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little
adjective
-
little
,
littler
,
littlest
small
in
size
,
extent
,
or
importance
β’
The
little
kitten
curled
up
on
my
lap
.
The
little
kitten
curled
up
on
my
lap
.
β’
They
bought
a
little
wooden
cottage
near
the
lake
.
They
bought
a
little
wooden
cottage
near
the
lake
.
Old
English
lΘ³tel
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
luttel
and
German
dialect
lutzel
.
determiner
-
little
,
less
,
least
not
much
;
only
a
small
amount
or
number
(
used
before
uncountable
or
plural
nouns
)
β’
There
is
little
hope
of
catching
the
last
train
now
.
There
is
little
hope
of
catching
the
last
train
now
.
β’
The
recipe
needs
little
sugar
,
so
don
β
t
add
too
much
.
The
recipe
needs
little
sugar
,
so
don
β
t
add
too
much
.
adjective
-
little
,
littler
,
littlest
young
or
small
in
age
,
often
used
affectionately
β’
When
I
was
little
,
I
loved
building
sandcastles
.
When
I
was
little
,
I
loved
building
sandcastles
.
β’
Her
little
brother
starts
school
next
week
.
Her
little
brother
starts
school
next
week
.
adverb
-
little
,
less
,
least
to
a
small
degree
or
extent
;
hardly
at
all
β’
He
little
suspected
the
surprise
waiting
for
him
.
He
little
suspected
the
surprise
waiting
for
him
.
β’
The
manager
little
understood
the
team
β
s
concerns
.
The
manager
little
understood
the
team
β
s
concerns
.
literature
noun
-
literature
written
works
such
as
novels
,
poems
,
and
plays
that
are
valued
for
their
imaginative
or
artistic
quality
β’
During
her
first
year
at
university
,
Anna
chose
to
major
in
literature
because
she
loved
reading
stories
from
around
the
world
.
During
her
first
year
at
university
,
Anna
chose
to
major
in
literature
because
she
loved
reading
stories
from
around
the
world
.
β’
The
city
hosts
an
annual
festival
that
celebrates
children
β
s
literature
with
lively
readings
and
puppet
shows
.
The
city
hosts
an
annual
festival
that
celebrates
children
β
s
literature
with
lively
readings
and
puppet
shows
.
from
Latin
litteratura
β
learning
,
writing
,
grammar
,β
from
littera
β
letter
.β
noun
-
literature
all
the
books
,
articles
,
and
other
writings
on
a
particular
subject
,
period
,
or
place
β’
Before
starting
her
research
paper
on
renewable
energy
,
Zoe
reviewed
the
scientific
literature
on
the
topic
.
Before
starting
her
research
paper
on
renewable
energy
,
Zoe
reviewed
the
scientific
literature
on
the
topic
.
β’
The
professor
asked
us
to
summarize
the
existing
literature
on
bilingual
education
.
The
professor
asked
us
to
summarize
the
existing
literature
on
bilingual
education
.
noun
-
literature
printed
information
such
as
brochures
or
leaflets
used
to
advertise
or
inform
about
products
or
services
β’
The
travel
agent
handed
us
glossy
literature
about
several
beach
resorts
.
The
travel
agent
handed
us
glossy
literature
about
several
beach
resorts
.
β’
Please
send
me
your
company
β
s
promotional
literature
by
email
.
Please
send
me
your
company
β
s
promotional
literature
by
email
.
literally
adverb
in
the
exact
,
real
,
or
most
basic
sense
,
without
exaggeration
or
metaphor
β’
The
house
is
literally
next
door
to
the
school
.
The
house
is
literally
next
door
to
the
school
.
β’
Water
will
literally
boil
at
100
Β°C
when
you
are
at
sea
level
.
Water
will
literally
boil
at
100
Β°C
when
you
are
at
sea
level
.
From
Middle
English
literal
+β
-ly
,
meaning
β
in
a
literal
manner
.β
adverb
(
informal
)
used
to
add
emphasis
,
even
when
the
statement
is
not
true
in
the
exact
sense
β’
My
backpack
is
so
heavy
;
it's
literally
killing
my
shoulders
.
My
backpack
is
so
heavy
;
it's
literally
killing
my
shoulders
.
β’
She
was
literally
bouncing
off
the
walls
with
excitement
after
getting
the
job
offer
.
She
was
literally
bouncing
off
the
walls
with
excitement
after
getting
the
job
offer
.
Sense
extension
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
as
an
intensifier
.
literary
adjective
connected
with
books
,
writing
,
or
the
study
of
literature
β’
She
hopes
to
build
a
literary
career
after
university
.
She
hopes
to
build
a
literary
career
after
university
.
β’
The
magazine
publishes
reviews
of
the
year's
best
literary
works
.
The
magazine
publishes
reviews
of
the
year's
best
literary
works
.
From
Latin
litterarius
β
relating
to
letters
or
learning
β.
adjective
liking
or
involved
in
reading
and
writing
serious
books
β’
My
grandfather
is
very
literary
and
spends
entire
evenings
with
classic
novels
.
My
grandfather
is
very
literary
and
spends
entire
evenings
with
classic
novels
.
β’
The
club
attracts
literary
students
who
love
discussing
poetry
.
The
club
attracts
literary
students
who
love
discussing
poetry
.
adjective
describing
language
that
is
formal
and
elegant
,
more
typical
of
books
than
everyday
speech
β’
The
speech
used
literary
phrases
that
some
listeners
found
old-fashioned
.
The
speech
used
literary
phrases
that
some
listeners
found
old-fashioned
.
β’
He
prefers
a
plain
style
and
avoids
literary
words
in
business
emails
.
He
prefers
a
plain
style
and
avoids
literary
words
in
business
emails
.
literacy
noun
-
literacy
the
ability
to
read
and
write
β’
After
evening
classes
,
the
community
center
celebrated
the
increase
in
adult
literacy
.
After
evening
classes
,
the
community
center
celebrated
the
increase
in
adult
literacy
.
β’
High
literacy
rates
often
lead
to
stronger
economies
.
High
literacy
rates
often
lead
to
stronger
economies
.
From
Latin
littera
β
letter
β
+
the
suffix
-cy
,
meaning
the
state
or
condition
of
being
able
to
read
letters
.
noun
-
literacy
knowledge
and
competence
in
a
particular
subject
area
,
such
as
computers
or
money
β’
Basic
financial
literacy
helps
people
avoid
debt
.
Basic
financial
literacy
helps
people
avoid
debt
.
β’
The
campaign
promotes
digital
literacy
among
seniors
.
The
campaign
promotes
digital
literacy
among
seniors
.
Extended
from
the
idea
of
reading-and-writing
ability
to
any
specialized
competence
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
least
adverb
-
little
,
less
,
least
to
the
smallest
extent
or
degree
;
less
than
anything
else
.
β’
She
was
the
least
worried
of
the
group
when
the
storm
began
.
She
was
the
least
worried
of
the
group
when
the
storm
began
.
β’
This
explanation
is
the
least
clear
of
all
we
reviewed
.
This
explanation
is
the
least
clear
of
all
we
reviewed
.
Old
English
lΗ£st
,
the
adverbial
superlative
form
of
"
little
",
maintaining
the
sense
of
minimal
degree
.
political
adjective
connected
with
government
,
public
affairs
,
or
the
way
a
country
or
community
is
managed
β’
The
country
is
facing
a
political
crisis
after
the
election
.
The
country
is
facing
a
political
crisis
after
the
election
.
β’
Students
discussed
current
political
issues
during
history
class
.
Students
discussed
current
political
issues
during
history
class
.
adjective
done
mainly
to
gain
power
,
favour
,
or
advantage
rather
than
because
it
is
fair
or
right
β’
Granting
the
pardon
was
a
political
move
to
win
votes
.
Granting
the
pardon
was
a
political
move
to
win
votes
.
β’
Firing
the
whistle-blower
seemed
like
a
political
decision
by
the
company
.
Firing
the
whistle-blower
seemed
like
a
political
decision
by
the
company
.
reality
noun
-
reality
,
realities
,
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
the
true
state
of
things
as
they
actually
exist
,
not
as
they
are
imagined
or
wished
for
β’
After
waking
from
a
vivid
dream
,
Mia
felt
a
jolt
as
she
returned
to
reality
.
After
waking
from
a
vivid
dream
,
Mia
felt
a
jolt
as
she
returned
to
reality
.
β’
The
climbing
team
had
trained
for
months
,
but
the
freezing
wind
on
the
mountain
made
the
reality
of
the
ascent
clear
.
The
climbing
team
had
trained
for
months
,
but
the
freezing
wind
on
the
mountain
made
the
reality
of
the
ascent
clear
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
β
realite
β,
from
medieval
Latin
β
realitas
β,
from
Latin
β
realis
β
meaning
β
relating
to
things
β.
noun
-
reality
,
realities
,
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
a
real
fact
,
situation
,
or
experience
,
especially
one
of
several
kinds
or
examples
β’
The
book
explores
the
different
realities
faced
by
refugees
around
the
world
.
The
book
explores
the
different
realities
faced
by
refugees
around
the
world
.
β’
Climate
scientists
warn
us
about
the
stark
realities
of
global
warming
.
Climate
scientists
warn
us
about
the
stark
realities
of
global
warming
.
See
Sense
1
etymology
;
the
countable
use
evolved
in
the
17th
century
to
refer
to
specific
factual
situations
.
ability
noun
-
ability
,
abilities
,
able
,
abler
,
ablest
the
power
or
capacity
to
do
something
β’
After
months
of
practice
,
Maria
finally
gained
the
ability
to
swim
across
the
lake
.
After
months
of
practice
,
Maria
finally
gained
the
ability
to
swim
across
the
lake
.
β’
Smartphones
give
us
the
ability
to
communicate
instantly
with
people
around
the
world
.
Smartphones
give
us
the
ability
to
communicate
instantly
with
people
around
the
world
.
From
Latin
β
habilitas
β
meaning
β
aptitude
β
via
Old
French
β
abilite
β.
noun
-
ability
,
abilities
,
able
,
abler
,
ablest
a
particular
skill
or
talent
that
someone
has
β’
Her
musical
ability
amazed
the
entire
audience
at
the
concert
.
Her
musical
ability
amazed
the
entire
audience
at
the
concert
.
β’
Drawing
is
an
ability
that
improves
with
regular
practice
.
Drawing
is
an
ability
that
improves
with
regular
practice
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
ultimately
from
Latin
root
meaning
β
able
β.
military
adjective
connected
with
soldiers
,
armies
,
or
the
activities
of
war
β’
The
parade
marched
in
perfect
military
formation
down
the
main
street
.
The
parade
marched
in
perfect
military
formation
down
the
main
street
.
β’
The
museum
displays
antique
military
uniforms
from
World
War
II
.
The
museum
displays
antique
military
uniforms
from
World
War
II
.
Late
16th
century
:
from
Latin
militaris
β
relating
to
soldiers
β,
from
miles
β
soldier
β.
noun
-
military
the
armed
forces
of
a
country
,
including
its
army
,
navy
,
air
force
,
and
other
branches
β’
After
finishing
college
,
he
decided
to
join
the
military
and
serve
his
country
.
After
finishing
college
,
he
decided
to
join
the
military
and
serve
his
country
.
β’
The
military
was
quickly
deployed
to
help
rescue
survivors
after
the
devastating
earthquake
in
the
coastal
city
.
The
military
was
quickly
deployed
to
help
rescue
survivors
after
the
devastating
earthquake
in
the
coastal
city
.
Late
16th
century
:
from
Latin
militaris
β
relating
to
soldiers
β,
from
miles
β
soldier
β.
quality
noun
-
quality
how
good
or
bad
something
is
;
the
degree
of
excellence
of
something
β’
The
quality
of
this
handmade
scarf
is
amazing
.
The
quality
of
this
handmade
scarf
is
amazing
.
β’
Customers
complained
about
the
poor
quality
of
the
new
sound
system
during
the
concert
.
Customers
complained
about
the
poor
quality
of
the
new
sound
system
during
the
concert
.
From
Middle
English
qualite
,
from
Old
French
qualitΓ©
,
from
Latin
quΔlitΔs
meaning
β
of
what
kind
β.
noun
-
quality
,
qualities
a
characteristic
or
feature
that
someone
or
something
has
β’
Patience
is
an
essential
quality
for
a
good
doctor
.
Patience
is
an
essential
quality
for
a
good
doctor
.
β’
The
metal
has
the
unusual
quality
of
changing
color
in
sunlight
.
The
metal
has
the
unusual
quality
of
changing
color
in
sunlight
.
adjective
of
a
high
standard
;
very
good
β’
They
served
a
quality
meal
at
the
small
bistro
.
They
served
a
quality
meal
at
the
small
bistro
.
β’
She
always
buys
quality
shoes
that
last
for
years
.
She
always
buys
quality
shoes
that
last
for
years
.
politics
noun
-
politics
the
activities
,
ideas
,
and
processes
involved
in
governing
a
country
,
city
,
or
other
group
of
people
β’
Young
people
are
becoming
more
interested
in
politics
and
how
decisions
are
made
.
Young
people
are
becoming
more
interested
in
politics
and
how
decisions
are
made
.
β’
She
hopes
to
work
in
politics
after
finishing
university
.
She
hopes
to
work
in
politics
after
finishing
university
.
From
Greek
politika
β
affairs
of
the
city
β,
via
Latin
and
Middle
French
,
ultimately
from
polis
β
cityβstate
β.
noun
a
person
β
s
or
group
β
s
set
of
political
beliefs
and
opinions
β’
His
politics
are
much
more
conservative
than
mine
.
His
politics
are
much
more
conservative
than
mine
.
β’
On
campus
,
students
discuss
their
politics
openly
.
On
campus
,
students
discuss
their
politics
openly
.
Same
historical
root
as
the
broader
sense
,
but
developed
in
English
from
the
17th
century
to
mean
β
political
opinions
β.
possibility
noun
-
possibility
,
possibilities
the
chance
that
something
may
happen
or
be
true
β’
There
is
a
real
possibility
of
rain
this
afternoon
.
There
is
a
real
possibility
of
rain
this
afternoon
.
β’
The
doctor
mentioned
the
possibility
of
surgery
if
the
pain
gets
worse
.
The
doctor
mentioned
the
possibility
of
surgery
if
the
pain
gets
worse
.
noun
-
possibility
,
possibilities
one
choice
or
course
of
action
that
might
be
taken
out
of
several
β’
We
considered
every
possibility
before
making
our
decision
.
We
considered
every
possibility
before
making
our
decision
.
β’
Moving
abroad
is
one
possibility
I'm
seriously
thinking
about
.
Moving
abroad
is
one
possibility
I'm
seriously
thinking
about
.
noun
-
possibility
,
possibilities
the
state
of
being
able
to
develop
,
improve
,
or
achieve
something
in
the
future
β’
The
new
microscope
opened
up
a
whole
world
of
possibility
in
medical
research
.
The
new
microscope
opened
up
a
whole
world
of
possibility
in
medical
research
.
β’
He
looked
at
the
empty
field
and
saw
nothing
but
possibility
.
He
looked
at
the
empty
field
and
saw
nothing
but
possibility
.
responsibility
noun
-
responsibility
,
responsibilities
a
duty
or
task
that
someone
is
required
or
expected
to
do
β’
Locking
the
doors
every
night
is
your
responsibility
,
not
mine
.
Locking
the
doors
every
night
is
your
responsibility
,
not
mine
.
β’
Parents
have
the
responsibility
to
keep
their
children
safe
near
the
busy
road
.
Parents
have
the
responsibility
to
keep
their
children
safe
near
the
busy
road
.
noun
-
responsibility
,
responsibilities
the
state
or
position
of
having
authority
and
being
in
charge
of
something
β’
After
the
merger
,
Elena
took
full
responsibility
for
the
European
market
.
After
the
merger
,
Elena
took
full
responsibility
for
the
European
market
.
β’
The
Ministry
of
Health
has
responsibility
for
hospitals
and
clinics
nationwide
.
The
Ministry
of
Health
has
responsibility
for
hospitals
and
clinics
nationwide
.
noun
-
responsibility
,
responsibilities
the
quality
of
being
reliable
and
making
good
decisions
β’
Driving
a
car
requires
a
high
level
of
responsibility
.
Driving
a
car
requires
a
high
level
of
responsibility
.
β’
She
showed
great
responsibility
when
she
returned
the
lost
wallet
to
its
owner
.
She
showed
great
responsibility
when
she
returned
the
lost
wallet
to
its
owner
.
from
Latin
responsum
β
answer
,
promise
β
+
βbility
,
patterned
after
words
like
β
ability
β
facility
noun
-
facility
,
facilities
a
building
,
area
,
or
large
piece
of
equipment
that
is
made
for
a
particular
activity
or
service
β’
The
city
built
a
new
sports
facility
with
swimming
pools
and
tennis
courts
.
The
city
built
a
new
sports
facility
with
swimming
pools
and
tennis
courts
.
β’
Our
company
tour
includes
a
visit
to
the
manufacturing
facility
outside
town
.
Our
company
tour
includes
a
visit
to
the
manufacturing
facility
outside
town
.
From
Latin
facilitas
β
easiness
,
readiness
,β
via
French
facilitΓ©
,
later
referring
to
equipment
or
places
that
make
work
easier
.
noun
-
facility
,
facilities
equipment
,
services
,
or
conveniences
that
make
it
easy
for
people
to
do
something
,
usually
talked
about
in
the
plural
β’
The
hotel
offers
laundry
facilities
for
guests
who
need
to
wash
clothes
.
The
hotel
offers
laundry
facilities
for
guests
who
need
to
wash
clothes
.
β’
Students
complained
that
the
library
β
s
printing
facilities
were
always
busy
during
exam
week
.
Students
complained
that
the
library
β
s
printing
facilities
were
always
busy
during
exam
week
.
Sense
developed
from
the
idea
of
β
something
that
makes
a
task
easy
,β
extending
to
the
concrete
things
that
provide
convenience
.
noun
-
facility
,
facilities
an
ability
to
do
something
easily
and
well
β’
She
has
a
remarkable
facility
for
learning
new
languages
quickly
.
She
has
a
remarkable
facility
for
learning
new
languages
quickly
.
β’
His
facility
with
numbers
made
him
a
natural
accountant
.
His
facility
with
numbers
made
him
a
natural
accountant
.
Borrowed
from
French
facilitΓ©
β
ease
,β
originally
Latin
facilitas
.
The
meaning
of
innate
skill
appeared
in
English
in
the
1600s
.
politician
noun
a
person
who
is
elected
,
or
seeks
to
be
elected
,
to
public
office
and
helps
make
decisions
for
the
government
β’
The
local
politician
visited
the
school
to
talk
about
new
community
projects
.
The
local
politician
visited
the
school
to
talk
about
new
community
projects
.
β’
Voters
expect
their
politician
to
keep
campaign
promises
.
Voters
expect
their
politician
to
keep
campaign
promises
.
From
French
politicien
,
based
on
politics
+
βian
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
early
17th
century
.
noun
a
person
who
is
skilled
at
gaining
and
keeping
power
in
politics
,
sometimes
using
clever
or
not
entirely
honest
methods
β’
Many
felt
the
veteran
politician
cared
more
about
staying
in
power
than
solving
problems
.
Many
felt
the
veteran
politician
cared
more
about
staying
in
power
than
solving
problems
.
β’
She
is
such
a
skillful
politician
that
she
always
knows
how
to
win
support
.
She
is
such
a
skillful
politician
that
she
always
knows
how
to
win
support
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
but
this
sense
developed
its
negative
shading
in
the
19th
century
as
public
distrust
of
political
tactics
grew
.
disability
noun
-
disability
,
disabilities
a
physical
or
mental
condition
that
limits
a
person
β
s
movements
,
senses
,
or
activities
β’
After
the
accident
,
he
learned
to
use
a
wheelchair
because
of
his
disability
.
After
the
accident
,
he
learned
to
use
a
wheelchair
because
of
his
disability
.
β’
The
school
built
ramps
to
ensure
students
with
disabilities
could
enter
every
classroom
.
The
school
built
ramps
to
ensure
students
with
disabilities
could
enter
every
classroom
.
noun
-
disability
,
disabilities
something
that
makes
it
harder
for
someone
to
succeed
or
progress
β’
Lack
of
experience
was
a
serious
disability
in
the
job
market
.
Lack
of
experience
was
a
serious
disability
in
the
job
market
.
β’
His
shyness
turned
out
to
be
a
disability
when
he
tried
to
lead
the
meeting
.
His
shyness
turned
out
to
be
a
disability
when
he
tried
to
lead
the
meeting
.
personality
noun
-
personality
,
personalities
the
set
of
qualities
that
make
a
person
different
from
others
in
the
way
they
think
,
feel
,
and
behave
β’
Maria's
cheerful
personality
makes
everyone
feel
welcome
at
the
office
.
Maria's
cheerful
personality
makes
everyone
feel
welcome
at
the
office
.
β’
Even
though
the
twins
look
alike
,
their
personality
differences
are
obvious
.
Even
though
the
twins
look
alike
,
their
personality
differences
are
obvious
.
from
Latin
personalitas
β
quality
of
being
a
person
,β
based
on
persona
β
mask
,
character
.β
noun
-
personality
,
personalities
a
lively
,
interesting
quality
that
makes
someone
or
something
attractive
or
distinctive
β’
The
small
cafΓ©
on
the
corner
has
so
much
personality
with
its
colorful
chairs
and
handwritten
menus
.
The
small
cafΓ©
on
the
corner
has
so
much
personality
with
its
colorful
chairs
and
handwritten
menus
.
β’
Paintings
on
the
walls
give
the
apartment
personality
.
Paintings
on
the
walls
give
the
apartment
personality
.
extension
of
sense
relating
to
people
,
applied
figuratively
to
objects
and
voices
since
the
early
20th
century
noun
-
personality
,
personalities
a
well-known
person
,
especially
in
television
,
radio
,
or
sports
β’
The
popular
radio
personality
greeted
listeners
with
a
friendly
laugh
.
The
popular
radio
personality
greeted
listeners
with
a
friendly
laugh
.
β’
Several
TV
personalities
attended
the
charity
gala
.
Several
TV
personalities
attended
the
charity
gala
.
sense
of
β
celebrity
β
arose
in
mid-20th-century
American
media
slang
,
from
the
idea
of
someone
whose
public
character
is
well
known
.
light
verb
-
light
,
lighting
,
lights
,
lit
,
lighted
to
make
something
start
burning
or
shining
β’
She
lit
the
candles
on
the
cake
before
singing
.
She
lit
the
candles
on
the
cake
before
singing
.
β’
Please
light
the
campfire
while
I
set
up
the
tent
.
Please
light
the
campfire
while
I
set
up
the
tent
.
elite
noun
A
small
group
of
people
who
have
more
power
,
wealth
,
education
,
or
skill
than
the
rest
of
society
.
β’
Many
believe
that
the
political
elite
are
out
of
touch
with
ordinary
citizens
.
Many
believe
that
the
political
elite
are
out
of
touch
with
ordinary
citizens
.
β’
She
trained
at
a
special
academy
for
the
athletic
elite
.
She
trained
at
a
special
academy
for
the
athletic
elite
.
Borrowed
in
the
late
18th
century
from
French
β
Γ©lite
,β
originally
meaning
β
selection
β
or
β
chosen
people
,β
from
Old
French
β
eslit
β (
chosen
),
past
participle
of
β
eslire
β (
to
choose
),
from
Latin
β
eligere
.β
adjective
Describing
the
best
,
most
powerful
,
or
most
skilled
members
of
a
group
.
β’
Only
the
most
elite
soldiers
were
chosen
for
the
dangerous
rescue
mission
.
Only
the
most
elite
soldiers
were
chosen
for
the
dangerous
rescue
mission
.
β’
He
attended
an
elite
university
known
for
its
groundbreaking
research
.
He
attended
an
elite
university
known
for
its
groundbreaking
research
.
Same
origin
as
the
noun
:
from
French
β
Γ©lite
,β
meaning
β
chosen
β
or
β
select
,β
reflecting
the
idea
of
being
the
best
.
coalition
noun
a
group
of
people
,
political
parties
,
organizations
,
or
countries
that
temporarily
join
together
for
a
shared
goal
,
especially
in
politics
or
social
action
β’
Several
small
parties
formed
a
coalition
to
gain
a
majority
in
parliament
.
Several
small
parties
formed
a
coalition
to
gain
a
majority
in
parliament
.
β’
Environmental
groups
joined
a
coalition
to
save
the
river
from
pollution
.
Environmental
groups
joined
a
coalition
to
save
the
river
from
pollution
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
early
17th
century
from
Latin
β
coalitio
β
meaning
β
a
growing
together
β,
from
β
coalescere
β β
to
unite
β.
noun
-
coalition
the
act
or
process
of
uniting
separate
parts
,
groups
,
or
substances
into
one
β’
The
coalition
of
the
two
companies
created
the
largest
bakery
in
town
.
The
coalition
of
the
two
companies
created
the
largest
bakery
in
town
.
β’
After
years
of
conflict
,
the
tribes
reached
coalition
through
a
peace
treaty
.
After
years
of
conflict
,
the
tribes
reached
coalition
through
a
peace
treaty
.
Same
Latin
root
as
the
countable
sense
:
Latin
β
coalitio
β,
from
β
co-
β β
together
β
+
β
alescere
β β
to
grow
β.
utility
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
basic
public
service
such
as
electricity
,
water
,
or
gas
that
people
need
for
everyday
life
β’
Our
rent
includes
all
utilities
,
so
we
don't
pay
extra
for
water
or
electricity
.
Our
rent
includes
all
utilities
,
so
we
don't
pay
extra
for
water
or
electricity
.
β’
Some
rural
areas
lack
reliable
utility
services
such
as
natural
gas
.
Some
rural
areas
lack
reliable
utility
services
such
as
natural
gas
.
noun
-
utility
the
quality
of
being
useful
or
practical
and
able
to
satisfy
a
need
β’
The
lightweight
design
adds
to
the
phone's
utility
for
travelers
.
The
lightweight
design
adds
to
the
phone's
utility
for
travelers
.
β’
She
questioned
the
utility
of
carrying
a
heavy
laptop
when
a
tablet
would
do
.
She
questioned
the
utility
of
carrying
a
heavy
laptop
when
a
tablet
would
do
.
From
Latin
utilitas
β
use
,
advantage
β,
from
utilis
β
useful
β.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
company
or
public
organization
that
supplies
electricity
,
water
,
gas
,
or
similar
services
β’
The
local
utility
announced
a
rate
increase
starting
next
month
.
The
local
utility
announced
a
rate
increase
starting
next
month
.
β’
Many
investors
see
a
utility
as
a
safe
long-term
stock
.
Many
investors
see
a
utility
as
a
safe
long-term
stock
.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
small
computer
program
that
performs
a
specific
helpful
task
β’
I
ran
a
disk-cleanup
utility
to
free
up
storage
space
.
I
ran
a
disk-cleanup
utility
to
free
up
storage
space
.
β’
The
antivirus
utility
updated
its
virus
definitions
overnight
.
The
antivirus
utility
updated
its
virus
definitions
overnight
.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
(
sports
)
a
player
who
can
competently
play
several
different
positions
β’
The
coach
values
him
as
a
utility
because
he
can
cover
both
infield
and
outfield
.
The
coach
values
him
as
a
utility
because
he
can
cover
both
infield
and
outfield
.
β’
Every
football
team
needs
at
least
one
utility
on
the
bench
.
Every
football
team
needs
at
least
one
utility
on
the
bench
.
adjective
designed
for
practical
use
rather
than
for
decoration
or
luxury
β’
He
bought
a
pair
of
sturdy
utility
boots
for
hiking
.
He
bought
a
pair
of
sturdy
utility
boots
for
hiking
.
β’
The
building
includes
a
small
utility
room
with
shelves
and
a
washing
machine
.
The
building
includes
a
small
utility
room
with
shelves
and
a
washing
machine
.
noun
-
utility
in
economics
,
the
satisfaction
or
benefit
a
person
gains
from
using
a
good
or
service
β’
Economists
assume
that
consumers
try
to
maximize
their
utility
.
Economists
assume
that
consumers
try
to
maximize
their
utility
.
β’
The
study
measured
the
utility
people
receive
from
online
shopping
.
The
study
measured
the
utility
people
receive
from
online
shopping
.
split
verb
-
split
,
splitting
,
splits
to
divide
something
into
two
or
more
parts
,
often
along
a
line
or
where
it
naturally
comes
apart
β’
She
split
the
cake
into
eight
equal
slices
for
the
children
.
She
split
the
cake
into
eight
equal
slices
for
the
children
.
β’
The
lumberjack
split
the
log
with
one
powerful
swing
of
his
axe
.
The
lumberjack
split
the
log
with
one
powerful
swing
of
his
axe
.
Old
English
β
splittan
β
meaning
β
to
split
or
cleave
β,
related
to
Middle
Dutch
β
splitten
β.
noun
a
long
narrow
crack
or
tear
in
something
solid
β’
There
was
a
small
split
in
the
seam
of
my
jeans
.
There
was
a
small
split
in
the
seam
of
my
jeans
.
β’
Rain
leaked
through
a
split
in
the
roof
.
Rain
leaked
through
a
split
in
the
roof
.
Noun
use
comes
from
the
verb
meaning
β
place
where
something
has
been
split
β.
noun
an
ice-cream
dessert
,
especially
one
made
with
a
banana
cut
lengthways
and
topped
with
scoops
of
ice
cream
,
sauce
,
and
toppings
β’
I
ordered
a
banana
split
with
chocolate
syrup
and
cherries
.
I
ordered
a
banana
split
with
chocolate
syrup
and
cherries
.
β’
The
huge
split
was
big
enough
for
two
people
to
share
.
The
huge
split
was
big
enough
for
two
people
to
share
.
Named
from
the
banana
being
split
in
half
to
form
the
base
of
the
dessert
,
first
recorded
in
early
1900s
U
.
S
.
verb
-
split
,
splitting
,
splits
to
end
a
romantic
or
working
relationship
;
to
separate
from
someone
you
were
together
with
β’
After
five
years
together
,
they
finally
split
.
After
five
years
together
,
they
finally
split
.
β’
The
band
split
last
summer
,
and
the
members
started
solo
careers
.
The
band
split
last
summer
,
and
the
members
started
solo
careers
.
Figurative
sense
of
β
split
β
meaning
to
separate
from
a
partner
dates
from
early
20th-century
American
English
.
satellite
noun
a
human-made
object
sent
into
space
that
continually
orbits
Earth
or
another
heavenly
body
to
gather
information
or
relay
signals
β’
The
weather
satellite
took
clear
photos
of
the
approaching
hurricane
.
The
weather
satellite
took
clear
photos
of
the
approaching
hurricane
.
β’
Engineers
launched
a
new
communications
satellite
into
orbit
last
night
.
Engineers
launched
a
new
communications
satellite
into
orbit
last
night
.
noun
a
natural
object
,
such
as
the
Moon
,
that
moves
around
a
planet
β’
The
Moon
is
Earth
β
s
only
natural
satellite
.
The
Moon
is
Earth
β
s
only
natural
satellite
.
β’
Jupiter
has
more
than
seventy
known
satellites
circling
it
.
Jupiter
has
more
than
seventy
known
satellites
circling
it
.
noun
a
country
,
town
,
office
,
or
organization
that
is
controlled
by
or
depends
on
a
larger
and
more
powerful
one
β’
During
the
Cold
War
,
Poland
was
a
satellite
of
the
Soviet
Union
.
During
the
Cold
War
,
Poland
was
a
satellite
of
the
Soviet
Union
.
β’
Many
commuters
live
in
a
satellite
town
outside
the
capital
city
.
Many
commuters
live
in
a
satellite
town
outside
the
capital
city
.
adjective
relating
to
or
using
artificial
satellites
,
especially
for
sending
or
receiving
signals
β’
They
watched
the
soccer
final
on
satellite
TV
.
They
watched
the
soccer
final
on
satellite
TV
.
β’
A
large
satellite
dish
stood
on
the
roof
of
the
news
station
.
A
large
satellite
dish
stood
on
the
roof
of
the
news
station
.
capability
noun
-
capability
,
capabilities
the
power
,
skill
,
or
qualities
needed
to
do
something
β’
Climbing
the
steep
mountain
tested
her
capability
as
a
hiker
.
Climbing
the
steep
mountain
tested
her
capability
as
a
hiker
.
β’
The
new
recruit
showed
an
impressive
capability
for
learning
languages
.
The
new
recruit
showed
an
impressive
capability
for
learning
languages
.
From
capable
+β
-ity
,
first
recorded
in
the
1600s
.
noun
-
capability
,
capabilities
a
specific
function
or
feature
that
a
machine
,
system
,
or
organization
is
designed
to
perform
β’
This
phone
has
the
capability
to
charge
wirelessly
.
This
phone
has
the
capability
to
charge
wirelessly
.
β’
The
satellite
β
s
imaging
capability
lets
scientists
study
weather
patterns
.
The
satellite
β
s
imaging
capability
lets
scientists
study
weather
patterns
.
Derived
from
the
earlier
sense
of
personal
ability
and
extended
to
machinery
and
systems
in
the
early
20th
century
.
politically
adverb
in
a
way
that
concerns
politics
,
government
,
or
public
affairs
β’
She
became
politically
active
during
her
first
year
at
university
.
She
became
politically
active
during
her
first
year
at
university
.
β’
The
analyst
warned
that
the
budget
cuts
might
be
politically
risky
for
the
governor
.
The
analyst
warned
that
the
budget
cuts
might
be
politically
risky
for
the
governor
.
From
the
adjective
political
+β
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
16th
century
.
stability
noun
-
stability
a
condition
in
which
something
continues
without
unexpected
changes
or
disturbances
β’
After
years
of
war
,
the
country
finally
enjoyed
political
stability
.
After
years
of
war
,
the
country
finally
enjoyed
political
stability
.
β’
Saving
a
little
money
each
month
gave
our
family
a
sense
of
financial
stability
.
Saving
a
little
money
each
month
gave
our
family
a
sense
of
financial
stability
.
noun
-
stability
the
quality
of
an
object
or
structure
that
keeps
it
steady
and
prevents
it
from
tipping
,
shaking
,
or
falling
β’
The
chair
β
s
wide
legs
give
it
plenty
of
stability
on
uneven
ground
.
The
chair
β
s
wide
legs
give
it
plenty
of
stability
on
uneven
ground
.
β’
The
gymnast
spread
her
arms
to
keep
her
stability
on
the
narrow
beam
.
The
gymnast
spread
her
arms
to
keep
her
stability
on
the
narrow
beam
.
noun
-
stability
a
calm
and
balanced
state
of
mind
or
behaviour
that
is
not
easily
upset
β’
Daily
meditation
helps
him
maintain
emotional
stability
.
Daily
meditation
helps
him
maintain
emotional
stability
.
β’
The
child
β
s
stability
improved
once
her
routine
became
regular
.
The
child
β
s
stability
improved
once
her
routine
became
regular
.
noun
-
stability
the
ability
of
a
substance
or
system
to
remain
unchanged
and
not
break
down
,
react
,
or
fail
under
normal
conditions
β’
Stainless
steel
is
valued
for
its
stability
in
wet
conditions
.
Stainless
steel
is
valued
for
its
stability
in
wet
conditions
.
β’
The
drug
β
s
chemical
stability
allows
it
to
be
stored
for
years
.
The
drug
β
s
chemical
stability
allows
it
to
be
stored
for
years
.
facilitate
verb
-
facilitate
,
facilitating
,
facilitates
,
facilitated
to
make
an
action
,
process
,
or
task
possible
or
easier
β’
Online
maps
facilitate
travel
planning
by
showing
the
fastest
routes
.
Online
maps
facilitate
travel
planning
by
showing
the
fastest
routes
.
β’
Using
simple
language
facilitates
understanding
for
young
students
.
Using
simple
language
facilitates
understanding
for
young
students
.
Mid-17th
century
,
from
Latin
facilis
β
easy
β
+
β-ate
;
originally
meaning
β
make
easy
β.
verb
-
facilitate
,
facilitating
,
facilitates
,
facilitated
to
guide
a
meeting
,
discussion
,
or
learning
activity
so
that
it
runs
smoothly
and
everyone
can
take
part
β’
An
experienced
moderator
facilitated
the
panel
discussion
at
the
conference
.
An
experienced
moderator
facilitated
the
panel
discussion
at
the
conference
.
β’
The
teacher
asked
Maria
to
facilitate
the
group
debate
.
The
teacher
asked
Maria
to
facilitate
the
group
debate
.
Mid-17th
century
,
from
Latin
facilis
β
easy
β
+
β-ate
;
originally
meaning
β
make
easy
β.
equality
noun
-
equality
the
condition
in
which
people
or
things
are
treated
or
valued
the
same
,
without
unfair
differences
β’
The
new
law
aims
to
promote
equality
between
men
and
women
in
the
workplace
.
The
new
law
aims
to
promote
equality
between
men
and
women
in
the
workplace
.
β’
Teachers
try
to
treat
every
student
with
the
same
respect
and
equality
.
Teachers
try
to
treat
every
student
with
the
same
respect
and
equality
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
egalite
,
based
on
Latin
aequalitas
,
from
aequalis
β
equal
β.
noun
-
equality
,
equalities
a
mathematical
statement
that
two
expressions
have
the
same
value
,
usually
shown
with
the
sign
=
β’
In
algebra
class
,
we
learned
that
the
equality
2
+
3
=
5
is
always
true
.
In
algebra
class
,
we
learned
that
the
equality
2
+
3
=
5
is
always
true
.
β’
The
scientist
wrote
an
equality
to
describe
the
relationship
between
energy
and
mass
.
The
scientist
wrote
an
equality
to
describe
the
relationship
between
energy
and
mass
.
Adopted
into
mathematical
language
in
the
16th
century
when
the
equal
sign
was
introduced
by
Welsh
mathematician
Robert
Recorde
.
probability
noun
-
probability
,
probabilities
how
likely
something
is
to
happen
,
often
shown
as
a
number
between
0
(
impossible
)
and
1
(
certain
)
β’
The
weather
app
says
the
probability
of
rain
tomorrow
is
80%
.
The
weather
app
says
the
probability
of
rain
tomorrow
is
80%
.
β’
In
a
fair
coin
toss
,
the
probability
of
landing
heads
is
0
.
5
.
In
a
fair
coin
toss
,
the
probability
of
landing
heads
is
0
.
5
.
Late
15th
century
:
from
Latin
probabilitas
β
credibility
,
likelihood
β,
from
probabilis
β
provable
,
credible
β.
noun
-
probability
,
probabilities
a
likely
event
or
outcome
;
something
that
will
probably
happen
β’
There
is
a
strong
probability
that
we
will
arrive
before
noon
.
There
is
a
strong
probability
that
we
will
arrive
before
noon
.
β’
Economic
experts
see
little
probability
of
another
recession
this
year
.
Economic
experts
see
little
probability
of
another
recession
this
year
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Latin
probabilitas
meaning
β
likelihood
β.
liability
noun
-
liability
,
liabilities
something
or
someone
that
causes
trouble
,
difficulty
,
or
embarrassment
.
β’
His
fear
of
public
speaking
proved
a
serious
liability
in
the
campaign
.
His
fear
of
public
speaking
proved
a
serious
liability
in
the
campaign
.
β’
In
harsh
weather
,
an
unreliable
engine
is
a
major
liability
.
In
harsh
weather
,
an
unreliable
engine
is
a
major
liability
.
Metaphoric
use
of
the
legal
term
dating
from
the
18th
century
.
noun
-
liability
,
liabilities
legal
responsibility
for
something
,
especially
for
paying
money
if
things
go
wrong
.
β’
The
driver
admitted
liability
for
the
accident
.
The
driver
admitted
liability
for
the
accident
.
β’
If
the
product
is
faulty
,
the
manufacturer
may
face
liability
in
court
.
If
the
product
is
faulty
,
the
manufacturer
may
face
liability
in
court
.
From
late
Middle
English
,
from
Anglo-French
,
from
liable
+β
βity
.
liabilities
noun
-
liability
,
liabilities
the
amounts
of
money
a
person
or
company
owes
;
debts
and
financial
obligations
.
β’
On
the
balance
sheet
,
the
firm's
current
liabilities
include
unpaid
wages
and
taxes
.
On
the
balance
sheet
,
the
firm's
current
liabilities
include
unpaid
wages
and
taxes
.
β’
High
long-term
liabilities
made
investors
nervous
about
the
merger
.
High
long-term
liabilities
made
investors
nervous
about
the
merger
.
Extension
of
legal
sense
to
financial
bookkeeping
in
the
19th
century
.
mortality
noun
-
mortality
the
fact
that
all
living
things
,
especially
people
,
must
eventually
die
β’
Thinking
about
their
own
mortality
made
them
appreciate
each
day
more
.
Thinking
about
their
own
mortality
made
them
appreciate
each
day
more
.
β’
The
ancient
poem
explores
the
themes
of
love
and
mortality
.
The
ancient
poem
explores
the
themes
of
love
and
mortality
.
From
Middle
French
mortalitΓ©
,
ultimately
from
Latin
mortΔlitΔs
(β
state
of
being
mortal
β).
noun
-
mortality
,
mortalities
the
number
of
deaths
in
a
particular
group
or
during
a
specific
period
,
often
expressed
as
a
rate
β’
Improvements
in
sanitation
have
reduced
child
mortality
worldwide
.
Improvements
in
sanitation
have
reduced
child
mortality
worldwide
.
β’
The
report
showed
higher
mortality
among
patients
who
skipped
their
medication
.
The
report
showed
higher
mortality
among
patients
who
skipped
their
medication
.
Extended
from
the
general
sense
of
β
being
mortal
β
to
statistical
counting
of
deaths
in
the
mid-17th
century
.
reliability
noun
-
reliability
the
quality
of
a
person
or
thing
that
can
be
trusted
to
do
what
is
expected
or
promised
β’
Maria
valued
her
friend's
reliability
when
she
needed
someone
to
feed
her
cat
.
Maria
valued
her
friend's
reliability
when
she
needed
someone
to
feed
her
cat
.
β’
The
reliability
of
the
bus
service
helped
commuters
arrive
on
time
every
day
.
The
reliability
of
the
bus
service
helped
commuters
arrive
on
time
every
day
.
formed
from
reliable
+β
-ity
,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-19th
century
to
describe
the
state
or
quality
of
being
reliable
noun
-
reliability
the
chance
,
usually
given
as
a
percentage
or
probability
,
that
a
machine
,
system
,
or
component
will
work
without
failure
for
a
specific
time
under
stated
conditions
β’
Engineers
tested
the
bridge's
reliability
under
heavy
traffic
loads
.
Engineers
tested
the
bridge's
reliability
under
heavy
traffic
loads
.
β’
The
company
boasts
a
99%
server
reliability
during
peak
hours
.
The
company
boasts
a
99%
server
reliability
during
peak
hours
.
technical
sense
developed
in
the
early
20th
century
alongside
advances
in
engineering
and
statistics
,
extending
the
general
idea
of
trustworthiness
to
measurable
system
performance
availability
noun
-
availability
,
availabilities
the
fact
that
something
can
be
used
,
obtained
,
or
reached
when
it
is
wanted
or
needed
β’
The
availability
of
clean
water
improved
after
the
new
well
was
built
.
The
availability
of
clean
water
improved
after
the
new
well
was
built
.
β’
Before
ordering
,
the
customer
asked
about
the
availability
of
the
laptop
in
silver
.
Before
ordering
,
the
customer
asked
about
the
availability
of
the
laptop
in
silver
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
β
available
β
+
suffix
β
-ity
,β
first
recorded
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
noun
-
availability
,
availabilities
the
times
or
periods
when
someone
is
free
to
meet
,
work
,
or
do
something
β’
Please
send
me
your
availability
for
a
meeting
next
week
.
Please
send
me
your
availability
for
a
meeting
next
week
.
β’
Her
limited
availability
on
weekends
made
scheduling
rehearsals
difficult
.
Her
limited
availability
on
weekends
made
scheduling
rehearsals
difficult
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
β
available
β
+
suffix
β
-ity
,β
first
referring
to
people
β
s
free
time
in
the
early
20th
century
.
morality
noun
-
morality
,
moralities
the
general
idea
of
what
is
right
and
wrong
in
human
behaviour
and
why
people
should
act
in
a
good
way
β’
Debating
ethical
questions
helps
students
understand
what
morality
means
in
everyday
life
.
Debating
ethical
questions
helps
students
understand
what
morality
means
in
everyday
life
.
β’
Some
people
believe
that
morality
is
universal
,
while
others
think
it
is
relative
to
culture
.
Some
people
believe
that
morality
is
universal
,
while
others
think
it
is
relative
to
culture
.
late
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
moralite
,
from
Latin
moralitas
β
manner
,
character
,
proper
behavior
β,
from
moralis
β
moral
β.
noun
-
morality
,
moralities
a
specific
set
of
moral
rules
and
standards
held
by
a
particular
person
,
group
,
or
society
β’
Traditional
Japanese
morality
places
high
value
on
respect
for
elders
.
Traditional
Japanese
morality
places
high
value
on
respect
for
elders
.
β’
Victorian
morality
was
strict
about
public
behavior
and
modest
dress
.
Victorian
morality
was
strict
about
public
behavior
and
modest
dress
.
Derived
from
Latin
moralitas
but
came
to
refer
to
distinct
codes
of
conduct
from
the
17th
century
onward
.
flexibility
noun
-
flexibility
,
flexibilities
the
quality
of
a
body
part
or
material
that
lets
it
bend
,
stretch
,
or
twist
easily
without
breaking
or
being
damaged
β’
Regular
yoga
practice
has
greatly
improved
my
flexibility
,
allowing
me
to
touch
my
toes
with
ease
.
Regular
yoga
practice
has
greatly
improved
my
flexibility
,
allowing
me
to
touch
my
toes
with
ease
.
β’
The
willow
branch
β
s
natural
flexibility
lets
it
bend
in
strong
winds
without
snapping
.
The
willow
branch
β
s
natural
flexibility
lets
it
bend
in
strong
winds
without
snapping
.
From
Latin
flexibilitas
(β
pliancy
,
easy
bending
β),
from
flexibilis
(β
that
can
be
bent
β)
+β
-ity
.
noun
-
flexibility
,
flexibilities
the
willingness
or
ability
to
change
or
adapt
easily
when
circumstances
,
rules
,
or
plans
shift
β’
Our
boss
showed
flexibility
by
letting
us
work
from
home
on
short
notice
.
Our
boss
showed
flexibility
by
letting
us
work
from
home
on
short
notice
.
β’
Traveling
with
toddlers
requires
a
lot
of
flexibility
and
patience
.
Traveling
with
toddlers
requires
a
lot
of
flexibility
and
patience
.
Extended
figurative
sense
recorded
since
the
late
1700s
,
developing
from
the
physical
meaning
toward
personal
and
organizational
adaptability
.
credibility
noun
-
credibility
the
quality
of
being
trusted
,
believed
,
or
considered
convincing
β’
The
scientist
backed
up
his
findings
with
solid
data
to
increase
his
credibility
.
The
scientist
backed
up
his
findings
with
solid
data
to
increase
his
credibility
.
β’
After
the
journalist
admitted
her
mistake
,
her
credibility
suffered
.
After
the
journalist
admitted
her
mistake
,
her
credibility
suffered
.
Late
16th
century
:
from
medieval
Latin
credibilitas
,
based
on
Latin
credibilis
β
believable
β,
from
credere
β
believe
β.
accountability
noun
-
accountability
the
state
of
being
responsible
for
what
you
do
and
being
required
to
explain
or
accept
the
results
β’
The
public
demanded
greater
accountability
from
the
elected
officials
after
the
scandal
.
The
public
demanded
greater
accountability
from
the
elected
officials
after
the
scandal
.
β’
In
our
team
,
clear
roles
make
accountability
easier
when
projects
fail
.
In
our
team
,
clear
roles
make
accountability
easier
when
projects
fail
.
From
accountable
+β
-ity
,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-18th
century
.
noun
-
accountability
in
computing
and
information
security
,
the
property
that
every
action
can
be
traced
to
the
person
or
process
that
carried
it
out
β’
Strong
logging
provides
accountability
when
a
data
breach
occurs
.
Strong
logging
provides
accountability
when
a
data
breach
occurs
.
β’
Password
sharing
weakens
user
accountability
in
the
system
.
Password
sharing
weakens
user
accountability
in
the
system
.
Extension
of
the
general
sense
to
computer
science
in
the
late
20th
century
as
digital
systems
required
traceable
actions
.