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π
herself
pronoun
used
to
show
that
the
woman
or
girl
who
is
the
subject
of
the
sentence
is
also
the
object
of
the
action
β’
Anna
looked
at
herself
in
the
mirror
before
the
interview
.
Anna
looked
at
herself
in
the
mirror
before
the
interview
.
β’
The
kitten
scratched
herself
while
playing
with
the
yarn
.
The
kitten
scratched
herself
while
playing
with
the
yarn
.
Old
English
hΔ«e
selfa
,
from
hie
(β
her
β)
+
self
.
Parallel
to
myself
,
yourself
,
himself
.
pronoun
used
to
emphasize
that
a
particular
woman
or
girl
did
something
and
not
someone
else
β’
The
chef
herself
served
us
at
the
table
.
The
chef
herself
served
us
at
the
table
.
β’
Maria
herself
admitted
the
mistake
.
Maria
herself
admitted
the
mistake
.
pronoun
(
informal
,
Irish
English
)
used
humorously
to
refer
to
someone
β
s
wife
,
girlfriend
,
or
to
a
woman
in
authority
whose
name
the
speaker
chooses
not
to
say
β’
I'll
have
to
ask
herself
if
we're
free
this
weekend
.
I'll
have
to
ask
herself
if
we're
free
this
weekend
.
β’
Herself
wants
the
lawn
cut
before
the
match
starts
.
Herself
wants
the
lawn
cut
before
the
match
starts
.
she
pronoun
used
to
talk
about
a
woman
or
girl
who
has
already
been
mentioned
or
is
known
to
the
listener
β’
She
is
my
best
friend
,
and
I
trust
her
completely
.
She
is
my
best
friend
,
and
I
trust
her
completely
.
β’
When
the
teacher
walked
in
,
everyone
knew
she
meant
business
.
When
the
teacher
walked
in
,
everyone
knew
she
meant
business
.
Old
English
"
hΔo
" (
she
)
replaced
by
Middle
English
forms
evolving
into
modern
"
she
".
pronoun
used
affectionately
to
refer
to
a
ship
,
car
,
country
,
or
other
thing
as
if
it
were
female
β’
The
old
ship
creaked
,
but
she
could
still
cross
the
ocean
.
The
old
ship
creaked
,
but
she
could
still
cross
the
ocean
.
β’
I
love
my
new
car
β
she
runs
like
a
dream
.
I
love
my
new
car
β
she
runs
like
a
dream
.
Extension
of
the
personal
pronoun
to
personified
objects
,
first
recorded
in
the
14th
century
for
ships
,
later
cars
and
nations
.
noun
a
female
person
or
animal
β’
We
have
two
dogs
:
a
he
and
a
she
.
We
have
two
dogs
:
a
he
and
a
she
.
β’
Among
the
puppies
,
each
she
had
a
pink
ribbon
.
Among
the
puppies
,
each
she
had
a
pink
ribbon
.
From
the
pronoun
,
later
reinterpreted
as
a
common
noun
referring
to
a
female
.
other
pronoun
the
second
person
or
thing
,
or
the
remaining
people
or
things
,
that
have
already
been
mentioned
or
are
understood
β’
One
of
the
candles
blew
out
;
the
other
kept
burning
.
One
of
the
candles
blew
out
;
the
other
kept
burning
.
β’
Some
kids
were
playing
soccer
;
the
others
sat
under
a
tree
reading
.
Some
kids
were
playing
soccer
;
the
others
sat
under
a
tree
reading
.
her
pronoun
The
object
form
of
β
she
β,
used
as
the
object
of
a
verb
or
preposition
to
refer
to
a
female
person
or
animal
already
mentioned
.
β’
I
called
her
last
night
to
check
on
the
project
.
I
called
her
last
night
to
check
on
the
project
.
β’
The
teacher
praised
her
for
the
excellent
presentation
.
The
teacher
praised
her
for
the
excellent
presentation
.
Old
English
hire
,
the
dative
and
genitive
form
of
hΔo
(β
she
β),
later
replacing
the
earlier
accusative
hΔ«e/hi
.
pronoun
the
object
form
of
β
she
β,
used
instead
of
a
noun
to
refer
to
a
female
person
,
animal
,
or
sometimes
thing
already
known
in
the
situation
β’
I
met
her
at
the
library
yesterday
.
I
met
her
at
the
library
yesterday
.
β’
The
teacher
praised
her
for
the
excellent
project
.
The
teacher
praised
her
for
the
excellent
project
.
pronoun
used
instead
of
β
she
β
when
the
female
person
or
animal
is
the
object
of
a
verb
or
comes
after
a
preposition
β’
I
met
her
at
the
train
station
this
morning
.
I
met
her
at
the
train
station
this
morning
.
β’
Tom
waved
to
her
from
across
the
street
.
Tom
waved
to
her
from
across
the
street
.
Old
English
hire
,
the
dative
and
genitive
form
of
β
hΔo
β (
she
).
Over
time
,
it
developed
into
the
modern
object
and
possessive
forms
.
determiner
belonging
to
or
connected
with
a
female
person
or
animal
already
mentioned
or
easily
identified
β’
This
is
her
backpack
,
not
yours
.
This
is
her
backpack
,
not
yours
.
β’
The
puppy
wagged
its
tail
when
it
heard
her
voice
.
The
puppy
wagged
its
tail
when
it
heard
her
voice
.
From
Old
English
hire
,
genitive
form
of
β
hΔo
β (
she
),
evolving
into
the
modern
possessive
determiner
.
mother
noun
a
female
parent
β’
My
mother
always
reads
me
a
bedtime
story
before
I
go
to
sleep
.
My
mother
always
reads
me
a
bedtime
story
before
I
go
to
sleep
.
β’
Ethan
made
breakfast
in
bed
for
his
mother
on
Mother
β
s
Day
.
Ethan
made
breakfast
in
bed
for
his
mother
on
Mother
β
s
Day
.
verb
to
care
for
and
protect
someone
as
a
mother
does
β’
The
elder
elephant
gently
mothered
the
orphaned
calf
until
it
could
survive
on
its
own
.
The
elder
elephant
gently
mothered
the
orphaned
calf
until
it
could
survive
on
its
own
.
β’
She
often
mothers
her
younger
teammates
,
reminding
them
to
drink
water
and
stretch
.
She
often
mothers
her
younger
teammates
,
reminding
them
to
drink
water
and
stretch
.
noun
the
place
,
cause
,
or
origin
from
which
something
develops
β’
People
say
that
necessity
is
the
mother
of
invention
.
People
say
that
necessity
is
the
mother
of
invention
.
β’
Ancient
rivers
were
the
mother
of
many
early
civilizations
.
Ancient
rivers
were
the
mother
of
many
early
civilizations
.
noun
a
film
or
mass
of
cellulose
and
beneficial
bacteria
that
forms
on
fermenting
liquids
such
as
vinegar
or
kombucha
β’
The
cloudy
mother
at
the
bottom
of
the
jar
shows
that
the
vinegar
is
alive
.
The
cloudy
mother
at
the
bottom
of
the
jar
shows
that
the
vinegar
is
alive
.
β’
Before
brewing
kombucha
,
she
transferred
a
piece
of
the
mother
to
a
new
batch
of
sweet
tea
.
Before
brewing
kombucha
,
she
transferred
a
piece
of
the
mother
to
a
new
batch
of
sweet
tea
.
father
noun
a
male
parent
β’
My
father
taught
me
how
to
ride
a
bike
.
My
father
taught
me
how
to
ride
a
bike
.
β’
Emma
called
her
father
to
tell
him
the
good
news
.
Emma
called
her
father
to
tell
him
the
good
news
.
Old
English
fæder
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*fader
,
ultimately
from
Proto-Indo-European
*pHβtΓ©r-
,
a
common
root
for
β
father
β
across
many
languages
.
noun
a
man
who
starts
or
invents
something
important
and
is
seen
as
its
originator
β’
Alexander
Fleming
is
often
called
the
father
of
antibiotics
.
Alexander
Fleming
is
often
called
the
father
of
antibiotics
.
β’
Sir
Tim
Berners-Lee
is
widely
regarded
as
the
father
of
the
World
Wide
Web
.
Sir
Tim
Berners-Lee
is
widely
regarded
as
the
father
of
the
World
Wide
Web
.
verb
to
be
the
male
parent
of
a
child
or
to
create
something
new
β’
He
fathered
three
children
before
he
turned
thirty
.
He
fathered
three
children
before
he
turned
thirty
.
β’
Scientists
discovered
that
one
male
turtle
had
fathered
over
a
hundred
hatchlings
on
the
island
.
Scientists
discovered
that
one
male
turtle
had
fathered
over
a
hundred
hatchlings
on
the
island
.
Father
noun
a
respectful
title
or
form
of
address
for
a
male
priest
in
some
Christian
churches
β’
The
villagers
asked
Father
Miguel
to
bless
the
new
well
.
The
villagers
asked
Father
Miguel
to
bless
the
new
well
.
β’
During
confession
,
I
spoke
quietly
with
Father
Thomas
.
During
confession
,
I
spoke
quietly
with
Father
Thomas
.
teacher
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
help
students
learn
in
a
school
,
college
,
or
other
place
of
education
β’
The
teacher
wrote
the
math
problem
on
the
board
.
The
teacher
wrote
the
math
problem
on
the
board
.
β’
Our
English
teacher
always
starts
class
with
a
funny
story
.
Our
English
teacher
always
starts
class
with
a
funny
story
.
From
Old
English
β
tΗ£Δere
β,
meaning
β
one
who
teaches
β,
derived
from
the
verb
β
teach
β.
noun
something
,
such
as
an
experience
or
example
,
that
gives
you
important
lessons
about
life
or
how
to
do
something
β’
Failure
can
be
a
tough
teacher
,
but
it
helps
you
grow
.
Failure
can
be
a
tough
teacher
,
but
it
helps
you
grow
.
β’
Travel
is
a
great
teacher
of
patience
and
adaptability
.
Travel
is
a
great
teacher
of
patience
and
adaptability
.
The
figurative
sense
developed
in
the
16th
century
by
extending
the
literal
idea
of
a
person
who
teaches
to
abstract
forces
that
shape
understanding
.
brother
noun
a
boy
or
man
who
has
the
same
parents
as
you
β’
My
brother
and
I
built
a
tree
house
in
the
backyard
.
My
brother
and
I
built
a
tree
house
in
the
backyard
.
β’
Emily
hugged
her
newborn
brother
gently
in
the
hospital
room
.
Emily
hugged
her
newborn
brother
gently
in
the
hospital
room
.
Old
English
β
brΕΓΎor
β,
from
Proto-Germanic
*brΕΓΎΔr
,
related
to
Latin
β
frΔter
β.
noun
a
male
member
of
the
same
religious
order
,
organization
,
or
close
group
,
often
used
as
a
title
β’
Brother
Michael
rang
the
chapel
bell
at
dawn
.
Brother
Michael
rang
the
chapel
bell
at
dawn
.
β’
The
young
monks
treated
every
visitor
as
a
brother
in
faith
.
The
young
monks
treated
every
visitor
as
a
brother
in
faith
.
noun
used
by
one
man
to
address
another
man
in
a
friendly
or
supportive
way
β’
β
Thanks
for
your
help
,
brother
!β
he
said
with
a
grin
.
β
Thanks
for
your
help
,
brother
!β
he
said
with
a
grin
.
β’
β
Hey
,
brother
,
do
you
need
a
ride
downtown
?β
asked
the
taxi
driver
.
β
Hey
,
brother
,
do
you
need
a
ride
downtown
?β
asked
the
taxi
driver
.
researcher
noun
a
person
who
studies
a
subject
closely
in
order
to
discover
new
facts
or
deepen
knowledge
about
it
β’
The
researcher
examined
the
soil
samples
under
a
microscope
.
The
researcher
examined
the
soil
samples
under
a
microscope
.
β’
As
a
medical
researcher
,
she
hopes
to
find
a
cure
for
the
disease
.
As
a
medical
researcher
,
she
hopes
to
find
a
cure
for
the
disease
.
From
research
+β
-er
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
17th
century
.
gather
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
bring
things
or
people
together
into
one
place
or
group
β’
At
the
end
of
the
picnic
,
we
gather
the
empty
plates
and
cups
into
a
trash
bag
.
At
the
end
of
the
picnic
,
we
gather
the
empty
plates
and
cups
into
a
trash
bag
.
β’
The
librarian
asked
visitors
to
gather
their
belongings
before
the
library
closed
.
The
librarian
asked
visitors
to
gather
their
belongings
before
the
library
closed
.
Old
English
gaderian
,
from
a
Germanic
root
meaning
β
come
together
.β
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
come
together
in
a
group
β’
A
small
crowd
began
to
gather
outside
the
museum
before
it
opened
.
A
small
crowd
began
to
gather
outside
the
museum
before
it
opened
.
β’
On
New
Year's
Eve
,
families
gather
around
the
television
to
watch
the
countdown
.
On
New
Year's
Eve
,
families
gather
around
the
television
to
watch
the
countdown
.
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
understand
or
believe
something
after
considering
information
β’
From
her
smile
,
I
gather
that
she
liked
the
surprise
.
From
her
smile
,
I
gather
that
she
liked
the
surprise
.
β’
I
gather
you
have
finished
the
report
,
judging
by
your
relaxed
face
.
I
gather
you
have
finished
the
report
,
judging
by
your
relaxed
face
.
verb
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
to
pull
fabric
together
in
small
folds
β’
She
gather
the
fabric
at
the
waist
to
make
the
skirt
look
fuller
.
She
gather
the
fabric
at
the
waist
to
make
the
skirt
look
fuller
.
β’
The
seamstress
will
gather
the
sleeves
before
sewing
them
on
.
The
seamstress
will
gather
the
sleeves
before
sewing
them
on
.
noun
-
gather
,
gathering
,
gathers
,
gathered
a
small
fold
or
pleat
made
by
gathering
fabric
β’
The
blouse
has
a
neat
gather
at
each
shoulder
.
The
blouse
has
a
neat
gather
at
each
shoulder
.
β’
Tiny
gathers
give
the
dress
a
graceful
flow
.
Tiny
gathers
give
the
dress
a
graceful
flow
.
weather
verb
to
gradually
change
in
color
,
shape
,
or
surface
because
of
exposure
to
sun
,
wind
,
rain
,
or
other
outdoor
conditions
β’
The
wooden
fence
has
weathered
to
a
soft
gray
over
the
years
.
The
wooden
fence
has
weathered
to
a
soft
gray
over
the
years
.
β’
Stone
statues
weather
slowly
when
they
stand
in
salty
sea
air
.
Stone
statues
weather
slowly
when
they
stand
in
salty
sea
air
.
Extension
of
the
noun
sense
:
surfaces
change
because
of
the
action
of
weather
.
verb
to
survive
or
successfully
deal
with
a
difficult
or
dangerous
situation
β’
The
small
company
weathered
the
economic
crisis
by
cutting
costs
and
innovating
.
The
small
company
weathered
the
economic
crisis
by
cutting
costs
and
innovating
.
β’
The
sailors
weathered
the
fierce
storm
and
reached
the
port
safely
.
The
sailors
weathered
the
fierce
storm
and
reached
the
port
safely
.
Figurative
use
from
earlier
nautical
sense
of
β
come
safely
through
bad
weather
β.
bother
verb
-
bother
,
bothering
,
bothers
,
bothered
to
annoy
,
disturb
,
or
upset
someone
β’
Please
don
β
t
bother
the
cat
while
it
β
s
sleeping
.
Please
don
β
t
bother
the
cat
while
it
β
s
sleeping
.
β’
The
buzzing
mosquitoes
bothered
the
campers
all
night
.
The
buzzing
mosquitoes
bothered
the
campers
all
night
.
Early
18th
century
,
origin
uncertain
;
perhaps
related
to
Irish
β
bodhar
β
meaning
β
deaf
,
dull
β.
verb
-
bother
,
bothering
,
bothers
,
bothered
to
make
the
effort
to
do
something
,
especially
when
it
seems
unnecessary
β’
She
didn't
bother
to
turn
off
the
lights
before
leaving
.
She
didn't
bother
to
turn
off
the
lights
before
leaving
.
β’
Why
bother
fixing
it
if
it's
cheaper
to
buy
a
new
one
?
Why
bother
fixing
it
if
it's
cheaper
to
buy
a
new
one
?
noun
a
small
amount
of
trouble
,
effort
,
or
worry
that
makes
a
task
unpleasant
β’
Cleaning
the
attic
is
such
a
bother
.
Cleaning
the
attic
is
such
a
bother
.
β’
Sorry
to
be
a
bother
,
but
could
I
borrow
a
pen
?
Sorry
to
be
a
bother
,
but
could
I
borrow
a
pen
?
Other
noun
a
person
or
group
regarded
as
different
from
and
outside
oneself
or
one
β
s
own
social
group
β’
Philosophers
discuss
the
Other
as
everything
outside
the
self
.
Philosophers
discuss
the
Other
as
everything
outside
the
self
.
β’
The
novel
explores
the
fear
of
the
Other
in
a
small
town
.
The
novel
explores
the
fear
of
the
Other
in
a
small
town
.
from
Middle
English
"
other
",
Old
English
"
Εther
",
related
to
German
"
ander
"
and
Latin
"
alter
"
grandmother
noun
the
mother
of
your
father
or
mother
.
β’
My
grandmother
bakes
the
best
chocolate
chip
cookies
every
Sunday
.
My
grandmother
bakes
the
best
chocolate
chip
cookies
every
Sunday
.
β’
Lucas
loves
listening
to
stories
about
the
past
that
his
grandmother
tells
him
before
bed
.
Lucas
loves
listening
to
stories
about
the
past
that
his
grandmother
tells
him
before
bed
.
publisher
noun
a
person
or
company
that
prepares
,
produces
,
and
sells
books
,
magazines
,
newspapers
,
or
other
written
or
digital
works
β’
After
finishing
her
novel
,
Maria
sent
it
to
a
well-known
publisher
in
New
York
.
After
finishing
her
novel
,
Maria
sent
it
to
a
well-known
publisher
in
New
York
.
β’
The
children's
book
publisher
added
colorful
illustrations
to
attract
young
readers
.
The
children's
book
publisher
added
colorful
illustrations
to
attract
young
readers
.
from
β
publish
β
+
β
-er
β,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
15th
century
noun
in
computing
,
a
program
or
component
that
sends
out
data
or
messages
for
other
programs
(
subscribers
)
to
receive
β’
In
the
messaging
system
,
the
publisher
sends
temperature
updates
every
minute
.
In
the
messaging
system
,
the
publisher
sends
temperature
updates
every
minute
.
β’
Each
time
a
user
posts
a
photo
,
a
publisher
event
is
created
for
the
news
feed
.
Each
time
a
user
posts
a
photo
,
a
publisher
event
is
created
for
the
news
feed
.
extended
from
the
traditional
sense
of
β
publisher
β
to
computing
in
the
late
20th
century
,
by
analogy
with
disseminating
information
grandfather
noun
the
father
of
your
father
or
mother
β’
My
grandfather
taught
me
how
to
fish
at
the
lake
every
summer
.
My
grandfather
taught
me
how
to
fish
at
the
lake
every
summer
.
β’
After
the
war
,
her
grandfather
built
the
small
house
where
she
lives
now
.
After
the
war
,
her
grandfather
built
the
small
house
where
she
lives
now
.
From
grand
+β
father
;
recorded
in
English
since
the
early
15th
century
.
verb
to
allow
someone
or
something
to
continue
under
an
old
rule
while
new
rules
apply
to
others
β’
Existing
taxi
drivers
were
grandfathered
and
did
not
need
the
new
license
.
Existing
taxi
drivers
were
grandfathered
and
did
not
need
the
new
license
.
β’
The
old
neon
sign
was
grandfathered
under
previous
regulations
,
so
the
restaurant
could
keep
it
.
The
old
neon
sign
was
grandfathered
under
previous
regulations
,
so
the
restaurant
could
keep
it
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
via
the
legal
term
β
grandfather
clause
β
in
late
19th-century
American
legislation
.
photographer
noun
a
person
who
takes
photographs
,
especially
as
a
hobby
or
job
.
β’
The
photographer
asked
the
couple
to
smile
as
he
snapped
their
wedding
pictures
.
The
photographer
asked
the
couple
to
smile
as
he
snapped
their
wedding
pictures
.
β’
A
wildlife
photographer
waited
quietly
beside
the
river
to
capture
the
moment
a
bear
caught
a
fish
.
A
wildlife
photographer
waited
quietly
beside
the
river
to
capture
the
moment
a
bear
caught
a
fish
.
Formed
in
the
mid-19th
century
from
photograph
+
the
agent
suffix
βer
,
meaning
β
person
who
makes
photographs
β.
leather
noun
a
strong
,
flexible
material
made
from
treated
animal
skin
and
used
to
make
clothing
,
shoes
,
furniture
,
and
many
other
objects
β’
The
craftsman
carefully
cut
the
piece
of
leather
to
make
a
wallet
.
The
craftsman
carefully
cut
the
piece
of
leather
to
make
a
wallet
.
β’
My
new
boots
are
made
of
soft
black
leather
that
feels
comfortable
.
My
new
boots
are
made
of
soft
black
leather
that
feels
comfortable
.
Old
English
β
lether
β,
from
Proto-Germanic
*lethran
,
originally
meaning
"
hide
"
or
"
skin
".
verb
to
hit
someone
or
something
very
hard
many
times
,
especially
with
a
strap
,
belt
,
or
the
hand
β’
In
the
story
,
the
cruel
master
leathered
the
servant
for
dropping
the
tray
.
In
the
story
,
the
cruel
master
leathered
the
servant
for
dropping
the
tray
.
β’
The
coach
warned
us
he
would
leather
the
ball
into
the
net
if
we
didn
β
t
close
him
down
.
The
coach
warned
us
he
would
leather
the
ball
into
the
net
if
we
didn
β
t
close
him
down
.
Derived
from
the
noun
β
leather
,β
originally
referring
to
beating
with
a
leather
strap
.