtown
ones
were
expensive
.
We
chose
a
smaller
apartment
because
the
downtown
ones
were
expensive
.
From
the
Latin
‘
expensus
’ (
weighed
out
,
paid
),
via
Middle
French
‘
expensif
’,
into
English
around
the
17th
century
.
adjective
requiring
a
lot
of
time
,
effort
,
or
computing
resources
to
perform
or
run
•
Running
that
3D
simulation
is
expensive
in
terms
of
processing
power
.
Running
that
3D
simulation
is
expensive
in
terms
of
processing
power
.
•
Copying
the
whole
database
for
each
test
is
an
expensive
operation
.
Copying
the
whole
database
for
each
test
is
an
expensive
operation
.
disappear
verb
to
suddenly
go
out
of
sight
so
that
no
longer
anything
can
be
seen
•
Watch
the
magician
make
the
coin
disappear
right
in
front
of
you
!
Watch
the
magician
make
the
coin
disappear
right
in
front
of
you
!
•
When
the
sun
came
out
,
the
thick
morning
fog
began
to
disappear
.
When
the
sun
came
out
,
the
thick
morning
fog
began
to
disappear
.
From
French
disparoir
,
from
Latin
disparēre
(
to
vanish
).
verb
to
stop
existing
or
being
available
•
Many
small
bookshops
could
disappear
if
people
only
shop
online
.
Many
small
bookshops
could
disappear
if
people
only
shop
online
.
•
Over
the
years
,
the
ancient
language
began
to
disappear
from
daily
life
.
Over
the
years
,
the
ancient
language
began
to
disappear
from
daily
life
.
See
primary
sense
etymology
.
verb
for
a
person
or
animal
:
to
go
somewhere
secretly
or
be
missing
so
that
no
one
knows
where
they
are
•
Our
cat
likes
to
disappear
for
hours
and
return
just
before
dinner
.
Our
cat
likes
to
disappear
for
hours
and
return
just
before
dinner
.
•
During
the
trek
,
one
of
the
hikers
suddenly
disappears
from
view
.
During
the
trek
,
one
of
the
hikers
suddenly
disappears
from
view
.
Same
historical
origin
as
primary
sense
.
specifically
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
meant
for
one
particular
person
,
thing
,
or
purpose
and
not
for
others
•
This
course
was
designed
specifically
for
beginners
.
This
course
was
designed
specifically
for
beginners
.
•
He
bought
a
lightweight
camera
specifically
to
record
his
mountain-climbing
adventures
.
He
bought
a
lightweight
camera
specifically
to
record
his
mountain-climbing
adventures
.
formed
from
specific
+
-ally
in
the
late
17th
century
to
create
the
adverbial
form
adverb
used
to
give
exact
or
detailed
information
about
what
you
mean
•
We
need
to
know
specifically
how
much
the
repairs
will
cost
.
We
need
to
know
specifically
how
much
the
repairs
will
cost
.
•
Can
you
explain
specifically
what
went
wrong
during
the
test
?
Can
you
explain
specifically
what
went
wrong
during
the
test
?
formed
from
specific
+
-ally
in
the
late
17th
century
to
create
the
adverbial
form
lip
verb
-
lip
,
lipping
,
lips
,
lipped
to
say
or
form
words
silently
by
moving
the
lips
only
•
Across
the
noisy
room
,
she
lipped
“
I
love
you
”
to
him
.
Across
the
noisy
room
,
she
lipped
“
I
love
you
”
to
him
.
•
The
actor
lips
his
lines
while
waiting
for
his
cue
.
The
actor
lips
his
lines
while
waiting
for
his
cue
.
tape
noun
a
narrow
strip
of
sticky
plastic
or
paper
used
to
stick
or
join
things
together
•
She
wrapped
the
birthday
present
and
sealed
the
paper
with
tape
.
She
wrapped
the
birthday
present
and
sealed
the
paper
with
tape
.
•
Please
use
tape
to
hold
the
poster
on
the
classroom
wall
.
Please
use
tape
to
hold
the
poster
on
the
classroom
wall
.
From
Middle
English
,
borrowed
from
Old
English
"
tæppe
"
meaning
a
narrow
strip
of
cloth
;
later
extended
to
sticky
and
magnetic
forms
.
noun
a
long
narrow
strip
coated
with
magnetic
material
used
to
record
and
store
sound
or
video
;
also
a
recording
kept
on
such
a
strip
•
My
father
still
has
the
old
jazz
songs
on
tape
.
My
father
still
has
the
old
jazz
songs
on
tape
.
•
We
watched
our
childhood
videos
on
a
dusty
VHS
tape
.
We
watched
our
childhood
videos
on
a
dusty
VHS
tape
.
Sense
developed
in
the
1930s
with
the
invention
of
magnetic
recording
technology
,
extending
"
tape
"
from
cloth
strip
to
magnetic
strip
.
noun
a
flexible
strip
marked
with
numbers
that
you
pull
out
to
measure
length
,
usually
called
a
tape
measure
•
The
tailor
wrapped
the
measuring
tape
around
my
waist
.
The
tailor
wrapped
the
measuring
tape
around
my
waist
.
•
Use
a
tape
to
check
if
the
bookshelf
will
fit
in
that
corner
.
Use
a
tape
to
check
if
the
bookshelf
will
fit
in
that
corner
.
Measuring
sense
recorded
from
the
1860s
,
when
marked
cloth
and
steel
tapes
replaced
rigid
rules
for
longer
measurements
.
verb
-
tape
,
taping
,
tapes
,
taped
to
fasten
or
cover
something
with
tape
•
She
taped
the
note
to
the
refrigerator
door
.
She
taped
the
note
to
the
refrigerator
door
.
•
The
coach
taped
the
player
’
s
ankle
before
the
match
.
The
coach
taped
the
player
’
s
ankle
before
the
match
.
Verb
sense
from
the
noun
"
tape
" (
sticky
strip
),
first
recorded
in
the
early
20th
century
.
verb
-
tape
,
taping
,
tapes
,
taped
to
record
sound
or
video
,
especially
using
magnetic
tape
or
similar
equipment
•
The
band
taped
their
new
album
in
just
one
week
.
The
band
taped
their
new
album
in
just
one
week
.
•
Can
you
tape
tonight
’
s
show
for
me
?
Can
you
tape
tonight
’
s
show
for
me
?
From
the
noun
"
tape
" (
magnetic
strip
);
verb
sense
arose
in
the
1940s
as
recording
equipment
became
common
.
score
noun
-
score
,
scoring
,
scores
,
scored
,
superlative
the
number
of
points
,
goals
,
or
marks
that
shows
how
well
someone
is
doing
in
a
game
,
test
,
or
competition
•
The
final
score
was
3–2
to
the
home
team
.
The
final
score
was
3–2
to
the
home
team
.
•
Keep
an
eye
on
the
score
while
I
grab
some
snacks
.
Keep
an
eye
on
the
score
while
I
grab
some
snacks
.
From
Old
Norse
‘
skor
’,
meaning
a
notch
or
tally
,
originally
referring
to
marks
cut
to
keep
a
count
.
appearance
noun
the
way
a
person
,
place
,
or
thing
looks
to
other
people
•
Lena
changed
her
appearance
by
cutting
her
long
hair
into
a
short
bob
.
Lena
changed
her
appearance
by
cutting
her
long
hair
into
a
short
bob
.
•
The
old
library
’
s
dusty
shelves
hide
its
grand
appearance
from
the
street
.
The
old
library
’
s
dusty
shelves
hide
its
grand
appearance
from
the
street
.
From
Middle
French
apparence
,
from
Latin
apparentia
‘
being
visible
’,
from
apparēre
‘
to
appear
’.
noun
the
act
of
becoming
visible
or
of
arriving
where
people
can
see
you
•
Everyone
cheered
at
the
sudden
appearance
of
a
rainbow
after
the
storm
.
Everyone
cheered
at
the
sudden
appearance
of
a
rainbow
after
the
storm
.
•
The
famous
actor
’
s
first
appearance
on
stage
lasted
only
a
minute
,
but
the
audience
loved
it
.
The
famous
actor
’
s
first
appearance
on
stage
lasted
only
a
minute
,
but
the
audience
loved
it
.
noun
the
impression
something
gives
,
which
may
hide
the
truth
•
The
deal
seemed
fair
,
but
that
was
only
the
appearance
of
honesty
.
The
deal
seemed
fair
,
but
that
was
only
the
appearance
of
honesty
.
•
She
kept
up
the
appearance
of
confidence
even
though
she
was
nervous
.
She
kept
up
the
appearance
of
confidence
even
though
she
was
nervous
.
noun
a
short
public
performance
,
visit
,
or
interview
by
a
well-known
person
•
The
singer
’
s
surprise
appearance
on
the
morning
show
boosted
ratings
.
The
singer
’
s
surprise
appearance
on
the
morning
show
boosted
ratings
.
•
She
donated
her
fee
from
the
store
appearance
to
charity
.
She
donated
her
fee
from
the
store
appearance
to
charity
.
noun
the
act
of
a
lawyer
or
party
formally
attending
court
in
a
legal
case
•
The
defendant
’
s
first
appearance
before
the
judge
was
brief
.
The
defendant
’
s
first
appearance
before
the
judge
was
brief
.
•
Failing
to
make
an
appearance
can
lead
to
a
default
judgment
.
Failing
to
make
an
appearance
can
lead
to
a
default
judgment
.
tip
verb
-
tip
,
tipping
,
tips
,
tipped
to
give
someone
a
small
amount
of
money
for
good
service
•
We
always
tip
hotel
staff
who
carry
our
bags
.
We
always
tip
hotel
staff
who
carry
our
bags
.
•
Did
you
remember
to
tip
the
delivery
driver
?
Did
you
remember
to
tip
the
delivery
driver
?
verb
-
tip
,
tipping
,
tips
,
tipped
to
tilt
something
so
that
one
side
is
higher
than
the
other
,
or
to
fall
over
•
Be
careful
not
to
tip
the
glass
or
the
juice
will
spill
.
Be
careful
not
to
tip
the
glass
or
the
juice
will
spill
.
•
The
canoe
tipped
over
when
they
stood
up
.
The
canoe
tipped
over
when
they
stood
up
.
verb
-
tip
,
tipping
,
tips
,
tipped
to
pour
something
out
of
a
container
by
tilting
it
•
She
tipped
the
sand
out
of
her
shoe
.
She
tipped
the
sand
out
of
her
shoe
.
•
He
tips
the
tea
leaves
from
the
pot
into
the
bin
.
He
tips
the
tea
leaves
from
the
pot
into
the
bin
.
verb
-
tip
,
tipping
,
tips
,
tipped
to
say
who
you
think
will
win
or
succeed
,
especially
in
sports
or
elections
•
Commentators
tipped
the
young
tennis
player
to
win
the
tournament
.
Commentators
tipped
the
young
tennis
player
to
win
the
tournament
.
•
Many
fans
are
tipping
the
local
team
for
promotion
.
Many
fans
are
tipping
the
local
team
for
promotion
.
verb
-
tip
,
tipping
,
tips
,
tipped
to
get
rid
of
rubbish
by
taking
it
to
a
tip
or
dump
•
The
builders
will
tip
the
waste
at
the
council
site
.
The
builders
will
tip
the
waste
at
the
council
site
.
•
Gardeners
tipped
several
bags
of
leaves
at
the
weekend
.
Gardeners
tipped
several
bags
of
leaves
at
the
weekend
.
super
adjective
excellent
;
extremely
good
or
pleasing
.
•
The
kids
thought
the
roller
coaster
was
super
fun
.
The
kids
thought
the
roller
coaster
was
super
fun
.
•
You
did
a
super
job
cleaning
your
room
.
You
did
a
super
job
cleaning
your
room
.
Shortened
form
of
“
superior
”
in
early
19th-century
American
English
,
later
popularized
in
advertising
slogans
of
the
1920s
.
adverb
to
a
very
large
degree
;
extremely
.
•
It
was
super
cold
this
morning
,
so
I
wore
two
jackets
.
It
was
super
cold
this
morning
,
so
I
wore
two
jackets
.
•
I'm
super
excited
about
the
concert
tonight
!
I'm
super
excited
about
the
concert
tonight
!
Adverbial
use
developed
from
the
adjective
sense
during
the
mid-20th
century
,
especially
in
American
slang
.
interjection
used
to
express
approval
,
satisfaction
,
or
enthusiasm
.
•
“
Super
!”
the
teacher
said
when
she
saw
the
neat
handwriting
.
“
Super
!”
the
teacher
said
when
she
saw
the
neat
handwriting
.
•
We
can
leave
early
?
Super
!
We
can
leave
early
?
Super
!
Interjective
use
emerged
in
mid-20th-century
colloquial
speech
,
echoing
the
adjective
’
s
meaning
of
excellence
.
noun
informal
:
the
superintendent
of
an
apartment
building
,
responsible
for
maintenance
and
repairs
.
•
If
the
sink
leaks
,
call
the
super
to
fix
it
.
If
the
sink
leaks
,
call
the
super
to
fix
it
.
•
The
tenants
thanked
their
super
for
repainting
the
hallway
.
The
tenants
thanked
their
super
for
repainting
the
hallway
.
Clipped
form
of
“
superintendent
,”
first
recorded
in
American
English
in
the
late
19th
century
.
super-
prefix
above
,
beyond
,
or
greater
than
normal
.
•
Comic
books
often
feature
super-heroes
with
extraordinary
powers
.
Comic
books
often
feature
super-heroes
with
extraordinary
powers
.
•
Astronomers
study
super-massive
black
holes
at
the
centers
of
galaxies
.
Astronomers
study
super-massive
black
holes
at
the
centers
of
galaxies
.
From
Latin
super
“
above
,
over
”
used
as
a
prefix
in
classical
Latin
and
adopted
into
English
via
French
from
the
late
Middle
English
period
.
expectation
noun
the
strong
feeling
or
belief
that
something
will
happen
or
be
true
in
the
future
•
With
high
expectation
,
the
crowd
waited
for
the
fireworks
to
begin
.
With
high
expectation
,
the
crowd
waited
for
the
fireworks
to
begin
.
•
She
tore
open
the
envelope
in
eager
expectation
of
good
news
.
She
tore
open
the
envelope
in
eager
expectation
of
good
news
.
from
Latin
exspectātiō
(“
a
waiting
for
”),
from
exspectāre
“
to
look
out
for
,
await
”.
noun
a
standard
or
level
of
performance
or
behaviour
that
people
believe
someone
should
meet
•
Parents
often
have
high
expectations
of
their
children
.
Parents
often
have
high
expectations
of
their
children
.
•
The
coach
made
his
expectations
clear
before
the
first
practice
.
The
coach
made
his
expectations
clear
before
the
first
practice
.
noun
in
statistics
,
the
average
value
of
a
random
variable
,
found
by
weighting
every
possible
result
by
its
probability
•
The
expectation
of
a
fair
six-sided
die
is
3
.
5
.
The
expectation
of
a
fair
six-sided
die
is
3
.
5
.
•
Economists
estimate
the
expectation
of
future
inflation
using
complex
models
.
Economists
estimate
the
expectation
of
future
inflation
using
complex
models
.
experiment
noun
a
scientific
test
carried
out
under
controlled
conditions
to
discover
,
prove
,
or
demonstrate
something
•
The
students
built
a
simple
circuit
to
perform
an
experiment
in
their
physics
class
.
The
students
built
a
simple
circuit
to
perform
an
experiment
in
their
physics
class
.
•
The
famous
double-slit
experiment
showed
that
light
behaves
like
both
a
wave
and
a
particle
.
The
famous
double-slit
experiment
showed
that
light
behaves
like
both
a
wave
and
a
particle
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
experimentum
‘
a
test
,
trial
’,
from
experiri
‘
to
try
’.
verb
to
try
or
test
new
ideas
,
methods
,
or
activities
to
discover
what
effect
they
have
•
Painters
often
experiment
with
different
colors
to
create
unique
textures
.
Painters
often
experiment
with
different
colors
to
create
unique
textures
.
•
The
chef
decided
to
experiment
by
adding
chocolate
to
the
chili
recipe
.
The
chef
decided
to
experiment
by
adding
chocolate
to
the
chili
recipe
.
noun
an
attempt
to
try
something
new
to
see
what
happens
and
learn
from
the
result
•
Opening
a
pop-up
café
was
an
experiment
in
selling
healthy
fast
food
.
Opening
a
pop-up
café
was
an
experiment
in
selling
healthy
fast
food
.
•
Their
new
schedule
is
only
an
experiment
;
it
might
change
if
it
doesn
’
t
work
.
Their
new
schedule
is
only
an
experiment
;
it
might
change
if
it
doesn
’
t
work
.
speaker
noun
someone
who
talks
to
an
audience
,
especially
at
a
meeting
or
event
•
The
guest
speaker
shared
her
journey
to
becoming
an
astronaut
.
The
guest
speaker
shared
her
journey
to
becoming
an
astronaut
.
•
Everyone
clapped
as
the
speaker
finished
his
presentation
.
Everyone
clapped
as
the
speaker
finished
his
presentation
.
Derived
from
the
verb
“
speak
”
+
the
agent
suffix
“
-er
”;
recorded
in
English
since
the
14th
century
.
noun
a
person
who
uses
or
knows
a
particular
language
•
Maria
is
a
fluent
Spanish
speaker
who
can
help
you
translate
.
Maria
is
a
fluent
Spanish
speaker
who
can
help
you
translate
.
•
The
campaign
aims
to
reach
young
English
speakers
online
.
The
campaign
aims
to
reach
young
English
speakers
online
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
extension
of
meaning
to
language
ability
by
the
19th
century
.
noun
a
piece
of
electronic
equipment
that
turns
electrical
signals
into
sound
•
I
turned
up
the
speaker
so
everyone
could
hear
the
song
.
I
turned
up
the
speaker
so
everyone
could
hear
the
song
.
•
The
left
speaker
stopped
working
after
it
got
wet
.
The
left
speaker
stopped
working
after
it
got
wet
.
Shortened
from
“
loudspeaker
,”
first
used
for
audio
equipment
in
the
early
20th
century
.
Speaker
noun
the
person
who
presides
over
and
keeps
order
in
a
parliament
or
other
law-making
body
•
The
Speaker
called
the
parliament
to
order
.
The
Speaker
called
the
parliament
to
order
.
•
Reporters
waited
for
the
Speaker
to
announce
the
vote
results
.
Reporters
waited
for
the
Speaker
to
announce
the
vote
results
.
Title
used
since
the
14th
century
for
the
presiding
officer
who
“
speaks
”
the
decisions
of
the
assembly
to
the
monarch
or
public
.
appeal
verb
to
be
interesting
,
attractive
,
or
pleasing
to
someone
•
The
idea
of
working
abroad
really
appeals
to
me
.
The
idea
of
working
abroad
really
appeals
to
me
.
•
Bright
colors
often
appeal
to
children
.
Bright
colors
often
appeal
to
children
.
noun
-
appeal
the
quality
in
someone
or
something
that
makes
them
attractive
or
interesting
•
Part
of
the
city
’
s
appeal
is
its
lively
night
market
.
Part
of
the
city
’
s
appeal
is
its
lively
night
market
.
•
Vintage
cars
have
a
special
appeal
for
collectors
.
Vintage
cars
have
a
special
appeal
for
collectors
.
verb
to
formally
ask
a
higher
law-court
or
authority
to
change
or
overturn
a
decision
that
you
think
is
wrong
•
The
company
decided
to
appeal
after
the
court
ruled
against
them
.
The
company
decided
to
appeal
after
the
court
ruled
against
them
.
•
If
you
believe
the
referee
’
s
call
was
unfair
,
you
can
appeal
to
the
tournament
committee
.
If
you
believe
the
referee
’
s
call
was
unfair
,
you
can
appeal
to
the
tournament
committee
.
Middle
English
from
Old
French
‘
apel
’ (
noun
), ‘
apeler
’ (
verb
),
from
Latin
‘
appellare
’
meaning
‘
to
call
upon
’.
noun
a
serious
or
urgent
request
for
help
,
support
,
or
action
•
The
charity
made
an
appeal
for
blankets
and
warm
clothes
after
the
earthquake
.
The
charity
made
an
appeal
for
blankets
and
warm
clothes
after
the
earthquake
.
•
Police
issued
an
appeal
to
the
public
for
any
information
about
the
missing
boy
.
Police
issued
an
appeal
to
the
public
for
any
information
about
the
missing
boy
.
noun
a
legal
process
in
which
a
higher
court
is
asked
to
review
and
change
a
lower
court
’
s
decision
•
The
judge
gave
the
defendant
ten
days
to
lodge
an
appeal
.
The
judge
gave
the
defendant
ten
days
to
lodge
an
appeal
.
•
Her
lawyers
are
preparing
an
appeal
against
the
conviction
.
Her
lawyers
are
preparing
an
appeal
against
the
conviction
.
opening
noun
a
hole
,
gap
,
or
empty
space
in
something
that
people
,
light
,
or
objects
can
pass
through
.
•
A
small
opening
in
the
garden
fence
let
the
rabbit
escape
.
A
small
opening
in
the
garden
fence
let
the
rabbit
escape
.
•
Sunlight
streamed
through
the
opening
in
the
cave
ceiling
,
lighting
up
the
rocky
chamber
.
Sunlight
streamed
through
the
opening
in
the
cave
ceiling
,
lighting
up
the
rocky
chamber
.
verb
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
present
participle
of
open
:
making
something
no
longer
closed
,
or
becoming
no
longer
closed
.
•
She
is
opening
the
window
to
let
in
fresh
air
.
She
is
opening
the
window
to
let
in
fresh
air
.
•
Workers
are
opening
the
new
store
at
dawn
.
Workers
are
opening
the
new
store
at
dawn
.
noun
the
first
part
or
beginning
of
something
such
as
a
speech
,
event
,
performance
,
or
written
work
.
•
Fireworks
marked
the
opening
of
the
festival
on
Friday
night
.
Fireworks
marked
the
opening
of
the
festival
on
Friday
night
.
•
Her
opening
paragraph
immediately
hooked
the
reader
.
Her
opening
paragraph
immediately
hooked
the
reader
.
noun
a
job
,
position
,
or
opportunity
that
is
available
for
someone
to
take
.
•
There
’
s
an
opening
for
a
receptionist
at
the
clinic
.
There
’
s
an
opening
for
a
receptionist
at
the
clinic
.
•
The
company
posted
three
new
openings
on
its
website
today
.
The
company
posted
three
new
openings
on
its
website
today
.
suspect
verb
to
believe
that
something
is
probably
true
or
that
someone
has
probably
done
something
wrong
,
often
without
having
complete
proof
•
I
suspect
we
will
be
late
if
we
don
’
t
leave
now
.
I
suspect
we
will
be
late
if
we
don
’
t
leave
now
.
•
The
police
suspect
him
of
stealing
the
bicycle
.
The
police
suspect
him
of
stealing
the
bicycle
.
From
Latin
suspicere
‘
look
up
at
,
look
askance
at
’,
later
‘
mistrust
’,
via
Old
French
suspecier
.
noun
a
person
who
is
believed
to
have
committed
a
crime
or
done
something
wrong
•
The
suspect
was
arrested
near
the
train
station
.
The
suspect
was
arrested
near
the
train
station
.
•
Police
questioned
several
suspects
after
the
robbery
.
Police
questioned
several
suspects
after
the
robbery
.
From
the
verb
“
suspect
,”
first
recorded
as
a
noun
in
the
late
15th
century
.
adjective
likely
to
be
false
,
bad
,
or
untrustworthy
•
The
meat
smelled
suspect
,
so
we
threw
it
away
.
The
meat
smelled
suspect
,
so
we
threw
it
away
.
•
His
suspect
alibi
didn
’
t
convince
the
jury
.
His
suspect
alibi
didn
’
t
convince
the
jury
.
Adjective
use
developed
from
the
past
participle
of
the
verb
in
the
17th
century
,
describing
something
that
arouses
suspicion
.
escape
verb
-
escape
,
escaping
,
escapes
,
escaped
to
get
free
from
a
place
,
person
,
or
situation
that
is
holding
or
harming
you
•
The
prisoners
escaped
through
a
hidden
tunnel
during
the
night
.
The
prisoners
escaped
through
a
hidden
tunnel
during
the
night
.
•
The
cat
escaped
out
the
open
window
when
no
one
was
looking
.
The
cat
escaped
out
the
open
window
when
no
one
was
looking
.
From
Latin
‘
evadere
’
meaning
‘
to
get
out
,
avoid
’,
arriving
in
Middle
English
via
Old
French
‘
eschapper
’.
noun
the
act
of
getting
free
from
a
place
or
situation
where
you
were
trapped
or
in
danger
•
Their
daring
escape
was
reported
on
every
news
channel
.
Their
daring
escape
was
reported
on
every
news
channel
.
•
The
magician's
handcuff
escape
amazed
the
audience
.
The
magician's
handcuff
escape
amazed
the
audience
.
verb
-
escape
,
escaping
,
escapes
,
escaped
to
avoid
something
unpleasant
,
harmful
,
or
undesirable
happening
to
you
•
Luckily
,
the
driver
escaped
injury
in
the
crash
.
Luckily
,
the
driver
escaped
injury
in
the
crash
.
•
The
thief
escaped
detection
by
wearing
a
disguise
.
The
thief
escaped
detection
by
wearing
a
disguise
.
verb
-
escape
,
escaping
,
escapes
,
escaped
(
of
a
gas
,
liquid
,
sound
,
or
information
)
to
leak
out
or
get
out
from
somewhere
•
A
faint
hiss
showed
that
steam
was
escaping
from
the
valve
.
A
faint
hiss
showed
that
steam
was
escaping
from
the
valve
.
•
Light
escaped
through
the
cracks
in
the
wooden
door
.
Light
escaped
through
the
cracks
in
the
wooden
door
.
noun
an
activity
,
place
,
or
experience
that
helps
you
forget
your
problems
and
relax
•
Reading
fantasy
novels
is
her
favorite
escape
after
work
.
Reading
fantasy
novels
is
her
favorite
escape
after
work
.
•
Music
became
his
only
escape
from
loneliness
.
Music
became
his
only
escape
from
loneliness
.
Escape
noun
(
computing
)
the
key
on
a
keyboard
that
cancels
a
command
or
closes
a
dialog
box
•
Press
the
Escape
key
to
close
the
full-screen
view
.
Press
the
Escape
key
to
close
the
full-screen
view
.
•
Holding
Ctrl
and
Escape
opens
the
Start
menu
in
Windows
.
Holding
Ctrl
and
Escape
opens
the
Start
menu
in
Windows
.
Named
for
its
original
function
in
early
computer
terminals
:
sending
an
escape
character
to
signal
the
end
of
a
command
sequence
.
expense
noun
a
particular
thing
you
spend
money
on
;
a
cost
item
•
Rent
is
our
biggest
monthly
expense
.
Rent
is
our
biggest
monthly
expense
.
•
Keep
all
your
travel
expenses
for
reimbursement
.
Keep
all
your
travel
expenses
for
reimbursement
.
See
earlier
sense
for
historical
origin
;
modern
accounting
extended
the
meaning
to
individual
cost
items
in
the
19th
century
.
noun
the
money
that
is
spent
to
do
or
obtain
something
•
The
company
cut
back
on
marketing
to
reduce
expense
.
The
company
cut
back
on
marketing
to
reduce
expense
.
•
Moving
to
the
city
can
involve
a
lot
of
unexpected
expense
.
Moving
to
the
city
can
involve
a
lot
of
unexpected
expense
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
“
despense
”
meaning
‘
spending
’,
which
came
from
Latin
“
expendere
” — ‘
to
pay
out
’.
slip
verb
-
slip
,
slipping
,
slips
,
slipped
to
slide
unexpectedly
on
a
surface
and
lose
your
balance
,
often
falling
or
almost
falling
•
Be
careful
—
the
kitchen
floor
is
wet
and
you
could
slip
.
Be
careful
—
the
kitchen
floor
is
wet
and
you
could
slip
.
•
The
mail
carrier
slipped
on
an
icy
front
step
but
managed
to
catch
himself
on
the
railing
.
The
mail
carrier
slipped
on
an
icy
front
step
but
managed
to
catch
himself
on
the
railing
.
Old
English
‘
slipan
’,
meaning
‘
to
glide
or
move
smoothly
’,
related
to
Old
Norse
‘
slīpa
’ (“
to
sharpen
,
make
smooth
”).
verb
-
slip
,
slipping
,
slips
,
slipped
to
put
or
give
something
somewhere
quickly
,
quietly
,
or
secretly
•
She
slipped
a
note
into
his
locker
before
class
.
She
slipped
a
note
into
his
locker
before
class
.
•
The
waiter
slipped
the
bill
onto
the
table
without
interrupting
their
conversation
.
The
waiter
slipped
the
bill
onto
the
table
without
interrupting
their
conversation
.
Extension
of
the
motion
sense
of
‘
slip
’
to
the
idea
of
moving
an
object
smoothly
and
quietly
.
proper
adjective
right
,
suitable
,
or
correct
for
a
particular
situation
or
purpose
•
Always
wear
proper
shoes
when
hiking
in
the
mountains
.
Always
wear
proper
shoes
when
hiking
in
the
mountains
.
•
The
teacher
showed
the
students
the
proper
way
to
hold
a
paintbrush
.
The
teacher
showed
the
students
the
proper
way
to
hold
a
paintbrush
.
From
Middle
English
'propre'
,
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
'proprius'
meaning
‘
one
’
s
own
,
special
’.
adjective
real
,
complete
,
or
of
a
good
enough
standard
•
After
weeks
of
snacks
,
they
finally
sat
down
to
a
proper
meal
.
After
weeks
of
snacks
,
they
finally
sat
down
to
a
proper
meal
.
•
He
wants
a
proper
job
instead
of
temporary
gigs
.
He
wants
a
proper
job
instead
of
temporary
gigs
.
adjective
relating
only
to
the
main
or
central
part
of
something
,
excluding
the
surrounding
or
extra
parts
•
The
museum
proper
is
on
the
second
floor
;
the
café
is
in
the
lobby
.
The
museum
proper
is
on
the
second
floor
;
the
café
is
in
the
lobby
.
•
We
stayed
in
Paris
proper
,
not
the
suburbs
.
We
stayed
in
Paris
proper
,
not
the
suburbs
.
adverb
very
;
extremely
(
informal
use
)
•
It
was
proper
cold
last
night
.
It
was
proper
cold
last
night
.
•
She
was
proper
tired
after
the
marathon
.
She
was
proper
tired
after
the
marathon
.
adjective
strict
or
narrow
compared
to
the
whole
set
it
is
related
to
,
as
in
mathematics
(
e
.
g
.,
proper
subset
or
proper
fraction
)
•
One-half
is
a
proper
fraction
because
the
numerator
is
smaller
than
the
denominator
.
One-half
is
a
proper
fraction
because
the
numerator
is
smaller
than
the
denominator
.
•
A
proper
subset
of
a
set
excludes
at
least
one
element
of
the
original
set
.
A
proper
subset
of
a
set
excludes
at
least
one
element
of
the
original
set
.
spending
noun
-
spending
the
money
that
a
person
,
group
,
or
government
uses
to
buy
things
or
pay
for
services
•
Government
spending
on
healthcare
has
increased
this
year
.
Government
spending
on
healthcare
has
increased
this
year
.
•
He
tracks
his
weekly
spending
in
a
small
notebook
to
stay
within
budget
.
He
tracks
his
weekly
spending
in
a
small
notebook
to
stay
within
budget
.
From
the
verb
spend
+
-ing
,
first
used
as
a
noun
in
the
early
19th
century
.
verb
-
spend
,
spending
,
spends
,
spent
present
participle
of
spend
:
using
money
,
time
,
or
effort
on
something
•
She
is
spending
the
afternoon
reading
by
the
lake
.
She
is
spending
the
afternoon
reading
by
the
lake
.
•
They
were
spending
too
much
money
on
takeout
every
week
.
They
were
spending
too
much
money
on
takeout
every
week
.
Present
participle
of
Middle
English
spenden
,
from
Old
English
spendan
,
ultimately
from
Latin
expendere
.
upper
adjective
situated
above
or
at
a
higher
level
or
part
•
The
upper
shelf
was
too
high
for
the
child
to
reach
.
The
upper
shelf
was
too
high
for
the
child
to
reach
.
•
Our
apartment
is
on
the
upper
floor
overlooking
the
river
.
Our
apartment
is
on
the
upper
floor
overlooking
the
river
.
From
Old
English
ufera
“
higher
,
upper
,”
comparative
of
ufe
“
above
.”
noun
the
part
of
a
shoe
or
boot
that
covers
the
top
and
sides
of
the
foot
above
the
sole
•
The
leather
upper
of
my
sneakers
tore
after
months
of
hiking
.
The
leather
upper
of
my
sneakers
tore
after
months
of
hiking
.
•
These
boots
have
a
waterproof
upper
that
keeps
my
feet
dry
.
These
boots
have
a
waterproof
upper
that
keeps
my
feet
dry
.
Noun
sense
recorded
from
the
17th
century
,
referring
to
the
“
upper
part
”
of
a
shoe
.
noun
an
illegal
or
prescription
drug
or
other
substance
that
makes
you
feel
more
awake
and
energetic
•
Some
truck
drivers
take
uppers
to
stay
awake
during
long
overnight
journeys
.
Some
truck
drivers
take
uppers
to
stay
awake
during
long
overnight
journeys
.
•
The
doctor
warned
her
that
mixing
uppers
with
alcohol
could
be
dangerous
.
The
doctor
warned
her
that
mixing
uppers
with
alcohol
could
be
dangerous
.
Slang
sense
emerged
in
the
1960s
from
the
idea
of
a
drug
that
“
lifts
”
or
“
ups
”
your
energy
.
landscape
noun
the
view
of
the
land
in
an
area
,
especially
when
you
can
see
a
lot
of
it
at
once
•
The
hikers
paused
to
admire
the
sweeping
landscape
below
them
.
The
hikers
paused
to
admire
the
sweeping
landscape
below
them
.
•
In
autumn
,
the
mountain
landscape
glows
with
red
and
gold
leaves
.
In
autumn
,
the
mountain
landscape
glows
with
red
and
gold
leaves
.
From
Dutch
landschap
(“
region
,
tract
of
land
”),
later
used
for
paintings
of
such
scenes
in
the
17th
century
;
adopted
into
English
to
mean
both
the
artwork
and
the
scenery
itself
.
noun
a
painting
,
photograph
,
or
other
artwork
that
shows
natural
scenery
•
She
painted
a
beautiful
landscape
of
rolling
hills
at
sunset
.
She
painted
a
beautiful
landscape
of
rolling
hills
at
sunset
.
•
The
gallery
is
showing
an
exhibition
of
Victorian
landscapes
.
The
gallery
is
showing
an
exhibition
of
Victorian
landscapes
.
noun
the
overall
situation
,
structure
,
or
environment
of
a
particular
field
or
activity
•
Social
media
has
dramatically
changed
the
business
landscape
.
Social
media
has
dramatically
changed
the
business
landscape
.
•
After
the
election
,
the
political
landscape
looked
very
different
.
After
the
election
,
the
political
landscape
looked
very
different
.
verb
-
landscape
,
landscaping
,
landscapes
,
landscaped
to
design
and
arrange
the
plants
,
paths
,
and
other
features
of
a
piece
of
land
to
make
it
look
attractive
•
They
hired
a
designer
to
landscape
their
backyard
with
native
plants
.
They
hired
a
designer
to
landscape
their
backyard
with
native
plants
.
•
We
spent
the
weekend
landscaping
around
the
new
patio
.
We
spent
the
weekend
landscaping
around
the
new
patio
.
wrap
verb
-
wrap
,
wrapping
,
wraps
,
wrapped
to
cover
or
enclose
something
by
folding
paper
,
cloth
,
or
another
material
around
it
•
She
carefully
wrapped
the
birthday
present
in
bright
red
paper
.
She
carefully
wrapped
the
birthday
present
in
bright
red
paper
.
•
The
mother
wrapped
a
blanket
around
her
sleeping
baby
to
keep
him
warm
.
The
mother
wrapped
a
blanket
around
her
sleeping
baby
to
keep
him
warm
.
Old
English
"
wrappen
"
meaning
to
wind
or
twist
around
,
influenced
by
Old
Norse
"
vrapa
".
verb
-
wrap
,
wrapping
,
wraps
,
wrapped
(
film
or
broadcasting
)
to
finish
shooting
,
recording
,
or
a
stage
of
production
•
The
director
announced
that
they
would
wrap
at
sunset
.
The
director
announced
that
they
would
wrap
at
sunset
.
•
After
twelve
long
hours
,
the
crew
finally
wrapped
.
After
twelve
long
hours
,
the
crew
finally
wrapped
.
Extension
of
the
general
sense
“
finish
covering
”
to
“
finish
working
”
in
early
20th-century
U
.
S
.
film
industry
slang
.
chip
verb
-
chip
,
chipping
,
chips
,
chipped
to
break
off
small
pieces
from
something
,
or
to
become
damaged
so
that
small
pieces
come
off
•
Be
careful
not
to
chip
the
glass
when
you
wash
it
.
Be
careful
not
to
chip
the
glass
when
you
wash
it
.
•
He
chipped
a
tooth
while
biting
the
hard
candy
.
He
chipped
a
tooth
while
biting
the
hard
candy
.
pop
verb
-
pop
,
popping
,
pops
,
popped
to
burst
or
make
a
small
explosive
sound
•
The
balloon
will
pop
if
you
keep
blowing
air
into
it
.
The
balloon
will
pop
if
you
keep
blowing
air
into
it
.
•
The
corn
kernels
popped
loudly
in
the
microwave
.
The
corn
kernels
popped
loudly
in
the
microwave
.
Imitative
;
directly
related
to
the
noun
describing
the
sound
.
verb
-
pop
,
popping
,
pops
,
popped
to
put
or
move
something
quickly
and
suddenly
•
She
popped
the
letter
into
her
bag
and
hurried
out
.
She
popped
the
letter
into
her
bag
and
hurried
out
.
•
Just
pop
the
pizza
in
the
oven
for
ten
minutes
.
Just
pop
the
pizza
in
the
oven
for
ten
minutes
.
Extended
from
the
sense
of
sudden
motion
,
first
recorded
in
the
19th
century
.
verb
-
pop
,
popping
,
pops
,
popped
to
appear
or
come
out
quickly
and
unexpectedly
•
A
rabbit
popped
out
of
the
hole
.
A
rabbit
popped
out
of
the
hole
.
•
New
messages
keep
popping
up
on
my
screen
.
New
messages
keep
popping
up
on
my
screen
.
Early
20th-century
extension
of
the
idea
of
sudden
movement
.
compete
verb
-
compete
,
competing
,
competes
,
competed
to
take
part
in
a
race
,
game
,
or
other
contest
and
try
to
win
against
others
•
Athletes
from
all
over
the
world
will
compete
in
the
Olympic
Games
next
summer
.
Athletes
from
all
over
the
world
will
compete
in
the
Olympic
Games
next
summer
.
•
Ten
basketball
teams
competed
fiercely
for
the
championship
trophy
last
night
.
Ten
basketball
teams
competed
fiercely
for
the
championship
trophy
last
night
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
“
competere
”
meaning
“
strive
together
”,
from
com-
“
together
”
+
petere
“
seek
”.
verb
-
compete
,
competing
,
competes
,
competed
to
be
as
good
as
or
able
to
match
someone
or
something
else
•
This
budget
smartphone
can
compete
with
much
pricier
models
in
speed
and
storage
.
This
budget
smartphone
can
compete
with
much
pricier
models
in
speed
and
storage
.
•
No
bakery
in
town
can
compete
with
Rosa
’
s
when
it
comes
to
chocolate
cake
.
No
bakery
in
town
can
compete
with
Rosa
’
s
when
it
comes
to
chocolate
cake
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
;
Latin
“
competere
”
also
carried
the
idea
of
suitability
or
being
on
equal
footing
,
which
evolved
into
the
modern
meaning
of
matching
in
quality
.
gap
verb
-
gap
,
gapping
,
gaps
,
gapped
to
make
or
become
an
opening
or
space
between
things
•
Workers
will
gap
the
stone
wall
to
install
a
gate
.
Workers
will
gap
the
stone
wall
to
install
a
gate
.
•
Erosion
has
gapped
the
cliff
over
centuries
.
Erosion
has
gapped
the
cliff
over
centuries
.
recipe
noun
a
set
of
written
or
spoken
instructions
that
tells
you
how
to
prepare
and
cook
a
particular
dish
•
My
grandmother's
recipe
for
apple
pie
uses
plenty
of
cinnamon
.
My
grandmother's
recipe
for
apple
pie
uses
plenty
of
cinnamon
.
•
Before
the
party
,
Liam
printed
a
new
pasta
recipe
he
found
online
.
Before
the
party
,
Liam
printed
a
new
pasta
recipe
he
found
online
.
Borrowed
in
the
14th
century
from
Latin
recipere
‘
to
receive
,
take
’,
originally
an
instruction
to
pharmacists
.
Over
time
it
came
to
mean
a
list
of
ingredients
and
steps
for
cooking
.
noun
a
plan
,
situation
,
or
set
of
conditions
that
is
very
likely
to
produce
a
particular
,
often
negative
,
result
•
Ignoring
small
problems
is
a
recipe for disaster
.
Ignoring
small
problems
is
a
recipe for disaster
.
•
A
lack
of
sleep
is
a
recipe for poor concentration
at
school
.
A
lack
of
sleep
is
a
recipe for poor concentration
at
school
.
The
figurative
sense
arose
in
the
early
19th
century
,
extending
the
cooking
idea
of
combining
ingredients
to
situations
that
combine
factors
leading
to
certain
outcomes
.
sharp
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
having
an
edge
or
point
that
can
cut
or
pierce
things
easily
•
Be
careful
,
the
cook's
new
knife
is
very
sharp
.
Be
careful
,
the
cook's
new
knife
is
very
sharp
.
•
The
cactus
has
sharp
spines
that
can
prick
your
fingers
.
The
cactus
has
sharp
spines
that
can
prick
your
fingers
.
adverb
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
exactly
at
the
stated
time
or
point
•
The
class
starts
at
9
:
00
a
.
m
.
sharp
.
The
class
starts
at
9
:
00
a
.
m
.
sharp
.
•
Be
here
by
noon
sharp
or
you
’
ll
miss
the
bus
.
Be
here
by
noon
sharp
or
you
’
ll
miss
the
bus
.
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
happening
suddenly
and
with
great
force
or
intensity
•
A
sharp
pain
shot
through
her
ankle
when
she
twisted
it
.
A
sharp
pain
shot
through
her
ankle
when
she
twisted
it
.
•
There
was
a
sharp
drop
in
temperature
after
sunset
.
There
was
a
sharp
drop
in
temperature
after
sunset
.
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
quick
to
notice
and
understand
things
;
intelligent
and
alert
•
Maria
has
a
sharp
mind
and
solves
puzzles
fast
.
Maria
has
a
sharp
mind
and
solves
puzzles
fast
.
•
The
lawyer
asked
a
series
of
sharp
questions
during
the
trial
.
The
lawyer
asked
a
series
of
sharp
questions
during
the
trial
.
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
looking
neat
,
stylish
,
and
well-dressed
•
Carlos
looked
sharp
in
his
new
navy
suit
.
Carlos
looked
sharp
in
his
new
navy
suit
.
•
That
is
a
sharp
jacket
—
where
did
you
get
it
?
That
is
a
sharp
jacket
—
where
did
you
get
it
?
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
having
a
strong
,
acid
,
or
sour
taste
or
smell
•
The
cheese
has
a
sharp
flavor
that
I
love
.
The
cheese
has
a
sharp
flavor
that
I
love
.
•
Lemons
add
a
sharp
taste
to
the
sauce
.
Lemons
add
a
sharp
taste
to
the
sauce
.
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
in
music
,
higher
in
pitch
by
one
semitone
•
The
singer
hit
a
sharp
note
at
the
end
of
the
song
.
The
singer
hit
a
sharp
note
at
the
end
of
the
song
.
•
Make
the
F
a
sharp
in
this
measure
,
please
.
Make
the
F
a
sharp
in
this
measure
,
please
.
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
clear
and
distinct
in
appearance
,
sound
,
or
outline
•
The
photo
is
so
sharp
you
can
see
every
leaf
.
The
photo
is
so
sharp
you
can
see
every
leaf
.
•
His
voice
came
through
the
speakers
loud
and
sharp
.
His
voice
came
through
the
speakers
loud
and
sharp
.
adverb
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
suddenly
and
quickly
,
especially
changing
direction
or
tone
•
Turn
sharp
left
after
the
bridge
.
Turn
sharp
left
after
the
bridge
.
•
The
dog
barked
sharp
at
the
stranger
.
The
dog
barked
sharp
at
the
stranger
.
clip
verb
-
clip
,
clipping
,
clips
,
clipped
to
cut
something
,
especially
slightly
,
in
order
to
make
it
shorter
or
neater
•
She
carefully
clipped
the
coupon
from
the
newspaper
.
She
carefully
clipped
the
coupon
from
the
newspaper
.
•
The
gardener
clips
the
hedges
every
spring
.
The
gardener
clips
the
hedges
every
spring
.
From
Old
Norse
klippa
“
to
cut
with
shears
”.
verb
-
clip
,
clipping
,
clips
,
clipped
to
fasten
or
attach
something
with
a
clip
•
He
clipped
the
microphone
to
his
shirt
collar
.
He
clipped
the
microphone
to
his
shirt
collar
.
•
Remember
to
clip
your
ID
badge
to
your
belt
.
Remember
to
clip
your
ID
badge
to
your
belt
.
Extension
of
noun
sense
:
using
a
clip
as
a
tool
to
attach
.
verb
-
clip
,
clipping
,
clips
,
clipped
to
hit
someone
or
something
quickly
and
lightly
,
often
on
the
side
•
The
cyclist
clipped
the
curb
and
nearly
fell
.
The
cyclist
clipped
the
curb
and
nearly
fell
.
•
She
clipped
his
shoulder
as
she
rushed
past
.
She
clipped
his
shoulder
as
she
rushed
past
.
Probably
figurative
extension
of
cutting
sense
:
touching
only
the
edge
.
cap
verb
-
cap
,
capping
,
caps
,
capped
to
put
a
cap
or
covering
on
something
,
especially
on
someone
’
s
head
•
The
nurse
gently
capped
the
newborn
’
s
head
to
keep
him
warm
.
The
nurse
gently
capped
the
newborn
’
s
head
to
keep
him
warm
.
•
He
caps
each
jar
with
wax
to
seal
in
the
flavor
.
He
caps
each
jar
with
wax
to
seal
in
the
flavor
.
verb
-
cap
,
capping
,
caps
,
capped
to
set
an
upper
limit
on
the
amount
,
price
,
or
number
of
something
•
The
city
council
voted
to
cap
property
taxes
at
three
percent
.
The
city
council
voted
to
cap
property
taxes
at
three
percent
.
•
Mobile
providers
capped
data
speeds
after
users
hit
the
limit
.
Mobile
providers
capped
data
speeds
after
users
hit
the
limit
.
verb
-
cap
,
capping
,
caps
,
capped
to
do
or
say
something
that
is
better
,
more
impressive
,
or
more
extreme
than
what
happened
before
•
The
singer
capped
the
show
with
a
stunning
encore
.
The
singer
capped
the
show
with
a
stunning
encore
.
•
He
always
tries
to
cap
my
stories
with
an
even
bigger
adventure
.
He
always
tries
to
cap
my
stories
with
an
even
bigger
adventure
.
prospect
noun
the
chance
that
something
will
happen
in
the
future
•
The
prospect
of
passing
the
exam
filled
her
with
relief
.
The
prospect
of
passing
the
exam
filled
her
with
relief
.
•
Farmers
worry
about
the
prospect
of
another
drought
this
summer
.
Farmers
worry
about
the
prospect
of
another
drought
this
summer
.
noun
a
person
who
is
likely
to
become
a
customer
,
employee
,
or
successful
athlete
•
The
basketball
coach
watched
the
young
prospect
score
twenty
points
.
The
basketball
coach
watched
the
young
prospect
score
twenty
points
.
•
Our
sales
team
met
with
a
new
prospect
from
a
large
company
.
Our
sales
team
met
with
a
new
prospect
from
a
large
company
.
verb
-
prospect
,
prospecting
,
prospects
,
prospected
to
look
for
valuable
minerals
such
as
gold
or
oil
in
the
ground
•
Early
settlers
came
west
to
prospect
for
gold
in
the
mountains
.
Early
settlers
came
west
to
prospect
for
gold
in
the
mountains
.
•
Geologists
will
prospect
the
desert
next
month
.
Geologists
will
prospect
the
desert
next
month
.
noun
a
wide
and
impressive
view
of
a
landscape
•
From
the
hilltop
,
the
hikers
admired
the
stunning
prospect
of
the
valley
below
.
From
the
hilltop
,
the
hikers
admired
the
stunning
prospect
of
the
valley
below
.
•
The
castle
offers
a
fine
prospect
over
the
river
.
The
castle
offers
a
fine
prospect
over
the
river
.
noun
a
place
where
valuable
minerals
are
thought
to
exist
•
The
team
staked
a
claim
on
a
new
prospect
near
the
river
.
The
team
staked
a
claim
on
a
new
prospect
near
the
river
.
•
Investors
poured
money
into
the
copper
prospect
in
Chile
.
Investors
poured
money
into
the
copper
prospect
in
Chile
.
competitive
adjective
wanting
very
much
to
win
or
to
be
more
successful
than
other
people
•
Even
in
a
friendly
board-game
night
,
Jake
becomes
extremely
competitive
and
hates
to
lose
.
Even
in
a
friendly
board-game
night
,
Jake
becomes
extremely
competitive
and
hates
to
lose
.
•
The
twin
sisters
are
so
competitive
that
they
race
to
finish
their
homework
first
.
The
twin
sisters
are
so
competitive
that
they
race
to
finish
their
homework
first
.
adjective
as
good
as
or
better
than
similar
products
,
services
,
or
prices
offered
by
others
•
The
supermarket
keeps
its
goods
at
competitive
prices
to
attract
shoppers
.
The
supermarket
keeps
its
goods
at
competitive
prices
to
attract
shoppers
.
•
We
need
a
more
competitive
offer
if
we
want
to
win
the
construction
contract
.
We
need
a
more
competitive
offer
if
we
want
to
win
the
construction
contract
.
adjective
involving
competition
or
requiring
people
to
compete
•
She
trains
four
hours
a
day
for
competitive
swimming
.
She
trains
four
hours
a
day
for
competitive
swimming
.
•
The
entrance
exam
for
that
university
is
extremely
competitive
.
The
entrance
exam
for
that
university
is
extremely
competitive
.
independence
noun
-
independence
the
state
of
not
being
controlled
by
or
relying
on
other
people
,
organizations
,
or
things
•
After
moving
out
of
her
parents'
house
,
Maria
loved
her
new-found
independence
.
After
moving
out
of
her
parents'
house
,
Maria
loved
her
new-found
independence
.
•
Learning
to
drive
gave
Jake
a
thrilling
sense
of
independence
.
Learning
to
drive
gave
Jake
a
thrilling
sense
of
independence
.
From
Latin
independens
(“
not
depending
on
something
else
”),
formed
from
in-
(“
not
”)
+
dependere
(“
to
hang
from
,
rely
on
”).
noun
-
independence
freedom
of
a
nation
or
region
to
govern
itself
,
separate
from
another
country
•
India
celebrates
its
independence
on
August
15
each
year
.
India
celebrates
its
independence
on
August
15
each
year
.
•
The
colony
fought
a
long
war
to
gain
independence
from
the
empire
.
The
colony
fought
a
long
war
to
gain
independence
from
the
empire
.
Same
root
as
general
sense
;
became
associated
with
national
self-rule
after
political
revolutions
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
-
independence
a
situation
in
mathematics
or
statistics
where
one
value
or
event
does
not
influence
another
•
The
scientist
questioned
the
independence
of
the
two
measurements
.
The
scientist
questioned
the
independence
of
the
two
measurements
.
•
A
chi-square
test
can
check
the
independence
of
categorical
variables
.
A
chi-square
test
can
check
the
independence
of
categorical
variables
.
Adopted
into
mathematics
in
the
19th
century
to
describe
variables
that
do
not
depend
on
each
other
.
whisper
verb
to
speak
in
a
very
quiet
voice
so
that
only
someone
close
can
hear
you
•
Please
whisper
during
the
movie
so
you
don
’
t
disturb
others
.
Please
whisper
during
the
movie
so
you
don
’
t
disturb
others
.
•
She
leaned
over
and
whispered
the
answer
to
her
friend
.
She
leaned
over
and
whispered
the
answer
to
her
friend
.
Old
English
hwisprian
,
related
to
Old
Norse
hvísla
,
meaning
‘
to
hiss
softly
’.
noun
a
very
quiet
way
of
speaking
that
can
only
be
heard
by
someone
close
•
She
lowered
her
voice
to
a
whisper
so
the
teacher
wouldn
’
t
hear
.
She
lowered
her
voice
to
a
whisper
so
the
teacher
wouldn
’
t
hear
.
•
They
spoke
in
a
whisper
in
the
library
.
They
spoke
in
a
whisper
in
the
library
.
verb
(
of
wind
,
leaves
,
water
,
etc
.)
to
make
a
soft
,
rustling
or
murmuring
sound
•
The
pine
trees
whispered
in
the
night
breeze
.
The
pine
trees
whispered
in
the
night
breeze
.
•
Waves
whispered
against
the
shore
.
Waves
whispered
against
the
shore
.
noun
a
quiet
rumour
or
piece
of
gossip
spoken
privately
•
There
is
a
whisper
that
the
company
will
close
.
There
is
a
whisper
that
the
company
will
close
.
•
Political
whispers
spread
through
the
capital
.
Political
whispers
spread
through
the
capital
.
noun
a
very
small
amount
or
faint
trace
of
something
•
A
whisper
of
cinnamon
gave
the
coffee
extra
warmth
.
A
whisper
of
cinnamon
gave
the
coffee
extra
warmth
.
•
The
sky
held
a
whisper
of
pink
at
dawn
.
The
sky
held
a
whisper
of
pink
at
dawn
.
rep
verb
-
rep
,
repping
,
reps
,
repped
slang
:
to
represent
or
show
pride
in
someone
or
something
,
especially
your
place
,
group
,
or
brand
•
The
rapper
loves
to
rep
his
neighborhood
in
every
song
.
The
rapper
loves
to
rep
his
neighborhood
in
every
song
.
•
Athletes
often
wear
national
colors
to
rep
their
countries
.
Athletes
often
wear
national
colors
to
rep
their
countries
.
snap
verb
-
snap
,
snapping
,
snaps
,
snapped
to
break
,
open
,
close
,
or
move
suddenly
with
a
sharp
cracking
sound
•
While
hiking
,
Lisa
snapped
a
dry
twig
under
her
boot
.
While
hiking
,
Lisa
snapped
a
dry
twig
under
her
boot
.
•
The
magician
snapped
his
fingers
,
and
a
dove
appeared
from
his
hat
.
The
magician
snapped
his
fingers
,
and
a
dove
appeared
from
his
hat
.
Middle
English
snappen
,
probably
of
Low
German
origin
,
imitative
of
a
sharp
breaking
sound
.
verb
-
snap
,
snapping
,
snaps
,
snapped
(
informal
)
to
take
a
quick
photograph
•
Tourists
snap
photos
of
the
skyline
from
the
boat
deck
.
Tourists
snap
photos
of
the
skyline
from
the
boat
deck
.
•
She
quickly
snapped
her
friends
posing
in
front
of
the
colorful
mural
.
She
quickly
snapped
her
friends
posing
in
front
of
the
colorful
mural
.
Extension
of
earlier
sense
“
make
a
quick
sharp
action
,”
applied
to
the
motion
of
pressing
a
shutter
button
.
verb
-
snap
,
snapping
,
snaps
,
snapped
(
informal
)
to
suddenly
lose
self-control
and
speak
or
act
angrily
•
After
hours
of
questions
,
the
exhausted
teacher
finally
snapped
at
the
class
.
After
hours
of
questions
,
the
exhausted
teacher
finally
snapped
at
the
class
.
•
He
tried
to
stay
calm
,
but
he
snapped
when
the
computer
crashed
again
.
He
tried
to
stay
calm
,
but
he
snapped
when
the
computer
crashed
again
.
Metaphoric
extension
of
breaking
sense
:
the
mind
or
patience
“
breaks
”
under
strain
.
rape
noun
-
rape
a
plant
with
bright
yellow
flowers
grown
for
its
seeds
,
which
are
pressed
to
make
oil
•
Golden
fields
of
rape
stretched
toward
the
horizon
under
the
summer
sun
.
Golden
fields
of
rape
stretched
toward
the
horizon
under
the
summer
sun
.
•
Farmers
press
the
seeds
of
rape
to
make
cooking
oil
.
Farmers
press
the
seeds
of
rape
to
make
cooking
oil
.
Shortened
from
‘
rapeseed
’,
based
on
the
Latin
name
Brassica
napus
.
noun
in
medieval
Sussex
,
England
,
a
large
district
used
for
local
administration
•
Medieval
Sussex
was
divided
into
six
regions
called
rapes
.
Medieval
Sussex
was
divided
into
six
regions
called
rapes
.
•
Each
rape
had
its
own
sheriff
responsible
for
local
justice
.
Each
rape
had
its
own
sheriff
responsible
for
local
justice
.
From
Old
English
‘
rap
’,
possibly
meaning
a
strip
or
division
of
land
.
properly
adverb
in
a
way
that
is
correct
,
suitable
,
or
satisfactory
•
Please
make
sure
the
seat
belt
is
properly
fastened
before
the
roller-coaster
starts
.
Please
make
sure
the
seat
belt
is
properly
fastened
before
the
roller-coaster
starts
.
•
The
chef
taught
us
how
to
properly
sharpen
a
kitchen
knife
on
a
whetstone
.
The
chef
taught
us
how
to
properly
sharpen
a
kitchen
knife
on
a
whetstone
.
From
Middle
English
proprely
,
from
Old
French
proprement
(“
suitably
,
appropriately
”),
from
Latin
proprius
(“
one
’
s
own
,
proper
”)
plus
the
adverbial
suffix
-ly
.
adverb
(
informal
)
very
;
completely
;
thoroughly
•
It
’
s
properly
freezing
tonight
—
grab
a
thicker
coat
!
It
’
s
properly
freezing
tonight
—
grab
a
thicker
coat
!
•
The
band
’
s
new
album
is
properly
brilliant
;
you
should
give
it
a
listen
.
The
band
’
s
new
album
is
properly
brilliant
;
you
should
give
it
a
listen
.
adverb
exactly
or
strictly
speaking
;
in
fact
rather
than
in
name
only
•
The
animal
is
not
properly
a
fish
;
it
is
a
mammal
that
lives
in
the
sea
.
The
animal
is
not
properly
a
fish
;
it
is
a
mammal
that
lives
in
the
sea
.
•
Rome
,
properly
speaking
,
includes
the
Vatican
City
as
an
independent
state
within
its
walls
.
Rome
,
properly
speaking
,
includes
the
Vatican
City
as
an
independent
state
within
its
walls
.
wipe
verb
-
wipe
,
wiping
,
wipes
,
wiped
to
rub
a
surface
with
a
cloth
,
hand
,
or
tissue
in
order
to
clean
or
dry
it
•
Please
wipe
the
table
with
a
damp
cloth
before
dinner
.
Please
wipe
the
table
with
a
damp
cloth
before
dinner
.
•
She
wiped
the
foggy
bathroom
mirror
so
she
could
see
her
face
.
She
wiped
the
foggy
bathroom
mirror
so
she
could
see
her
face
.
Old
English
wīpian
“
to
wipe
,
clean
,
polish
”,
related
to
Dutch
wrijven
“
to
rub
”.
noun
a
single
movement
of
cleaning
or
drying
by
rubbing
with
a
cloth
or
hand
•
He
gave
the
window
a
quick
wipe
and
opened
it
.
He
gave
the
window
a
quick
wipe
and
opened
it
.
•
One
more
wipe
should
remove
the
stain
.
One
more
wipe
should
remove
the
stain
.
noun
a
small
cloth
or
disposable
sheet
designed
for
cleaning
,
especially
a
wet
one
•
She
carried
baby
wipes
in
her
bag
.
She
carried
baby
wipes
in
her
bag
.
•
Use
a
disinfectant
wipe
to
clean
the
keyboard
.
Use
a
disinfectant
wipe
to
clean
the
keyboard
.
verb
-
wipe
,
wiping
,
wipes
,
wiped
to
remove
all
information
or
data
from
a
device
or
storage
so
that
nothing
remains
•
Before
selling
the
laptop
,
he
wiped
the
hard
drive
to
protect
his
privacy
.
Before
selling
the
laptop
,
he
wiped
the
hard
drive
to
protect
his
privacy
.
•
The
factory
reset
will
wipe
all
the
photos
from
your
phone
.
The
factory
reset
will
wipe
all
the
photos
from
your
phone
.
verb
-
wipe
,
wiping
,
wipes
,
wiped
informal
:
to
destroy
,
remove
,
or
defeat
completely
•
The
storm
wiped
the
small
village
off
the
map
.
The
storm
wiped
the
small
village
off
the
map
.
•
Our
team
wiped
the
opponents
five–nil
.
Our
team
wiped
the
opponents
five–nil
.
crop
verb
-
crop
,
cropping
,
crops
,
cropped
to
cut
or
pick
plants
,
or
for
animals
to
bite
off
grass
•
Farmers
crop
the
wheat
in
late
summer
.
Farmers
crop
the
wheat
in
late
summer
.
•
The
horses
cropped
the
grass
near
the
river
.
The
horses
cropped
the
grass
near
the
river
.
verb
-
crop
,
cropping
,
crops
,
cropped
to
cut
the
outer
parts
of
a
picture
so
that
only
the
wanted
area
remains
•
She
cropped
the
photo
to
remove
the
stranger
in
the
background
.
She
cropped
the
photo
to
remove
the
stranger
in
the
background
.
•
You
can
crop
the
image
by
dragging
the
corner
handles
.
You
can
crop
the
image
by
dragging
the
corner
handles
.
shape
noun
the
form
or
outline
of
something
that
you
can
see
or
feel
•
He
drew
the
shape
of
a
star
on
the
paper
.
He
drew
the
shape
of
a
star
on
the
paper
.
•
The
cloud
had
the
shape
of
a
giant
dragon
flying
across
the
sky
.
The
cloud
had
the
shape
of
a
giant
dragon
flying
across
the
sky
.
From
Old
English
‘
sceap
’
meaning
form
or
figure
,
later
influenced
by
Old
Norse
‘
skap
’.
noun
a
particular
geometric
figure
,
such
as
a
circle
,
square
,
or
triangle
•
A
square
is
a
shape
with
four
equal
sides
.
A
square
is
a
shape
with
four
equal
sides
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
children
to
name
each
shape
on
the
board
.
The
teacher
asked
the
children
to
name
each
shape
on
the
board
.
noun
-
shape
the
condition
or
physical
fitness
of
someone
or
something
•
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
was
in
excellent
shape
.
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
was
in
excellent
shape
.
•
My
laptop
is
old
but
still
in
good
shape
.
My
laptop
is
old
but
still
in
good
shape
.
verb
-
shape
,
shaping
,
shapes
,
shaped
to
form
something
by
cutting
,
bending
,
or
arranging
it
into
a
desired
form
•
The
potter
used
his
hands
to
shape
the
wet
clay
.
The
potter
used
his
hands
to
shape
the
wet
clay
.
•
Parents
often
shape
their
children's
manners
.
Parents
often
shape
their
children's
manners
.
verb
-
shape
,
shaping
,
shapes
,
shaped
to
influence
the
way
something
develops
or
the
way
people
think
about
it
•
Her
childhood
experiences
shape
her
writing
.
Her
childhood
experiences
shape
her
writing
.
•
Technology
will
shape
the
future
of
medicine
.
Technology
will
shape
the
future
of
medicine
.
hopefully
adverb
in
a
way
that
shows
hope
or
confidence
about
the
future
•
She
waited
hopefully
outside
the
classroom
for
her
exam
results
.
She
waited
hopefully
outside
the
classroom
for
her
exam
results
.
•
The
children
looked
hopefully
at
their
father
as
he
opened
the
ice-cream
freezer
.
The
children
looked
hopefully
at
their
father
as
he
opened
the
ice-cream
freezer
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
hopeful
+
adverbial
suffix
-ly
;
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
adverb
used
at
the
beginning
of
a
statement
to
express
what
you
hope
will
happen
•
Hopefully
,
the
rain
will
stop
before
the
picnic
starts
.
Hopefully
,
the
rain
will
stop
before
the
picnic
starts
.
•
Hopefully
,
we
can
finish
our
project
by
Friday
.
Hopefully
,
we
can
finish
our
project
by
Friday
.
Emerging
as
a
sentence
adverb
in
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
,
influenced
by
similar
adverbs
like
"
luckily
".
hip
adjective
-
hip
,
hipper
,
hippest
fashionable
and
knowing
the
latest
styles
or
ideas
;
cool
•
The
new
downtown
café
looks
really
hip
with
its
colorful
murals
.
The
new
downtown
café
looks
really
hip
with
its
colorful
murals
.
•
He
thinks
he
is
hip
because
he
follows
every
new
music
trend
.
He
thinks
he
is
hip
because
he
follows
every
new
music
trend
.
20th-century
American
slang
;
origin
uncertain
,
possibly
from
African-American
Vernacular
English
.
verb
-
hip
,
hipping
,
hips
,
hipped
(
slang
)
to
make
someone
aware
of
or
familiar
with
something
•
She
finally
hipped
me
to
the
best
taco
place
in
town
.
She
finally
hipped
me
to
the
best
taco
place
in
town
.
•
Let
me
hip
you
to
a
shortcut
that
will
save
time
.
Let
me
hip
you
to
a
shortcut
that
will
save
time
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
‘
hip
’ (
aware
),
first
recorded
mid-20th
century
in
American
slang
.
developing
verb
present
participle
of
develop
;
showing
that
an
action
of
creating
,
growing
,
or
improving
is
happening
now
or
over
time
•
They
are
developing
a
new
app
to
help
people
find
lost
pets
.
They
are
developing
a
new
app
to
help
people
find
lost
pets
.
•
The
baby
is
developing
language
skills
quickly
.
The
baby
is
developing
language
skills
quickly
.
From
Old
French
“
développer
”
meaning
“
to
unwrap
”
or
“
unfold
,”
entering
English
in
the
early
1600s
.
developer
noun
a
person
who
writes
computer
programs
or
creates
software
applications
•
After
graduating
,
Maria
became
a
developer
at
a
video-game
studio
.
After
graduating
,
Maria
became
a
developer
at
a
video-game
studio
.
•
The
small
start-up
hired
three
more
developers
to
speed
up
the
app
release
.
The
small
start-up
hired
three
more
developers
to
speed
up
the
app
release
.
From
develop
+
–er
,
first
applied
to
software
creators
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
noun
a
person
or
company
that
buys
land
and
builds
houses
,
stores
,
or
offices
to
sell
or
rent
•
The
developer
plans
to
build
a
shopping
mall
on
the
empty
lot
.
The
developer
plans
to
build
a
shopping
mall
on
the
empty
lot
.
•
Local
residents
protested
the
developer's
plan
to
cut
down
the
old
trees
.
Local
residents
protested
the
developer's
plan
to
cut
down
the
old
trees
.
Develop
in
the
sense
of
"
convert
land
to
profitable
use
"
+
–er
,
first
recorded
late
19th
century
in
the
United
States
.
noun
-
developer
a
chemical
liquid
used
in
photography
to
make
the
hidden
image
on
film
or
photographic
paper
appear
•
She
poured
the
exposed
film
into
a
tank
filled
with
developer
.
She
poured
the
exposed
film
into
a
tank
filled
with
developer
.
•
Always
wear
gloves
when
handling
developer
in
the
darkroom
.
Always
wear
gloves
when
handling
developer
in
the
darkroom
.
Sense
originates
from
the
19th-century
photographic
process
,
in
which
the
solution
‘
develops
’
the
latent
image
.
depending
verb
continuously
relying
on
someone
or
something
for
what
you
need
or
for
something
to
happen
•
The
villagers
are
depending on
the
river
for
fresh
water
.
The
villagers
are
depending on
the
river
for
fresh
water
.
•
During
the
hike
,
we
were
depending on
our
map
to
find
the
right
path
.
During
the
hike
,
we
were
depending on
our
map
to
find
the
right
path
.
Present
participle
of
the
verb
“
depend
,”
which
comes
from
Latin
dependere
meaning
“
to
hang
down
”
or
“
be
contingent
on
.”
preposition
used
to
say
that
something
will
change
or
be
decided
by
another
thing
•
Depending on
the
weather
,
the
picnic
will
be
held
in
the
park
or
indoors
.
Depending on
the
weather
,
the
picnic
will
be
held
in
the
park
or
indoors
.
•
Class
times
may
vary
depending on
the
instructor
’
s
schedule
.
Class
times
may
vary
depending on
the
instructor
’
s
schedule
.
Evolved
from
the
participial
form
of
“
depend
”
used
absolutely
with
or
without
“
on
”
since
the
late
17th
century
.
tap
verb
-
tap
,
tapping
,
taps
,
tapped
to
press
quickly
on
a
smartphone
or
tablet
screen
with
your
finger
to
choose
something
•
Just
tap
the
icon
to
open
the
camera
app
.
Just
tap
the
icon
to
open
the
camera
app
.
•
I
accidentally
tapped
the
wrong
button
and
closed
the
game
.
I
accidentally
tapped
the
wrong
button
and
closed
the
game
.
Technological
extension
of
the
basic
verb
sense
,
first
recorded
in
the
1990s
with
touch-screen
devices
.
verb
-
tap
,
tapping
,
taps
,
tapped
to
touch
or
hit
someone
or
something
lightly
,
often
with
your
fingers
,
to
make
a
soft
sound
or
to
get
attention
•
Julia
tapped
her
friend
on
the
shoulder
to
say
hello
.
Julia
tapped
her
friend
on
the
shoulder
to
say
hello
.
•
Please
don't
tap
the
glass
;
it
bothers
the
fish
.
Please
don't
tap
the
glass
;
it
bothers
the
fish
.
Extension
of
the
noun
sense
;
recorded
as
a
verb
since
the
14th
century
.
verb
-
tap
,
tapping
,
taps
,
tapped
to
make
a
small
hole
in
a
tree
,
barrel
,
or
other
container
so
that
you
can
draw
liquid
such
as
sap
or
beer
from
it
•
Farmers
tapped
the
maple
trees
to
collect
sap
in
early
spring
.
Farmers
tapped
the
maple
trees
to
collect
sap
in
early
spring
.
•
They
tapped
the
keg
and
served
fresh
beer
to
the
guests
.
They
tapped
the
keg
and
served
fresh
beer
to
the
guests
.
From
the
noun
sense
‘
plug
or
spout
for
drawing
liquid
’;
the
verb
meaning
‘
draw
liquid
by
a
tap
’
dates
from
the
early
17th
century
.
specialist
noun
a
person
who
has
deep
knowledge
or
skill
in
a
particular
subject
or
activity
•
The
museum
hired
a
specialist
to
restore
the
centuries-old
painting
.
The
museum
hired
a
specialist
to
restore
the
centuries-old
painting
.
•
If
your
computer
keeps
crashing
,
you
should
ask
a
specialist
for
help
.
If
your
computer
keeps
crashing
,
you
should
ask
a
specialist
for
help
.
Early
17th
century
:
from
special
+
-ist
,
modeled
on
French
spécialiste
.
noun
a
doctor
who
has
advanced
training
in
a
particular
branch
of
medicine
•
Your
family
doctor
referred
you
to
a
heart
specialist
for
further
tests
.
Your
family
doctor
referred
you
to
a
heart
specialist
for
further
tests
.
•
The
child
was
seen
by
an
allergy
specialist
after
the
rash
worsened
.
The
child
was
seen
by
an
allergy
specialist
after
the
rash
worsened
.
adjective
relating
to
or
suitable
for
a
particular
purpose
,
field
,
or
group
of
experts
•
This
specialist
software
helps
architects
create
3-D
models
.
This
specialist
software
helps
architects
create
3-D
models
.
•
Some
birds
have
very
specialist
diets
that
make
them
sensitive
to
changes
in
habitat
.
Some
birds
have
very
specialist
diets
that
make
them
sensitive
to
changes
in
habitat
.
noun
a
rank
in
the
U
.
S
.
Army
,
equivalent
to
corporal
,
given
to
enlisted
soldiers
with
technical
skills
•
He
was
promoted
to
specialist
after
completing
the
electronics
course
.
He
was
promoted
to
specialist
after
completing
the
electronics
course
.
•
The
unit's
new
specialist
handled
all
the
radio
equipment
.
The
unit's
new
specialist
handled
all
the
radio
equipment
.
crap
verb
-
crap
,
crapping
,
craps
,
crapped
to
defecate
;
to
pass
solid
waste
from
the
body
•
I
really
need
to
crap
—
where
’
s
the
nearest
restroom
?
I
really
need
to
crap
—
where
’
s
the
nearest
restroom
?
•
The
birds
crapped
all
over
the
car
last
night
.
The
birds
crapped
all
over
the
car
last
night
.
Verb
sense
appeared
in
the
late
19th
c
.,
building
on
the
noun
meaning
of
feces
.
cooperation
noun
-
cooperation
the
act
of
working
together
with
other
people
or
groups
to
reach
a
shared
goal
•
The
students'
cooperation
made
the
group
project
fun
and
successful
.
The
students'
cooperation
made
the
group
project
fun
and
successful
.
•
International
scientists
showed
remarkable
cooperation
while
developing
the
vaccine
.
International
scientists
showed
remarkable
cooperation
while
developing
the
vaccine
.
From
Latin
cooperātiō
,
from
cooperārī
“
to
work
together
.”
noun
-
cooperation
the
willingness
to
do
what
someone
asks
or
tells
you
,
by
following
rules
or
instructions
•
Thank
you
for
your
cooperation
during
the
security
screening
.
Thank
you
for
your
cooperation
during
the
security
screening
.
•
The
teacher
asked
for
the
class's
cooperation
in
keeping
the
room
tidy
.
The
teacher
asked
for
the
class's
cooperation
in
keeping
the
room
tidy
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
but
used
in
formal
requests
for
help
or
discipline
.
desperate
adjective
feeling
or
showing
a
loss
of
all
hope
•
After
months
without
work
,
he
felt
desperate
and
alone
.
After
months
without
work
,
he
felt
desperate
and
alone
.
•
The
lost
hikers
grew
desperate
when
their
water
ran
out
.
The
lost
hikers
grew
desperate
when
their
water
ran
out
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
"
desperatus
,"
past
participle
of
"
desperare
"
meaning
“
to
lose
hope
.”
adjective
needing
or
wanting
something
so
much
that
you
will
try
almost
anything
to
get
it
•
I'm
desperate
for
a
cup
of
coffee
this
morning
.
I'm
desperate
for
a
cup
of
coffee
this
morning
.
•
The
plants
were
desperate
for
rain
after
the
long
drought
.
The
plants
were
desperate
for
rain
after
the
long
drought
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Latin
“
desperare
,”
but
figurative
use
for
strong
need
developed
in
the
19th
century
.
adjective
(
of
an
action
)
showing
reckless
determination
because
all
other
options
seem
to
have
failed
•
In
a
desperate
bid
to
win
,
the
runner
sprinted
despite
his
injury
.
In
a
desperate
bid
to
win
,
the
runner
sprinted
despite
his
injury
.
•
The
doctor
made
a
desperate
attempt
to
restart
the
patient's
heart
.
The
doctor
made
a
desperate
attempt
to
restart
the
patient's
heart
.
Sense
extended
in
the
17th
century
to
actions
taken
when
hope
is
lost
.
strip
verb
-
strip
,
stripping
,
strips
,
stripped
to
remove
all
or
most
of
the
covering
,
clothes
,
or
layers
from
something
or
someone
•
The
nurse
asked
the
patient
to
strip
to
the
waist
for
the
examination
.
The
nurse
asked
the
patient
to
strip
to
the
waist
for
the
examination
.
•
Before
painting
,
we
had
to
strip
the
old
wallpaper
from
the
walls
.
Before
painting
,
we
had
to
strip
the
old
wallpaper
from
the
walls
.
From
Old
English
‘
strīepan/strīpan
’,
meaning
to
pluck
or
strip
,
related
to
German
‘
streifen
’.
noun
-
strip
,
stripping
,
strips
,
stripped
a
long
,
narrow
piece
of
land
,
material
,
or
surface
•
He
cut
the
leather
into
thin
strips
to
make
a
bracelet
.
He
cut
the
leather
into
thin
strips
to
make
a
bracelet
.
•
There's
a
grassy
strip
between
the
sidewalk
and
the
road
.
There's
a
grassy
strip
between
the
sidewalk
and
the
road
.
noun
-
strip
,
stripping
,
strips
,
stripped
a
series
of
drawings
in
boxes
that
tell
a
short
story
,
often
printed
in
newspapers
or
online
•
I
read
the
Sunday
comic strip
every
week
.
I
read
the
Sunday
comic strip
every
week
.
•
He
draws
a
webcomic
strip
about
space
explorers
.
He
draws
a
webcomic
strip
about
space
explorers
.
noun
-
strip
,
stripping
,
strips
,
stripped
a
simple
runway
where
aircraft
can
take
off
and
land
,
especially
one
without
many
buildings
•
The
bush
pilot
landed
on
a
dirt
strip
near
the
river
.
The
bush
pilot
landed
on
a
dirt
strip
near
the
river
.
•
Military
engineers
built
a
temporary
landing
strip
in
the
desert
.
Military
engineers
built
a
temporary
landing
strip
in
the
desert
.
verb
-
strip
,
stripping
,
strips
,
stripped
to
take
something
important
away
from
a
person
,
group
,
or
place
•
The
court
decision
could
strip
him
of
his
citizenship
.
The
court
decision
could
strip
him
of
his
citizenship
.
•
Budget
cuts
may
strip
rural
areas
of
essential
bus
services
.
Budget
cuts
may
strip
rural
areas
of
essential
bus
services
.
verb
-
strip
,
stripping
,
strips
,
stripped
to
dismantle
something
,
taking
away
useful
or
valuable
parts
•
Mechanics
will
strip
the
old
engine
for
spare
parts
.
Mechanics
will
strip
the
old
engine
for
spare
parts
.
•
Thieves
stripped
the
abandoned
house
of
copper
wiring
.
Thieves
stripped
the
abandoned
house
of
copper
wiring
.
verb
-
strip
,
stripping
,
strips
,
stripped
to
take
off
one
’
s
clothes
,
especially
as
a
performance
or
in
a
sexually
suggestive
way
•
The
dancer
began
to
strip
on
stage
to
lively
music
.
The
dancer
began
to
strip
on
stage
to
lively
music
.
•
He
lost
a
bet
and
had
to
strip
down
to
his
shorts
at
the
beach
.
He
lost
a
bet
and
had
to
strip
down
to
his
shorts
at
the
beach
.
Sense
dating
from
early
20th-century
burlesque
shows
,
evolving
into
modern
‘
striptease
’.
scope
noun
an
informal
shortened
form
of
instruments
like
a
telescope
,
microscope
,
or
periscope
used
for
looking
at
things
closely
or
far
away
•
He
set
up
his
scope
in
the
backyard
to
watch
the
moon
.
He
set
up
his
scope
in
the
backyard
to
watch
the
moon
.
•
The
scientist
placed
the
slide
under
the
scope
for
closer
inspection
.
The
scientist
placed
the
slide
under
the
scope
for
closer
inspection
.
noun
the
range
of
subjects
,
tasks
,
or
things
that
something
deals
with
or
includes
•
The
scope
of
the
project
includes
building
new
classrooms
and
a
library
.
The
scope
of
the
project
includes
building
new
classrooms
and
a
library
.
•
Please
keep
your
presentation
within
the
scope
of
environmental
science
.
Please
keep
your
presentation
within
the
scope
of
environmental
science
.
From
Latin
‘
scopos
’
via
French
‘
scope
’,
meaning
‘
target
’
or
‘
aim
’;
later
broadened
in
English
to
mean
‘
area
covered
’.
noun
-
scope
the
freedom
or
opportunity
to
develop
something
or
to
do
something
•
Small
companies
often
have
more
scope
for
creativity
than
large
corporations
.
Small
companies
often
have
more
scope
for
creativity
than
large
corporations
.
•
The
scholarship
gives
students
greater
scope
to
study
abroad
.
The
scholarship
gives
students
greater
scope
to
study
abroad
.
verb
-
scope
,
scoping
,
scopes
,
scoped
to
look
at
or
examine
something
carefully
,
often
to
evaluate
it
or
plan
action
•
They
arrived
early
to
scope
the
best
seats
in
the
theater
.
They
arrived
early
to
scope
the
best
seats
in
the
theater
.
•
The
detective
scoped
the
alley
for
any
clues
.
The
detective
scoped
the
alley
for
any
clues
.
noun
in
programming
,
the
part
of
a
code
where
a
variable
or
function
is
accessible
•
Inside
the
loop
,
the
variable
is
only
in
scope
until
the
loop
ends
.
Inside
the
loop
,
the
variable
is
only
in
scope
until
the
loop
ends
.
•
Defining
a
constant
at
the
top
gives
it
global
scope
.
Defining
a
constant
at
the
top
gives
it
global
scope
.
repeatedly
adverb
many
times
,
or
again
and
again
•
The
woodpecker
pecked
at
the
tree
repeatedly
,
filling
the
forest
with
sharp
tapping
sounds
.
The
woodpecker
pecked
at
the
tree
repeatedly
,
filling
the
forest
with
sharp
tapping
sounds
.
•
Mia
pressed
the
call
button
repeatedly
on
her
phone
,
worried
when
her
best
friend
didn
’
t
answer
.
Mia
pressed
the
call
button
repeatedly
on
her
phone
,
worried
when
her
best
friend
didn
’
t
answer
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
“
repeated
”
+
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
”;
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
15th
century
.
respectively
adverb
in
the
same
order
that
things
or
people
were
mentioned
before
•
Alice
and
Bob
scored
90
and
85
points
,
respectively
,
on
the
math
test
.
Alice
and
Bob
scored
90
and
85
points
,
respectively
,
on
the
math
test
.
•
The
red
,
blue
,
and
green
buttons
shut
the
machine
off
,
turn
it
on
,
and
reset
it
,
respectively
.
The
red
,
blue
,
and
green
buttons
shut
the
machine
off
,
turn
it
on
,
and
reset
it
,
respectively
.
From
Latin
respectivus
“
having
regard
to
”,
formed
from
respectus
“
a
look
back
,
regard
”
and
the
suffix
-ivus
,
with
the
English
adverbial
ending
-ly
.
operating
verb
-
operate
,
operating
,
operates
,
operated
running
or
controlling
something
so
that
it
works
as
it
should
•
The
technician
is
operating
the
3-D
printer
during
the
demonstration
.
The
technician
is
operating
the
3-D
printer
during
the
demonstration
.
•
Emergency
workers
kept
operating
the
pumps
all
night
to
remove
the
floodwater
.
Emergency
workers
kept
operating
the
pumps
all
night
to
remove
the
floodwater
.
noun
the
activity
of
running
or
controlling
something
so
that
it
works
•
Proper
operating
of
heavy
machinery
reduces
the
risk
of
accidents
.
Proper
operating
of
heavy
machinery
reduces
the
risk
of
accidents
.
•
The
manual
explains
the
operating
of
the
new
coffee
machine
step
by
step
.
The
manual
explains
the
operating
of
the
new
coffee
machine
step
by
step
.
adjective
relating
to
the
normal
working
or
day-to-day
running
of
a
machine
,
business
,
or
system
•
The
company
’
s
operating
costs
fell
after
switching
to
solar
power
.
The
company
’
s
operating
costs
fell
after
switching
to
solar
power
.
•
Always
read
the
operating
instructions
before
starting
the
blender
.
Always
read
the
operating
instructions
before
starting
the
blender
.
dump
verb
to
put
something
down
quickly
and
carelessly
,
often
in
a
messy
pile
•
He
dumped
his
heavy
backpack
on
the
floor
as
soon
as
he
got
home
.
He
dumped
his
heavy
backpack
on
the
floor
as
soon
as
he
got
home
.
•
The
kids
dumped
all
the
toys
into
the
big
box
before
dinner
.
The
kids
dumped
all
the
toys
into
the
big
box
before
dinner
.
From
Middle
English
dumpen
,
probably
imitative
of
a
thudding
sound
.
verb
(
informal
)
to
end
a
romantic
relationship
with
someone
suddenly
•
After
three
years
together
,
Maya
dumped
her
boyfriend
.
After
three
years
together
,
Maya
dumped
her
boyfriend
.
•
He
felt
terrible
after
being
dumped
.
He
felt
terrible
after
being
dumped
.
verb
to
throw
away
waste
or
unwanted
things
,
often
in
large
amounts
or
in
the
wrong
place
•
The
factory
was
fined
for
dumping
chemicals
into
the
river
.
The
factory
was
fined
for
dumping
chemicals
into
the
river
.
•
People
sometimes
dump
old
furniture
on
the
side
of
the
road
.
People
sometimes
dump
old
furniture
on
the
side
of
the
road
.
verb
(
computing
)
to
copy
large
amounts
of
data
from
one
place
to
another
for
storage
or
analysis
•
The
programmer
dumped
the
entire
database
to
a
backup
file
.
The
programmer
dumped
the
entire
database
to
a
backup
file
.
•
When
the
app
crashed
,
it
automatically
created
a
memory
dump
.
When
the
app
crashed
,
it
automatically
created
a
memory
dump
.
pipe
noun
a
long
,
hollow
tube
,
usually
metal
or
plastic
,
that
carries
water
,
gas
,
or
other
fluids
from
one
place
to
another
•
The
plumber
replaced
the
rusty
pipe
under
the
kitchen
sink
.
The
plumber
replaced
the
rusty
pipe
under
the
kitchen
sink
.
•
A
burst
pipe
can
flood
an
entire
apartment
in
minutes
.
A
burst
pipe
can
flood
an
entire
apartment
in
minutes
.
noun
a
small
device
with
a
bowl
and
stem
used
for
smoking
tobacco
•
Grandfather
sat
by
the
fire
,
puffing
slowly
on
his
wooden
pipe
.
Grandfather
sat
by
the
fire
,
puffing
slowly
on
his
wooden
pipe
.
•
She
cleaned
the
ash
out
of
her
favorite
cherrywood
pipe
after
dinner
.
She
cleaned
the
ash
out
of
her
favorite
cherrywood
pipe
after
dinner
.
verb
-
pipe
,
piping
,
pipes
,
piped
to
send
a
liquid
,
gas
,
air
,
or
other
substance
from
one
place
to
another
through
pipes
•
They
piped
fresh
water
from
the
mountain
spring
to
the
village
.
They
piped
fresh
water
from
the
mountain
spring
to
the
village
.
•
Natural
gas
is
piped
across
the
desert
through
a
200-mile
pipeline
.
Natural
gas
is
piped
across
the
desert
through
a
200-mile
pipeline
.
noun
one
of
the
hollow
tubes
in
a
pipe
organ
or
similar
wind
instrument
that
produces
a
single
musical
note
•
Each
pipe
in
the
church
organ
produces
a
different
note
.
Each
pipe
in
the
church
organ
produces
a
different
note
.
•
The
technician
carefully
tuned
every
metal
pipe
before
the
concert
.
The
technician
carefully
tuned
every
metal
pipe
before
the
concert
.
noun
in
computing
,
a
connection
that
sends
the
output
of
one
program
or
process
directly
as
input
to
another
•
Use
the
pipe
symbol
to
send
the
list
to
the
next
command
.
Use
the
pipe
symbol
to
send
the
list
to
the
next
command
.
•
In
Unix
,
stdout
of
'ls'
can
be
connected
by
a
pipe
to
'grep'
.
In
Unix
,
stdout
of
'ls'
can
be
connected
by
a
pipe
to
'grep'
.
verb
-
pipe
,
piping
,
pipes
,
piped
to
play
music
on
a
pipe
or
bagpipes
,
or
to
make
a
high
,
clear
sound
like
a
pipe
•
A
lone
piper
piped
a
haunting
melody
at
dawn
.
A
lone
piper
piped
a
haunting
melody
at
dawn
.
•
She
pipes
a
cheerful
tune
every
morning
to
wake
the
campers
.
She
pipes
a
cheerful
tune
every
morning
to
wake
the
campers
.
rip
verb
-
rip
,
ripping
,
rips
,
ripped
to
tear
something
quickly
and
with
a
lot
of
force
,
so
that
it
comes
apart
suddenly
•
Be
careful
not
to
rip
the
wrapping
paper
when
you
open
the
gift
.
Be
careful
not
to
rip
the
wrapping
paper
when
you
open
the
gift
.
•
She
accidentally
ripped
her
jeans
on
the
fence
.
She
accidentally
ripped
her
jeans
on
the
fence
.
Middle
English
,
probably
Scandinavian
in
origin
;
related
to
Icelandic
'rýpa'
meaning
'to
tear'
.
verb
-
rip
,
ripping
,
rips
,
ripped
to
copy
music
,
video
,
or
other
data
from
a
CD
,
DVD
,
or
similar
disc
onto
a
computer
as
separate
files
•
She
ripped
her
old
CDs
so
she
could
listen
on
her
phone
.
She
ripped
her
old
CDs
so
she
could
listen
on
her
phone
.
•
It
only
took
a
few
minutes
to
rip
the
movie
from
the
DVD
.
It
only
took
a
few
minutes
to
rip
the
movie
from
the
DVD
.
Borrowed
in
the
1990s
from
the
idea
of
‘
tearing
’
data
off
a
disc
,
influenced
by
earlier
audio
jargon
.
dependent
adjective
needing
someone
or
something
else
in
order
to
live
,
work
properly
,
or
succeed
•
Young
birds
are
completely
dependent
on
their
parents
for
food
.
Young
birds
are
completely
dependent
on
their
parents
for
food
.
•
Many
commuters
feel
dependent
on
their
smartphones
for
navigation
and
tickets
.
Many
commuters
feel
dependent
on
their
smartphones
for
navigation
and
tickets
.
From
Latin
“
dependēns
”
meaning
“
hanging
down
,
relying
on
.”
noun
a
person
,
such
as
a
child
or
elderly
relative
,
who
relies
on
someone
else
for
financial
support
•
She
claimed
her
son
as
a
dependent
on
her
tax
return
.
She
claimed
her
son
as
a
dependent
on
her
tax
return
.
•
The
company
’
s
health
plan
also
covers
an
employee
’
s
dependents
.
The
company
’
s
health
plan
also
covers
an
employee
’
s
dependents
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
from
Latin
“
dependēns
,”
referring
to
someone
hanging
on
or
relying
on
another
.
superior
adjective
located
higher
than
something
else
in
position
,
level
,
or
physical
height
•
Passengers
stored
their
bags
in
the
superior
compartments
above
the
seats
.
Passengers
stored
their
bags
in
the
superior
compartments
above
the
seats
.
•
The
bird
built
its
nest
on
a
superior
branch
high
above
the
river
.
The
bird
built
its
nest
on
a
superior
branch
high
above
the
river
.
adjective
better
in
quality
,
ability
,
or
value
than
something
or
someone
else
•
This
brand
of
chocolate
tastes
superior
to
the
cheaper
one
.
This
brand
of
chocolate
tastes
superior
to
the
cheaper
one
.
•
Researchers
found
the
new
battery
had
superior
performance
in
cold
weather
.
Researchers
found
the
new
battery
had
superior
performance
in
cold
weather
.
From
Latin
superior
“
higher
,
upper
,
better
,”
the
comparative
of
superus
“
above
.”
noun
a
person
who
is
higher
than
you
in
rank
or
position
,
especially
at
work
•
If
you
have
any
questions
,
please
ask
your
superior
.
If
you
have
any
questions
,
please
ask
your
superior
.
•
The
soldier
saluted
his
superior
before
entering
the
tent
.
The
soldier
saluted
his
superior
before
entering
the
tent
.
adjective
(
anatomy
)
situated
above
or
toward
the
head
when
comparing
parts
of
the
body
•
The
heart
sits
superior
to
the
diaphragm
in
the
chest
cavity
.
The
heart
sits
superior
to
the
diaphragm
in
the
chest
cavity
.
•
In
fish
,
the
dorsal
fin
is
located
on
the
superior
surface
.
In
fish
,
the
dorsal
fin
is
located
on
the
superior
surface
.
operator
noun
someone
whose
job
is
to
control
a
machine
,
vehicle
,
or
system
•
The
escalator
stopped
because
the
operator
turned
it
off
for
maintenance
.
The
escalator
stopped
because
the
operator
turned
it
off
for
maintenance
.
•
A
skilled
crane
operator
lifted
the
steel
beams
into
place
.
A
skilled
crane
operator
lifted
the
steel
beams
into
place
.
From
Latin
“
operator
”
meaning
‘
worker
’,
from
“
operārī
” ‘
to
work
’.
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
connect
telephone
calls
and
give
information
to
callers
•
When
I
dialed
zero
,
the
operator
asked
which
department
I
wanted
.
When
I
dialed
zero
,
the
operator
asked
which
department
I
wanted
.
•
In
old
movies
,
you
often
see
a
telephone
operator
plugging
cables
into
a
big
board
.
In
old
movies
,
you
often
see
a
telephone
operator
plugging
cables
into
a
big
board
.
Extension
of
the
general
sense
‘
one
who
operates
’,
applied
to
early
telephone
switchboards
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
a
symbol
or
word
in
mathematics
or
computing
that
tells
the
system
to
perform
a
particular
calculation
or
action
•
In
the
equation
3
+
2
,
the
plus
sign
is
an
operator
.
In
the
equation
3
+
2
,
the
plus
sign
is
an
operator
.
•
Use
the
multiplication
operator
*
to
find
the
product
of
two
numbers
in
the
program
.
Use
the
multiplication
operator
*
to
find
the
product
of
two
numbers
in
the
program
.
Technical
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
to
name
symbols
that
‘
operate
’
on
numbers
or
variables
.
noun
informal
:
someone
who
is
very
good
at
making
deals
or
getting
what
they
want
,
often
in
a
clever
or
sometimes
dishonest
way
•
Jake
is
a
real
operator
;
he
always
walks
away
with
the
best
bargain
.
Jake
is
a
real
operator
;
he
always
walks
away
with
the
best
bargain
.
•
The
smooth
operator
convinced
investors
to
fund
his
risky
scheme
.
The
smooth
operator
convinced
investors
to
fund
his
risky
scheme
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
‘
one
who
works
machinery
’
to
‘
one
who
skillfully
works
situations
’,
attested
since
the
early
20th
century
.
workshop
verb
-
workshop
,
workshopping
,
workshops
,
workshopped
to
develop
or
improve
something
by
discussing
it
and
trying
it
out
with
a
group
•
The
playwright
decided
to
workshop
the
new
script
with
local
actors
.
The
playwright
decided
to
workshop
the
new
script
with
local
actors
.
•
We
workshopped
several
logo
ideas
before
choosing
the
final
design
.
We
workshopped
several
logo
ideas
before
choosing
the
final
design
.
Verb
use
dates
from
the
1950s
,
extended
from
the
noun
sense
of
a
collaborative
space
into
the
idea
of
collaborative
development
.
trap
verb
-
trap
,
trapping
,
traps
,
trapped
to
catch
a
person
,
animal
,
or
thing
so
it
cannot
leave
or
escape
•
Heavy
snow
trapped
the
hikers
on
the
mountain
overnight
.
Heavy
snow
trapped
the
hikers
on
the
mountain
overnight
.
•
A
broken
elevator
trapped
us
between
two
floors
for
an
hour
.
A
broken
elevator
trapped
us
between
two
floors
for
an
hour
.
skip
verb
-
skip
,
skipping
,
skips
,
skipped
to
move
forward
with
light
springing
steps
,
lifting
one
foot
and
then
the
other
in
quick
little
jumps
•
The
little
girl
happily
skipped
down
the
garden
path
.
The
little
girl
happily
skipped
down
the
garden
path
.
•
Lambs
skip
across
the
green
field
under
the
morning
sun
.
Lambs
skip
across
the
green
field
under
the
morning
sun
.
Middle
English
skippen
,
from
Old
Norse
skopa
“
to
run
,
jump
”.
verb
-
skip
,
skipping
,
skips
,
skipped
to
pass
over
or
leave
out
something
in
a
sequence
•
If
you
dislike
onions
,
you
can
simply
skip
them
in
the
recipe
.
If
you
dislike
onions
,
you
can
simply
skip
them
in
the
recipe
.
•
He
quickly
skipped
the
boring
introduction
and
began
the
main
chapter
.
He
quickly
skipped
the
boring
introduction
and
began
the
main
chapter
.
verb
-
skip
,
skipping
,
skips
,
skipped
to
deliberately
fail
to
attend
or
take
part
in
something
you
are
expected
to
do
•
Tom
decided
to
skip
class
and
go
surfing
instead
.
Tom
decided
to
skip
class
and
go
surfing
instead
.
•
She
felt
exhausted
and
skipped
the
gym
yesterday
.
She
felt
exhausted
and
skipped
the
gym
yesterday
.
verb
-
skip
,
skipping
,
skips
,
skipped
to
make
a
flat
object
such
as
a
stone
bounce
across
the
surface
of
water
•
He
found
a
flat
stone
and
skipped
it
across
the
lake
five
times
.
He
found
a
flat
stone
and
skipped
it
across
the
lake
five
times
.
•
Children
competed
to
see
whose
pebble
would
skip
farthest
on
the
pond
.
Children
competed
to
see
whose
pebble
would
skip
farthest
on
the
pond
.
flip
verb
-
flip
,
flipping
,
flips
,
flipped
to
turn
something
over
in
a
quick
,
light
motion
•
She
used
a
spatula
to
flip
the
pancake
after
one
minute
.
She
used
a
spatula
to
flip
the
pancake
after
one
minute
.
•
The
gardener
flipped
the
soil
with
his
trowel
.
The
gardener
flipped
the
soil
with
his
trowel
.
verb
-
flip
,
flipping
,
flips
,
flipped
to
move
or
change
something
small
,
like
a
switch
or
lid
,
with
a
quick
flick
•
He
reached
over
and
flipped
the
light
switch
,
flooding
the
room
with
brightness
.
He
reached
over
and
flipped
the
light
switch
,
flooding
the
room
with
brightness
.
•
The
child
flipped
the
toy
car's
timer
lever
to
start
the
countdown
.
The
child
flipped
the
toy
car's
timer
lever
to
start
the
countdown
.
verb
-
flip
,
flipping
,
flips
,
flipped
to
suddenly
become
very
angry
,
excited
,
or
wildly
enthusiastic
•
Dad
flipped
when
he
saw
the
muddy
footprints
on
the
white
carpet
.
Dad
flipped
when
he
saw
the
muddy
footprints
on
the
white
carpet
.
•
The
crowd
flipped
as
the
band
walked
onstage
.
The
crowd
flipped
as
the
band
walked
onstage
.
competitor
noun
a
person
who
takes
part
in
a
contest
,
race
,
or
other
competition
,
trying
to
win
against
others
•
Each
competitor
had
to
swim
two
laps
before
starting
the
cycling
part
of
the
triathlon
.
Each
competitor
had
to
swim
two
laps
before
starting
the
cycling
part
of
the
triathlon
.
•
The
youngest
competitor
in
the
spelling
bee
stood
confidently
at
the
microphone
.
The
youngest
competitor
in
the
spelling
bee
stood
confidently
at
the
microphone
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
competĭtor
“
rival
,
seeker
together
”,
from
competere
“
to
strive
together
”.
noun
a
company
,
product
,
or
organization
that
tries
to
win
customers
or
market
share
from
another
•
The
new
coffee
shop
quickly
became
a
serious
competitor
to
the
old
café
across
the
street
.
The
new
coffee
shop
quickly
became
a
serious
competitor
to
the
old
café
across
the
street
.
•
Price
cuts
helped
the
company
stay
ahead
of
its
biggest
competitor
in
the
market
.
Price
cuts
helped
the
company
stay
ahead
of
its
biggest
competitor
in
the
market
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
competĭtor
;
commercial
sense
developed
in
English
in
the
late
19th
century
with
the
rise
of
modern
business
competition
.
experimental
adjective
made
or
done
to
test
an
idea
scientifically
and
see
what
happens
•
The
experimental
vaccine
was
tested
on
volunteers
.
The
experimental
vaccine
was
tested
on
volunteers
.
•
A
team
of
engineers
built
an
experimental
car
that
runs
on
algae
.
A
team
of
engineers
built
an
experimental
car
that
runs
on
algae
.
From
experiment
+-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
1600s
.
adjective
using
new
and
unusual
ideas
,
styles
,
or
methods
,
and
not
yet
widely
accepted
•
The
director's
experimental
film
had
no
dialogue
at
all
.
The
director's
experimental
film
had
no
dialogue
at
all
.
•
He
loves
listening
to
experimental
jazz
that
mixes
electronic
sounds
.
He
loves
listening
to
experimental
jazz
that
mixes
electronic
sounds
.
From
experiment
+-al
,
broadened
in
the
early
1900s
to
arts
and
culture
.
gospel
noun
any
of
the
first
four
books
of
the
New
Testament
that
describe
the
life
and
teachings
of
Jesus
Christ
•
In
Sunday
school
,
we
studied
the
gospel
of
Luke
.
In
Sunday
school
,
we
studied
the
gospel
of
Luke
.
•
Scholars
often
compare
each
gospel
to
understand
different
perspectives
of
Jesus
’
life
.
Scholars
often
compare
each
gospel
to
understand
different
perspectives
of
Jesus
’
life
.
From
Old
English
godspel
,
literally
“
good
news
”,
a
translation
of
Latin
evangelium
;
later
used
as
the
title
of
the
books
telling
the
good
news
about
Christ
.
noun
-
gospel
the
Christian
message
about
salvation
through
Jesus
Christ
•
The
missionary
traveled
to
remote
villages
to
share
the
gospel
.
The
missionary
traveled
to
remote
villages
to
share
the
gospel
.
•
Choirs
sang
joyfully
as
the
pastor
proclaimed
the
gospel
on
Easter
morning
.
Choirs
sang
joyfully
as
the
pastor
proclaimed
the
gospel
on
Easter
morning
.
noun
-
gospel
a
lively
style
of
Christian
religious
music
,
especially
rooted
in
African-American
church
tradition
•
The
choir
’
s
lively
gospel
music
had
everyone
clapping
along
.
The
choir
’
s
lively
gospel
music
had
everyone
clapping
along
.
•
He
learned
to
play
soulful
gospel
on
the
piano
at
his
grandmother
’
s
church
.
He
learned
to
play
soulful
gospel
on
the
piano
at
his
grandmother
’
s
church
.
noun
-
gospel
any
statement
,
idea
,
or
advice
accepted
as
completely
true
and
not
to
be
questioned
•
Don
’
t
take
every
rumor
as
gospel
without
checking
the
facts
.
Don
’
t
take
every
rumor
as
gospel
without
checking
the
facts
.
•
To
her
fans
,
his
advice
on
dieting
is
pure
gospel
.
To
her
fans
,
his
advice
on
dieting
is
pure
gospel
.
telescope
noun
a
device
with
lenses
or
mirrors
that
makes
far-away
objects
look
bigger
and
closer
so
you
can
see
them
clearly
•
The
young
girl
pointed
her
telescope
at
the
moon
and
gasped
in
wonder
.
The
young
girl
pointed
her
telescope
at
the
moon
and
gasped
in
wonder
.
•
From
the
mountain
cabin
,
the
elderly
man
set
up
a
telescope
to
watch
the
distant
eagles
’
nest
.
From
the
mountain
cabin
,
the
elderly
man
set
up
a
telescope
to
watch
the
distant
eagles
’
nest
.
From
Italian
‘
telescopio
’,
coined
in
the
early
17th
century
from
Greek
‘
tēle
’
meaning
“
far
”
and
‘
skopein
’
meaning
“
to
look
at
”.
verb
-
telescope
,
telescoping
,
telescopes
,
telescoped
to
make
something
shorter
or
smaller
by
sliding
parts
inside
each
other
,
or
to
compress
events
or
time
into
a
shorter
form
•
The
camping
chair
telescopes
so
it
fits
easily
inside
a
backpack
.
The
camping
chair
telescopes
so
it
fits
easily
inside
a
backpack
.
•
For
the
montage
,
the
editor
telescoped
three
hours
of
footage
into
two
minutes
.
For
the
montage
,
the
editor
telescoped
three
hours
of
footage
into
two
minutes
.
Derived
from
the
noun
‘
telescope
’;
figurative
use
recorded
from
the
late
19th
century
,
based
on
how
the
instrument
’
s
tubes
slide
inside
each
other
.
rope
noun
a
thick
,
strong
cord
made
by
twisting
many
strands
together
,
used
for
tying
,
pulling
,
lifting
,
or
climbing
•
The
campers
used
a
rope
to
hang
their
food
high
in
a
tree
away
from
bears
.
The
campers
used
a
rope
to
hang
their
food
high
in
a
tree
away
from
bears
.
•
He
coiled
the
rope
neatly
after
securing
the
boat
to
the
dock
.
He
coiled
the
rope
neatly
after
securing
the
boat
to
the
dock
.
Old
English
rāp
,
related
to
Old
Norse
reip
and
German
Reif
,
originally
meaning
‘
string
or
cord
’.
verb
-
rope
,
roping
,
ropes
,
roped
to
catch
,
fasten
,
or
secure
something
or
someone
with
a
rope
•
The
cowboy
roped
the
stray
calf
in
seconds
.
The
cowboy
roped
the
stray
calf
in
seconds
.
•
We
need
to
rope
the
luggage
to
the
roof
of
the
car
before
we
leave
.
We
need
to
rope
the
luggage
to
the
roof
of
the
car
before
we
leave
.
The
verb
comes
from
the
noun
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
14th
century
meaning
‘
to
bind
with
rope
’.
ropes
noun
the
skills
and
basic
knowledge
needed
to
do
a
particular
job
or
activity
(
used
mainly
in
the
phrase
‘
learn
the
ropes
’)
•
On
her
first
day
,
a
colleague
showed
her
the
ropes
so
she
could
start
working
independently
.
On
her
first
day
,
a
colleague
showed
her
the
ropes
so
she
could
start
working
independently
.
•
After
a
few
weeks
of
training
,
he
finally
knew
the
ropes
and
felt
confident
.
After
a
few
weeks
of
training
,
he
finally
knew
the
ropes
and
felt
confident
.
Figurative
use
comes
from
sailing
in
the
19th
century
,
where
new
sailors
literally
learned
which
ropes
controlled
each
sail
.