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during
preposition
throughout
the
whole
time
that
something
happens
•
It
snowed
nonstop
during
the
night
.
It
snowed
nonstop
during
the
night
.
•
Please
keep
silent
during
the
movie
.
Please
keep
silent
during
the
movie
.
From
Middle
English
,
borrowed
from
Old
French
durant
“
enduring
”,
present
participle
of
durer
“
to
last
”,
from
Latin
dūrāre
“
to
harden
,
endure
”.
preposition
at
any
time
within
a
period
or
event
,
but
not
necessarily
for
the
whole
of
it
•
I
had
a
quick
snack
during
the
break
.
I
had
a
quick
snack
during
the
break
.
•
She
met
many
friends
during
her
trip
to
Spain
.
She
met
many
friends
during
her
trip
to
Spain
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
developing
a
looser
meaning
of
occurrence
within
a
span
of
time
.
due
adjective
planned
or
expected
to
happen
,
arrive
,
or
be
finished
at
a
particular
time
•
The
bus
is
due
in
five
minutes
,
so
let's
hurry
.
The
bus
is
due
in
five
minutes
,
so
let's
hurry
.
•
Her
baby
is
due
in
September
,
and
she
is
excitedly
decorating
the
nursery
.
Her
baby
is
due
in
September
,
and
she
is
excitedly
decorating
the
nursery
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
"
deu
"
=
owed
,
from
Latin
"
debitum
"
meaning
debt
.
adjective
owed
to
someone
because
of
a
legal
or
moral
right
•
There
is
still
$20
due
on
the
electricity
bill
.
There
is
still
$20
due
on
the
electricity
bill
.
•
Please
return
any
library
books
due
today
.
Please
return
any
library
books
due
today
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
Latin
"
debitum
"
→
Old
French
"
deu
".
adjective
caused
by
or
resulting
from
something
,
usually
appearing
in
the
phrase
"
due
to
"
•
Due to
heavy
rain
,
the
match
was
canceled
.
Due to
heavy
rain
,
the
match
was
canceled
.
•
The
flight
was
delayed
due to
thick
fog
.
The
flight
was
delayed
due to
thick
fog
.
Extension
of
Sense
1
,
first
recorded
in
17th-century
legal
English
.
noun
a
payment
or
share
that
someone
owes
or
rightfully
deserves
,
often
used
in
the
plural
"
dues
"
•
The
workers
finally
received
the
wages
that
were
due
to
them
.
The
workers
finally
received
the
wages
that
were
due
to
them
.
•
Union
members
must
pay
their
monthly
dues
on
time
.
Union
members
must
pay
their
monthly
dues
on
time
.
Plural
"
dues
"
popularized
in
19th-century
trade
guilds
for
regular
payments
.
adverb
exactly
or
directly
in
a
particular
direction
or
position
•
The
hikers
walked
due north
toward
the
mountain
range
.
The
hikers
walked
due north
toward
the
mountain
range
.
•
The
ship
sailed
due west
across
the
calm
sea
.
The
ship
sailed
due west
across
the
calm
sea
.
Adverbial
use
recorded
since
the
14th
century
to
indicate
precise
direction
.
duty
noun
-
duty
,
duties
something
you
feel
you
must
do
because
of
law
,
your
job
,
or
moral
principles
•
It's
a
soldier's
duty
to
protect
their
country
.
It's
a
soldier's
duty
to
protect
their
country
.
•
She
felt
it
was
her
duty
to
tell
the
truth
,
even
if
it
hurt
.
She
felt
it
was
her
duty
to
tell
the
truth
,
even
if
it
hurt
.
noun
-
duty
,
duties
the
tasks
and
responsibilities
that
are
part
of
someone
’
s
job
or
role
•
One
of
the
receptionist's
duties
is
to
answer
the
phone
politely
.
One
of
the
receptionist's
duties
is
to
answer
the
phone
politely
.
•
The
nurse
went
off
duty
at
six
o'clock
.
The
nurse
went
off
duty
at
six
o'clock
.
noun
-
duty
,
duties
a
tax
that
must
be
paid
on
goods
brought
into
or
sold
inside
a
country
•
You
must
pay
import
duty
on
that
expensive
watch
.
You
must
pay
import
duty
on
that
expensive
watch
.
•
Customs
officers
calculated
the
duty
before
releasing
the
goods
.
Customs
officers
calculated
the
duty
before
releasing
the
goods
.
dude
noun
an
informal
word
for
a
man
or
boy
,
often
a
friend
or
someone
you
are
talking
to
•
Dude
,
you
left
your
backpack
on
the
bus
!
Dude
,
you
left
your
backpack
on
the
bus
!
•
Three
college
dudes
laughed
loudly
while
playing
video
games
in
their
dorm
room
.
Three
college
dudes
laughed
loudly
while
playing
video
games
in
their
dorm
room
.
Late
19th-century
American
slang
,
originally
describing
a
city
man
dressed
in
fancy
,
fashionable
clothes
,
possibly
from
the
word
“
doodle
.”
interjection
used
to
express
surprise
,
excitement
,
or
to
get
someone
’
s
attention
,
similar
to
“
wow
”
or
“
hey
”
•
Dude
!
That
skateboard
trick
was
amazing
!
Dude
!
That
skateboard
trick
was
amazing
!
•
Dude
,
look
out
for
the
spilled
coffee
on
the
floor
!
Dude
,
look
out
for
the
spilled
coffee
on
the
floor
!
Derived
from
the
noun
use
;
began
to
appear
as
an
excited
form
of
address
in
the
late
20th
century
,
popularized
by
surf
,
skate
,
and
pop
culture
.
noun
(
dated
)
a
man
who
dresses
in
an
extremely
fashionable
or
showy
way
,
especially
a
city
visitor
in
the
countryside
•
The
ranch
hands
laughed
at
the
city
dude
struggling
to
ride
a
horse
.
The
ranch
hands
laughed
at
the
city
dude
struggling
to
ride
a
horse
.
•
In
Victorian
London
,
only
the
richest
dudes
could
afford
such
tailored
suits
.
In
Victorian
London
,
only
the
richest
dudes
could
afford
such
tailored
suits
.
Originally
American
West
slang
for
city
visitors
in
fancy
clothes
,
mocked
by
cowboys
in
the
late
1800s
.
dust
noun
-
dust
very
small
,
dry
particles
of
earth
or
other
matter
that
can
form
a
powder
on
surfaces
or
float
in
the
air
•
A
beam
of
sunlight
shone
through
the
window
,
revealing
tiny
particles
of
dust
floating
in
the
air
.
A
beam
of
sunlight
shone
through
the
window
,
revealing
tiny
particles
of
dust
floating
in
the
air
.
•
After
weeks
away
,
the
furniture
was
covered
in
a
thick
layer
of
dust
.
After
weeks
away
,
the
furniture
was
covered
in
a
thick
layer
of
dust
.
Old
English
“
dust
”,
related
to
German
“
Dunst
”
meaning
‘
dry
vapor
’
or
‘
mist
’.
verb
-
dust
,
dusting
,
dusts
,
dusted
to
remove
dust
from
a
surface
by
wiping
or
brushing
it
•
Every
Saturday
morning
,
she
dusts
the
shelves
in
the
living
room
.
Every
Saturday
morning
,
she
dusts
the
shelves
in
the
living
room
.
•
Could
you
dust
the
picture
frames
while
I
vacuum
?
Could
you
dust
the
picture
frames
while
I
vacuum
?
verb
-
dust
,
dusting
,
dusts
,
dusted
to
lightly
cover
something
with
a
fine
dry
substance
such
as
flour
,
sugar
,
or
powder
•
The
baker
dusts
the
cookies
with
powdered
sugar
before
serving
.
The
baker
dusts
the
cookies
with
powdered
sugar
before
serving
.
•
She
dusted
cocoa
over
the
creamy
dessert
.
She
dusted
cocoa
over
the
creamy
dessert
.
verb
-
dust
,
dusting
,
dusts
,
dusted
(
informal
)
to
defeat
someone
very
easily
or
completely
•
Our
team
dusted
the
rivals
5–0
in
the
final
.
Our
team
dusted
the
rivals
5–0
in
the
final
.
•
The
chess
prodigy
dusts
experienced
opponents
without
breaking
a
sweat
.
The
chess
prodigy
dusts
experienced
opponents
without
breaking
a
sweat
.
dumb
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
showing
a
lack
of
intelligence
or
good
judgment
•
It
was
a
dumb
idea
to
leave
the
keys
in
the
car
.
It
was
a
dumb
idea
to
leave
the
keys
in
the
car
.
•
Don
’
t
call
yourself
dumb
—
everyone
makes
mistakes
.
Don
’
t
call
yourself
dumb
—
everyone
makes
mistakes
.
Originally
‘
unable
to
speak
’,
this
figurative
extension
to
‘
stupid
’
emerged
in
the
19th
century
.
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
unable
to
speak
•
For
many
years
,
the
painter
was
dumb
after
an
illness
but
communicated
through
sign
language
.
For
many
years
,
the
painter
was
dumb
after
an
illness
but
communicated
through
sign
language
.
•
The
school
built
special
programs
to
support
dumb
students
in
the
classroom
.
The
school
built
special
programs
to
support
dumb
students
in
the
classroom
.
Old
English
‘
dumb
’
meaning
‘
silent
,
unable
to
speak
’,
related
to
German
‘
dumm
’.
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
temporarily
unable
or
unwilling
to
speak
because
of
shock
or
strong
emotion
•
She
was
struck
dumb
with
amazement
when
the
fireworks
filled
the
sky
.
She
was
struck
dumb
with
amazement
when
the
fireworks
filled
the
sky
.
•
The
shocking
news
rendered
him
dumb
for
several
seconds
.
The
shocking
news
rendered
him
dumb
for
several
seconds
.
This
figurative
sense
dates
back
to
Middle
English
,
using
‘
dumb
’
metaphorically
for
silence
.
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
(
of
a
device
)
not
equipped
with
independent
computing
power
or
processing
capability
•
A
basic
landline
phone
is
a
dumb
device
compared
to
a
smartphone
.
A
basic
landline
phone
is
a
dumb
device
compared
to
a
smartphone
.
•
The
factory
replaced
its
dumb
terminals
with
modern
computers
.
The
factory
replaced
its
dumb
terminals
with
modern
computers
.
Adopted
in
the
1960s
for
computer
equipment
that
could
only
send
or
receive
data
without
processing
it
.
dump
verb
to
put
something
down
quickly
and
carelessly
,
often
in
a
messy
pile
•
He
dumped
his
heavy
backpack
on
the
floor
as
soon
as
he
got
home
.
He
dumped
his
heavy
backpack
on
the
floor
as
soon
as
he
got
home
.
•
The
kids
dumped
all
the
toys
into
the
big
box
before
dinner
.
The
kids
dumped
all
the
toys
into
the
big
box
before
dinner
.
From
Middle
English
dumpen
,
probably
imitative
of
a
thudding
sound
.
verb
(
informal
)
to
end
a
romantic
relationship
with
someone
suddenly
•
After
three
years
together
,
Maya
dumped
her
boyfriend
.
After
three
years
together
,
Maya
dumped
her
boyfriend
.
•
He
felt
terrible
after
being
dumped
.
He
felt
terrible
after
being
dumped
.
noun
a
place
where
trash
or
unwanted
things
are
taken
and
left
•
The
old
sofa
is
going
to
the
dump
tomorrow
.
The
old
sofa
is
going
to
the
dump
tomorrow
.
•
Trucks
lined
up
outside
the
city
dump
.
Trucks
lined
up
outside
the
city
dump
.
noun
(
informal
)
a
very
messy
or
unpleasant
place
to
live
or
visit
•
His
bedroom
is
a
dump
—
clothes
everywhere
.
His
bedroom
is
a
dump
—
clothes
everywhere
.
•
Let's
find
another
cafe
;
this
place
is
a
real
dump
.
Let's
find
another
cafe
;
this
place
is
a
real
dump
.
verb
to
throw
away
waste
or
unwanted
things
,
often
in
large
amounts
or
in
the
wrong
place
•
The
factory
was
fined
for
dumping
chemicals
into
the
river
.
The
factory
was
fined
for
dumping
chemicals
into
the
river
.
•
People
sometimes
dump
old
furniture
on
the
side
of
the
road
.
People
sometimes
dump
old
furniture
on
the
side
of
the
road
.
verb
(
computing
)
to
copy
large
amounts
of
data
from
one
place
to
another
for
storage
or
analysis
•
The
programmer
dumped
the
entire
database
to
a
backup
file
.
The
programmer
dumped
the
entire
database
to
a
backup
file
.
•
When
the
app
crashed
,
it
automatically
created
a
memory
dump
.
When
the
app
crashed
,
it
automatically
created
a
memory
dump
.
duck
noun
a
water
bird
with
a
broad
bill
,
short
legs
,
and
webbed
feet
that
can
swim
and
often
makes
a
quacking
sound
•
A
mother
duck
led
her
fluffy
ducklings
across
a
calm
pond
.
A
mother
duck
led
her
fluffy
ducklings
across
a
calm
pond
.
•
We
watched
a
duck
dive
underwater
in
search
of
food
.
We
watched
a
duck
dive
underwater
in
search
of
food
.
Old
English
“
duce
”
meaning
“
diver
,”
from
the
verb
“
ducan
” (
to
duck
,
dive
),
originally
describing
the
bird
’
s
diving
habit
.
verb
to
quickly
lower
your
head
or
body
to
avoid
being
hit
or
seen
•
She
had
to
duck
as
the
low
branch
almost
struck
her
.
She
had
to
duck
as
the
low
branch
almost
struck
her
.
•
If
you
hear
a
baseball
whizzing
toward
you
,
duck
quickly
!
If
you
hear
a
baseball
whizzing
toward
you
,
duck
quickly
!
From
Old
English
“
ducan
”
meaning
“
to
bend
down
quickly
,”
related
to
German
“
ducken
.”
noun
the
meat
of
a
duck
used
as
food
•
For
dinner
,
we
had
roasted
duck
with
orange
sauce
.
For
dinner
,
we
had
roasted
duck
with
orange
sauce
.
•
Crispy
duck
wrapped
in
pancakes
is
my
favorite
Chinese
dish
.
Crispy
duck
wrapped
in
pancakes
is
my
favorite
Chinese
dish
.
Sense
extended
from
the
bird
to
its
flesh
as
food
in
the
14th
century
.
noun
a
score
of
zero
made
by
a
batter
in
cricket
•
The
opener
was
out
for
a
duck
on
the
very
first
ball
.
The
opener
was
out
for
a
duck
on
the
very
first
ball
.
•
After
scoring
a
duck
last
match
,
she
practiced
harder
in
the
nets
.
After
scoring
a
duck
last
match
,
she
practiced
harder
in
the
nets
.
From
the
resemblance
of
the
digit
0
to
a
duck
’
s
egg
;
recorded
in
cricket
slang
since
the
1860s
.
noun
an
informal
term
of
endearment
used
to
address
someone
kindly
,
especially
in
parts
of
the
Midlands
and
Northern
England
•
“
Are
you
all
right
,
duck
?”
the
shopkeeper
asked
kindly
.
“
Are
you
all
right
,
duck
?”
the
shopkeeper
asked
kindly
.
•
“
Cheers
,
duck
,
I
’
ll
see
you
tomorrow
!”
called
the
bus
driver
.
“
Cheers
,
duck
,
I
’
ll
see
you
tomorrow
!”
called
the
bus
driver
.
Probably
a
survival
of
Middle
English
“
duke
”
or
“
duk
”
meaning
“
leader
,”
later
generalized
as
a
friendly
form
of
address
.
education
noun
the
organised
system
and
process
of
teaching
and
learning
,
especially
in
schools
,
colleges
,
or
universities
•
Governments
invest
a
lot
of
money
to
improve
education
for
every
child
.
Governments
invest
a
lot
of
money
to
improve
education
for
every
child
.
•
Access
to
quality
education
can
break
the
cycle
of
poverty
.
Access
to
quality
education
can
break
the
cycle
of
poverty
.
From
Latin
educatio
(“
a
breeding
,
bringing
up
”),
from
educare
“
to
bring
up
,
train
,
rear
”.
noun
the
knowledge
,
skills
,
and
mental
development
that
someone
has
gained
through
study
and
experience
•
Her
solid
education
in
physics
helps
her
solve
complex
problems
at
work
.
Her
solid
education
in
physics
helps
her
solve
complex
problems
at
work
.
•
He
credits
his
education
for
giving
him
critical-thinking
skills
.
He
credits
his
education
for
giving
him
critical-thinking
skills
.
noun
a
specific
program
or
course
of
study
at
a
school
,
college
,
or
university
•
She
is
pursuing
an
education
in
veterinary
medicine
.
She
is
pursuing
an
education
in
veterinary
medicine
.
•
The
college
offers
an
education
tailored
to
working
adults
.
The
college
offers
an
education
tailored
to
working
adults
.
product
noun
something
that
is
made
or
grown
,
usually
in
large
numbers
,
so
that
it
can
be
sold
or
used
•
The
new
smartphone
product
sold
out
within
hours
.
The
new
smartphone
product
sold
out
within
hours
.
•
She
tested
the
skin-care
product
on
her
hand
before
buying
it
.
She
tested
the
skin-care
product
on
her
hand
before
buying
it
.
From
Latin
productum
,
meaning
‘
something
brought
forth
’.
noun
a
result
or
outcome
that
comes
from
a
particular
action
,
process
,
or
situation
•
The
novel
is
a
product
of
years
of
research
and
imagination
.
The
novel
is
a
product
of
years
of
research
and
imagination
.
•
Her
confidence
is
the
product
of
constant
practice
.
Her
confidence
is
the
product
of
constant
practice
.
noun
in
mathematics
,
the
number
you
get
when
you
multiply
two
or
more
numbers
together
•
The
product
of
7
and
8
is
56
.
The
product
of
7
and
8
is
56
.
•
To
find
the
area
,
multiply
the
two
sides
and
write
down
the
product
.
To
find
the
area
,
multiply
the
two
sides
and
write
down
the
product
.
noun
in
chemistry
,
a
substance
that
is
formed
during
or
after
a
chemical
reaction
•
Water
is
a
product
of
hydrogen
and
oxygen
reacting
together
.
Water
is
a
product
of
hydrogen
and
oxygen
reacting
together
.
•
The
reaction
produced
two
gaseous
products
.
The
reaction
produced
two
gaseous
products
.
industry
noun
-
industry
,
industries
the
activity
of
making
goods
or
providing
services
,
especially
in
factories
or
large-scale
operations
•
Industry
has
changed
the
quiet
town
into
a
busy
center
full
of
factories
.
Industry
has
changed
the
quiet
town
into
a
busy
center
full
of
factories
.
•
After
the
war
,
the
country's
industry
grew
rapidly
to
rebuild
what
was
lost
.
After
the
war
,
the
country's
industry
grew
rapidly
to
rebuild
what
was
lost
.
From
Latin
industria
meaning
‘
diligence
,
activity
’,
later
referring
to
manufacturing
activities
during
the
Industrial
Revolution
.
noun
-
industry
,
industries
a
group
of
companies
or
activities
that
make
the
same
kind
of
product
or
provide
the
same
kind
of
service
•
She
hopes
to
get
a
job
in
the
gaming
industry
.
She
hopes
to
get
a
job
in
the
gaming
industry
.
•
The
tourism
industry
suffered
during
the
pandemic
.
The
tourism
industry
suffered
during
the
pandemic
.
noun
-
industry
,
industries
hard
work
,
energy
,
and
effort
that
someone
puts
into
a
task
•
His
success
is
due
to
talent
and
industry
.
His
success
is
due
to
talent
and
industry
.
•
Teachers
praised
her
industry
and
determination
.
Teachers
praised
her
industry
and
determination
.
produce
verb
-
produce
,
producing
,
produces
,
produced
to
make
,
create
,
or
bring
something
into
existence
•
The
factory
produces
500
smartphones
every
day
.
The
factory
produces
500
smartphones
every
day
.
•
Bees
produce
honey
from
the
nectar
they
collect
.
Bees
produce
honey
from
the
nectar
they
collect
.
From
Latin
producere
‘
lead
forth
,
bring
into
existence
’.
noun
-
produce
fresh
fruits
and
vegetables
that
are
sold
as
food
•
She
picked
up
fresh
produce
at
the
farmers'
market
.
She
picked
up
fresh
produce
at
the
farmers'
market
.
•
The
supermarket
keeps
the
produce
section
near
the
entrance
.
The
supermarket
keeps
the
produce
section
near
the
entrance
.
verb
-
produce
,
producing
,
produces
,
produced
to
show
something
,
such
as
a
document
or
ticket
,
so
that
it
can
be
checked
•
Please
produce
your
ticket
at
the
entrance
.
Please
produce
your
ticket
at
the
entrance
.
•
The
lawyer
produced
new
evidence
in
court
.
The
lawyer
produced
new
evidence
in
court
.
verb
-
produce
,
producing
,
produces
,
produced
to
be
in
charge
of
and
find
the
money
for
making
a
film
,
play
,
or
other
performance
•
She
hopes
to
produce
her
first
feature
film
next
year
.
She
hopes
to
produce
her
first
feature
film
next
year
.
•
The
school
drama
club
produced
a
play
about
friendship
.
The
school
drama
club
produced
a
play
about
friendship
.
noun
-
produce
things
that
have
been
made
or
grown
,
especially
to
be
sold
•
Most
of
the
factory's
produce
is
exported
overseas
.
Most
of
the
factory's
produce
is
exported
overseas
.
•
The
fishermen
brought
their
daily
produce
to
the
port
.
The
fishermen
brought
their
daily
produce
to
the
port
.
reduce
verb
-
reduce
,
reducing
,
reduces
,
reduced
to
make
something
smaller
in
size
,
amount
,
price
,
or
level
•
The
store
reduced
the
price
of
the
jacket
by
30
percent
.
The
store
reduced
the
price
of
the
jacket
by
30
percent
.
•
Turning
off
unused
lights
can
reduce
your
electricity
bill
.
Turning
off
unused
lights
can
reduce
your
electricity
bill
.
From
Latin
‘
reducere
’
meaning
‘
to
lead
back
’
→
‘
to
bring
down
’.
verb
-
reduce
,
reducing
,
reduces
,
reduced
to
change
a
fraction
or
mathematical
expression
to
a
simpler
form
without
changing
its
value
•
She
reduced
the
fraction
6⁄8
to
3⁄4
.
She
reduced
the
fraction
6⁄8
to
3⁄4
.
•
You
can
reduce
that
equation
by
dividing
both
sides
by
2
.
You
can
reduce
that
equation
by
dividing
both
sides
by
2
.
verb
-
reduce
,
reducing
,
reduces
,
reduced
to
boil
a
liquid
so
that
some
water
evaporates
and
it
becomes
thicker
and
stronger
in
flavour
•
Let
the
sauce
simmer
until
it
reduces
by
half
.
Let
the
sauce
simmer
until
it
reduces
by
half
.
•
The
chef
reduced
the
stock
for
an
hour
to
make
it
rich
and
glossy
.
The
chef
reduced
the
stock
for
an
hour
to
make
it
rich
and
glossy
.
verb
-
reduce
,
reducing
,
reduces
,
reduced
in
chemistry
,
to
cause
a
substance
to
gain
electrons
,
lowering
its
oxidation
state
•
In
the
reaction
,
copper
ions
are
reduced
to
solid
copper
.
In
the
reaction
,
copper
ions
are
reduced
to
solid
copper
.
•
Adding
hydrogen
can
reduce
certain
metal
oxides
.
Adding
hydrogen
can
reduce
certain
metal
oxides
.
verb
-
reduce
,
reducing
,
reduces
,
reduced
(
dated
)
to
force
a
place
or
group
to
surrender
and
come
under
control
•
The
army
reduced
the
fortress
after
a
long
siege
.
The
army
reduced
the
fortress
after
a
long
siege
.
•
The
rebels
were
quickly
reduced
by
the
royal
troops
.
The
rebels
were
quickly
reduced
by
the
royal
troops
.
individual
adjective
considered
separately
from
other
people
or
things
in
a
group
•
The
teacher
gave
individual
attention
to
each
child
in
the
class
.
The
teacher
gave
individual
attention
to
each
child
in
the
class
.
•
Each
individual
leaf
had
a
slightly
different
pattern
of
veins
.
Each
individual
leaf
had
a
slightly
different
pattern
of
veins
.
noun
a
single
person
or
thing
looked
at
separately
from
a
group
•
Every
individual
must
fill
out
a
registration
form
on
arrival
.
Every
individual
must
fill
out
a
registration
form
on
arrival
.
•
The
zoo
tries
to
give
each
individual
animal
enough
space
to
roam
.
The
zoo
tries
to
give
each
individual
animal
enough
space
to
roam
.
adjective
showing
qualities
that
make
someone
or
something
different
and
unique
•
She
has
a
very
individual
sense
of
fashion
that
makes
her
stand
out
in
any
crowd
.
She
has
a
very
individual
sense
of
fashion
that
makes
her
stand
out
in
any
crowd
.
•
The
architect's
individual
style
combines
glass
with
reclaimed
wood
.
The
architect's
individual
style
combines
glass
with
reclaimed
wood
.
noun
a
person
,
often
one
who
is
unusual
or
interesting
in
some
way
•
He's
an
odd
individual
who
collects
antique
typewriters
.
He's
an
odd
individual
who
collects
antique
typewriters
.
•
The
police
are
looking
for
a
suspicious
individual
seen
near
the
bank
.
The
police
are
looking
for
a
suspicious
individual
seen
near
the
bank
.
production
noun
-
production
the
process
of
making
,
growing
,
or
creating
goods
,
energy
,
or
other
things
in
large
amounts
•
Modern
factories
use
robots
to
speed
up
production
.
Modern
factories
use
robots
to
speed
up
production
.
•
A
long
drought
caused
a
sharp
fall
in
wheat
production
this
year
.
A
long
drought
caused
a
sharp
fall
in
wheat
production
this
year
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
medieval
Latin
productio
‘
bringing
forth
’,
from
Latin
producere
‘
bring
forward
’.
adult
noun
a
person
who
is
fully
grown
and
legally
considered
a
grown-up
•
The
amusement
park
charges
less
for
children
and
more
for
adults
.
The
amusement
park
charges
less
for
children
and
more
for
adults
.
•
As
an
adult
,
he
moved
out
of
his
parents'
house
and
rented
a
small
apartment
.
As
an
adult
,
he
moved
out
of
his
parents'
house
and
rented
a
small
apartment
.
From
Latin
adultus
,
past
participle
of
adolescere
“
to
grow
up
”.
adjective
meant
for
grown
people
and
not
for
children
•
The
club
offers
adult
swimming
lessons
in
the
evenings
.
The
club
offers
adult
swimming
lessons
in
the
evenings
.
•
You
need
an
adult
ticket
if
you
are
over
18
.
You
need
an
adult
ticket
if
you
are
over
18
.
adjective
showing
the
sensible
and
responsible
behavior
expected
of
a
grown
person
•
That
was
a
very
adult
decision
you
made
.
That
was
a
very
adult
decision
you
made
.
•
He
tried
to
have
an
adult
conversation
about
their
future
.
He
tried
to
have
an
adult
conversation
about
their
future
.
conduct
verb
to
plan
,
organize
,
and
carry
out
an
activity
such
as
a
study
,
investigation
,
or
meeting
•
The
professor
conducted
a
survey
to
learn
about
students'
study
habits
.
The
professor
conducted
a
survey
to
learn
about
students'
study
habits
.
•
Engineers
will
conduct
tests
on
the
bridge
before
it
opens
to
traffic
.
Engineers
will
conduct
tests
on
the
bridge
before
it
opens
to
traffic
.
From
Middle
English
‘
conducten
’,
from
Latin
‘
conducere
’
meaning
‘
to
lead
together
’.
Over
time
,
the
sense
of
leading
or
guiding
broadened
to
organizing
or
carrying
out
an
activity
.
verb
to
direct
a
group
of
musicians
or
singers
so
that
they
perform
together
•
The
maestro
raised
his
baton
and
conducted
the
orchestra
through
the
symphony
.
The
maestro
raised
his
baton
and
conducted
the
orchestra
through
the
symphony
.
•
She
dreams
of
conducting
a
world-famous
orchestra
someday
.
She
dreams
of
conducting
a
world-famous
orchestra
someday
.
This
sense
comes
from
the
idea
of
‘
leading
together
’
musicians
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
(
of
a
material
)
to
allow
electricity
,
heat
,
or
sound
to
pass
through
it
•
Copper
conducts
electricity
better
than
most
metals
.
Copper
conducts
electricity
better
than
most
metals
.
•
Because
rubber
does
not
conduct
heat
well
,
it
is
used
for
pot
handles
.
Because
rubber
does
not
conduct
heat
well
,
it
is
used
for
pot
handles
.
Adopted
into
scientific
language
in
the
18th
century
as
experiments
in
electricity
and
heat
required
a
term
for
‘
carrying
’
energy
through
a
substance
.
noun
-
conduct
a
person
’
s
behaviour
,
especially
the
way
they
act
in
public
or
in
a
particular
situation
•
The
students'
excellent
conduct
impressed
their
new
teacher
.
The
students'
excellent
conduct
impressed
their
new
teacher
.
•
His
rude
conduct
at
dinner
embarrassed
everyone
.
His
rude
conduct
at
dinner
embarrassed
everyone
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
conductus
’
meaning
‘
led
together
’;
by
the
15th
century
it
referred
to
personal
behaviour
.
introduce
verb
-
introduce
,
introducing
,
introduces
,
introduced
to
tell
two
or
more
people
each
other
’
s
names
so
that
they
become
acquainted
•
Let
me
introduce
my
friend
Anna
to
everyone
at
the
party
.
Let
me
introduce
my
friend
Anna
to
everyone
at
the
party
.
•
The
teacher
introduced
the
new
student
to
the
class
with
a
warm
smile
.
The
teacher
introduced
the
new
student
to
the
class
with
a
warm
smile
.
From
Latin
introducere
“
to
lead
in
”,
from
intro
“
inside
”
+
ducere
“
to
lead
”.
verb
-
introduce
,
introducing
,
introduces
,
introduced
to
bring
a
product
,
system
,
law
,
or
idea
into
use
for
the
first
time
•
The
company
will
introduce
its
new
electric
car
next
spring
.
The
company
will
introduce
its
new
electric
car
next
spring
.
•
Several
countries
have
introduced
tougher
laws
against
plastic
waste
.
Several
countries
have
introduced
tougher
laws
against
plastic
waste
.
verb
-
introduce
,
introducing
,
introduces
,
introduced
to
formally
announce
or
present
a
performer
,
speaker
,
or
program
to
an
audience
•
The
host
will
introduce
the
band
after
the
commercial
break
.
The
host
will
introduce
the
band
after
the
commercial
break
.
•
Please
welcome
Professor
Lee
,
whom
I
have
the
honor
to
introduce
tonight
.
Please
welcome
Professor
Lee
,
whom
I
have
the
honor
to
introduce
tonight
.
verb
-
introduce
,
introducing
,
introduces
,
introduced
to
begin
a
book
,
speech
,
or
piece
of
writing
by
talking
about
something
first
•
The
author
introduces
the
topic
with
a
personal
anecdote
.
The
author
introduces
the
topic
with
a
personal
anecdote
.
•
In
the
first
chapter
,
she
introduces
key
terms
that
appear
throughout
the
book
.
In
the
first
chapter
,
she
introduces
key
terms
that
appear
throughout
the
book
.
verb
-
introduce
,
introducing
,
introduces
,
introduced
to
carefully
put
something
into
another
thing
or
place
•
The
nurse
introduced
the
needle
into
the
patient
’
s
vein
smoothly
.
The
nurse
introduced
the
needle
into
the
patient
’
s
vein
smoothly
.
•
Slowly
introduce
the
probe
into
the
solution
to
avoid
splashing
.
Slowly
introduce
the
probe
into
the
solution
to
avoid
splashing
.
procedure
noun
an
established
or
official
way
of
doing
something
,
followed
in
a
particular
order
•
Before
boarding
the
plane
,
passengers
go
through
the
security
procedure
at
the
airport
.
Before
boarding
the
plane
,
passengers
go
through
the
security
procedure
at
the
airport
.
•
The
company
updated
its
hiring
procedures
to
make
them
faster
and
fairer
.
The
company
updated
its
hiring
procedures
to
make
them
faster
and
fairer
.
From
French
“
procédure
”,
from
Middle
French
,
ultimately
from
Latin
“
procedere
”
meaning
“
to
go
forward
,
proceed
”.
noun
a
medical
operation
or
treatment
performed
on
a
patient
•
The
dentist
said
the
whole
procedure
would
take
less
than
an
hour
.
The
dentist
said
the
whole
procedure
would
take
less
than
an
hour
.
•
After
the
knee
surgery
procedure
,
Anna
had
to
use
crutches
for
two
weeks
.
After
the
knee
surgery
procedure
,
Anna
had
to
use
crutches
for
two
weeks
.
Specialized
medical
sense
of
“
procedure
”
emerged
in
the
early
20th
century
as
surgery
advanced
.
noun
a
block
of
code
in
a
computer
program
that
performs
a
specific
task
;
subroutine
•
The
programmer
wrote
a
separate
procedure
to
handle
user
input
.
The
programmer
wrote
a
separate
procedure
to
handle
user
input
.
•
If
the
sorting
procedure
is
inefficient
,
the
app
will
feel
slow
.
If
the
sorting
procedure
is
inefficient
,
the
app
will
feel
slow
.
Adopted
in
computer
science
in
the
1950s
to
describe
a
self-contained
set
of
instructions
within
a
larger
program
.
educational
adjective
relating
to
education
,
schools
,
or
teaching
•
The
government
increased
its
budget
for
educational
programs
in
rural
areas
.
The
government
increased
its
budget
for
educational
programs
in
rural
areas
.
•
They
discussed
educational
policy
reforms
during
the
conference
.
They
discussed
educational
policy
reforms
during
the
conference
.
Formed
from
the
noun
education
+-al
in
the
early
19th
century
to
describe
anything
connected
with
education
.
adjective
giving
useful
knowledge
or
instruction
;
informative
•
Watching
documentaries
can
be
very
educational
for
children
.
Watching
documentaries
can
be
very
educational
for
children
.
•
The
tour
guide
shared
educational
facts
about
the
ancient
ruins
.
The
tour
guide
shared
educational
facts
about
the
ancient
ruins
.
Sense
extended
from
‘
relating
to
education
’
to
‘
providing
knowledge
’
by
late
19th
century
use
in
reference
to
books
,
talks
,
and
later
films
.
producer
noun
a
person
,
farm
,
or
company
that
grows
or
makes
things
to
sell
to
other
people
•
Colombia
is
a
major
producer
of
coffee
.
Colombia
is
a
major
producer
of
coffee
.
•
The
small
factory
dreams
of
becoming
a
leading
producer
of
eco-friendly
toys
.
The
small
factory
dreams
of
becoming
a
leading
producer
of
eco-friendly
toys
.
From
Latin
prōductor
,
meaning
‘
one
who
brings
forth
’.
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
organize
money
,
people
,
and
schedules
to
make
a
film
,
TV
show
,
or
piece
of
music
•
The
producer
hired
a
famous
director
for
the
movie
.
The
producer
hired
a
famous
director
for
the
movie
.
•
As
an
executive
producer
,
she
approved
the
final
script
.
As
an
executive
producer
,
she
approved
the
final
script
.
Sense
arose
in
early
20th-century
show
business
,
extending
the
general
idea
of
‘
one
who
brings
forth
’
to
entertainment
.
noun
an
organism
,
such
as
a
plant
or
algae
,
that
makes
its
own
food
from
sunlight
and
forms
the
first
level
of
a
food
chain
•
Grass
is
a
producer
that
supports
many
grazing
animals
.
Grass
is
a
producer
that
supports
many
grazing
animals
.
•
In
the
ocean
,
tiny
phytoplankton
act
as
producers
for
the
entire
ecosystem
.
In
the
ocean
,
tiny
phytoplankton
act
as
producers
for
the
entire
ecosystem
.
Biology
borrowed
the
economic
term
in
the
late
19th
century
to
describe
organisms
that
‘
produce
’
chemical
energy
from
sunlight
.
dig
verb
-
dig
,
digging
,
digs
,
dug
to
break
up
or
remove
earth
,
sand
,
or
other
material
with
your
hands
,
a
tool
,
or
a
machine
so
you
can
make
a
hole
,
tunnel
,
or
space
•
The
gardener
used
a
shovel
to
dig
a
deep
hole
for
the
new
maple
tree
.
The
gardener
used
a
shovel
to
dig
a
deep
hole
for
the
new
maple
tree
.
•
On
the
beach
,
the
children
happily
dug
in
the
sand
to
build
an
enormous
castle
with
towers
.
On
the
beach
,
the
children
happily
dug
in
the
sand
to
build
an
enormous
castle
with
towers
.
Old
English
"
dīcian
"
meant
to
dig
or
trench
;
related
to
Middle
Dutch
“
diken
”.
verb
-
dig
,
digging
,
digs
,
dug
to
search
for
something
by
moving
things
aside
or
by
putting
your
hand
deep
inside
a
place
•
She
dug
in
her
bag
until
she
found
the
ringing
phone
.
She
dug
in
her
bag
until
she
found
the
ringing
phone
.
•
He
dug
through
the
attic
boxes
looking
for
his
old
comic
books
.
He
dug
through
the
attic
boxes
looking
for
his
old
comic
books
.
verb
-
dig
,
digging
,
digs
,
dug
(
slang
)
to
like
,
enjoy
,
or
understand
something
•
I
really
dig
this
new
jazz
album
—
it's
smooth
and
relaxing
.
I
really
dig
this
new
jazz
album
—
it's
smooth
and
relaxing
.
•
Do
you
dig
what
I'm
saying
,
or
should
I
explain
again
?
Do
you
dig
what
I'm
saying
,
or
should
I
explain
again
?
1940s
U
.
S
.
African-American
jazz
slang
,
probably
from
earlier
sense
“
to
understand
”
rooted
in
West
African
languages
meaning
“
understand
,
appreciate
.”
industrial
adjective
connected
with
factories
,
making
things
in
large
quantities
,
or
the
people
and
places
involved
in
this
work
.
•
The
city
built
new
roads
to
support
its
growing
industrial
area
.
The
city
built
new
roads
to
support
its
growing
industrial
area
.
•
Many
workers
in
the
region
rely
on
industrial
jobs
at
the
car
plant
.
Many
workers
in
the
region
rely
on
industrial
jobs
at
the
car
plant
.
From
industry
+
-al
,
first
attested
in
the
early
19th
century
.
adjective
made
for
,
or
strong
enough
for
,
heavy
or
large-scale
use
rather
than
for
the
home
.
•
They
bought
an
industrial-size
freezer
to
store
all
the
seafood
.
They
bought
an
industrial-size
freezer
to
store
all
the
seafood
.
•
The
workshop
uses
industrial
drills
that
can
cut
through
thick
steel
plates
.
The
workshop
uses
industrial
drills
that
can
cut
through
thick
steel
plates
.
adjective
describing
a
design
or
decorating
style
that
uses
raw
,
utilitarian
materials
like
metal
,
concrete
,
and
exposed
pipes
,
similar
to
a
factory
look
.
•
The
café
features
an
industrial
interior
with
bare
brick
walls
and
metal
stools
.
The
café
features
an
industrial
interior
with
bare
brick
walls
and
metal
stools
.
•
They
chose
industrial
lighting
fixtures
to
match
the
loft
’
s
concrete
ceiling
.
They
chose
industrial
lighting
fixtures
to
match
the
loft
’
s
concrete
ceiling
.
noun
a
company
or
share
connected
with
manufacturing
,
especially
when
talked
about
on
the
stock
market
.
•
Technology
stocks
fell
,
but
industrials
gained
2%
by
the
end
of
trading
.
Technology
stocks
fell
,
but
industrials
gained
2%
by
the
end
of
trading
.
•
She
shifted
her
portfolio
from
energy
firms
to
industrials
for
steady
growth
.
She
shifted
her
portfolio
from
energy
firms
to
industrials
for
steady
growth
.
reduction
noun
the
act
or
process
of
making
something
smaller
or
less
in
size
,
amount
,
price
,
or
degree
•
The
store
announced
a
50%
reduction
in
winter
coat
prices
.
The
store
announced
a
50%
reduction
in
winter
coat
prices
.
•
Regular
exercise
can
lead
to
a
significant
reduction
in
stress
levels
.
Regular
exercise
can
lead
to
a
significant
reduction
in
stress
levels
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
reductio
(
n-
),
from
reducere
‘
bring
back
,
lead
back
’.
noun
the
amount
by
which
something
is
made
smaller
or
less
•
Customers
received
a
$10
reduction
on
every
ticket
.
Customers
received
a
$10
reduction
on
every
ticket
.
•
Her
new
diet
led
to
a
three-kilogram
reduction
in
weight
.
Her
new
diet
led
to
a
three-kilogram
reduction
in
weight
.
noun
in
cooking
,
a
sauce
or
liquid
made
thicker
and
more
flavorful
by
boiling
it
until
it
becomes
less
•
The
chef
simmered
red
wine
until
it
became
a
glossy
reduction
.
The
chef
simmered
red
wine
until
it
became
a
glossy
reduction
.
•
A
drizzle
of
balsamic
reduction
added
sweetness
to
the
salad
.
A
drizzle
of
balsamic
reduction
added
sweetness
to
the
salad
.
noun
in
chemistry
,
a
reaction
in
which
a
substance
gains
electrons
or
its
oxidation
state
decreases
•
Copper
oxide
undergoes
reduction
to
form
pure
copper
in
the
furnace
.
Copper
oxide
undergoes
reduction
to
form
pure
copper
in
the
furnace
.
•
Electrolysis
involves
both
oxidation
and
reduction
at
different
electrodes
.
Electrolysis
involves
both
oxidation
and
reduction
at
different
electrodes
.
noun
in
mathematics
or
logic
,
the
act
of
changing
a
problem
,
fraction
,
or
expression
into
an
equivalent
but
simpler
form
•
Fraction
reduction
turned
8⁄12
into
2⁄3
.
Fraction
reduction
turned
8⁄12
into
2⁄3
.
•
Row
reduction
helps
solve
systems
of
equations
quickly
.
Row
reduction
helps
solve
systems
of
equations
quickly
.
noun
in
medicine
,
the
act
of
putting
a
broken
bone
or
dislocated
body
part
back
into
its
normal
position
•
The
surgeon
performed
a
closed
reduction
on
the
patient
’
s
dislocated
shoulder
.
The
surgeon
performed
a
closed
reduction
on
the
patient
’
s
dislocated
shoulder
.
•
After
the
reduction
,
her
ankle
was
wrapped
in
a
cast
.
After
the
reduction
,
her
ankle
was
wrapped
in
a
cast
.
schedule
noun
a
plan
that
shows
when
events
or
tasks
will
happen
•
I
pinned
my
weekly
schedule
to
the
fridge
door
so
everyone
could
see
it
.
I
pinned
my
weekly
schedule
to
the
fridge
door
so
everyone
could
see
it
.
•
The
project
is
running
behind
schedule
,
so
the
team
is
working
late
.
The
project
is
running
behind
schedule
,
so
the
team
is
working
late
.
verb
-
schedule
,
scheduling
,
schedules
,
scheduled
to
decide
and
set
a
specific
time
for
something
to
happen
•
The
dentist
scheduled
my
check-up
for
next
Tuesday
.
The
dentist
scheduled
my
check-up
for
next
Tuesday
.
•
They
want
to
schedule
the
meeting
right
after
lunch
.
They
want
to
schedule
the
meeting
right
after
lunch
.
noun
an
extra
numbered
list
or
table
added
at
the
end
of
an
official
document
that
gives
detailed
information
•
The
contract
’
s
payment
terms
are
set
out
in
Schedule
2
.
The
contract
’
s
payment
terms
are
set
out
in
Schedule
2
.
•
Please
attach
the
equipment
list
as
Schedule
A
to
the
agreement
.
Please
attach
the
equipment
list
as
Schedule
A
to
the
agreement
.
graduate
noun
a
person
who
has
successfully
completed
a
course
of
study
at
a
school
,
college
,
or
university
and
received
an
official
qualification
•
On
graduation
day
,
each
graduate
walked
across
the
stage
to
receive
a
diploma
.
On
graduation
day
,
each
graduate
walked
across
the
stage
to
receive
a
diploma
.
•
The
company
prefers
to
hire
recent
graduates
with
fresh
ideas
.
The
company
prefers
to
hire
recent
graduates
with
fresh
ideas
.
From
Medieval
Latin
graduatus
“
one
who
has
been
promoted
to
a
degree
”,
past
participle
of
graduare
“
to
take
a
degree
”,
from
Latin
gradus
“
step
”.
verb
-
graduate
,
graduating
,
graduates
,
graduated
to
successfully
complete
a
course
of
study
at
a
school
,
college
,
or
university
and
receive
a
degree
or
diploma
•
She
graduated
from
high
school
last
June
.
She
graduated
from
high
school
last
June
.
•
If
he
passes
all
his
exams
,
he
will
graduate
next
spring
.
If
he
passes
all
his
exams
,
he
will
graduate
next
spring
.
adjective
relating
to
or
designed
for
students
who
are
studying
for
a
degree
higher
than
a
first
degree
•
She
is
taking
a
graduate
course
in
economics
.
She
is
taking
a
graduate
course
in
economics
.
•
Only
graduate
students
can
access
the
advanced
laboratory
.
Only
graduate
students
can
access
the
advanced
laboratory
.
verb
-
graduate
,
graduating
,
graduates
,
graduated
for
a
school
or
university
to
award
a
degree
or
diploma
to
someone
•
The
university
graduated
over
two
thousand
students
last
year
.
The
university
graduated
over
two
thousand
students
last
year
.
•
The
medical
school
graduates
new
doctors
each
summer
.
The
medical
school
graduates
new
doctors
each
summer
.
verb
-
graduate
,
graduating
,
graduates
,
graduated
to
change
gradually
from
one
state
,
level
,
or
shade
to
another
•
The
road
graduates
from
flat
farmland
to
rolling
hills
.
The
road
graduates
from
flat
farmland
to
rolling
hills
.
•
Colors
graduate
from
deep
blue
at
the
top
to
pale
green
at
the
bottom
of
the
painting
.
Colors
graduate
from
deep
blue
at
the
top
to
pale
green
at
the
bottom
of
the
painting
.
verb
-
graduate
,
graduating
,
graduates
,
graduated
to
mark
a
container
or
instrument
with
a
series
of
lines
to
show
units
of
measurement
•
The
technician
graduated
the
test
tube
to
measure
precise
amounts
.
The
technician
graduated
the
test
tube
to
measure
precise
amounts
.
•
Workers
graduate
the
glass
flask
in
ten-milliliter
intervals
.
Workers
graduate
the
glass
flask
in
ten-milliliter
intervals
.
noun
a
glass
or
plastic
measuring
vessel
with
marked
lines
,
used
especially
in
laboratories
for
liquid
volumes
•
Pour
the
solution
into
the
graduate
to
check
its
volume
.
Pour
the
solution
into
the
graduate
to
check
its
volume
.
•
The
lab
assistant
washed
every
graduate
after
the
experiment
.
The
lab
assistant
washed
every
graduate
after
the
experiment
.
educator
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
teach
or
train
other
people
,
especially
in
a
school
,
college
,
or
training
program
•
The
educator
greeted
her
students
with
a
warm
smile
on
the
first
day
of
class
.
The
educator
greeted
her
students
with
a
warm
smile
on
the
first
day
of
class
.
•
As
an
educator
,
Mr
.
Lopez
uses
games
to
make
math
fun
.
As
an
educator
,
Mr
.
Lopez
uses
games
to
make
math
fun
.
From
Latin
educare
“
to
lead
out
,
educate
”
+
the
agent
suffix
-or
.
introduction
noun
the
first
part
of
a
book
,
essay
,
speech
,
or
similar
work
that
explains
what
it
will
be
about
•
I
always
read
the
introduction
before
starting
the
first
chapter
.
I
always
read
the
introduction
before
starting
the
first
chapter
.
•
The
professor
’
s
lecture
began
with
a
clear
introduction
to
the
topic
.
The
professor
’
s
lecture
began
with
a
clear
introduction
to
the
topic
.
Sense
developed
in
16th-century
English
to
refer
to
the
opening
section
of
a
written
work
.
noun
the
formal
act
of
making
two
or
more
people
known
to
each
other
•
“
May
I
make
an
introduction
?
This
is
my
sister
,
Emily
,”
he
said
with
a
smile
.
“
May
I
make
an
introduction
?
This
is
my
sister
,
Emily
,”
he
said
with
a
smile
.
•
After
a
brief
introduction
,
the
guests
began
to
mingle
around
the
garden
.
After
a
brief
introduction
,
the
guests
began
to
mingle
around
the
garden
.
late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
introductio
,
from
introducere
‘
lead
in
’.
noun
the
act
of
bringing
something
into
use
or
existence
for
the
first
time
•
The
introduction
of
electric
cars
has
changed
the
automobile
industry
.
The
introduction
of
electric
cars
has
changed
the
automobile
industry
.
•
Many
jobs
were
created
after
the
introduction
of
the
new
tax
policy
.
Many
jobs
were
created
after
the
introduction
of
the
new
tax
policy
.
Industrial-era
extension
of
the
base
sense
“
to
bring
in
”,
applied
to
new
products
and
policies
.
noun
a
beginner-level
course
,
book
,
or
talk
that
teaches
the
basic
facts
about
a
subject
•
I
’
m
taking
an
Introduction
to
Philosophy
this
semester
.
I
’
m
taking
an
Introduction
to
Philosophy
this
semester
.
•
The
book
“
An
Introduction
to
Robotics
”
explains
concepts
in
simple
language
.
The
book
“
An
Introduction
to
Robotics
”
explains
concepts
in
simple
language
.
Pedagogical
sense
arose
in
the
19th
century
as
universities
expanded
subject
surveys
.
noun
a
short
opening
passage
of
music
that
comes
before
the
main
part
of
a
piece
•
The
song
’
s
piano
introduction
is
calm
before
the
drums
kick
in
.
The
song
’
s
piano
introduction
is
calm
before
the
drums
kick
in
.
•
The
orchestra
rehearsed
the
slow
introduction
several
times
.
The
orchestra
rehearsed
the
slow
introduction
several
times
.
Borrowed
into
musical
terminology
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
an
opening
segment
.
fraud
noun
the
illegal
act
of
deceiving
people
or
organizations
to
get
money
,
property
,
or
other
benefits
•
The
company
lost
millions
because
of
financial
fraud
.
The
company
lost
millions
because
of
financial
fraud
.
•
She
was
arrested
for
fraud
after
forging
the
signatures
on
loan
papers
.
She
was
arrested
for
fraud
after
forging
the
signatures
on
loan
papers
.
Middle
English
,
borrowed
from
Old
French
‘
fraude
’,
from
Latin
‘
fraus
’
meaning
deceit
or
injury
.
noun
a
person
who
pretends
to
be
something
they
are
not
in
order
to
deceive
others
•
People
believed
his
story
,
but
he
was
later
exposed
as
a
fraud
.
People
believed
his
story
,
but
he
was
later
exposed
as
a
fraud
.
•
The
supposed
nutrition
expert
turned
out
to
be
a
complete
fraud
.
The
supposed
nutrition
expert
turned
out
to
be
a
complete
fraud
.
noun
something
,
such
as
a
product
,
document
,
or
work
of
art
,
that
is
fake
and
meant
to
trick
people
into
believing
it
is
real
or
valuable
•
The
famous
painting
was
proven
to
be
a
clever
fraud
.
The
famous
painting
was
proven
to
be
a
clever
fraud
.
•
The
diamond-studded
watch
he
bought
online
turned
out
to
be
a
cheap
fraud
.
The
diamond-studded
watch
he
bought
online
turned
out
to
be
a
cheap
fraud
.
educate
verb
-
educate
,
educating
,
educates
,
educated
to
give
someone
knowledge
or
skills
,
especially
through
teaching
in
schools
or
other
formal
settings
•
The
new
teacher
used
songs
to
educate
her
students
about
grammar
.
The
new
teacher
used
songs
to
educate
her
students
about
grammar
.
•
Parents
trust
schools
to
educate
their
children
for
the
future
.
Parents
trust
schools
to
educate
their
children
for
the
future
.
Mid-16th
century
from
Latin
educare
‘
bring
up
,
rear
,
train
’
verb
-
educate
,
educating
,
educates
,
educated
to
give
people
information
so
they
understand
an
issue
and
can
make
informed
decisions
•
The
documentary
seeks
to
educate
viewers
about
climate
change
.
The
documentary
seeks
to
educate
viewers
about
climate
change
.
•
Health
officials
launched
a
campaign
to
educate
the
public
on
handwashing
.
Health
officials
launched
a
campaign
to
educate
the
public
on
handwashing
.
verb
-
educate
,
educating
,
educates
,
educated
to
develop
or
refine
someone
’
s
taste
,
judgment
,
or
senses
through
experience
or
training
•
The
chef
hoped
to
educate
diners'
palates
with
new
flavors
.
The
chef
hoped
to
educate
diners'
palates
with
new
flavors
.
•
An
experienced
collector
can
educate
your
eye
to
spot
genuine
antiques
.
An
experienced
collector
can
educate
your
eye
to
spot
genuine
antiques
.
gradually
adverb
little
by
little
over
a
period
of
time
,
not
suddenly
•
The
sky
gradually
turned
pink
as
the
sun
began
to
rise
.
The
sky
gradually
turned
pink
as
the
sun
began
to
rise
.
•
After
his
injury
,
he
gradually
got
stronger
by
exercising
every
day
.
After
his
injury
,
he
gradually
got
stronger
by
exercising
every
day
.
From
gradual
+
-ly
;
gradual
comes
from
Late
Latin
gradālis
,
from
Latin
gradus
“
step
”.
endure
verb
-
endure
,
enduring
,
endures
,
endured
to
suffer
something
unpleasant
or
difficult
for
a
long
time
without
giving
up
•
The
marathon
runners
endured
blistering
heat
to
reach
the
finish
line
.
The
marathon
runners
endured
blistering
heat
to
reach
the
finish
line
.
•
During
the
outage
,
the
family
endured
three
days
without
electricity
.
During
the
outage
,
the
family
endured
three
days
without
electricity
.
From
Middle
English
enduren
,
from
Old
French
endurer
,
based
on
Latin
indurare
“
harden
”.
verb
-
endure
,
enduring
,
endures
,
endured
to
continue
to
exist
or
remain
strong
for
a
long
time
•
The
small
stone
bridge
has
endured
for
over
500
years
.
The
small
stone
bridge
has
endured
for
over
500
years
.
•
True
friendships
endure
long
distances
and
time
.
True
friendships
endure
long
distances
and
time
.
From
Middle
English
enduren
,
from
Old
French
endurer
,
based
on
Latin
indurare
“
harden
”.
productive
adjective
working
in
a
way
that
gets
a
lot
done
or
achieves
good
results
•
After
a
productive
morning
,
Mia
had
finished
all
her
homework
before
lunch
.
After
a
productive
morning
,
Mia
had
finished
all
her
homework
before
lunch
.
•
Turning
off
his
phone
helped
Luca
stay
productive
while
studying
for
the
exam
.
Turning
off
his
phone
helped
Luca
stay
productive
while
studying
for
the
exam
.
From
Latin
productivus
,
from
producere
“
to
bring
forth
,
produce
”.
adjective
able
to
produce
large
amounts
of
goods
,
crops
,
or
other
tangible
results
•
The
volcanic
soil
makes
the
island's
farms
highly
productive
.
The
volcanic
soil
makes
the
island's
farms
highly
productive
.
•
With
new
machines
,
the
factory
became
two
times
more
productive
.
With
new
machines
,
the
factory
became
two
times
more
productive
.
adjective
(
linguistics
)
actively
used
for
making
new
words
or
grammatical
forms
•
In
English
,
the
suffix
"
-ness
"
is
still
productive
because
we
can
make
new
words
like
"
kindness
".
In
English
,
the
suffix
"
-ness
"
is
still
productive
because
we
can
make
new
words
like
"
kindness
".
•
The
professor
explained
that
the
rule
for
adding
"
-ed
"
to
form
the
past
tense
is
productive
.
The
professor
explained
that
the
rule
for
adding
"
-ed
"
to
form
the
past
tense
is
productive
.
adjective
(
medical
)
producing
a
bodily
substance
such
as
mucus
•
He
went
to
the
clinic
with
a
productive
cough
full
of
mucus
.
He
went
to
the
clinic
with
a
productive
cough
full
of
mucus
.
•
Doctors
worry
when
a
productive
cough
lasts
more
than
three
weeks
.
Doctors
worry
when
a
productive
cough
lasts
more
than
three
weeks
.
productivity
noun
-
productivity
the
rate
at
which
goods
or
services
are
produced
compared
with
the
resources
,
time
,
or
workers
needed
to
produce
them
•
Automation
raised
the
factory's
productivity
by
twenty
percent
.
Automation
raised
the
factory's
productivity
by
twenty
percent
.
•
Economists
compare
productivity
between
countries
to
understand
growth
.
Economists
compare
productivity
between
countries
to
understand
growth
.
From
productive
+
-ity
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
to
describe
economic
output
per
worker
.
noun
-
productivity
a
person
’
s
ability
to
work
efficiently
and
get
a
lot
done
in
a
given
time
•
Using
a
planner
helps
me
track
tasks
and
improve
my
productivity
.
Using
a
planner
helps
me
track
tasks
and
improve
my
productivity
.
•
He
listens
to
instrumental
music
to
maintain
high
productivity
while
coding
.
He
listens
to
instrumental
music
to
maintain
high
productivity
while
coding
.
Extended
from
its
economic
sense
to
personal
work
habits
in
the
mid-20th
century
,
paralleling
the
rise
of
office
culture
and
self-help
literature
.
Dutch
noun
-
Dutch
The
West
Germanic
language
spoken
in
the
Netherlands
and
parts
of
Belgium
and
Suriname
.
•
She
practiced
her
Dutch
every
evening
before
moving
to
Rotterdam
.
She
practiced
her
Dutch
every
evening
before
moving
to
Rotterdam
.
•
The
course
promises
to
teach
basic
Dutch
in
ten
weeks
.
The
course
promises
to
teach
basic
Dutch
in
ten
weeks
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
;
first
recorded
as
the
name
of
the
language
in
English
in
the
14th
century
.
adjective
Relating
to
the
Netherlands
,
its
people
,
or
its
language
.
•
He
decorated
his
house
with
bright
Dutch
tulips
.
He
decorated
his
house
with
bright
Dutch
tulips
.
•
The
museum
holds
a
famous
collection
of
Dutch
paintings
.
The
museum
holds
a
famous
collection
of
Dutch
paintings
.
From
Middle
Dutch
Duytsch
,
meaning
‘
of
the
people
’,
later
narrowed
to
refer
specifically
to
the
Netherlands
.
noun
The
people
of
the
Netherlands
considered
as
a
nation
or
ethnic
group
.
•
The
Dutch
are
known
for
their
love
of
cycling
.
The
Dutch
are
known
for
their
love
of
cycling
.
•
In
17th-century
trade
,
the
Dutch
competed
fiercely
with
the
English
.
In
17th-century
trade
,
the
Dutch
competed
fiercely
with
the
English
.
From
the
same
root
as
the
adjective
;
used
since
Old
English
to
refer
to
Germanic
peoples
,
later
restricted
to
the
inhabitants
of
the
Netherlands
.
induce
verb
-
induce
,
inducing
,
induces
,
induced
to
cause
something
to
happen
or
exist
•
The
loud
music
induced
headaches
in
the
neighbors
.
The
loud
music
induced
headaches
in
the
neighbors
.
•
A
sudden
drop
in
temperature
induced
frost
on
the
windows
overnight
.
A
sudden
drop
in
temperature
induced
frost
on
the
windows
overnight
.
From
Latin
inducere
“
to
lead
in
,
bring
on
,”
from
in-
“
into
”
+
ducere
“
to
lead
.”
verb
-
induce
,
inducing
,
induces
,
induced
to
persuade
or
lead
someone
to
do
something
•
The
clever
advertisement
induced
shoppers
to
try
the
new
cereal
.
The
clever
advertisement
induced
shoppers
to
try
the
new
cereal
.
•
Peer
pressure
induced
Tom
to
dye
his
hair
bright
blue
.
Peer
pressure
induced
Tom
to
dye
his
hair
bright
blue
.
Same
Latin
origin
as
the
sense
of
causing
;
over
time
it
also
gained
the
meaning
of
leading
a
person
into
an
action
.
verb
-
induce
,
inducing
,
induces
,
induced
to
medically
start
childbirth
using
drugs
or
other
methods
•
The
doctor
decided
to
induce
labor
for
the
overdue
mother
.
The
doctor
decided
to
induce
labor
for
the
overdue
mother
.
•
Medication
induced
contractions
within
an
hour
.
Medication
induced
contractions
within
an
hour
.
Sense
developed
in
18th-century
medicine
when
doctors
began
using
interventions
to
‘
bring
on
’
labor
.
verb
-
induce
,
inducing
,
induces
,
induced
to
reach
a
general
rule
by
using
a
set
of
specific
facts
•
Using
the
pattern
,
the
student
induced
a
general
formula
.
Using
the
pattern
,
the
student
induced
a
general
formula
.
•
From
the
base
case
and
step
,
we
induced
that
the
statement
was
true
for
all
numbers
.
From
the
base
case
and
step
,
we
induced
that
the
statement
was
true
for
all
numbers
.
Adopted
in
14th-century
logic
;
later
specialized
in
mathematics
as
“
mathematical
induction
.”
graduation
noun
an
official
ceremony
at
which
students
receive
their
diplomas
or
degrees
•
Maria
waved
to
her
parents
as
she
walked
across
the
stage
at
her
graduation
.
Maria
waved
to
her
parents
as
she
walked
across
the
stage
at
her
graduation
.
•
Tickets
for
the
graduation
ceremony
were
limited
,
so
Ethan
invited
only
his
closest
family
members
.
Tickets
for
the
graduation
ceremony
were
limited
,
so
Ethan
invited
only
his
closest
family
members
.
Derived
from
Medieval
Latin
graduatio
“
a
step
or
degree
,”
from
Latin
gradus
“
step
.”
The
sense
of
an
academic
ceremony
dates
from
the
1800s
.
noun
the
act
of
successfully
completing
a
course
of
study
and
earning
a
degree
or
diploma
•
After
graduation
,
Liam
moved
to
another
city
to
start
his
new
job
.
After
graduation
,
Liam
moved
to
another
city
to
start
his
new
job
.
•
Emma
spent
the
months
before
graduation
polishing
her
résumé
and
applying
for
internships
.
Emma
spent
the
months
before
graduation
polishing
her
résumé
and
applying
for
internships
.
noun
a
small
mark
or
line
on
a
measuring
instrument
that
shows
units
of
measurement
•
Each
graduation
on
the
thermometer
represents
one
degree
Celsius
.
Each
graduation
on
the
thermometer
represents
one
degree
Celsius
.
•
The
beaker
has
fine
graduations
to
help
students
measure
liquids
accurately
.
The
beaker
has
fine
graduations
to
help
students
measure
liquids
accurately
.