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-gate
suffix
added
to
a
word
,
especially
in
journalism
,
to
show
that
something
is
a
scandal
or
controversy
.
•
The
media
quickly
dubbed
the
email
leak
"
Emailgate
".
The
media
quickly
dubbed
the
email
leak
"
Emailgate
".
•
Every
minor
political
mishap
now
seems
to
get
a
gate-style
nickname
.
Every
minor
political
mishap
now
seems
to
get
a
gate-style
nickname
.
From
the
1970s
U
.
S
.
Watergate
scandal
;
the
ending
of
the
hotel
’
s
name
became
shorthand
for
later
scandals
.
-wise
suffix
added
to
nouns
to
mean
‘
concerning
’
or
‘
with
regard
to
’
that
subject
•
Budget-wise
,
we
should
save
more
this
month
.
Budget-wise
,
we
should
save
more
this
month
.
•
Time-wise
,
the
project
is
on
track
.
Time-wise
,
the
project
is
on
track
.
From
the
Old
English
noun
wīse
‘
manner
,
way
’,
later
used
as
an
adverbial
ending
in
compounds
like
‘
lengthwise
’;
modern
usage
meaning
‘
regarding
’
arose
in
the
20th
century
.
step-
prefix
added
to
the
start
of
some
family
words
to
show
a
relationship
created
through
marriage
rather
than
by
birth
•
My
stepbrother
and
I
go
to
the
same
school
.
My
stepbrother
and
I
go
to
the
same
school
.
•
Ella
invited
her
stepmother
to
the
graduation
ceremony
.
Ella
invited
her
stepmother
to
the
graduation
ceremony
.
From
Old
English
steop-
‘
orphaned
,’
later
reinterpreted
to
mark
relationships
formed
after
one
parent
marries
again
.
prefix
added
to
a
family
member
noun
to
show
a
relationship
through
remarriage
rather
than
by
birth
•
My
stepmother
and
I
bake
cookies
every
weekend
.
My
stepmother
and
I
bake
cookies
every
weekend
.
•
She
has
a
friendly
stepbrother
who
lives
in
Canada
.
She
has
a
friendly
stepbrother
who
lives
in
Canada
.
act
verb
-
act
,
acting
,
acts
,
acted
to
do
something
,
especially
in
order
to
deal
with
a
situation
•
If
you
smell
gas
in
the
kitchen
,
act
immediately
and
open
the
windows
.
If
you
smell
gas
in
the
kitchen
,
act
immediately
and
open
the
windows
.
•
The
coach
told
the
players
to
act
like
champions
,
even
off
the
field
.
The
coach
told
the
players
to
act
like
champions
,
even
off
the
field
.
From
Latin
actus
“
a
doing
,
action
”,
past
participle
of
agere
“
to
do
,
drive
”.
noun
something
that
someone
does
,
especially
a
single
deed
or
action
•
Helping
the
elderly
neighbor
was
a
kind
act
.
Helping
the
elderly
neighbor
was
a
kind
act
.
•
Vandalism
is
an
act
of
disrespect
toward
the
community
.
Vandalism
is
an
act
of
disrespect
toward
the
community
.
From
Latin
actus
“
doing
,
action
”.
verb
-
act
,
acting
,
acts
,
acted
to
perform
as
an
actor
in
a
play
,
film
,
or
television
show
•
She
loves
to
act
on
stage
and
dreams
of
Broadway
.
She
loves
to
act
on
stage
and
dreams
of
Broadway
.
•
Many
famous
musicians
also
act
in
movies
nowadays
.
Many
famous
musicians
also
act
in
movies
nowadays
.
Same
origin
as
general
verb
sense
,
later
specialized
to
theatrical
performance
in
the
14th
century
.
noun
one
of
the
main
parts
into
which
a
play
,
opera
,
or
other
performance
is
divided
•
The
first
act
ends
with
a
dramatic
sword
fight
.
The
first
act
ends
with
a
dramatic
sword
fight
.
•
There
will
be
a
short
break
between
act
two
and
act
three
.
There
will
be
a
short
break
between
act
two
and
act
three
.
The
use
for
divisions
of
a
play
dates
to
the
late
16th
century
.
Act
noun
a
formal
written
law
made
by
a
parliament
or
other
legislature
•
The
Freedom
of
Information
Act
allows
citizens
to
request
government
records
.
The
Freedom
of
Information
Act
allows
citizens
to
request
government
records
.
•
Parliament
passed
a
new
Act
to
protect
endangered
species
.
Parliament
passed
a
new
Act
to
protect
endangered
species
.
Sense
developed
in
15th-century
English
law
to
mean
an
official
deed
of
parliament
.
chair
noun
a
piece
of
furniture
made
for
one
person
to
sit
on
,
usually
with
a
back
and
four
legs
.
•
Maria
pulled
out
a
chair
and
invited
me
to
sit
.
Maria
pulled
out
a
chair
and
invited
me
to
sit
.
•
The
old
rocking
chair
creaked
softly
on
the
porch
at
sunset
.
The
old
rocking
chair
creaked
softly
on
the
porch
at
sunset
.
Middle
English
chaere
,
from
Old
French
chaiere
,
from
Latin
cathedra
‘
seat
’.
along
preposition
-
-
from
one
end
of
something
to
the
other
,
following
its
side
or
length
•
They
walked
along
the
river
,
listening
to
the
gentle
splash
of
water
.
They
walked
along
the
river
,
listening
to
the
gentle
splash
of
water
.
•
Colorful
houses
stood
all
along
the
narrow
street
in
the
old
town
.
Colorful
houses
stood
all
along
the
narrow
street
in
the
old
town
.
Old
English
‘
andlang
’
meaning
‘
entire
,
uninterrupted
’,
later
shortened
to
‘
along
’,
originally
describing
something
in
full
length
.
religion
noun
-
---
The
general
human
practice
of
believing
in
and
worshipping
a
god
,
gods
,
or
other
supernatural
powers
,
usually
with
shared
rituals
,
morals
,
and
stories
that
explain
life
’
s
meaning
.
•
Many
ancient
civilizations
built
temples
because
religion
played
a
central
role
in
their
daily
lives
.
Many
ancient
civilizations
built
temples
because
religion
played
a
central
role
in
their
daily
lives
.
•
Some
people
turn
to
religion
for
comfort
during
difficult
times
.
Some
people
turn
to
religion
for
comfort
during
difficult
times
.
From
Old
French
religion
,
from
Latin
religio
meaning
‘
reverence
,
obligation
,
worship
’,
of
uncertain
origin
.
noun
-
---
A
specific
organized
system
of
faith
and
worship
,
such
as
Christianity
,
Islam
,
or
Hinduism
.
•
Buddhism
is
a
religion
that
began
in
ancient
India
.
Buddhism
is
a
religion
that
began
in
ancient
India
.
•
Many
people
choose
a
religion
that
aligns
with
their
personal
values
.
Many
people
choose
a
religion
that
aligns
with
their
personal
values
.
noun
-
---
Any
activity
,
interest
,
or
habit
that
someone
follows
with
extreme
devotion
and
seriousness
,
almost
like
a
sacred
faith
.
•
For
Liam
,
football
is
a
religion
—
he
never
misses
a
match
.
For
Liam
,
football
is
a
religion
—
he
never
misses
a
match
.
•
Some
people
treat
healthy
eating
like
a
religion
,
carefully
following
strict
rules
.
Some
people
treat
healthy
eating
like
a
religion
,
carefully
following
strict
rules
.
email
noun
a
message
sent
electronically
from
one
computer
or
device
to
another
over
the
internet
.
•
I
received
an
email
from
my
grandmother
with
old
family
photos
.
I
received
an
email
from
my
grandmother
with
old
family
photos
.
•
The
teacher
sent
a
reminder
email
about
the
homework
deadline
.
The
teacher
sent
a
reminder
email
about
the
homework
deadline
.
Formed
from
the
words
"
electronic
"
and
"
mail
"
in
the
early
1970s
as
computer
networks
allowed
messages
to
be
delivered
between
users
.
ad-
prefix
added
to
the
front
of
some
words
,
meaning
“
to
”
or
“
toward
”
•
In
the
word
“
admit
,”
the
prefix
ad-
shows
movement
to
a
place
—“
send
toward
.”
In
the
word
“
admit
,”
the
prefix
ad-
shows
movement
to
a
place
—“
send
toward
.”
•
“
Adapt
”
uses
ad-
to
mean
changing
something
toward
better
conditions
.
“
Adapt
”
uses
ad-
to
mean
changing
something
toward
better
conditions
.
From
Latin
ad
“
to
,
toward
,”
used
in
Latin
prefixes
and
borrowed
into
English
through
Latin
and
French
.
self-
prefix
added
to
another
word
to
show
that
something
is
done
automatically
or
relates
to
a
person
’
s
own
action
or
qualities
•
The
station
has
a
self-service
ticket
machine
.
The
station
has
a
self-service
ticket
machine
.
•
She
painted
a
self-portrait
for
art
class
.
She
painted
a
self-portrait
for
art
class
.
Formed
by
attaching
“
self
”
to
other
words
since
Middle
English
,
influenced
by
Latin
reflexive
uses
.
super-
prefix
above
,
beyond
,
or
greater
than
normal
.
•
Comic
books
often
feature
super-heroes
with
extraordinary
powers
.
Comic
books
often
feature
super-heroes
with
extraordinary
powers
.
•
Astronomers
study
super-massive
black
holes
at
the
centers
of
galaxies
.
Astronomers
study
super-massive
black
holes
at
the
centers
of
galaxies
.
From
Latin
super
“
above
,
over
”
used
as
a
prefix
in
classical
Latin
and
adopted
into
English
via
French
from
the
late
Middle
English
period
.
long-term
adjective
-
long-term
,
longer-term
,
longest-term
lasting
or
continuing
for
a
long
period
into
the
future
•
The
company
has
a
long-term
plan
to
reduce
waste
.
The
company
has
a
long-term
plan
to
reduce
waste
.
•
Regular
exercise
brings
long-term
benefits
for
your
heart
and
muscles
.
Regular
exercise
brings
long-term
benefits
for
your
heart
and
muscles
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
"
long
"
+
the
noun
"
term
";
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
to
describe
loans
or
investments
that
extended
over
many
years
.
adverb
-
long-term
,
longer-term
,
longest-term
over
or
for
a
long
period
of
time
in
the
future
•
She
decided
to
invest
long-term
instead
of
chasing
quick
profits
.
She
decided
to
invest
long-term
instead
of
chasing
quick
profits
.
•
You
will
save
money
long-term
if
you
insulate
your
house
properly
.
You
will
save
money
long-term
if
you
insulate
your
house
properly
.
Adverbial
use
developed
soon
after
the
adjectival
form
,
reflecting
actions
or
effects
that
last
for
many
years
or
decades
.
e-mail
noun
a
message
that
is
written
,
sent
,
and
received
electronically
over
the
internet
•
I
check
my
e-mail
every
morning
before
work
.
I
check
my
e-mail
every
morning
before
work
.
•
She
sent
me
an
e-mail
with
the
meeting
agenda
.
She
sent
me
an
e-mail
with
the
meeting
agenda
.
Shortened
form
of
electronic
mail
,
first
used
in
the
early
1980s
as
computer
networks
became
widespread
.
verb
to
send
something
,
such
as
a
message
or
file
,
to
someone
by
electronic
mail
•
Could
you
e-mail
me
the
file
by
noon
?
Could
you
e-mail
me
the
file
by
noon
?
•
She
e-mailed
her
application
to
the
university
last
night
.
She
e-mailed
her
application
to
the
university
last
night
.
Derived
from
the
noun
"
e-mail
",
with
the
first
recorded
verb
usage
appearing
in
the
late
1980s
.
personality
noun
-
personality
,
personalities
the
set
of
qualities
that
make
a
person
different
from
others
in
the
way
they
think
,
feel
,
and
behave
•
Maria's
cheerful
personality
makes
everyone
feel
welcome
at
the
office
.
Maria's
cheerful
personality
makes
everyone
feel
welcome
at
the
office
.
•
Even
though
the
twins
look
alike
,
their
personality
differences
are
obvious
.
Even
though
the
twins
look
alike
,
their
personality
differences
are
obvious
.
from
Latin
personalitas
“
quality
of
being
a
person
,”
based
on
persona
“
mask
,
character
.”
vice-
prefix
added
before
a
job
title
to
show
that
a
person
is
the
deputy
or
second-in-command
•
The
vice-president
chaired
the
meeting
in
the
CEO
’
s
absence
.
The
vice-president
chaired
the
meeting
in
the
CEO
’
s
absence
.
•
He
was
appointed
vice-captain
of
the
soccer
team
.
He
was
appointed
vice-captain
of
the
soccer
team
.
From
Latin
vice
"
in
place
of
".
mm-hmm
interjection
used
to
say
yes
or
to
show
agreement
or
acceptance
•
Mom
asked
if
I
had
finished
my
chores
,
and
I
answered
mm-hmm
while
nodding
.
Mom
asked
if
I
had
finished
my
chores
,
and
I
answered
mm-hmm
while
nodding
.
•
“
Would
you
like
another
blanket
?”
the
flight
attendant
asked
,
and
the
sleepy
passenger
murmured
a
soft
mm-hmm
.
“
Would
you
like
another
blanket
?”
the
flight
attendant
asked
,
and
the
sleepy
passenger
murmured
a
soft
mm-hmm
.
Imitative
of
the
hum-like
sound
people
make
in
their
throat
while
their
lips
stay
closed
,
recorded
in
English
since
the
mid-20th
century
.
so-called
adjective
used
before
a
noun
when
you
think
the
name
or
description
is
wrong
,
exaggerated
,
or
you
do
not
approve
of
it
•
The
so-called
experts
totally
misread
the
weather
forecast
and
caused
chaos
at
the
outdoor
event
.
The
so-called
experts
totally
misread
the
weather
forecast
and
caused
chaos
at
the
outdoor
event
.
•
Many
people
bought
the
so-called
miracle
diet
pills
,
but
they
made
no
difference
at
all
.
Many
people
bought
the
so-called
miracle
diet
pills
,
but
they
made
no
difference
at
all
.
Formed
from
the
intensifier
"
so
"
+
past
participle
"
called
";
recorded
in
English
since
the
17th
century
as
a
way
to
question
the
accuracy
of
a
name
.
adjective
used
before
a
noun
simply
to
show
that
this
is
the
name
people
usually
give
to
something
•
The
tarsier
is
a
tiny
primate
from
Southeast
Asia
,
often
called
a
so-called
"
ghost
animal
"
because
of
its
big
eyes
.
The
tarsier
is
a
tiny
primate
from
Southeast
Asia
,
often
called
a
so-called
"
ghost
animal
"
because
of
its
big
eyes
.
•
Scientists
study
the
so-called
‘
dark
matter
’
that
makes
up
most
of
the
universe
.
Scientists
study
the
so-called
‘
dark
matter
’
that
makes
up
most
of
the
universe
.
obligation
noun
something
you
must
do
because
a
law
,
promise
,
or
your
own
sense
of
duty
requires
it
•
As
a
nurse
,
Sarah
felt
an
obligation
to
stay
late
and
care
for
her
patients
.
As
a
nurse
,
Sarah
felt
an
obligation
to
stay
late
and
care
for
her
patients
.
•
Parents
have
an
obligation
to
provide
a
safe
home
for
their
children
.
Parents
have
an
obligation
to
provide
a
safe
home
for
their
children
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
obligatio
,
from
obligare
‘
to
bind
’ (
ob-
‘
towards
’
+
ligare
‘
to
tie
’).
noun
a
feeling
that
you
must
do
something
to
thank
or
repay
someone
who
has
helped
you
•
After
saving
his
life
,
she
felt
an
obligation
to
visit
the
firefighter
and
thank
him
.
After
saving
his
life
,
she
felt
an
obligation
to
visit
the
firefighter
and
thank
him
.
•
I
invited
her
to
dinner
because
I
was
under
an
obligation
after
she
helped
me
move
.
I
invited
her
to
dinner
because
I
was
under
an
obligation
after
she
helped
me
move
.
noun
a
formal
legal
or
financial
agreement
that
binds
someone
to
pay
money
or
perform
a
specific
action
•
The
company
issued
bonds
as
a
financial
obligation
to
raise
capital
.
The
company
issued
bonds
as
a
financial
obligation
to
raise
capital
.
•
By
taking
the
loan
,
Amir
accepted
the
obligation
to
make
monthly
payments
.
By
taking
the
loan
,
Amir
accepted
the
obligation
to
make
monthly
payments
.
pan-
prefix
used
with
nouns
or
adjectives
to
mean
affecting
or
including
all
places
or
people
•
The
organization
promotes
pan-European
cultural
exchange
.
The
organization
promotes
pan-European
cultural
exchange
.
•
The
pandemic
sparked
a
pan-global
effort
to
develop
vaccines
.
The
pandemic
sparked
a
pan-global
effort
to
develop
vaccines
.
From
Greek
prefix
pan-
‘
all
’.
health care
noun
-
health
care
the
organized
services
and
actions
that
keep
people
healthy
or
treat
them
when
they
are
sick
•
Universal
access
to
health
care
remains
a
goal
in
many
countries
.
Universal
access
to
health care
remains
a
goal
in
many
countries
.
•
After
the
accident
,
Mina
received
excellent
health
care
at
the
city
hospital
.
After
the
accident
,
Mina
received
excellent
health care
at
the
city
hospital
.
From
the
nouns
health
+
care
;
popularized
in
the
20th
century
as
systems
of
medical
services
expanded
.
health-care
adjective
relating
to
the
services
,
workers
,
or
industry
that
treats
illness
and
promotes
health
•
The
health-care
system
struggled
during
the
outbreak
.
The
health-care
system
struggled
during
the
outbreak
.
•
She
works
as
a
health-care
administrator
.
She
works
as
a
health-care
administrator
.
Formed
by
using
the
noun
phrase
health
care
in
an
attributive
role
;
the
hyphen
distinguishes
the
compound
modifier
.
re-
prefix
again
;
back
;
indicating
repetition
or
a
return
to
a
previous
state
when
prefixed
to
a
word
•
After
a
mistake
,
the
painter
chose
to
re-paint
the
entire
wall
.
After
a
mistake
,
the
painter
chose
to
re-paint
the
entire
wall
.
•
The
committee
will
re-evaluate
the
proposal
next
week
.
The
committee
will
re-evaluate
the
proposal
next
week
.
From
Latin
prefix
“
re-
”
meaning
“
again
”
or
“
back
.”
pro-
prefix
showing
support
for
or
in
favour
of
someone
or
something
•
Many
young
voters
are
strongly
pro-environment
and
demand
greener
policies
.
Many
young
voters
are
strongly
pro-environment
and
demand
greener
policies
.
•
The
country
remains
deeply
divided
between
pro-government
and
opposition
supporters
.
The
country
remains
deeply
divided
between
pro-government
and
opposition
supporters
.
From
Latin
prō
“
for
;
on
behalf
of
”.
Adopted
as
a
productive
English
prefix
in
the
1800s
.
nonprofit
noun
an
organization
that
does
not
try
to
earn
money
for
owners
but
uses
any
extra
funds
to
achieve
a
social
,
charitable
,
or
public
benefit
goal
•
The
local
nonprofit
provides
free
dinners
to
homeless
people
every
evening
.
The
local
nonprofit
provides
free
dinners
to
homeless
people
every
evening
.
•
She
donates
part
of
her
salary
to
a
children's
health
nonprofit
.
She
donates
part
of
her
salary
to
a
children's
health
nonprofit
.
Formed
from
the
prefix
“
non-
”
meaning
“
not
”
and
“
profit
,”
first
appearing
in
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
to
describe
charitable
corporations
.
adjective
not
seeking
to
make
a
financial
profit
for
private
owners
or
shareholders
•
He
works
for
a
nonprofit
theatre
company
that
stages
free
plays
.
He
works
for
a
nonprofit
theatre
company
that
stages
free
plays
.
•
The
city
partnered
with
a
nonprofit
group
to
plant
more
trees
downtown
.
The
city
partnered
with
a
nonprofit
group
to
plant
more
trees
downtown
.
Derived
from
the
noun
use
of
“
nonprofit
,”
first
used
adjectivally
to
modify
nouns
like
“
organization
”
in
the
mid-20th
century
.