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certain
adjective
sure
or
confident
about
something
,
with
no
doubt
•
Maya
was
certain
she
had
locked
the
front
door
.
Maya
was
certain
she
had
locked
the
front
door
.
•
The
coach
sounded
certain
that
the
team
would
win
the
match
.
The
coach
sounded
certain
that
the
team
would
win
the
match
.
from
Old
French
certain
,
from
Latin
certus
“
fixed
,
sure
”.
adjective
sure
to
happen
;
inevitable
•
With
dark
clouds
like
those
,
rain
is
almost
certain
.
With
dark
clouds
like
those
,
rain
is
almost
certain
.
•
Failure
is
certain
if
we
do
not
plan
ahead
.
Failure
is
certain
if
we
do
not
plan
ahead
.
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
refer
to
a
particular
person
or
thing
without
naming
them
•
A
certain
student
left
her
notebook
in
the
library
.
A
certain
student
left
her
notebook
in
the
library
.
•
They
met
again
by
certain
chance
in
Paris
.
They
met
again
by
certain
chance
in
Paris
.
pronoun
some
but
not
all
of
a
particular
group
that
has
been
mentioned
•
Certain
of
the
cookies
were
already
gone
.
Certain
of
the
cookies
were
already
gone
.
•
Certain
of
his
friends
knew
the
secret
.
Certain
of
his
friends
knew
the
secret
.
certainly
adverb
without
any
doubt
;
definitely
•
He
will
certainly
pass
the
exam
if
he
keeps
studying
this
hard
.
He
will
certainly
pass
the
exam
if
he
keeps
studying
this
hard
.
•
There
is
certainly
enough
cake
for
everyone
at
the
party
.
There
is
certainly
enough
cake
for
everyone
at
the
party
.
From
Middle
English
certeinli
,
from
Old
French
certeinement
,
from
Latin
certus
(“
sure
,
settled
”)
+
-ly
.
interjection
used
to
say
“
yes
”
in
a
polite
or
emphatic
way
,
especially
when
agreeing
to
a
request
•
"
Could
you
forward
me
the
email
?" — "
Certainly
!"
"
Could
you
forward
me
the
email
?" — "
Certainly
!"
•
The
waiter
said
, "
Certainly
,
right
away
,"
when
the
customer
asked
for
more
water
.
The
waiter
said
, "
Certainly
,
right
away
,"
when
the
customer
asked
for
more
water
.
Same
origin
as
the
adverb
sense
,
developing
a
standalone
affirmative
use
in
polite
speech
during
the
18th–19th
centuries
.
maintain
verb
to
keep
something
in
good
working
order
or
in
the
same
physical
condition
through
regular
care
and
repair
•
Every
spring
,
Mia
carefully
maintains
her
bicycle
so
it
rides
smoothly
all
year
.
Every
spring
,
Mia
carefully
maintains
her
bicycle
so
it
rides
smoothly
all
year
.
•
The
janitor
maintains
the
building's
heating
system
to
prevent
breakdowns
.
The
janitor
maintains
the
building's
heating
system
to
prevent
breakdowns
.
From
Middle
English
mainteinen
,
from
Old
French
maintenir
,
from
Latin
manutenēre
“
to
hold
in
the
hand
,
keep
”,
from
manus
“
hand
”
+
tenēre
“
to
hold
”.
verb
to
continue
to
have
or
keep
at
the
same
level
,
rate
,
or
condition
•
The
school
strives
to
maintain
high
academic
standards
.
The
school
strives
to
maintain
high
academic
standards
.
•
Athletes
must
maintain
a
healthy
diet
to
perform
well
.
Athletes
must
maintain
a
healthy
diet
to
perform
well
.
verb
to
state
something
strongly
as
a
fact
;
to
assert
or
claim
•
The
scientist
maintains
that
climate
change
is
accelerating
.
The
scientist
maintains
that
climate
change
is
accelerating
.
•
She
firmly
maintained
her
innocence
throughout
the
trial
.
She
firmly
maintained
her
innocence
throughout
the
trial
.
verb
to
provide
for
the
living
expenses
of
someone
;
to
support
financially
•
He
works
two
jobs
to
maintain
his
family
.
He
works
two
jobs
to
maintain
his
family
.
•
The
scholarship
will
help
her
maintain
herself
while
studying
abroad
.
The
scholarship
will
help
her
maintain
herself
while
studying
abroad
.
contain
verb
-
contain
,
containing
,
contains
,
contained
to
have
something
inside
or
include
something
as
part
of
a
whole
•
This
bottle
contains
a
liter
of
water
.
This
bottle
contains
a
liter
of
water
.
•
Her
speech
contained
several
jokes
that
made
the
audience
laugh
.
Her
speech
contained
several
jokes
that
made
the
audience
laugh
.
From
Latin
continēre
meaning
‘
to
hold
together
’ (
con-
‘
together
’
+
tenere
‘
to
hold
’).
verb
-
contain
,
containing
,
contains
,
contained
to
stop
something
harmful
or
dangerous
from
spreading
or
getting
worse
•
Firefighters
worked
through
the
night
to
contain
the
forest
fire
.
Firefighters
worked
through
the
night
to
contain
the
forest
fire
.
•
The
government
introduced
strict
measures
to
contain
the
spread
of
the
virus
.
The
government
introduced
strict
measures
to
contain
the
spread
of
the
virus
.
verb
-
contain
,
containing
,
contains
,
contained
to
keep
strong
feelings
under
control
so
they
are
not
shown
•
She
could
hardly
contain
her
excitement
when
she
saw
the
puppy
.
She
could
hardly
contain
her
excitement
when
she
saw
the
puppy
.
•
He
bit
his
lip
to
contain
his
anger
.
He
bit
his
lip
to
contain
his
anger
.
mountain
noun
a
very
high
piece
of
land
that
rises
far
above
the
surrounding
area
,
often
with
steep
sides
and
a
pointed
or
rounded
top
•
We
climbed
the
mountain
and
watched
the
sunrise
from
the
top
.
We
climbed
the
mountain
and
watched
the
sunrise
from
the
top
.
•
Snow
covered
the
mountain
all
year
round
.
Snow
covered
the
mountain
all
year
round
.
From
Old
French
montagne
,
from
Latin
montānea
,
meaning
“
mountainous
region
,”
derived
from
mōns
“
mountain
”.
noun
a
very
large
pile
or
great
amount
of
something
•
I
have
a
mountain
of
homework
to
finish
tonight
.
I
have
a
mountain
of
homework
to
finish
tonight
.
•
There
was
a
mountain
of
dirty
dishes
in
the
sink
.
There
was
a
mountain
of
dirty
dishes
in
the
sink
.
captain
noun
the
player
chosen
to
lead
a
sports
team
on
and
off
the
field
•
The
basketball
captain
called
a
quick
huddle
to
plan
the
final
play
.
The
basketball
captain
called
a
quick
huddle
to
plan
the
final
play
.
•
The
crowd
cheered
as
the
soccer
captain
lifted
the
trophy
high
.
The
crowd
cheered
as
the
soccer
captain
lifted
the
trophy
high
.
Extended
to
sports
in
the
19th
century
as
organized
team
games
became
popular
.
noun
the
person
who
has
ultimate
authority
and
responsibility
for
a
ship
and
everyone
on
board
•
The
captain
stood
on
the
bridge
and
guided
the
ferry
through
the
fog
.
The
captain
stood
on
the
bridge
and
guided
the
ferry
through
the
fog
.
•
A
cheerful
female
captain
greeted
the
passengers
as
they
boarded
the
cruise
liner
.
A
cheerful
female
captain
greeted
the
passengers
as
they
boarded
the
cruise
liner
.
From
Latin
“
capitaneus
”
meaning
“
chief
”
or
“
leader
,”
derived
from
“
caput
” (
head
).
noun
an
officer
rank
in
the
army
or
air
force
that
is
above
lieutenant
and
below
major
,
usually
responsible
for
leading
a
company
or
flight
•
The
captain
briefed
the
soldiers
before
they
moved
out
on
patrol
.
The
captain
briefed
the
soldiers
before
they
moved
out
on
patrol
.
•
A
young
female
captain
received
a
medal
for
her
quick
decisions
in
battle
.
A
young
female
captain
received
a
medal
for
her
quick
decisions
in
battle
.
Adopted
into
Middle
English
to
describe
military
leaders
as
organized
armies
developed
in
Europe
.
noun
a
mid-level
officer
in
some
police
or
fire
departments
who
commands
a
precinct
,
station
,
or
group
of
units
•
The
police
captain
assigned
more
patrols
to
the
neighborhood
after
the
burglary
.
The
police
captain
assigned
more
patrols
to
the
neighborhood
after
the
burglary
.
•
A
female
fire
captain
inspected
the
trucks
before
the
night
shift
began
.
A
female
fire
captain
inspected
the
trucks
before
the
night
shift
began
.
In
U
.
S
.
municipal
services
,
the
title
was
adopted
in
the
19th
century
to
mirror
military
structure
.
verb
to
lead
a
team
,
ship
,
or
group
as
its
captain
•
She
will
captain
the
national
hockey
team
at
the
championships
.
She
will
captain
the
national
hockey
team
at
the
championships
.
•
He
captained
the
research
vessel
during
its
voyage
to
Antarctica
.
He
captained
the
research
vessel
during
its
voyage
to
Antarctica
.
Verb
use
arose
in
the
18th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
to
serve
or
act
as
a
captain
.
obtain
verb
to
get
something
you
need
or
want
,
usually
by
working
for
it
,
asking
for
it
,
or
following
a
process
•
Maria
filled
out
the
forms
to
obtain
a
library
card
.
Maria
filled
out
the
forms
to
obtain
a
library
card
.
•
You
can
obtain
free
brochures
at
the
tourist
office
.
You
can
obtain
free
brochures
at
the
tourist
office
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
obtenir
,
from
Latin
obtinēre
‘
to
hold
,
maintain
,
get
’,
from
ob-
‘
towards
’
+
tenere
‘
to
hold
’.
verb
to
exist
or
be
in
force
;
to
be
the
usual
condition
(
formal
)
•
The
rule
still
obtains
in
many
small
towns
.
The
rule
still
obtains
in
many
small
towns
.
•
Such
traditions
no
longer
obtain
in
modern
society
.
Such
traditions
no
longer
obtain
in
modern
society
.
entertainment
noun
activities
such
as
games
,
movies
,
or
music
that
make
people
enjoy
themselves
•
Streaming
movies
has
become
a
popular
form
of
entertainment
on
weekends
.
Streaming
movies
has
become
a
popular
form
of
entertainment
on
weekends
.
•
The
cruise
ship
offers
live
music
and
games
for
passengers'
entertainment
.
The
cruise
ship
offers
live
music
and
games
for
passengers'
entertainment
.
From
entertain
+
-ment
;
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
noun
a
performance
,
show
,
or
event
that
people
watch
for
enjoyment
•
Tonight
’
s
entertainment
is
a
magic
show
in
the
main
hall
.
Tonight
’
s
entertainment
is
a
magic
show
in
the
main
hall
.
•
The
festival
promises
street
entertainments
like
juggling
and
fire
dancing
.
The
festival
promises
street
entertainments
like
juggling
and
fire
dancing
.
noun
-
entertainment
the
act
of
welcoming
and
providing
food
,
drink
,
or
lodging
to
guests
•
The
lord
offered
lavish
entertainment
to
visiting
nobles
.
The
lord
offered
lavish
entertainment
to
visiting
nobles
.
•
In
the
18th
century
,
grand
houses
competed
in
the
scale
of
their
entertainment
of
guests
.
In
the
18th
century
,
grand
houses
competed
in
the
scale
of
their
entertainment
of
guests
.
retain
verb
to
keep
something
so
that
it
continues
to
belong
to
you
or
stays
where
it
is
,
without
giving
it
away
or
losing
it
•
Even
after
downsizing
,
the
company
managed
to
retain
most
of
its
staff
.
Even
after
downsizing
,
the
company
managed
to
retain
most
of
its
staff
.
•
She
decided
to
retain
her
old
phone
as
a
backup
in
case
the
new
one
broke
.
She
decided
to
retain
her
old
phone
as
a
backup
in
case
the
new
one
broke
.
From
Latin
retinēre
“
to
hold
back
”,
from
re-
“
back
”
+
tenēre
“
to
hold
”.
verb
to
keep
something
in
a
particular
condition
,
stopping
it
from
escaping
,
disappearing
,
or
being
lost
•
Thick
curtains
help
a
house
retain
heat
during
the
winter
.
Thick
curtains
help
a
house
retain
heat
during
the
winter
.
•
Clay
pots
retain
moisture
longer
than
plastic
ones
.
Clay
pots
retain
moisture
longer
than
plastic
ones
.
verb
to
continue
to
have
information
or
memories
in
your
mind
•
I
find
it
hard
to
retain
vocabulary
without
daily
practice
.
I
find
it
hard
to
retain
vocabulary
without
daily
practice
.
•
Students
retain
more
facts
when
they
teach
them
to
others
.
Students
retain
more
facts
when
they
teach
them
to
others
.
verb
to
pay
and
keep
someone
,
especially
a
professional
like
a
lawyer
or
consultant
,
so
that
they
will
work
for
you
when
needed
•
The
company
decided
to
retain
a
lawyer
to
handle
the
lawsuit
.
The
company
decided
to
retain
a
lawyer
to
handle
the
lawsuit
.
•
They
retained
a
consultant
to
improve
their
marketing
strategy
.
They
retained
a
consultant
to
improve
their
marketing
strategy
.
sustain
verb
to
keep
something
going
or
continue
it
for
a
period
of
time
•
The
small
fire
was
enough
to
sustain
warmth
in
the
cabin
through
the
night
.
The
small
fire
was
enough
to
sustain
warmth
in
the
cabin
through
the
night
.
•
His
curiosity
sustains
his
passion
for
science
experiments
.
His
curiosity
sustains
his
passion
for
science
experiments
.
From
Old
French
sustenir
,
from
Latin
sustinere
“
hold
up
,
keep
in
being
,”
from
sub
“
from
below
”
+
tenere
“
to
hold
.”
verb
to
experience
something
bad
,
especially
an
injury
,
damage
,
or
loss
•
The
cyclist
sustained
a
broken
arm
after
slipping
on
the
wet
road
.
The
cyclist
sustained
a
broken
arm
after
slipping
on
the
wet
road
.
•
Several
buildings
sustained
damage
during
the
storm
.
Several
buildings
sustained
damage
during
the
storm
.
verb
to
hold
something
up
and
prevent
it
from
falling
•
The
bridge
pillars
sustain
the
weight
of
thousands
of
cars
each
day
.
The
bridge
pillars
sustain
the
weight
of
thousands
of
cars
each
day
.
•
This
flimsy
shelf
cannot
sustain
so
many
books
.
This
flimsy
shelf
cannot
sustain
so
many
books
.
noun
the
part
of
a
musical
note
or
sound
that
is
held
at
a
constant
level
after
it
starts
•
The
guitarist
loved
the
long
sustain
of
his
new
electric
guitar
.
The
guitarist
loved
the
long
sustain
of
his
new
electric
guitar
.
•
Turning
up
the
pedal
increased
the
piano
’
s
sustain
.
Turning
up
the
pedal
increased
the
piano
’
s
sustain
.
verb
in
a
court
,
for
a
judge
to
agree
that
a
lawyer
’
s
objection
is
valid
•
When
the
defense
objected
,
the
judge
said
, "
Objection
sustained
."
When
the
defense
objected
,
the
judge
said
, "
Objection
sustained
."
•
The
prosecutor
’
s
question
was
not
allowed
after
the
judge
sustained
the
objection
.
The
prosecutor
’
s
question
was
not
allowed
after
the
judge
sustained
the
objection
.
container
noun
an
object
such
as
a
box
,
bottle
,
or
jar
that
you
use
to
hold
,
store
,
or
carry
things
•
She
poured
the
soup
into
a
plastic
container
before
putting
it
in
the
fridge
.
She
poured
the
soup
into
a
plastic
container
before
putting
it
in
the
fridge
.
•
Make
sure
every
chemical
is
stored
in
the
correct
container
with
a
tight
lid
.
Make
sure
every
chemical
is
stored
in
the
correct
container
with
a
tight
lid
.
From
contain
+
-er
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
15th
century
.
noun
a
large
strong
metal
box
used
to
ship
goods
by
sea
,
train
,
or
truck
•
The
workers
lifted
the
40-foot
container
onto
the
cargo
ship
with
a
massive
crane
.
The
workers
lifted
the
40-foot
container
onto
the
cargo
ship
with
a
massive
crane
.
•
Each
refrigerated
container
kept
the
fresh
fruit
cool
during
the
long
voyage
.
Each
refrigerated
container
kept
the
fresh
fruit
cool
during
the
long
voyage
.
noun
a
lightweight
software
package
that
bundles
an
application
and
everything
it
needs
so
it
can
run
the
same
way
on
any
computer
•
The
developer
deployed
the
web
app
inside
a
Docker
container
to
make
updates
easier
.
The
developer
deployed
the
web
app
inside
a
Docker
container
to
make
updates
easier
.
•
Using
a
container
ensures
the
program
runs
the
same
on
every
server
.
Using
a
container
ensures
the
program
runs
the
same
on
every
server
.
uncertainty
noun
-
uncertainty
,
uncertainties
the
state
of
not
knowing
what
will
happen
or
how
something
will
turn
out
•
With
the
storm
approaching
,
there
was
a
lot
of
uncertainty
about
whether
the
game
would
go
ahead
.
With
the
storm
approaching
,
there
was
a
lot
of
uncertainty
about
whether
the
game
would
go
ahead
.
•
Starting
a
new
job
can
bring
excitement
as
well
as
uncertainty
about
the
future
.
Starting
a
new
job
can
bring
excitement
as
well
as
uncertainty
about
the
future
.
from
uncertain
+
-ty
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
noun
-
uncertainty
,
uncertainties
something
that
is
not
known
or
cannot
be
predicted
•
Global
trade
faces
many
uncertainties
in
the
current
political
climate
.
Global
trade
faces
many
uncertainties
in
the
current
political
climate
.
•
Rising
fuel
prices
are
one
of
the
major
uncertainties
for
airlines
this
year
.
Rising
fuel
prices
are
one
of
the
major
uncertainties
for
airlines
this
year
.
noun
-
uncertainty
,
uncertainties
the
possible
amount
by
which
a
measured
or
calculated
value
may
differ
from
the
true
value
•
The
scientist
reported
a
length
of
12
.
3
cm
with
an
uncertainty
of
±0
.
1
cm
.
The
scientist
reported
a
length
of
12
.
3
cm
with
an
uncertainty
of
±0
.
1
cm
.
•
Always
include
the
uncertainty
when
you
publish
experimental
results
.
Always
include
the
uncertainty
when
you
publish
experimental
results
.
sustainable
adjective
able
to
continue
for
a
long
time
without
using
up
resources
or
causing
serious
harm
,
especially
to
the
environment
•
The
city
is
investing
in
sustainable
energy
like
wind
and
solar
power
.
The
city
is
investing
in
sustainable
energy
like
wind
and
solar
power
.
•
Farmers
are
learning
sustainable
ways
to
use
water
so
their
wells
never
run
dry
.
Farmers
are
learning
sustainable
ways
to
use
water
so
their
wells
never
run
dry
.
From
sustain
+
-able
,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-20th
century
in
the
context
of
environmental
discussions
.
adjective
able
to
be
continued
,
supported
,
or
defended
without
breaking
down
or
failing
•
The
manager
knew
the
current
workload
was
not
sustainable
and
hired
two
more
people
.
The
manager
knew
the
current
workload
was
not
sustainable
and
hired
two
more
people
.
•
Their
plan
is
only
sustainable
if
sales
double
in
the
next
year
.
Their
plan
is
only
sustainable
if
sales
double
in
the
next
year
.
Use
evolved
from
the
general
sense
of
"
support
"
or
"
uphold
"
dating
back
to
the
14th-century
Old
French
‘
sustain
’
and
Latin
‘
sustinere
’.
curtain
noun
a
piece
of
fabric
that
hangs
in
front
of
a
window
,
door
,
or
other
opening
to
block
light
or
provide
privacy
•
She
drew
the
curtain
to
block
out
the
bright
morning
sun
.
She
drew
the
curtain
to
block
out
the
bright
morning
sun
.
•
Blue
velvet
curtains
framed
the
living-room
window
,
matching
the
sofa
perfectly
.
Blue
velvet
curtains
framed
the
living-room
window
,
matching
the
sofa
perfectly
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
‘
cortine
’,
from
Late
Latin
‘
cortina
’
meaning
‘
cover
,
veil
’.
noun
a
large
cloth
that
opens
or
closes
at
the
front
of
a
theater
stage
,
marking
the
start
or
end
of
a
performance
•
As
the
curtain
rose
,
the
audience
fell
silent
in
anticipation
.
As
the
curtain
rose
,
the
audience
fell
silent
in
anticipation
.
•
When
the
play
ended
,
the
actors
bowed
in
front
of
the
closed
curtain
.
When
the
play
ended
,
the
actors
bowed
in
front
of
the
closed
curtain
.
noun
something
that
hangs
or
spreads
like
a
sheet
,
blocking
sight
,
sound
,
or
movement
,
such
as
smoke
,
rain
,
or
darkness
•
A
thick
curtain
of
fog
covered
the
harbor
at
dawn
.
A
thick
curtain
of
fog
covered
the
harbor
at
dawn
.
•
The
waterfall
created
a
shimmering
curtain
of
water
in
front
of
the
cave
entrance
.
The
waterfall
created
a
shimmering
curtain
of
water
in
front
of
the
cave
entrance
.
verb
-
curtain
,
curtaining
,
curtains
,
curtained
to
cover
,
surround
,
or
separate
something
with
or
as
if
with
a
curtain
•
Tall
pines
curtained
the
cottage
from
the
road
.
Tall
pines
curtained
the
cottage
from
the
road
.
•
She
curtained
the
storage
area
with
a
floral
sheet
to
hide
the
clutter
.
She
curtained
the
storage
area
with
a
floral
sheet
to
hide
the
clutter
.