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photo
noun
a
picture
made
with
a
camera
•
I
took
a
beautiful
photo
of
the
sunset
at
the
beach
yesterday
.
I
took
a
beautiful
photo
of
the
sunset
at
the
beach
yesterday
.
•
Could
you
send
me
the
photo
from
last
night's
party
?
Could
you
send
me
the
photo
from
last
night's
party
?
Shortened
form
of
photograph
,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
verb
to
take
a
photograph
of
someone
or
something
•
Tourists
paused
to
let
the
guide
photo
them
in
front
of
the
ancient
temple
.
Tourists
paused
to
let
the
guide
photo
them
in
front
of
the
ancient
temple
.
•
He
loves
to
photo
birds
early
in
the
morning
.
He
loves
to
photo
birds
early
in
the
morning
.
Back-formation
from
the
noun
photo
,
meaning
to
take
a
photograph
,
first
appearing
in
the
early
20th
century
.
phone
noun
a
device
you
use
to
talk
to
or
send
messages
to
people
who
are
far
away
•
Mia
forgot
her
phone
at
home
and
couldn't
take
any
pictures
.
Mia
forgot
her
phone
at
home
and
couldn't
take
any
pictures
.
•
The
phone
rang
just
as
we
sat
down
for
dinner
.
The
phone
rang
just
as
we
sat
down
for
dinner
.
Shortened
from
“
telephone
,”
which
comes
from
Greek
tele-
“
far
”
+
phōnē
“
voice
,
sound
.”
verb
-
phone
,
phoning
,
phones
,
phoned
to
call
someone
using
a
phone
•
I'll
phone
you
when
I
arrive
at
the
station
.
I'll
phone
you
when
I
arrive
at
the
station
.
•
She
phoned
her
grandmother
every
Sunday
.
She
phoned
her
grandmother
every
Sunday
.
Back-formation
from
the
noun
“
phone
,”
itself
a
shortened
form
of
“
telephone
.”
physical
adjective
connected
with
the
body
rather
than
the
mind
•
Regular
physical
exercise
keeps
the
heart
healthy
.
Regular
physical
exercise
keeps
the
heart
healthy
.
•
After
hours
of
physical
work
in
the
garden
,
he
wiped
the
sweat
from
his
brow
.
After
hours
of
physical
work
in
the
garden
,
he
wiped
the
sweat
from
his
brow
.
From
late
Middle
English
,
via
medieval
Latin
physica
‘
natural
things
’,
from
Greek
phusikos
‘
of
nature
’.
adjective
relating
to
real
,
material
things
that
can
be
touched
or
seen
•
The
museum
lets
visitors
hold
physical
replicas
of
ancient
tools
.
The
museum
lets
visitors
hold
physical
replicas
of
ancient
tools
.
•
Always
keep
a
physical
backup
of
important
documents
.
Always
keep
a
physical
backup
of
important
documents
.
adjective
involving
forceful
or
aggressive
bodily
contact
•
The
argument
turned
physical
when
someone
threw
a
punch
.
The
argument
turned
physical
when
someone
threw
a
punch
.
•
Rugby
can
be
very
physical
,
so
players
wear
mouthguards
.
Rugby
can
be
very
physical
,
so
players
wear
mouthguards
.
noun
a
general
medical
examination
of
the
body
•
I
have
my
annual
physical
next
Tuesday
.
I
have
my
annual
physical
next
Tuesday
.
•
The
company
requires
a
physical
before
you
start
work
.
The
company
requires
a
physical
before
you
start
work
.
adjective
connected
with
the
science
of
physics
or
the
laws
of
nature
•
Gravity
is
a
physical
force
that
attracts
all
objects
.
Gravity
is
a
physical
force
that
attracts
all
objects
.
•
The
experiment
measured
the
physical
properties
of
copper
.
The
experiment
measured
the
physical
properties
of
copper
.
photograph
noun
a
picture
made
with
a
camera
by
capturing
light
on
film
or
a
digital
sensor
•
Maria
framed
her
favorite
photograph
of
the
beach
and
hung
it
on
the
wall
.
Maria
framed
her
favorite
photograph
of
the
beach
and
hung
it
on
the
wall
.
•
The
old
man
showed
me
a
faded
photograph
of
his
army
friends
.
The
old
man
showed
me
a
faded
photograph
of
his
army
friends
.
Mid-19th
century
:
from
photo-
‘
light
’
+
‑graph
‘
something
written
or
drawn
’.
verb
to
take
a
picture
of
someone
or
something
with
a
camera
•
She
loves
to
photograph
wild
animals
in
their
natural
habitat
.
She
loves
to
photograph
wild
animals
in
their
natural
habitat
.
•
Please
don't
photograph
me
;
I'm
not
ready
yet
.
Please
don't
photograph
me
;
I'm
not
ready
yet
.
Derived
from
the
noun
‘
photograph
’,
adopted
as
a
verb
soon
after
cameras
became
common
in
the
19th
century
.
phase
noun
a
distinct
stage
in
a
process
of
change
,
growth
,
or
development
•
The
project
is
entering
its
final
phase
next
month
.
The
project
is
entering
its
final
phase
next
month
.
•
Toddlers
often
go
through
a
picky-eating
phase
that
worries
parents
.
Toddlers
often
go
through
a
picky-eating
phase
that
worries
parents
.
noun
the
visible
shape
of
the
illuminated
part
of
the
moon
or
a
planet
as
it
is
seen
from
Earth
•
During
the
full-moon
phase
,
the
night
sky
looked
bright
enough
to
read
outside
.
During
the
full-moon
phase
,
the
night
sky
looked
bright
enough
to
read
outside
.
•
The
moon
will
reach
its
crescent
phase
tomorrow
evening
.
The
moon
will
reach
its
crescent
phase
tomorrow
evening
.
noun
the
particular
point
in
the
cycle
of
a
wave
,
or
the
timing
relationship
between
two
repeating
waves
•
If
the
two
speakers
are
out of phase
,
the
sound
will
cancel
out
.
If
the
two
speakers
are
out of phase
,
the
sound
will
cancel
out
.
•
The
technician
adjusted
the
oscillator
’
s
phase
to
match
the
reference
signal
.
The
technician
adjusted
the
oscillator
’
s
phase
to
match
the
reference
signal
.
noun
a
physically
distinct
form
or
state
in
which
matter
can
exist
,
such
as
solid
,
liquid
,
or
gas
•
Water
changes
phase
from
liquid
to
gas
at
100
°C
.
Water
changes
phase
from
liquid
to
gas
at
100
°C
.
•
Dry
ice
skips
the
liquid
phase
and
turns
directly
into
vapor
.
Dry
ice
skips
the
liquid
phase
and
turns
directly
into
vapor
.
verb
-
phase
,
phasing
,
phases
,
phased
to
introduce
,
remove
,
or
carry
out
something
gradually
in
separate
stages
•
The
city
plans
to
phase out
old
buses
over
the
next
five
years
.
The
city
plans
to
phase out
old
buses
over
the
next
five
years
.
•
The
school
will
phase in
the
new
curriculum
starting
this
fall
.
The
school
will
phase in
the
new
curriculum
starting
this
fall
.
philosophy
noun
-
philosophy
,
philosophies
a
particular
set
of
ideas
or
beliefs
that
guides
the
actions
or
decisions
of
a
person
,
group
,
or
organization
•
Our
company
’
s
philosophy
is
to
put
the
customer
first
in
every
decision
.
Our
company
’
s
philosophy
is
to
put
the
customer
first
in
every
decision
.
•
Minimalism
became
Liam
’
s
life
philosophy
after
he
sold
most
of
his
possessions
.
Minimalism
became
Liam
’
s
life
philosophy
after
he
sold
most
of
his
possessions
.
noun
-
philosophy
,
philosophies
the
academic
study
that
seeks
to
understand
the
deepest
questions
about
existence
,
knowledge
,
values
,
reason
,
and
language
•
At
university
,
Nora
decided
to
major
in
philosophy
because
she
loved
debating
questions
about
reality
and
truth
.
At
university
,
Nora
decided
to
major
in
philosophy
because
she
loved
debating
questions
about
reality
and
truth
.
•
Ancient
Greek
philosophy
still
shapes
how
we
think
about
ethics
today
.
Ancient
Greek
philosophy
still
shapes
how
we
think
about
ethics
today
.
From
Old
French
philosophie
,
from
Latin
philosophia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
philosophía
meaning
“
love
of
wisdom
”.
noun
-
philosophy
,
philosophies
a
calm
and
thoughtful
attitude
that
accepts
difficulties
without
getting
upset
•
Even
after
losing
the
match
,
Jasmine
kept
her
philosophy
and
congratulated
the
winners
.
Even
after
losing
the
match
,
Jasmine
kept
her
philosophy
and
congratulated
the
winners
.
•
With
remarkable
philosophy
,
Grandpa
laughed
when
the
cake
burned
and
simply
baked
another
.
With
remarkable
philosophy
,
Grandpa
laughed
when
the
cake
burned
and
simply
baked
another
.
physician
noun
a
person
who
is
trained
and
licensed
to
diagnose
illnesses
and
treat
people
who
are
sick
or
injured
;
a
medical
doctor
•
The
physician
examined
the
patient's
heartbeat
with
a
stethoscope
.
The
physician
examined
the
patient's
heartbeat
with
a
stethoscope
.
•
After
breaking
her
arm
,
Lily
went
to
see
a
physician
at
the
city
hospital
.
After
breaking
her
arm
,
Lily
went
to
see
a
physician
at
the
city
hospital
.
Middle
English
phisicien
,
from
Old
French
,
from
physicien
“
natural
philosopher
”,
from
Latin
physica
“
natural
science
”.
Over
time
the
meaning
narrowed
to
a
medical
doctor
.
noun
(
archaic
or
literary
)
a
healer
or
any
force
that
cures
sickness
or
solves
problems
•
They
believed
that
time
would
be
the
best
physician
.
They
believed
that
time
would
be
the
best
physician
.
•
The
wise
physician
mixed
fragrant
herbs
to
cure
the
nobleman
.
The
wise
physician
mixed
fragrant
herbs
to
cure
the
nobleman
.
Same
origin
as
the
modern
sense
;
earlier
English
used
the
word
broadly
for
anyone
or
anything
that
brought
healing
.
atmosphere
noun
the
layer
of
gases
that
surrounds
a
planet
,
especially
Earth
•
The
Earth's
atmosphere
protects
us
from
harmful
solar
radiation
.
The
Earth's
atmosphere
protects
us
from
harmful
solar
radiation
.
•
Scientists
study
the
thin
atmosphere
of
Mars
to
look
for
signs
of
water
.
Scientists
study
the
thin
atmosphere
of
Mars
to
look
for
signs
of
water
.
Mid-17th
century
:
from
Greek
atmos
‘
vapour
’
+
sphaira
‘
sphere
’.
noun
the
general
mood
or
feeling
that
exists
in
a
place
or
at
an
event
•
The
restaurant
had
a
warm
,
cozy
atmosphere
that
made
us
feel
at
home
.
The
restaurant
had
a
warm
,
cozy
atmosphere
that
made
us
feel
at
home
.
•
Laughter
created
a
joyful
atmosphere
at
the
birthday
party
.
Laughter
created
a
joyful
atmosphere
at
the
birthday
party
.
noun
a
unit
for
measuring
pressure
,
equal
to
the
average
air
pressure
at
sea
level
(
about
101
,
325
pascals
)
•
At
sea
level
,
air
pressure
is
about
one
atmosphere
.
At
sea
level
,
air
pressure
is
about
one
atmosphere
.
•
The
diver's
lungs
faced
more
than
two
atmospheres
of
pressure
underwater
.
The
diver's
lungs
faced
more
than
two
atmospheres
of
pressure
underwater
.
emphasize
verb
-
emphasize
,
emphasizing
,
emphasizes
,
emphasized
to
say
or
show
that
something
is
especially
important
so
people
notice
it
•
The
teacher
emphasized
the
need
to
finish
the
project
on
time
.
The
teacher
emphasized
the
need
to
finish
the
project
on
time
.
•
During
the
meeting
,
the
manager
emphasized
that
safety
comes
first
.
During
the
meeting
,
the
manager
emphasized
that
safety
comes
first
.
From
Greek
"
emphasis
"
meaning
“
appearance
,
showing
”
via
Latin
“
emphasis
”
+
English
verb
suffix
“
-ize
”.
verb
-
emphasize
,
emphasizing
,
emphasizes
,
emphasized
to
make
something
stand
out
or
look
more
noticeable
•
She
wore
a
bright
scarf
to
emphasize
her
outfit
.
She
wore
a
bright
scarf
to
emphasize
her
outfit
.
•
Soft
lighting
can
emphasize
the
texture
of
a
painting
.
Soft
lighting
can
emphasize
the
texture
of
a
painting
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
ultimately
from
Greek
"
emphainō
"
meaning
“
to
show
”.
emphasise
verb
-
emphasise
,
emphasising
,
emphasises
,
emphasised
to
say
or
show
that
something
is
especially
important
so
people
notice
it
•
The
professor
emphasised
the
key
points
before
the
exam
.
The
professor
emphasised
the
key
points
before
the
exam
.
•
Campaign
posters
emphasise
the
importance
of
recycling
.
Campaign
posters
emphasise
the
importance
of
recycling
.
See
Sense
1
etymology
;
British
spelling
adopted
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
-
emphasise
,
emphasising
,
emphasises
,
emphasised
to
make
something
stand
out
or
look
more
noticeable
•
Spotlights
emphasise
the
actor
on
stage
.
Spotlights
emphasise
the
actor
on
stage
.
•
A
thin
frame
can
emphasise
a
painting
without
distracting
from
it
.
A
thin
frame
can
emphasise
a
painting
without
distracting
from
it
.
See
Sense
2
etymology
for
US
variant
;
same
historical
root
with
British
spelling
.
phrase
noun
a
small
group
of
words
that
works
as
a
unit
inside
a
sentence
but
does
not
have
both
a
subject
and
a
verb
•
In
the
sentence
“
The
quick
brown
fox
jumps
over
the
lazy
dog
,”
the
phrase
“
quick
brown
fox
”
describes
the
animal
.
In
the
sentence
“
The
quick
brown
fox
jumps
over
the
lazy
dog
,”
the
phrase
“
quick
brown
fox
”
describes
the
animal
.
•
Our
tutor
asked
us
to
underline
every
prepositional
phrase
in
the
paragraph
.
Our
tutor
asked
us
to
underline
every
prepositional
phrase
in
the
paragraph
.
from
Greek
“
phrasis
”
meaning
“
speech
,
way
of
speaking
,”
via
Latin
“
phrasis
”
and
French
“
phrase
”
noun
a
short
well-known
group
of
words
that
people
often
use
together
to
express
a
particular
idea
•
My
grandfather
always
says
the
phrase
“
better
late
than
never
.”
My
grandfather
always
says
the
phrase
“
better
late
than
never
.”
•
I
learned
a
useful
English
phrase
for
thanking
someone
politely
.
I
learned
a
useful
English
phrase
for
thanking
someone
politely
.
noun
a
short
section
of
music
that
sounds
complete
on
its
own
•
The
violin
repeated
the
opening
phrase
softly
.
The
violin
repeated
the
opening
phrase
softly
.
•
The
first
four
bars
form
a
melodic
phrase
that
returns
later
in
the
piece
.
The
first
four
bars
form
a
melodic
phrase
that
returns
later
in
the
piece
.
verb
-
phrase
,
phrasing
,
phrases
,
phrased
to
express
something
using
particular
words
•
Try
to
phrase
your
question
more
clearly
.
Try
to
phrase
your
question
more
clearly
.
•
She
phrased
her
apology
in
a
warm
and
sincere
way
.
She
phrased
her
apology
in
a
warm
and
sincere
way
.
telephone
noun
a
device
with
a
mouth-piece
and
an
earpiece
that
lets
people
talk
to
each
other
even
when
they
are
far
apart
,
by
turning
their
voices
into
electrical
signals
and
back
again
•
Maya
picked
up
the
telephone
and
called
her
grandmother
.
Maya
picked
up
the
telephone
and
called
her
grandmother
.
•
The
old
telephone
on
his
desk
still
had
a
rotary
dial
.
The
old
telephone
on
his
desk
still
had
a
rotary
dial
.
from
Greek
tele-
‘
far
’
+
phōnē
‘
voice
,
sound
’;
invented
name
used
by
Alexander
Graham
Bell
in
the
19th
century
noun
the
whole
network
and
technology
that
carries
spoken
messages
over
wires
or
radio
waves
so
people
can
talk
to
each
other
across
distances
•
The
telephone
changed
the
way
businesses
communicated
around
the
world
.
The
telephone
changed
the
way
businesses
communicated
around
the
world
.
•
Strong
winds
knocked
out
the
village
’
s
telephone
for
two
days
.
Strong
winds
knocked
out
the
village
’
s
telephone
for
two
days
.
developed
from
the
device
name
to
describe
the
entire
system
that
carries
calls
verb
-
telephone
,
telephoning
,
telephones
,
telephoned
to
call
someone
and
speak
to
them
using
a
telephone
•
I
will
telephone
you
as
soon
as
I
arrive
.
I
will
telephone
you
as
soon
as
I
arrive
.
•
She
telephoned
the
doctor
for
an
appointment
.
She
telephoned
the
doctor
for
an
appointment
.
back-formation
from
the
noun
;
first
used
as
a
verb
soon
after
the
device
was
invented
phenomenon
noun
-
phenomenon
,
phenomena
something
that
can
be
seen
,
felt
,
or
measured
,
especially
when
it
is
unusual
or
hard
to
explain
•
Tourists
huddled
under
blankets
to
watch
the
Northern
Lights
,
a
natural
phenomenon
of
swirling
green
and
purple
light
across
the
sky
.
Tourists
huddled
under
blankets
to
watch
the
Northern
Lights
,
a
natural
phenomenon
of
swirling
green
and
purple
light
across
the
sky
.
•
The
sudden
disappearance
of
honeybees
is
a
worrying
phenomenon
that
scientists
are
racing
to
understand
.
The
sudden
disappearance
of
honeybees
is
a
worrying
phenomenon
that
scientists
are
racing
to
understand
.
from
Greek
phainomenon
‘
thing
appearing
to
view
’,
from
phainein
‘
to
show
’
noun
-
phenomenon
,
phenomena
a
person
or
thing
that
is
extremely
impressive
,
successful
,
or
popular
•
The
teenage
chess
prodigy
was
a
phenomenon
,
defeating
grandmasters
twice
his
age
.
The
teenage
chess
prodigy
was
a
phenomenon
,
defeating
grandmasters
twice
his
age
.
•
The
small
indie
film
turned
into
a
global
phenomenon
,
topping
box-office
charts
for
weeks
.
The
small
indie
film
turned
into
a
global
phenomenon
,
topping
box-office
charts
for
weeks
.
extension
of
the
main
sense
‘
remarkable
thing
observed
’
to
describe
outstanding
people
or
trends
noun
-
phenomenon
,
phenomena
in
philosophy
,
a
thing
as
it
appears
to
and
is
experienced
by
the
senses
,
not
necessarily
as
it
is
in
itself
•
The
professor
explained
that
the
rainbow
we
see
is
a
phenomenon
,
while
the
real
properties
of
light
exist
independently
of
our
sight
.
The
professor
explained
that
the
rainbow
we
see
is
a
phenomenon
,
while
the
real
properties
of
light
exist
independently
of
our
sight
.
•
According
to
Kant
,
the
tree
in
front
of
you
is
a
phenomenon
shaped
by
your
senses
and
mind
.
According
to
Kant
,
the
tree
in
front
of
you
is
a
phenomenon
shaped
by
your
senses
and
mind
.
adopted
into
philosophical
use
in
the
18th
century
,
especially
by
Immanuel
Kant
,
to
contrast
with
‘
noumenon
’,
the
thing-in-itself
emphasis
noun
-
emphasis
,
emphases
special
importance
or
attention
given
to
something
•
The
teacher
placed
strong
emphasis
on
honesty
during
the
lesson
.
The
teacher
placed
strong
emphasis
on
honesty
during
the
lesson
.
•
Our
company
puts
great
emphasis
on
customer
satisfaction
.
Our
company
puts
great
emphasis
on
customer
satisfaction
.
Borrowed
in
the
16th
century
from
Latin
emphasis
,
from
Ancient
Greek
ἔμφασις
(
émphasis
)
meaning
"
appearance
,
show
,
importance
".
noun
-
emphasis
,
emphases
extra
loudness
,
force
,
or
visual
style
used
to
make
a
syllable
,
word
,
or
idea
stand
out
•
You
place
the
emphasis
on
the
first
syllable
when
“
present
”
is
a
noun
.
You
place
the
emphasis
on
the
first
syllable
when
“
present
”
is
a
noun
.
•
He
slowed
down
and
used
vocal
emphasis
to
highlight
his
main
point
.
He
slowed
down
and
used
vocal
emphasis
to
highlight
his
main
point
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
the
meaning
of
stressing
a
word
or
syllable
developed
in
English
by
the
late
16th
century
.
photographer
noun
a
person
who
takes
photographs
,
especially
as
a
hobby
or
job
.
•
The
photographer
asked
the
couple
to
smile
as
he
snapped
their
wedding
pictures
.
The
photographer
asked
the
couple
to
smile
as
he
snapped
their
wedding
pictures
.
•
A
wildlife
photographer
waited
quietly
beside
the
river
to
capture
the
moment
a
bear
caught
a
fish
.
A
wildlife
photographer
waited
quietly
beside
the
river
to
capture
the
moment
a
bear
caught
a
fish
.
Formed
in
the
mid-19th
century
from
photograph
+
the
agent
suffix
‑er
,
meaning
“
person
who
makes
photographs
”.
iPhone
noun
a
touchscreen
smartphone
made
by
Apple
Inc
.
•
Maria
proudly
showed
her
friends
the
photos
she
had
taken
on
her
new
iPhone
.
Maria
proudly
showed
her
friends
the
photos
she
had
taken
on
her
new
iPhone
.
•
During
the
train
ride
,
James
listened
to
music
on
his
iPhone
to
pass
the
time
.
During
the
train
ride
,
James
listened
to
music
on
his
iPhone
to
pass
the
time
.
Launched
by
Apple
Inc
.
in
2007
,
combining
the
words
“
internet
”
and
“
phone
”
to
emphasize
its
web
capabilities
alongside
traditional
calling
.
physically
adverb
in
a
way
that
involves
the
body
rather
than
the
mind
or
emotions
•
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
felt
physically
ready
for
the
marathon
.
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
felt
physically
ready
for
the
marathon
.
•
The
job
is
physically
demanding
,
so
workers
must
take
regular
breaks
.
The
job
is
physically
demanding
,
so
workers
must
take
regular
breaks
.
Derived
from
"
physical
"
+
"
-ly
",
first
recorded
in
the
15th
century
.
adverb
in
a
real
,
tangible
way
,
involving
actual
contact
or
presence
rather
than
something
virtual
or
theoretical
•
The
old
letters
were
physically
stored
in
a
locked
box
under
the
bed
.
The
old
letters
were
physically
stored
in
a
locked
box
under
the
bed
.
•
Because
he
lived
abroad
,
he
couldn't
physically
attend
the
wedding
.
Because
he
lived
abroad
,
he
couldn't
physically
attend
the
wedding
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
"
physical
"
+
"
-ly
",
extending
to
the
idea
of
real-world
presence
in
the
late
19th
century
with
the
rise
of
telecommunication
.
physics
noun
-
physics
the
branch
of
science
that
studies
matter
,
energy
,
and
the
forces
that
act
between
them
•
At
school
,
Mia
enjoys
doing
experiments
in
her
physics
class
.
At
school
,
Mia
enjoys
doing
experiments
in
her
physics
class
.
•
Albert
Einstein
changed
physics
forever
with
his
theory
of
relativity
.
Albert
Einstein
changed
physics
forever
with
his
theory
of
relativity
.
from
Latin
physica
‘
natural
science
’,
from
Greek
physikē
(
epistēmē
) ‘(
knowledge
)
of
nature
’,
from
phusis
‘
nature
’
noun
-
physics
the
way
matter
,
energy
,
and
forces
work
in
a
particular
situation
or
system
•
The
physics
of
a
bouncing
ball
involves
gravity
,
elasticity
,
and
air
resistance
.
The
physics
of
a
bouncing
ball
involves
gravity
,
elasticity
,
and
air
resistance
.
•
Scientists
study
the
physics
of
black
holes
to
understand
their
immense
gravity
.
Scientists
study
the
physics
of
black
holes
to
understand
their
immense
gravity
.
sophisticated
adjective
having
a
lot
of
worldly
knowledge
,
refined
taste
,
and
elegant
manners
•
The
art
critic's
sophisticated
comments
impressed
the
students
.
The
art
critic's
sophisticated
comments
impressed
the
students
.
•
Maria's
sophisticated
style
made
her
stand
out
at
the
party
.
Maria's
sophisticated
style
made
her
stand
out
at
the
party
.
adjective
cleverly
designed
and
complicated
,
using
the
most
advanced
ideas
or
technology
•
The
police
used
a
sophisticated
computer
program
to
track
the
hacker
.
The
police
used
a
sophisticated
computer
program
to
track
the
hacker
.
•
This
watch
contains
a
sophisticated
mechanism
that
winds
itself
automatically
.
This
watch
contains
a
sophisticated
mechanism
that
winds
itself
automatically
.
adjective
(
archaic
)
altered
or
adulterated
so
that
it
is
no
longer
pure
•
In
the
18th
century
,
merchants
sold
sophisticated
wine
mixed
with
cheap
additives
.
In
the
18th
century
,
merchants
sold
sophisticated
wine
mixed
with
cheap
additives
.
•
Consumers
complained
that
the
olive
oil
was
sophisticated
and
lacked
its
natural
flavor
.
Consumers
complained
that
the
olive
oil
was
sophisticated
and
lacked
its
natural
flavor
.
photography
noun
-
photography
the
skill
,
art
,
and
activity
of
taking
and
producing
photographs
with
a
camera
•
Marina
took
a
course
in
photography
to
learn
how
to
use
her
new
camera
.
Marina
took
a
course
in
photography
to
learn
how
to
use
her
new
camera
.
•
Good
photography
requires
an
understanding
of
light
,
composition
,
and
timing
.
Good
photography
requires
an
understanding
of
light
,
composition
,
and
timing
.
mid-19th
century
:
from
photo-
‘
light
’
+
Greek
graphia
‘
writing
,
drawing
’.
noun
-
photography
the
collection
or
body
of
photographs
produced
by
someone
,
showing
their
style
or
work
•
Her
black-and-white
photography
from
the
1970s
is
on
display
at
the
museum
.
Her
black-and-white
photography
from
the
1970s
is
on
display
at
the
museum
.
•
Critics
praised
the
documentary
’
s
stunning
wildlife
photography
.
Critics
praised
the
documentary
’
s
stunning
wildlife
photography
.
paragraph
noun
a
section
of
writing
that
begins
on
a
new
line
and
usually
talks
about
one
main
idea
•
Please
start
a
new
paragraph
when
you
change
topics
in
your
essay
.
Please
start
a
new
paragraph
when
you
change
topics
in
your
essay
.
•
The
newspaper
article
was
broken
into
short
paragraphs
so
readers
could
follow
the
story
easily
.
The
newspaper
article
was
broken
into
short
paragraphs
so
readers
could
follow
the
story
easily
.
Mid-16th
century
from
French
“
paragraphe
,”
via
late
Latin
from
Greek
“
paragraphos
” ‘
short
stroke
marking
a
break
in
sense
’.
noun
a
very
short
item
of
news
printed
as
a
single
paragraph
in
a
newspaper
or
magazine
•
A
tiny
paragraph
on
the
front
page
mentioned
the
mayor
’
s
quick
hospital
visit
.
A
tiny
paragraph
on
the
front
page
mentioned
the
mayor
’
s
quick
hospital
visit
.
•
Editors
sometimes
add
filler
paragraphs
to
take
up
leftover
space
.
Editors
sometimes
add
filler
paragraphs
to
take
up
leftover
space
.
Sense
extended
in
the
late
19th
century
to
mean
a
short
news
item
separated
as
its
own
paragraph
.
verb
to
divide
a
piece
of
writing
into
paragraphs
•
Before
printing
the
booklet
,
she
carefully
paragraphed
each
chapter
.
Before
printing
the
booklet
,
she
carefully
paragraphed
each
chapter
.
•
The
students
learned
how
to
paragraph
their
essays
for
better
flow
.
The
students
learned
how
to
paragraph
their
essays
for
better
flow
.
Verb
use
recorded
from
the
early
17th
century
,
derived
from
the
noun
.
graph
noun
a
diagram
made
of
lines
,
bars
,
or
curves
that
shows
how
numbers
or
amounts
change
or
compare
•
The
teacher
drew
a
simple
graph
on
the
board
to
explain
the
rising
temperature
over
a
week
.
The
teacher
drew
a
simple
graph
on
the
board
to
explain
the
rising
temperature
over
a
week
.
•
Our
sales
graph
shows
that
profits
doubled
last
month
.
Our
sales
graph
shows
that
profits
doubled
last
month
.
From
the
Greek
suffix
-graphos
meaning
“
something
written
or
drawn
,”
adopted
into
English
in
the
late
19th
century
for
statistical
diagrams
.
noun
in
mathematics
,
a
set
of
points
(
vertices
)
connected
by
lines
(
edges
)
that
shows
how
things
are
linked
•
The
social
network
can
be
modeled
as
a
graph
where
each
user
is
a
node
and
each
friendship
is
an
edge
.
The
social
network
can
be
modeled
as
a
graph
where
each
user
is
a
node
and
each
friendship
is
an
edge
.
•
In
class
we
learned
that
a
tree
is
a
special
kind
of
graph
without
cycles
.
In
class
we
learned
that
a
tree
is
a
special
kind
of
graph
without
cycles
.
Adopted
in
early
20th-century
mathematics
to
describe
a
collection
of
nodes
and
edges
,
extending
the
older
statistical
sense
of
“
graph
.”
verb
to
draw
or
plot
information
on
a
graph
•
We
will
graph
the
rainfall
data
to
see
seasonal
changes
.
We
will
graph
the
rainfall
data
to
see
seasonal
changes
.
•
He
graphed
the
company
’
s
revenue
over
five
years
for
the
report
.
He
graphed
the
company
’
s
revenue
over
five
years
for
the
report
.
Verb
use
developed
after
the
noun
,
meaning
“
to
represent
by
means
of
a
graph
,”
first
recorded
in
the
early
20th
century
.
prophet
noun
A
person
who
people
believe
receives
messages
from
a
god
and
tells
others
those
divine
messages
or
warnings
.
•
Many
people
consider
Moses
to
be
a
prophet
who
guided
his
people
through
the
desert
.
Many
people
consider
Moses
to
be
a
prophet
who
guided
his
people
through
the
desert
.
•
The
villagers
gathered
around
the
prophet
to
hear
what
fate
awaited
their
kingdom
.
The
villagers
gathered
around
the
prophet
to
hear
what
fate
awaited
their
kingdom
.
Middle
English
profet
,
from
Old
French
prophete
,
from
Latin
prophēta
,
from
Ancient
Greek
prophētēs
meaning
“
spokesperson
of
a
god
.”
noun
Someone
who
is
very
good
at
predicting
what
will
happen
in
the
future
,
especially
in
a
particular
field
such
as
science
,
economics
,
or
culture
.
•
Many
investors
call
her
a
prophet
of
the
stock
market
because
her
forecasts
are
so
accurate
.
Many
investors
call
her
a
prophet
of
the
stock
market
because
her
forecasts
are
so
accurate
.
•
The
science-fiction
writer
was
a
prophet
of
space
travel
long
before
rockets
existed
.
The
science-fiction
writer
was
a
prophet
of
space
travel
long
before
rockets
existed
.
The
figurative
sense
developed
in
English
in
the
14th
century
,
extending
the
religious
idea
of
foretelling
to
secular
prediction
.
alpha
noun
the
first
letter
of
the
Greek
alphabet
,
written
Α
or
α
,
often
used
as
a
scientific
or
mathematical
symbol
•
The
angle
was
labeled
alpha
on
the
diagram
.
The
angle
was
labeled
alpha
on
the
diagram
.
•
In
the
Greek
sequence
,
alpha
comes
before
beta
and
gamma
.
In
the
Greek
sequence
,
alpha
comes
before
beta
and
gamma
.
from
Greek
‘
álpha
’,
taken
from
Phoenician
‘
aleph
’,
meaning
‘
ox
’.
noun
the
dominant
or
most
powerful
individual
in
a
group
,
especially
among
animals
or
people
•
The
wolf
pack
followed
the
alpha
during
the
hunt
.
The
wolf
pack
followed
the
alpha
during
the
hunt
.
•
Some
executives
try
to
project
an
alpha
persona
in
meetings
.
Some
executives
try
to
project
an
alpha
persona
in
meetings
.
extension
of
the
idea
of
‘
first
’
or
‘
primary
’,
taken
from
the
position
of
alpha
as
the
first
Greek
letter
.
noun
an
early
test
version
of
a
piece
of
software
that
is
still
incomplete
and
likely
to
contain
many
bugs
•
The
game
is
in
alpha
,
so
expect
occasional
crashes
.
The
game
is
in
alpha
,
so
expect
occasional
crashes
.
•
We
released
an
alpha
build
for
internal
testing
last
week
.
We
released
an
alpha
build
for
internal
testing
last
week
.
borrowed
from
the
notion
of
‘
first
stage
’,
modeled
on
the
place
of
alpha
as
the
first
Greek
letter
;
in
computing
since
the
1970s
.
noun
in
investing
,
the
amount
by
which
a
portfolio
’
s
return
is
higher
or
lower
than
its
benchmark
,
showing
extra
performance
•
The
mutual
fund
delivered
an
alpha
of
2%
over
the
S&P
500
.
The
mutual
fund
delivered
an
alpha
of
2%
over
the
S&P
500
.
•
Investors
seek
positive
alpha
as
proof
of
a
manager
’
s
skill
.
Investors
seek
positive
alpha
as
proof
of
a
manager
’
s
skill
.
figurative
use
from
the
idea
of
being
‘
above
the
average
’,
first
recorded
in
finance
in
the
1960s
.
elephant
noun
a
very
large
gray
mammal
with
a
long
trunk
and
big
ears
that
lives
in
Africa
and
Asia
•
At
the
city
zoo
,
the
elephant
sprayed
water
over
its
back
to
cool
down
.
At
the
city
zoo
,
the
elephant
sprayed
water
over
its
back
to
cool
down
.
•
Scientists
studied
how
a
wild
elephant
family
protected
its
calves
from
lions
.
Scientists
studied
how
a
wild
elephant
family
protected
its
calves
from
lions
.
Middle
English
elefant
,
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
elephantus
,
from
Greek
elephas
"
ivory
,
elephant
".
noun
a
large
size
of
paper
or
book
measuring
roughly
23
by
28
inches
,
used
especially
for
maps
,
art
prints
,
or
deluxe
volumes
•
The
architect
ordered
her
blueprints
printed
on
elephant
sheets
to
capture
every
detail
.
The
architect
ordered
her
blueprints
printed
on
elephant
sheets
to
capture
every
detail
.
•
Collectors
prize
19th-century
atlases
bound
in
elephant
folios
for
their
vivid
hand-colored
maps
.
Collectors
prize
19th-century
atlases
bound
in
elephant
folios
for
their
vivid
hand-colored
maps
.
Named
for
its
large
size
,
comparing
the
sheet
’
s
dimensions
to
the
bulk
of
the
animal
.
noun
(
archaic
)
the
chess
piece
now
called
a
rook
,
named
for
earlier
sets
that
depicted
it
as
an
elephant
with
a
tower
•
In
medieval
manuscripts
,
the
elephant
is
shown
guarding
the
king
on
the
chessboard
’
s
corner
.
In
medieval
manuscripts
,
the
elephant
is
shown
guarding
the
king
on
the
chessboard
’
s
corner
.
•
An
18th-century
rulebook
explains
that
the
elephant
moves
straight
like
a
castle
piece
.
An
18th-century
rulebook
explains
that
the
elephant
moves
straight
like
a
castle
piece
.
From
Persian
and
Arabic
names
for
the
chess
piece
representing
an
elephant
in
Indian
armies
;
later
replaced
by
the
term
rook
.
demographic
noun
a
particular
group
of
people
within
a
larger
population
who
share
a
common
characteristic
such
as
age
,
income
,
or
education
•
Advertisers
often
target
the
18–25
demographic
when
launching
new
products
.
Advertisers
often
target
the
18–25
demographic
when
launching
new
products
.
•
The
city
’
s
growing
immigrant
demographic
has
diversified
local
cuisine
.
The
city
’
s
growing
immigrant
demographic
has
diversified
local
cuisine
.
From
Greek
dēmos
‘
people
’
+
-graphikos
‘
writing
,
description
’,
originally
referring
to
statistical
writing
about
populations
.
adjective
relating
to
the
study
or
structure
of
human
populations
,
especially
their
size
,
growth
,
and
characteristics
•
The
country
faces
serious
challenges
due
to
its
demographic
changes
.
The
country
faces
serious
challenges
due
to
its
demographic
changes
.
•
Census
data
provide
valuable
demographic
information
for
planners
.
Census
data
provide
valuable
demographic
information
for
planners
.
Adjective
use
developed
in
the
mid-19th
century
as
statistical
studies
of
populations
became
formalized
.
graphic
adjective
related
to
drawings
,
pictures
,
or
other
visual
images
,
especially
in
printing
,
publishing
,
or
computing
.
•
She
studied
graphic
design
at
university
to
become
an
illustrator
.
She
studied
graphic
design
at
university
to
become
an
illustrator
.
•
The
user
interface
has
simple
graphic
icons
that
even
children
can
recognize
.
The
user
interface
has
simple
graphic
icons
that
even
children
can
recognize
.
From
Latin
graphicus
“
of
drawing
or
writing
”,
from
Ancient
Greek
graphikos
,
from
graphein
“
to
write
,
draw
”.
noun
a
picture
,
diagram
,
or
symbol
that
is
printed
,
drawn
,
or
shown
on
a
screen
to
communicate
information
or
decorate
something
.
•
She
added
a
colorful
graphic
to
her
blog
post
.
She
added
a
colorful
graphic
to
her
blog
post
.
•
He
created
a
3D
graphic
of
a
car
using
modeling
software
.
He
created
a
3D
graphic
of
a
car
using
modeling
software
.
Sense
referring
to
a
single
picture
developed
in
the
mid-20th
century
with
the
rise
of
graphic
design
and
computer
imagery
.
adjective
describing
something
with
very
clear
,
vivid
,
and
often
shocking
detail
,
especially
about
unpleasant
subjects
.
•
The
reporter
gave
a
graphic
account
of
the
earthquake's
destruction
.
The
reporter
gave
a
graphic
account
of
the
earthquake's
destruction
.
•
Parents
complained
about
the
movie's
graphic
violence
.
Parents
complained
about
the
movie's
graphic
violence
.
Extended
figurative
use
appeared
in
the
early
19th
century
,
focusing
on
vividness
rather
than
visual
art
.
philosophical
adjective
connected
with
philosophy
or
with
deep
thinking
about
the
nature
of
life
,
knowledge
,
and
existence
•
The
professor
delivered
a
philosophical
lecture
on
the
meaning
of
freedom
.
The
professor
delivered
a
philosophical
lecture
on
the
meaning
of
freedom
.
•
Ancient
Greek
statues
often
reflect
the
philosophical
ideals
of
reason
and
balance
.
Ancient
Greek
statues
often
reflect
the
philosophical
ideals
of
reason
and
balance
.
From
Late
Latin
philosophicus
,
from
Ancient
Greek
philosophikós
,
relating
to
a
lover
of
wisdom
.
adjective
calmly
accepting
a
difficult
or
unpleasant
situation
without
complaining
•
Even
after
losing
his
job
,
Marco
stayed
philosophical
and
said
, “
I
’
ll
find
another
one
.”
Even
after
losing
his
job
,
Marco
stayed
philosophical
and
said
, “
I
’
ll
find
another
one
.”
•
She
was
surprisingly
philosophical
about
the
canceled
wedding
and
focused
on
the
future
.
She
was
surprisingly
philosophical
about
the
canceled
wedding
and
focused
on
the
future
.
Extension
of
the
original
sense
of
thoughtful
wisdom
to
staying
calm
through
insight
.
sphere
noun
a
solid
or
hollow
round
object
in
three
dimensions
where
every
point
on
its
surface
is
the
same
distance
from
the
center
•
The
child
rolled
a
shiny
metal
sphere
across
the
kitchen
floor
.
The
child
rolled
a
shiny
metal
sphere
across
the
kitchen
floor
.
•
Soap
bubbles
naturally
form
a
delicate
sphere
that
glistens
in
the
afternoon
sun
.
Soap
bubbles
naturally
form
a
delicate
sphere
that
glistens
in
the
afternoon
sun
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
“
sperre
”,
from
Latin
“
sphaera
”
meaning
‘
globe
,
ball
’,
itself
from
Ancient
Greek
“
sphaira
”.
noun
a
particular
area
of
activity
,
interest
,
or
influence
•
After
years
in
finance
,
she
moved
into
the
academic
sphere
to
teach
economics
.
After
years
in
finance
,
she
moved
into
the
academic
sphere
to
teach
economics
.
•
Social
media
has
become
a
powerful
sphere
where
opinions
spread
quickly
.
Social
media
has
become
a
powerful
sphere
where
opinions
spread
quickly
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
the
geometric
sense
:
borrowed
in
the
17th
century
to
describe
an
abstract
‘
field
’
of
action
or
influence
.
noun
in
older
or
literary
language
,
a
planet
,
star
,
or
the
sky
imagined
as
a
huge
transparent
globe
surrounding
the
Earth
•
Medieval
astronomers
believed
each
planet
moved
on
its
own
crystal
sphere
.
Medieval
astronomers
believed
each
planet
moved
on
its
own
crystal
sphere
.
•
In
the
poem
,
the
soul
rises
through
the
shining
spheres
toward
the
divine
.
In
the
poem
,
the
soul
rises
through
the
shining
spheres
toward
the
divine
.
Sense
comes
from
medieval
cosmology
,
where
the
heavens
were
thought
to
consist
of
nested
,
transparent
spheres
carrying
the
stars
and
planets
.
metaphor
noun
-
metaphor
a
way
of
describing
one
thing
by
saying
it
is
something
else
with
similar
qualities
,
helping
people
understand
or
imagine
it
better
•
The
literature
professor
explained
that
great
poems
often
rely
on
metaphor
to
create
strong
images
.
The
literature
professor
explained
that
great
poems
often
rely
on
metaphor
to
create
strong
images
.
•
Good
speeches
mix
facts
with
metaphor
to
keep
the
audience
engaged
.
Good
speeches
mix
facts
with
metaphor
to
keep
the
audience
engaged
.
Late
15th
century
:
from
French
métaphore
,
via
Latin
from
Greek
metaphora
‘
transference
’,
from
metapherein
‘
to
transfer
’.
noun
a
specific
word
,
phrase
,
or
image
that
describes
something
by
stating
it
is
something
else
to
suggest
a
likeness
•
In
the
phrase
“
time
is
money
,”
the
metaphor
compares
hours
to
coins
.
In
the
phrase
“
time
is
money
,”
the
metaphor
compares
hours
to
coins
.
•
“
The
city
is
a
jungle
”
is
a
powerful
metaphor
for
urban
chaos
.
“
The
city
is
a
jungle
”
is
a
powerful
metaphor
for
urban
chaos
.
Late
15th
century
:
from
French
métaphore
,
via
Latin
from
Greek
metaphora
‘
transference
’,
from
metapherein
‘
to
transfer
’.