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raise
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
lift
something
or
someone
to
a
higher
position
•
The
firefighter
raised
the
baby
out
of
the
window
to
safety
.
The
firefighter
raised
the
baby
out
of
the
window
to
safety
.
•
Please
raise
your
hand
if
you
know
the
answer
.
Please
raise
your
hand
if
you
know
the
answer
.
Old
French
‘
reis
’
and
Latin
‘
rasus
’,
past
participle
of
‘
radere
’
meaning
‘
scrape
,
shave
’;
later
broadened
to
the
idea
of
lifting
something
up
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
increase
the
amount
,
level
,
or
strength
of
something
•
The
bank
decided
to
raise
interest
rates
this
month
.
The
bank
decided
to
raise
interest
rates
this
month
.
•
Eating
too
much
salt
can
raise
your
blood
pressure
.
Eating
too
much
salt
can
raise
your
blood
pressure
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
bring
up
and
care
for
a
child
until
they
are
an
adult
•
My
grandparents
raised
me
on
a
small
farm
.
My
grandparents
raised
me
on
a
small
farm
.
•
They
want
to
raise
their
children
in
the
countryside
.
They
want
to
raise
their
children
in
the
countryside
.
noun
an
increase
in
the
amount
of
money
you
earn
for
your
work
•
After
her
appraisal
,
she
got
a
five-percent
raise
.
After
her
appraisal
,
she
got
a
five-percent
raise
.
•
If
I
don't
get
a
raise
,
I
might
look
for
another
job
.
If
I
don't
get
a
raise
,
I
might
look
for
another
job
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
collect
money
or
resources
for
a
purpose
•
The
concert
raised
over
a
million
dollars
for
charity
.
The
concert
raised
over
a
million
dollars
for
charity
.
•
We
are
baking
cookies
to
raise
funds
for
the
class
trip
.
We
are
baking
cookies
to
raise
funds
for
the
class
trip
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
bring
a
subject
,
idea
,
or
question
forward
for
discussion
•
May
I
raise
a
question
about
the
schedule
?
May
I
raise
a
question
about
the
schedule
?
•
He
raised
the
issue
during
the
meeting
.
He
raised
the
issue
during
the
meeting
.
rain
noun
Water
that
falls
from
clouds
in
the
form
of
tiny
liquid
drops
.
•
Heavy
rain
soaked
the
city's
streets
all
afternoon
.
Heavy
rain
soaked
the
city's
streets
all
afternoon
.
•
Farmers
welcomed
the
gentle
rain
after
weeks
of
drought
.
Farmers
welcomed
the
gentle
rain
after
weeks
of
drought
.
Old
English
"
regn
"
or
"
ren
",
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
"
regen
"
and
German
"
Regen
".
verb
-
rain
,
raining
,
rains
,
rained
For
water
to
fall
from
the
sky
as
rain
.
•
It
rained
all
night
,
filling
the
rivers
.
It
rained
all
night
,
filling
the
rivers
.
•
If
it
rains
tomorrow
,
we'll
cancel
the
picnic
.
If
it
rains
tomorrow
,
we'll
cancel
the
picnic
.
From
Old
English
"
regnian
",
related
to
the
noun
form
"
rain
".
rail
noun
a
horizontal
or
vertical
bar
that
acts
as
a
fence
,
barrier
,
or
handhold
•
The
child
clutched
the
hand
rail
while
climbing
the
stairs
.
The
child
clutched
the
hand
rail
while
climbing
the
stairs
.
•
He
leaned
on
the
wooden
rail
and
watched
the
river
flow
past
.
He
leaned
on
the
wooden
rail
and
watched
the
river
flow
past
.
From
Middle
English
reil
,
related
to
the
idea
of
a
straight
bar
.
noun
a
long
,
strong
bar
of
steel
that
forms
part
of
the
track
trains
run
on
•
The
train
screeched
as
it
glided
along
the
shiny
rail
.
The
train
screeched
as
it
glided
along
the
shiny
rail
.
•
Engineers
replaced
several
worn
rails
on
the
bridge
before
reopening
the
line
.
Engineers
replaced
several
worn
rails
on
the
bridge
before
reopening
the
line
.
From
Old
French
rail
,
from
Latin
regula
meaning
a
straight
bar
or
rule
.
noun
-
rail
the
system
of
trains
and
the
tracks
they
run
on
,
used
as
a
way
of
transport
•
It
is
cheaper
to
send
the
packages
by
rail
than
by
truck
.
It
is
cheaper
to
send
the
packages
by
rail
than
by
truck
.
•
The
family
travelled
across
the
country
on
rail
,
enjoying
the
scenery
.
The
family
travelled
across
the
country
on
rail
,
enjoying
the
scenery
.
Developed
from
the
use
of
steel
rails
for
trains
in
the
early
19th
century
.
verb
-
rail
,
railing
,
rails
,
railed
to
speak
or
complain
angrily
and
loudly
,
especially
against
something
•
Protesters
gathered
to
rail
against
the
new
tax
law
.
Protesters
gathered
to
rail against
the
new
tax
law
.
•
Online
commenters
continued
to
rail
at
the
decision
long
after
the
meeting
ended
.
Online
commenters
continued
to
rail
at
the
decision
long
after
the
meeting
ended
.
From
Old
French
railler
meaning
to
tease
or
mock
,
later
shifting
to
angry
complaint
.
noun
a
shy
marsh
bird
with
a
slender
body
and
long
toes
,
belonging
to
the
Rallidae
family
•
We
spotted
a
clapper
rail
skulking
in
the
marsh
grasses
.
We
spotted
a
clapper
rail
skulking
in
the
marsh
grasses
.
•
The
shy
rail
darted
into
the
reeds
before
anyone
could
take
a
photo
.
The
shy
rail
darted
into
the
reeds
before
anyone
could
take
a
photo
.
Name
linked
to
Old
French
raelle
,
a
water
bird
.
railroad
noun
a
system
of
tracks
,
trains
,
and
related
facilities
used
for
moving
passengers
or
goods
over
land
•
The
new
railroad
allowed
farmers
to
send
their
crops
to
distant
cities
in
just
a
few
days
.
The
new
railroad
allowed
farmers
to
send
their
crops
to
distant
cities
in
just
a
few
days
.
•
Tourists
love
taking
the
historic
railroad
through
the
mountains
to
see
the
autumn
leaves
.
Tourists
love
taking
the
historic
railroad
through
the
mountains
to
see
the
autumn
leaves
.
Early
19th
century
,
from
rail
+
road
,
patterned
after
earlier
British
use
of
“
rail-way
.”
verb
to
move
people
or
goods
from
one
place
to
another
by
train
•
The
company
plans
to
railroad
the
steel
from
the
mill
to
the
port
overnight
.
The
company
plans
to
railroad
the
steel
from
the
mill
to
the
port
overnight
.
•
During
the
war
,
troops
were
railroaded
across
the
country
in
record
time
.
During
the
war
,
troops
were
railroaded
across
the
country
in
record
time
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
“
railroad
” (
train
system
),
first
attested
mid-19th
century
.
verb
to
force
something
through
quickly
or
unfairly
,
especially
a
decision
or
legal
judgment
,
without
proper
discussion
or
fairness
•
The
committee
tried
to
railroad
the
new
law
through
before
anyone
could
debate
it
.
The
committee
tried
to
railroad
the
new
law
through
before
anyone
could
debate
it
.
•
She
felt
the
prosecutor
railroaded
her
client
into
a
quick
plea
bargain
.
She
felt
the
prosecutor
railroaded
her
client
into
a
quick
plea
bargain
.
Figurative
use
recorded
from
the
late
19th
century
,
comparing
the
swift
,
one-directional
movement
of
trains
to
pushing
a
decision
forward
without
obstacles
.
brain
noun
-
brain
,
braining
,
brains
,
brained
,
brainy
,
brainier
,
brainiest
the
soft
pinkish-gray
organ
inside
the
skull
that
controls
thought
,
feelings
,
and
movement
•
The
doctor
showed
us
a
scan
of
the
patient's
brain
.
The
doctor
showed
us
a
scan
of
the
patient's
brain
.
•
Wearing
a
helmet
protects
your
brain
during
sports
like
cycling
or
skateboarding
.
Wearing
a
helmet
protects
your
brain
during
sports
like
cycling
or
skateboarding
.
Old
English
brægen
(
singular
and
plural
),
related
to
Old
High
German
bregan
,
meaning
‘
brain
’.
noun
-
brain
,
braining
,
brains
,
brained
,
brainy
,
brainier
,
brainiest
the
ability
to
think
,
reason
,
and
learn
;
intellect
•
You
’
ll
solve
the
puzzle
if
you
just
use
your
brain
.
You
’
ll
solve
the
puzzle
if
you
just
use
your
brain
.
•
Chess
champions
need
a
sharp
brain
to
plan
many
moves
ahead
.
Chess
champions
need
a
sharp
brain
to
plan
many
moves
ahead
.
noun
-
brain
,
braining
,
brains
,
brained
,
brainy
,
brainier
,
brainiest
a
person
who
is
very
intelligent
or
the
main
planner
behind
an
idea
or
organization
•
Mia
is
the
brain
behind
the
new
phone
app
our
company
is
launching
.
Mia
is
the
brain
behind
the
new
phone
app
our
company
is
launching
.
•
The
detective
suspected
that
the
pickpocket
was
not
the
real
brain
of
the
operation
.
The
detective
suspected
that
the
pickpocket
was
not
the
real
brain
of
the
operation
.
verb
-
brain
,
braining
,
brains
,
brained
,
brainy
,
brainier
,
brainiest
to
hit
someone
or
something
on
the
head
very
hard
,
causing
serious
injury
•
In
the
comic
,
the
caveman
threatens
to
brain
anyone
who
tries
to
steal
his
food
.
In
the
comic
,
the
caveman
threatens
to
brain
anyone
who
tries
to
steal
his
food
.
•
She
nearly
brained
herself
on
the
low
ceiling
beam
.
She
nearly
brained
herself
on
the
low
ceiling
beam
.
From
the
noun
sense
‘
brain
’;
first
recorded
14th
century
meaning
‘
to
smash
the
skull
’.
training
noun
-
training
the
process
of
learning
or
practising
skills
so
that
you
can
do
a
job
,
sport
,
or
activity
better
•
After
weeks
of
training
,
Maya
could
finally
swim
a
full
lap
without
stopping
.
After
weeks
of
training
,
Maya
could
finally
swim
a
full
lap
without
stopping
.
•
The
soldiers
undergo
tough
training
before
they
are
sent
on
missions
.
The
soldiers
undergo
tough
training
before
they
are
sent
on
missions
.
noun
a
course
,
class
,
or
organised
session
where
people
are
taught
skills
or
knowledge
•
Our
company
will
hold
a
safety
training
on
Monday
morning
.
Our
company
will
hold
a
safety
training
on
Monday
morning
.
•
She
signed
up
for
a
computer
training
to
learn
programming
basics
.
She
signed
up
for
a
computer
training
to
learn
programming
basics
.
verb
present
participle
of
train
:
teaching
,
coaching
,
or
practising
to
develop
skills
or
physical
fitness
•
The
coach
is
training
the
team
for
the
championship
.
The
coach
is
training
the
team
for
the
championship
.
•
Sara
is
training
to
become
a
nurse
.
Sara
is
training
to
become
a
nurse
.
afraid
adjective
feeling
fear
or
worry
because
something
seems
dangerous
,
painful
,
or
unpleasant
•
The
little
boy
felt
afraid
when
the
thunder
rumbled
overhead
.
The
little
boy
felt
afraid
when
the
thunder
rumbled
overhead
.
•
Maria
was
afraid
of
dogs
after
one
barked
at
her
.
Maria
was
afraid
of
dogs
after
one
barked
at
her
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
English
‘
āfrǣdan
’
meaning
‘
to
frighten
’.
adjective
used
in
the
expression
“
I
’
m
afraid
”
to
politely
introduce
bad
news
,
an
apology
,
or
a
refusal
•
“
I
’
m
afraid
we
have
no
tickets
left
for
tonight
’
s
show
,”
the
clerk
said
.
“
I
’
m
afraid
we
have
no
tickets
left
for
tonight
’
s
show
,”
the
clerk
said
.
•
“
I
’
m
afraid
I
can
’
t
come
to
the
party
tomorrow
,”
Mark
told
his
friend
on
the
phone
.
“
I
’
m
afraid
I
can
’
t
come
to
the
party
tomorrow
,”
Mark
told
his
friend
on
the
phone
.
Same
origin
as
the
basic
sense
of
“
afraid
”,
extended
in
the
14th
century
to
polite
expressions
of
regret
.
train
noun
a
set
of
connected
carriages
or
wagons
that
move
on
metal
tracks
to
carry
people
or
goods
from
one
place
to
another
•
We
ran
to
catch
the
train
before
the
doors
closed
.
We
ran
to
catch
the
train
before
the
doors
closed
.
•
The
old
steam
train
puffed
clouds
of
smoke
as
it
left
the
village
station
.
The
old
steam
train
puffed
clouds
of
smoke
as
it
left
the
village
station
.
from
Old
French
‘
train
’
meaning
drag
or
draw
,
originally
referring
to
something
that
is
pulled
verb
-
train
,
training
,
trains
,
trained
to
teach
or
practise
regularly
so
that
you
,
another
person
,
or
an
animal
becomes
skilled
at
something
•
Lena
trains
for
the
marathon
by
running
every
dawn
.
Lena
trains
for
the
marathon
by
running
every
dawn
.
•
The
zookeeper
trained
the
seal
to
clap
its
flippers
.
The
zookeeper
trained
the
seal
to
clap
its
flippers
.
extension
of
the
earlier
sense
‘
drag
,
draw
’
→
‘
draw
out
instruction
over
time
’
noun
the
long
back
part
of
a
dress
or
robe
that
trails
along
the
floor
behind
the
person
wearing
it
•
The
bride's
silk
train
flowed
behind
her
as
she
walked
down
the
aisle
.
The
bride's
silk
train
flowed
behind
her
as
she
walked
down
the
aisle
.
•
A
girl
carefully
lifted
her
costume's
train
so
it
wouldn't
drag
on
the
wet
ground
.
A
girl
carefully
lifted
her
costume's
train
so
it
wouldn't
drag
on
the
wet
ground
.
derives
from
the
idea
of
cloth
that
is
‘
drawn
’
or
‘
dragged
’
along
behind
verb
-
train
,
training
,
trains
,
trained
to
point
or
direct
a
camera
,
light
,
weapon
,
or
other
device
steadily
at
something
•
The
cameraman
trained
his
lens
on
the
soaring
eagle
.
The
cameraman
trained
his
lens
on
the
soaring
eagle
.
•
Guards
train
their
searchlights
on
the
dark
courtyard
.
Guards
train
their
searchlights
on
the
dark
courtyard
.
extended
sense
‘
cause
something
to
follow
a
straight
line
toward
a
target
’
noun
a
series
of
people
,
animals
,
events
,
or
thoughts
that
follow
one
after
another
in
an
orderly
line
or
sequence
•
A
sudden
sneeze
broke
my
train
of
thought
during
the
test
.
A
sudden
sneeze
broke
my
train
of
thought
during
the
test
.
•
One
bad
decision
set
off
a
train
of
events
that
changed
history
.
One
bad
decision
set
off
a
train
of
events
that
changed
history
.
figurative
use
from
older
sense
‘
thing
drawn
along
’,
later
‘
things
following
each
other
’
verb
-
train
,
training
,
trains
,
trained
to
guide
a
plant
as
it
grows
so
it
follows
a
chosen
direction
or
shape
•
Grandpa
trains
his
grape
vines
along
the
wooden
fence
.
Grandpa
trains
his
grape
vines
along
the
wooden
fence
.
•
The
gardener
trained
the
rose
bush
into
a
neat
arch
.
The
gardener
trained
the
rose
bush
into
a
neat
arch
.
based
on
original
meaning
‘
draw
along
’,
later
‘
draw
a
plant
along
a
support
’
trail
noun
a
rough
track
or
pathway
,
especially
through
the
countryside
,
forest
,
or
mountains
,
that
people
or
animals
follow
.
•
The
hikers
followed
the
narrow
trail
up
the
mountain
to
reach
the
lake
.
The
hikers
followed
the
narrow
trail
up
the
mountain
to
reach
the
lake
.
•
A
well-marked
trail
runs
behind
the
campsite
and
loops
back
after
three
miles
.
A
well-marked
trail
runs
behind
the
campsite
and
loops
back
after
three
miles
.
From
Middle
English
traille
,
from
Old
French
trailler
“
to
tow
,
drag
,”
from
Vulgar
Latin
*tragulare
,
frequentative
of
Latin
trahere
“
to
pull
.”
noun
a
series
of
signs
,
marks
,
smells
,
or
clues
that
someone
or
something
leaves
behind
as
it
moves
.
•
The
detectives
followed
a
muddy
trail
of
footprints
to
the
back
door
.
The
detectives
followed
a
muddy
trail
of
footprints
to
the
back
door
.
•
The
ants
formed
a
living
trail
from
the
sugar
bowl
to
their
nest
.
The
ants
formed
a
living
trail
from
the
sugar
bowl
to
their
nest
.
noun
a
long
thin
line
or
stream
left
behind
by
a
moving
object
,
such
as
smoke
,
vapor
,
or
light
.
•
The
plane
left
a
white
trail
of
vapor
across
the
clear
blue
sky
.
The
plane
left
a
white
trail
of
vapor
across
the
clear
blue
sky
.
•
A
glowing
trail
of
sparks
followed
the
firework
as
it
arced
overhead
.
A
glowing
trail
of
sparks
followed
the
firework
as
it
arced
overhead
.
verb
-
trail
,
trailing
,
trails
,
trailed
to
pull
or
let
something
hang
so
that
it
drags
along
the
ground
behind
you
.
•
She
trailed
her
scarf
in
the
snow
without
noticing
.
She
trailed
her
scarf
in
the
snow
without
noticing
.
•
The
little
boy
trailed
his
toy
truck
by
a
string
across
the
yard
.
The
little
boy
trailed
his
toy
truck
by
a
string
across
the
yard
.
verb
-
trail
,
trailing
,
trails
,
trailed
to
move
slowly
or
fall
behind
others
because
you
are
tired
or
slower
.
•
The
children
trailed
behind
their
teacher
during
the
museum
tour
.
The
children
trailed
behind
their
teacher
during
the
museum
tour
.
•
I
started
to
trail
after
the
fourth
mile
of
the
race
.
I
started
to
trail
after
the
fourth
mile
of
the
race
.
verb
-
trail
,
trailing
,
trails
,
trailed
to
be
behind
an
opponent
in
points
,
votes
,
or
progress
.
•
Our
team
trailed
by
two
goals
at
halftime
.
Our
team
trailed
by
two
goals
at
halftime
.
•
The
candidate
still
trails
her
rival
in
the
latest
polls
.
The
candidate
still
trails
her
rival
in
the
latest
polls
.
noun
a
record
or
sequence
of
evidence
that
shows
what
someone
has
done
or
how
something
happened
,
especially
in
documents
or
data
.
•
The
email
trail
revealed
who
had
approved
the
payment
.
The
email
trail
revealed
who
had
approved
the
payment
.
•
Hackers
tried
to
erase
their
digital
trail
,
but
the
security
team
found
it
.
Hackers
tried
to
erase
their
digital
trail
,
but
the
security
team
found
it
.
verb
-
trail
,
trailing
,
trails
,
trailed
to
grow
or
hang
downward
or
over
a
surface
in
a
loose
line
.
•
Ivy
trailed
down
the
old
brick
wall
.
Ivy
trailed
down
the
old
brick
wall
.
•
Her
long
hair
trailed
over
her
shoulders
.
Her
long
hair
trailed
over
her
shoulders
.
verb
-
trail
,
trailing
,
trails
,
trailed
to
secretly
follow
someone
in
order
to
find
out
where
they
go
or
what
they
do
.
•
The
private
detective
trailed
the
suspect
for
three
days
.
The
private
detective
trailed
the
suspect
for
three
days
.
•
Police
cars
trailed
the
stolen
van
along
the
highway
.
Police
cars
trailed
the
stolen
van
along
the
highway
.
straight
adjective
-
straight
,
straighter
,
straightest
not
bent
,
curved
,
or
twisted
;
having
the
shortest
,
direct
line
or
shape
•
The
road
across
the
desert
was
perfectly
straight
,
stretching
to
the
horizon
.
The
road
across
the
desert
was
perfectly
straight
,
stretching
to
the
horizon
.
•
He
used
a
ruler
to
draw
a
straight
line
on
the
white
sheet
of
paper
.
He
used
a
ruler
to
draw
a
straight
line
on
the
white
sheet
of
paper
.
From
Old
English
‘
streht
’,
past
participle
of
‘
streccan
’
meaning
“
to
stretch
”.
adverb
-
straight
,
straighter
,
straightest
directly
;
without
turning
,
stopping
,
or
delay
•
After
class
,
Lucy
went
straight
home
to
feed
her
dog
.
After
class
,
Lucy
went
straight
home
to
feed
her
dog
.
•
The
rocket
shot
straight
up
into
the
clear
blue
sky
.
The
rocket
shot
straight
up
into
the
clear
blue
sky
.
Adverb
use
from
the
adjective
sense
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
adjective
-
straight
,
straighter
,
straightest
honest
,
clear
,
and
truthful
;
not
hiding
the
facts
•
Please
be
straight
with
me
—
did
you
break
the
vase
?
Please
be
straight
with
me
—
did
you
break
the
vase
?
•
The
coach
gave
the
team
a
straight
answer
about
their
chances
in
the
finals
.
The
coach
gave
the
team
a
straight
answer
about
their
chances
in
the
finals
.
Figurative
sense
of
moral
or
factual
directness
dates
to
the
early
1600s
.
adjective
-
straight
,
straighter
,
straightest
describing
a
person
who
is
romantically
and
sexually
attracted
to
people
of
the
opposite
sex
(
heterosexual
)
•
Emma
is
lesbian
,
but
her
brother
is
straight
.
Emma
is
lesbian
,
but
her
brother
is
straight
.
•
The
event
welcomes
both
straight
and
LGBTQ+
participants
.
The
event
welcomes
both
straight
and
LGBTQ+
participants
.
Sexual-orientation
use
developed
in
20th-century
American
slang
,
contrasting
with
the
earlier
slang
use
of
‘
bent
’.
noun
in
card
games
,
especially
poker
,
a
hand
of
five
cards
in
sequence
,
not
all
of
the
same
suit
•
Jake
won
the
pot
with
a
straight
from
five
to
nine
.
Jake
won
the
pot
with
a
straight
from
five
to
nine
.
•
A
flush
beats
a
straight
in
most
poker
games
.
A
flush
beats
a
straight
in
most
poker
games
.
From
the
idea
of
cards
forming
a
straight
,
continuous
sequence
.
portrait
noun
a
picture
,
such
as
a
painting
,
drawing
,
or
photograph
,
that
shows
what
a
person
looks
like
,
usually
focusing
on
the
face
and
shoulders
•
In
the
art
gallery
,
a
young
woman
gazed
at
a
centuries-old
portrait
of
a
queen
.
In
the
art
gallery
,
a
young
woman
gazed
at
a
centuries-old
portrait
of
a
queen
.
•
A
street
artist
sketched
my
portrait
in
charcoal
while
tourists
watched
.
A
street
artist
sketched
my
portrait
in
charcoal
while
tourists
watched
.
Late
14th
c
.
from
Old
French
“
portraire
”
meaning
“
to
depict
.”
Initially
referred
to
painted
likenesses
,
later
expanding
to
photographs
.
noun
a
detailed
written
or
spoken
description
of
a
person
,
place
,
or
situation
•
The
biography
offers
a
vivid
portrait
of
the
scientist
’
s
early
life
.
The
biography
offers
a
vivid
portrait
of
the
scientist
’
s
early
life
.
•
The
documentary
painted
a
bleak
portrait
of
life
during
the
war
.
The
documentary
painted
a
bleak
portrait
of
life
during
the
war
.
Transferred
sense
from
visual
depiction
to
verbal
depiction
began
in
the
17th
c
.,
keeping
the
idea
of
capturing
a
likeness
.
noun
-
portrait
page
or
screen
orientation
that
is
taller
than
it
is
wide
•
Before
printing
,
set
the
document
to
portrait
instead
of
landscape
.
Before
printing
,
set
the
document
to
portrait
instead
of
landscape
.
•
The
smartphone
automatically
switches
to
portrait
when
held
upright
.
The
smartphone
automatically
switches
to
portrait
when
held
upright
.
Adopted
in
printing
and
computing
in
the
late
20th
c
.,
comparing
the
tall
page
layout
to
a
traditional
painted
portrait
.
grain
noun
-
grain
,
graining
,
grains
,
grained
,
grainy
,
grainier
,
grainiest
a
single
small
hard
seed
of
a
cereal
plant
such
as
wheat
,
rice
,
or
corn
•
The
farmer
held
a
single
grain
of
wheat
between
his
fingers
.
The
farmer
held
a
single
grain
of
wheat
between
his
fingers
.
•
She
scattered
grains
of
rice
on
the
patio
for
the
doves
.
She
scattered
grains
of
rice
on
the
patio
for
the
doves
.
Old
French
‘
grain
’ “
seed
,
grain
,”
from
Latin
‘
granum
’ “
seed
,
kernel
.”
noun
a
very
small
hard
piece
of
a
substance
such
as
sand
,
salt
,
or
sugar
•
He
brushed
a
single
grain
of
sand
from
his
camera
lens
.
He
brushed
a
single
grain
of
sand
from
his
camera
lens
.
•
The
cook
felt
that
just
one
more
grain
of
salt
would
make
the
soup
perfect
.
The
cook
felt
that
just
one
more
grain
of
salt
would
make
the
soup
perfect
.
noun
-
grain
cereal
crops
or
food
made
from
them
considered
collectively
,
especially
as
a
staple
food
•
Many
countries
store
surplus
grain
in
huge
silos
.
Many
countries
store
surplus
grain
in
huge
silos
.
•
The
bakery
only
buys
organic
grain
for
its
bread
.
The
bakery
only
buys
organic
grain
for
its
bread
.
noun
a
very
small
amount
of
something
,
often
used
with
abstract
nouns
like
truth
,
hope
,
or
wisdom
•
There
is
not
a
grain of truth
in
that
story
.
There
is
not
a
grain of truth
in
that
story
.
•
He
felt
a
grain
of
hope
when
the
phone
finally
rang
.
He
felt
a
grain
of
hope
when
the
phone
finally
rang
.
noun
-
grain
the
natural
lines
or
direction
of
fibers
in
wood
,
fabric
,
or
another
material
,
which
shows
its
texture
and
how
it
should
be
cut
or
used
•
Always
sand
in
the
direction
of
the
grain
to
avoid
scratches
.
Always
sand
in
the
direction
of
the
grain
to
avoid
scratches
.
•
The
oak
table
showed
a
beautiful
swirling
grain
.
The
oak
table
showed
a
beautiful
swirling
grain
.
noun
a
unit
of
weight
equal
to
about
0
.
0648
grams
,
formerly
used
in
measuring
medicines
,
bullets
,
and
precious
metals
•
The
bullet
weighs
124
grains
,
making
it
suitable
for
target
shooting
.
The
bullet
weighs
124
grains
,
making
it
suitable
for
target
shooting
.
•
Old
pharmaceutical
recipes
listed
doses
in
grains
rather
than
milligrams
.
Old
pharmaceutical
recipes
listed
doses
in
grains
rather
than
milligrams
.
praise
noun
-
praise
words
that
say
someone
or
something
is
good
or
has
done
well
.
•
The
teacher
’
s
praise
made
Maya
feel
proud
of
her
project
.
The
teacher
’
s
praise
made
Maya
feel
proud
of
her
project
.
•
After
months
of
practice
,
the
choir
received
high
praise
from
the
audience
.
After
months
of
practice
,
the
choir
received
high
praise
from
the
audience
.
From
Old
French
‘
preisier
’ (
to
prize
,
value
),
from
Latin
‘
pretiare
’ (
to
value
).
verb
-
praise
,
praising
,
praises
,
praised
to
say
good
things
about
someone
or
something
because
you
think
they
are
good
or
did
well
.
•
The
coach
praised
the
team
for
its
hard
work
after
the
match
.
The
coach
praised
the
team
for
its
hard
work
after
the
match
.
•
Reporters
praise
the
film
for
its
stunning
visuals
.
Reporters
praise
the
film
for
its
stunning
visuals
.
From
Old
French
‘
preisier
’,
from
Latin
‘
pretiare
’,
meaning
‘
to
value
’.
verb
-
praise
,
praising
,
praises
,
praised
to
show
respect
and
thanks
to
a
god
,
especially
by
singing
or
praying
.
•
Worshippers
gathered
to
praise
during
the
sunrise
service
.
Worshippers
gathered
to
praise
during
the
sunrise
service
.
•
They
sang
hymns
to
praise
their
deity
.
They
sang
hymns
to
praise
their
deity
.
Religious
sense
developed
in
Middle
English
from
earlier
general
sense
‘
to
commend
’.
trait
noun
a
particular
quality
or
characteristic
that
someone
has
in
their
personality
•
Generosity
is
a
trait
admired
by
many
people
.
Generosity
is
a
trait
admired
by
many
people
.
•
His
most
noticeable
trait
is
his
cheerful
smile
.
His
most
noticeable
trait
is
his
cheerful
smile
.
Borrowed
from
French
trait
“
line
,
feature
,”
from
Latin
tractus
“
a
drawing
out
,
line
.”
The
sense
of
“
characteristic
quality
”
arose
in
English
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
a
distinguishing
feature
of
a
plant
,
animal
,
or
thing
,
often
determined
by
genetics
•
Eye
color
is
a
genetic
trait
passed
down
from
parents
.
Eye
color
is
a
genetic
trait
passed
down
from
parents
.
•
Fast
growth
is
a
desirable
trait
in
farm
crops
.
Fast
growth
is
a
desirable
trait
in
farm
crops
.
noun
(
archaic
)
a
single
line
or
stroke
in
a
drawing
or
piece
of
writing
•
With
a
quick
trait
,
the
artist
sketched
the
mountain
’
s
outline
.
With
a
quick
trait
,
the
artist
sketched
the
mountain
’
s
outline
.
•
Each
delicate
trait
on
the
map
was
drawn
with
ink
.
Each
delicate
trait
on
the
map
was
drawn
with
ink
.
strain
noun
mental
or
physical
pressure
or
tension
caused
by
demanding
situations
•
After
a
week
of
exams
,
Maria
felt
a
lot
of
strain
in
her
shoulders
.
After
a
week
of
exams
,
Maria
felt
a
lot
of
strain
in
her
shoulders
.
•
The
tight
project
deadline
put
heavy
strain
on
the
small
design
team
.
The
tight
project
deadline
put
heavy
strain
on
the
small
design
team
.
noun
an
injury
in
which
a
muscle
or
tendon
is
stretched
or
torn
by
too
much
use
or
force
•
The
runner
had
to
stop
because
of
a
hamstring
strain
.
The
runner
had
to
stop
because
of
a
hamstring
strain
.
•
Ice
helps
reduce
pain
after
a
muscle
strain
.
Ice
helps
reduce
pain
after
a
muscle
strain
.
verb
-
strain
,
straining
,
strains
,
strained
to
injure
a
muscle
or
body
part
by
stretching
it
too
much
•
Don't
strain
your
eyes
staring
at
the
screen
all
day
.
Don't
strain
your
eyes
staring
at
the
screen
all
day
.
•
She
strained
her
ankle
jumping
off
the
curb
.
She
strained
her
ankle
jumping
off
the
curb
.
verb
-
strain
,
straining
,
strains
,
strained
to
pour
a
liquid
through
a
sieve
,
cloth
,
or
similar
device
to
remove
solid
pieces
•
After
boiling
the
pasta
,
strain
it
and
add
the
sauce
.
After
boiling
the
pasta
,
strain
it
and
add
the
sauce
.
•
She
strained
the
tea
leaves
out
before
serving
.
She
strained
the
tea
leaves
out
before
serving
.
noun
a
particular
type
or
variety
of
plant
,
animal
,
or
microorganism
that
differs
from
others
of
the
same
species
•
Scientists
discovered
a
new
strain
of
the
flu
virus
.
Scientists
discovered
a
new
strain
of
the
flu
virus
.
•
This
tomato
strain
grows
well
in
cold
climates
.
This
tomato
strain
grows
well
in
cold
climates
.
verb
-
strain
,
straining
,
strains
,
strained
to
make
a
great
physical
or
mental
effort
;
to
try
very
hard
•
He
had
to
strain
to
hear
the
faint
music
.
He
had
to
strain
to
hear
the
faint
music
.
•
The
old
bridge
is
straining
under
the
weight
of
heavy
trucks
.
The
old
bridge
is
straining
under
the
weight
of
heavy
trucks
.
trailer
noun
a
vehicle
or
wheeled
platform
that
is
pulled
by
a
car
,
truck
,
or
tractor
to
move
goods
,
animals
,
or
equipment
•
The
farmer
loaded
hay
bales
onto
the
trailer
behind
his
tractor
.
The
farmer
loaded
hay
bales
onto
the
trailer
behind
his
tractor
.
•
We
attached
a
small
trailer
to
the
car
for
our
camping
trip
.
We
attached
a
small
trailer
to
the
car
for
our
camping
trip
.
From
trail
+
-er
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
for
wagons
pulled
behind
motor
vehicles
noun
a
short
promotional
video
that
shows
exciting
parts
of
a
future
movie
,
TV
program
,
or
game
to
attract
an
audience
•
The
action
film
’
s
trailer
got
millions
of
views
online
.
The
action
film
’
s
trailer
got
millions
of
views
online
.
•
After
seeing
the
scary
trailer
,
Maya
decided
not
to
watch
the
horror
movie
.
After
seeing
the
scary
trailer
,
Maya
decided
not
to
watch
the
horror
movie
.
First
applied
to
film
advertising
in
the
early
20th
century
because
they
originally
trailed
after
the
main
feature
noun
a
large
vehicle
or
structure
on
wheels
,
often
placed
in
a
park
,
that
people
use
as
a
permanent
or
semi-permanent
home
•
They
bought
a
trailer
in
Florida
and
spend
winters
there
.
They
bought
a
trailer
in
Florida
and
spend
winters
there
.
•
The
storm
damaged
several
trailers
in
the
park
.
The
storm
damaged
several
trailers
in
the
park
.
Extension
of
the
vehicle
sense
;
U
.
S
.
usage
from
the
1930s
when
house
trailers
became
popular
for
affordable
housing
noun
extra
data
placed
at
the
end
of
a
computer
file
or
message
that
carries
control
information
or
marks
where
it
finishes
•
The
network
packet
includes
a
header
and
a
trailer
for
error
checking
.
The
network
packet
includes
a
header
and
a
trailer
for
error
checking
.
•
Removing
the
corrupted
trailer
fixed
the
video
file
.
Removing
the
corrupted
trailer
fixed
the
video
file
.
Adopted
by
computer
engineers
by
analogy
with
the
section
that
comes
after
(
trails
)
the
main
data
block
constraint
noun
something
that
limits
what
you
can
do
or
the
way
you
can
behave
•
Because
of
budget
constraints
,
the
school
canceled
its
annual
field
trip
.
Because
of
budget
constraints
,
the
school
canceled
its
annual
field
trip
.
•
The
laboratory
works
within
strict
safety
constraints
when
handling
dangerous
chemicals
.
The
laboratory
works
within
strict
safety
constraints
when
handling
dangerous
chemicals
.
From
Middle
French
contrainte
(“
pressure
,
coercion
”),
from
Old
French
constreinte
,
from
Latin
constrictus
,
past
participle
of
constringere
“
to
bind
tightly
”.
noun
controlled
or
forced
behaviour
that
shows
someone
is
not
relaxed
or
natural
•
There
was
a
noticeable
constraint
in
her
voice
during
the
formal
dinner
.
There
was
a
noticeable
constraint
in
her
voice
during
the
formal
dinner
.
•
He
spoke
without
constraint
,
joking
openly
with
the
audience
.
He
spoke
without
constraint
,
joking
openly
with
the
audience
.
noun
a
rule
or
condition
that
a
solution
,
design
,
or
database
value
must
satisfy
•
A
unique
key
constraint
prevents
duplicate
records
in
the
table
.
A
unique
key
constraint
prevents
duplicate
records
in
the
table
.
•
Engineers
had
to
design
the
bridge
within
weight
constraints
set
by
the
city
.
Engineers
had
to
design
the
bridge
within
weight
constraints
set
by
the
city
.
trainer
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
teach
someone
a
skill
or
improve
their
physical
fitness
•
The
trainer
showed
the
new
employees
how
to
use
the
safety
equipment
.
The
trainer
showed
the
new
employees
how
to
use
the
safety
equipment
.
•
After
months
at
the
gym
,
her
trainer
said
she
could
lift
twice
her
original
weight
.
After
months
at
the
gym
,
her
trainer
said
she
could
lift
twice
her
original
weight
.
From
the
verb
“
train
”
+
“
-er
”,
first
recorded
in
the
late
16th
century
for
someone
who
teaches
others
.
noun
a
light
,
comfortable
shoe
designed
for
sport
or
casual
wear
•
He
slipped
on
his
trainers
and
went
for
a
run
in
the
park
.
He
slipped
on
his
trainers
and
went
for
a
run
in
the
park
.
•
These
white
trainers
match
almost
any
outfit
.
These
white
trainers
match
almost
any
outfit
.
Shortened
from
“
training
shoe
,”
first
used
in
British
English
in
the
1960s
.
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
teach
an
animal
to
behave
in
a
certain
way
or
perform
particular
tasks
•
The
dog
trainer
rewarded
the
puppy
with
treats
for
sitting
quietly
.
The
dog
trainer
rewarded
the
puppy
with
treats
for
sitting
quietly
.
•
A
famous
lion
trainer
performs
in
the
circus
every
weekend
.
A
famous
lion
trainer
performs
in
the
circus
every
weekend
.
Extension
of
the
human
sense
of
“
trainer
”
to
animals
in
the
19th
century
.
noun
an
aircraft
designed
for
teaching
pilots
the
basics
of
flying
•
The
cadet
flew
a
basic
trainer
before
moving
on
to
faster
jets
.
The
cadet
flew
a
basic
trainer
before
moving
on
to
faster
jets
.
•
Modern
flight
schools
use
twin-seat
trainers
equipped
with
advanced
avionics
.
Modern
flight
schools
use
twin-seat
trainers
equipped
with
advanced
avionics
.
First
recorded
in
aviation
in
the
early
20th
century
,
from
the
idea
of
a
plane
that
‘
trains
’
pilots
.
drain
verb
-
drain
,
draining
,
drains
,
drained
to
make
liquid
flow
away
from
something
,
or
for
liquid
to
flow
away
by
itself
•
After
washing
the
rice
,
she
tilted
the
bowl
to
let
the
water
drain
into
the
sink
.
After
washing
the
rice
,
she
tilted
the
bowl
to
let
the
water
drain
into
the
sink
.
•
The
mechanic
drained
the
old
oil
from
the
car
and
poured
in
fresh
oil
.
The
mechanic
drained
the
old
oil
from
the
car
and
poured
in
fresh
oil
.
From
Old
English
drēahnian
“
to
dry
up
,
drain
”,
related
to
dry
.
noun
a
pipe
or
channel
that
carries
away
unwanted
water
or
other
liquid
•
Leaves
had
blocked
the
street
drain
,
causing
a
large
puddle
.
Leaves
had
blocked
the
street
drain
,
causing
a
large
puddle
.
•
He
lifted
the
grate
to
clean
the
drain
under
the
driveway
.
He
lifted
the
grate
to
clean
the
drain
under
the
driveway
.
verb
-
drain
,
draining
,
drains
,
drained
to
gradually
use
up
or
reduce
something
such
as
someone
’
s
energy
,
money
,
or
time
•
Long
meetings
always
drain
my
energy
.
Long
meetings
always
drain
my
energy
.
•
Paying
the
unexpected
medical
bills
drained
their
savings
.
Paying
the
unexpected
medical
bills
drained
their
savings
.
noun
something
that
continuously
uses
up
money
,
energy
,
or
another
resource
•
The
old
car
became
a
real
drain
on
their
finances
.
The
old
car
became
a
real
drain
on
their
finances
.
•
Constant
repairs
were
a
serious
drain
on
the
school
budget
.
Constant
repairs
were
a
serious
drain
on
the
school
budget
.
noun
a
tube
inserted
into
a
wound
or
surgical
site
to
remove
fluid
•
The
surgeon
placed
a
small
drain
to
prevent
fluid
from
building
up
after
the
operation
.
The
surgeon
placed
a
small
drain
to
prevent
fluid
from
building
up
after
the
operation
.
•
The
nurse
checked
the
surgical
drain
and
recorded
the
amount
of
fluid
.
The
nurse
checked
the
surgical
drain
and
recorded
the
amount
of
fluid
.