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keep
verb
-
keep
,
keeping
,
keeps
,
kept
to
continue
to
have
something
and
not
give
it
away
,
throw
it
out
,
or
lose
it
•
Mia
decided
to
keep
her
childhood
toys
in
a
box
in
the
attic
.
Mia
decided
to
keep
her
childhood
toys
in
a
box
in
the
attic
.
•
You
can
keep
the
change
;
I
don
’
t
need
the
coins
.
You
can
keep
the
change
;
I
don
’
t
need
the
coins
.
Old
English
“
cēpan
”
meaning
“
to
seize
,
hold
,
observe
.”
verb
-
keep
,
keeping
,
keeps
,
kept
to
continue
doing
something
or
cause
someone
or
something
to
stay
in
a
particular
state
•
Please
keep
quiet
while
the
baby
is
sleeping
.
Please
keep
quiet
while
the
baby
is
sleeping
.
•
If
we
keep
walking
,
we
’
ll
reach
the
lake
before
sunset
.
If
we
keep
walking
,
we
’
ll
reach
the
lake
before
sunset
.
verb
-
keep
,
keeping
,
keeps
,
kept
to
look
after
and
care
for
someone
or
something
•
Grandma
will
keep
the
baby
while
we
are
at
work
.
Grandma
will
keep
the
baby
while
we
are
at
work
.
•
They
keep
chickens
in
their
backyard
for
fresh
eggs
.
They
keep
chickens
in
their
backyard
for
fresh
eggs
.
noun
the
strongest
and
tallest
central
tower
of
a
medieval
castle
,
used
as
the
last
place
of
defense
•
The
soldiers
retreated
to
the
keep
when
the
outer
walls
were
breached
.
The
soldiers
retreated
to
the
keep
when
the
outer
walls
were
breached
.
•
From
the
top
of
the
keep
,
the
king
could
see
the
entire
valley
.
From
the
top
of
the
keep
,
the
king
could
see
the
entire
valley
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
English
“
céap
”
meaning
a
place
of
refuge
;
sense
later
specialised
to
castle
tower
.
noun
-
keep
the
money
,
food
,
and
other
basic
things
a
person
needs
to
live
•
He
does
odd
jobs
around
the
farm
to
earn
his
keep
.
He
does
odd
jobs
around
the
farm
to
earn
his
keep
.
•
Raising
horses
is
expensive
,
but
the
stud
fees
help
pay
for
their
keep
.
Raising
horses
is
expensive
,
but
the
stud
fees
help
pay
for
their
keep
.
republican
adjective
connected
with
or
supporting
a
form
of
government
in
which
the
people
choose
representatives
and
there
is
no
king
or
queen
•
The
country
adopted
a
new
republican
constitution
after
the
revolution
.
The
country
adopted
a
new
republican
constitution
after
the
revolution
.
•
Many
young
voters
favored
a
republican
system
instead
of
the
old
monarchy
.
Many
young
voters
favored
a
republican
system
instead
of
the
old
monarchy
.
From
French
républicain
,
based
on
Latin
res
publica
“
public
matter
,
commonwealth
.”
noun
a
person
who
believes
that
a
country
should
be
a
republic
or
who
works
to
replace
a
monarchy
with
an
elected
government
•
The
republican
stood
on
the
podium
and
called
for
the
end
of
the
monarchy
.
The
republican
stood
on
the
podium
and
called
for
the
end
of
the
monarchy
.
•
As
a
devoted
republican
,
she
wore
a
pin
shaped
like
a
broken
crown
.
As
a
devoted
republican
,
she
wore
a
pin
shaped
like
a
broken
crown
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
,
first
used
in
English
political
writings
of
the
17th
century
.
Republican
noun
a
member
or
supporter
of
the
Republican
Party
in
the
United
States
•
A
smiling
Republican
shook
hands
with
voters
at
the
county
fair
.
A
smiling
Republican
shook
hands
with
voters
at
the
county
fair
.
•
My
aunt
has
been
a
proud
Republican
since
she
was
eighteen
.
My
aunt
has
been
a
proud
Republican
since
she
was
eighteen
.
Derived
from
the
name
of
the
Republican
Party
,
established
in
1854
.
adjective
connected
with
the
Republican
Party
,
one
of
the
two
major
political
parties
in
the
United
States
•
The
senator
introduced
a
Republican
proposal
to
cut
taxes
.
The
senator
introduced
a
Republican
proposal
to
cut
taxes
.
•
The
two
candidates
debated
their
Republican
and
Democratic
viewpoints
.
The
two
candidates
debated
their
Republican
and
Democratic
viewpoints
.
Capitalization
began
in
the
mid-19th
century
with
the
founding
of
the
U
.
S
.
Republican
Party
(
1854
).
report
noun
a
spoken
or
written
description
of
something
that
has
happened
or
been
observed
•
I
read
an
interesting
report
about
climate
change
in
the
newspaper
this
morning
.
I
read
an
interesting
report
about
climate
change
in
the
newspaper
this
morning
.
•
The
evening
news
anchor
delivered
a
live
report
from
the
scene
of
the
fire
.
The
evening
news
anchor
delivered
a
live
report
from
the
scene
of
the
fire
.
From
Old
French
‘
report
’ (
n
.)
and
‘
reporter
’ (
v
.)
meaning
“
to
carry
back
”
and
later
“
tell
,
relate
”,
from
Latin
‘
re-
’
+
‘
portare
’ (“
to
carry
”).
verb
to
give
a
spoken
or
written
account
of
something
that
has
happened
•
Journalists
report
facts
so
that
the
public
can
stay
informed
.
Journalists
report
facts
so
that
the
public
can
stay
informed
.
•
She
will
report
the
results
of
the
experiment
tomorrow
.
She
will
report
the
results
of
the
experiment
tomorrow
.
noun
a
formal
document
that
presents
information
or
the
results
of
an
investigation
,
study
,
or
test
•
The
engineer
submitted
a
safety
report
to
the
city
council
.
The
engineer
submitted
a
safety
report
to
the
city
council
.
•
My
doctor
gave
me
a
medical
report
after
the
check-up
.
My
doctor
gave
me
a
medical
report
after
the
check-up
.
verb
to
go
to
a
place
and
announce
that
you
have
arrived
for
duty
or
an
appointment
•
New
soldiers
must
report
for
duty
at
6
a
.
m
.
New
soldiers
must
report
for
duty
at
6
a
.
m
.
•
All
contestants
should
report
to
the
registration
desk
.
All
contestants
should
report
to
the
registration
desk
.
verb
to
tell
an
authority
about
something
,
especially
a
problem
or
wrongdoing
•
You
should
report
any
suspicious
packages
to
the
police
.
You
should
report
any
suspicious
packages
to
the
police
.
•
She
decided
to
report
the
theft
to
her
insurance
company
.
She
decided
to
report
the
theft
to
her
insurance
company
.
noun
the
loud
sharp
sound
made
by
a
gunshot
or
an
explosion
•
We
heard
the
sharp
report
of
a
rifle
echo
across
the
valley
.
We
heard
the
sharp
report
of
a
rifle
echo
across
the
valley
.
•
The
firecracker
went
off
with
a
loud
report
that
startled
the
children
.
The
firecracker
went
off
with
a
loud
report
that
startled
the
children
.
department
noun
a
part
of
a
large
organization
such
as
a
company
,
university
,
or
hospital
that
deals
with
one
particular
kind
of
work
or
subject
•
Emma
applied
for
a
job
in
the
marketing
department
.
Emma
applied
for
a
job
in
the
marketing
department
.
•
The
physics
department
organized
a
weekly
seminar
for
graduate
students
.
The
physics
department
organized
a
weekly
seminar
for
graduate
students
.
Borrowed
from
Middle
French
departement
,
from
Old
French
departir
“
to
divide
.”
noun
a
branch
of
national
,
state
,
or
local
government
that
is
responsible
for
a
particular
area
of
public
policy
•
The
Department
of
Education
announced
new
guidelines
today
.
The
Department
of
Education
announced
new
guidelines
today
.
•
Funding
for
the
health
department
was
increased
by
the
city
council
.
Funding
for
the
health
department
was
increased
by
the
city
council
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
later
specialized
to
government
usage
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
informal
:
a
particular
area
of
life
,
skill
,
or
quality
used
when
comparing
people
or
things
•
When
it
comes
to
the
patience
department
,
my
brother
is
lacking
.
When
it
comes
to
the
patience
department
,
my
brother
is
lacking
.
•
Liz
is
doing
great
in
the
creativity
department
.
Liz
is
doing
great
in
the
creativity
department
.
Figurative
extension
from
the
literal
sense
of
an
organizational
division
,
first
recorded
in
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
.
step
noun
the
movement
made
when
you
lift
one
foot
and
put
it
down
in
a
new
place
while
walking
or
running
•
The
baby
took
her
first
step
this
morning
,
making
her
parents
cheer
.
The
baby
took
her
first
step
this
morning
,
making
her
parents
cheer
.
•
He
moved
back
a
step
to
see
the
large
painting
more
clearly
.
He
moved
back
a
step
to
see
the
large
painting
more
clearly
.
noun
one
stage
or
action
in
a
series
that
leads
to
a
result
•
The
first
step
in
the
recipe
is
to
preheat
the
oven
.
The
first
step
in
the
recipe
is
to
preheat
the
oven
.
•
Learning
the
alphabet
is
a
key
step
toward
reading
.
Learning
the
alphabet
is
a
key
step
toward
reading
.
noun
a
flat
surface
for
placing
the
foot
as
part
of
a
staircase
or
at
a
building
entrance
•
She
sat
on
the
front
step
and
watched
the
sunset
.
She
sat
on
the
front
step
and
watched
the
sunset
.
•
Mind
the
step
when
you
enter
the
shop
;
it's
a
little
high
.
Mind
the
step
when
you
enter
the
shop
;
it's
a
little
high
.
verb
-
step
,
stepping
,
steps
,
stepped
to
move
by
lifting
your
foot
and
putting
it
down
in
another
place
,
or
to
place
your
foot
on
something
•
Careful
not
to
step
on
the
flowers
beside
the
path
.
Careful
not
to
step
on
the
flowers
beside
the
path
.
•
He
stepped
aside
to
let
the
elderly
woman
pass
.
He
stepped
aside
to
let
the
elderly
woman
pass
.
step-
prefix
added
to
a
family
member
noun
to
show
a
relationship
through
remarriage
rather
than
by
birth
•
My
stepmother
and
I
bake
cookies
every
weekend
.
My
stepmother
and
I
bake
cookies
every
weekend
.
•
She
has
a
friendly
stepbrother
who
lives
in
Canada
.
She
has
a
friendly
stepbrother
who
lives
in
Canada
.
prepare
verb
-
prepare
,
preparing
,
prepares
,
prepared
to
make
something
ready
for
use
,
for
an
event
,
or
for
something
to
happen
•
She
prepared
the
guest
room
with
fresh
sheets
before
her
friends
arrived
.
She
prepared
the
guest
room
with
fresh
sheets
before
her
friends
arrived
.
•
The
chef
is
preparing
a
spicy
soup
in
the
busy
kitchen
.
The
chef
is
preparing
a
spicy
soup
in
the
busy
kitchen
.
From
Latin
praeparare
,
from
prae
‘
before
’
+
parare
‘
make
ready
’.
verb
-
prepare
,
preparing
,
prepares
,
prepared
to
get
yourself
ready
mentally
or
physically
for
something
•
He
closed
his
eyes
to
prepare
himself
for
the
difficult
conversation
.
He
closed
his
eyes
to
prepare
himself
for
the
difficult
conversation
.
•
Athletes
prepare
by
stretching
before
the
race
.
Athletes
prepare
by
stretching
before
the
race
.
From
Latin
praeparare
,
from
prae
‘
before
’
+
parare
‘
make
ready
’.
September
noun
-
September
the
ninth
month
of
the
year
,
between
August
and
October
•
School
usually
starts
again
in
early
September
.
School
usually
starts
again
in
early
September
.
•
The
leaves
began
to
turn
red
in
late
September
.
The
leaves
began
to
turn
red
in
late
September
.
From
Latin
“
September
,”
originally
meaning
the
seventh
month
of
the
early
Roman
calendar
(
septem
=
seven
),
before
January
and
February
were
added
to
the
beginning
of
the
year
.
accept
verb
-
accept
to
take
or
receive
something
that
is
offered
willingly
•
Mia
smiled
and
accepted
the
bouquet
of
flowers
.
Mia
smiled
and
accepted
the
bouquet
of
flowers
.
•
Please
accept
this
small
gift
as
a
token
of
thanks
.
Please
accept
this
small
gift
as
a
token
of
thanks
.
From
Latin
‘
acceptare
’
meaning
‘
to
take
to
oneself
’.
verb
-
accept
to
agree
to
do
something
or
say
yes
to
an
invitation
or
offer
•
She
accepted
the
job
offer
and
will
start
next
Monday
.
She
accepted
the
job
offer
and
will
start
next
Monday
.
•
Did
you
accept
their
invitation
to
the
wedding
?
Did
you
accept
their
invitation
to
the
wedding
?
verb
-
accept
to
believe
or
recognize
something
as
true
,
correct
,
or
valid
•
Most
scientists
accept
that
the
climate
is
changing
.
Most
scientists
accept
that
the
climate
is
changing
.
•
The
committee
accepted
her
explanation
as
reasonable
.
The
committee
accepted
her
explanation
as
reasonable
.
verb
-
accept
to
come
to
terms
with
or
tolerate
an
unpleasant
situation
or
fact
•
She
slowly
accepted
that
the
relationship
was
over
.
She
slowly
accepted
that
the
relationship
was
over
.
•
After
the
injury
,
the
athlete
had
to
accept
his
new
limitations
.
After
the
injury
,
the
athlete
had
to
accept
his
new
limitations
.
verb
-
accept
(
of
a
store
,
bank
,
or
machine
)
to
agree
to
take
a
particular
form
of
payment
or
document
•
This
café
accepts
credit
cards
and
mobile
payments
.
This
café
accepts
credit
cards
and
mobile
payments
.
•
Does
the
vending
machine
accept
coins
only
,
or
bills
too
?
Does
the
vending
machine
accept
coins
only
,
or
bills
too
?
verb
-
accept
to
admit
responsibility
,
blame
,
or
liability
•
The
company
accepted
full
responsibility
for
the
accident
.
The
company
accepted
full
responsibility
for
the
accident
.
•
He
accepted
blame
for
the
error
in
the
report
.
He
accepted
blame
for
the
error
in
the
report
.
verb
-
accept
(
of
a
container
or
machine
)
to
be
designed
to
hold
,
receive
,
or
fit
a
particular
item
•
The
printer
accepts
only
A4-size
paper
.
The
printer
accepts
only
A4-size
paper
.
•
This
camera
accepts
both
SD
and
CF
memory
cards
.
This
camera
accepts
both
SD
and
CF
memory
cards
.
represent
verb
to
act
or
speak
officially
for
another
person
,
group
,
or
country
•
The
lawyer
will
represent
the
company
in
court
tomorrow
.
The
lawyer
will
represent
the
company
in
court
tomorrow
.
•
We
chose
Maria
to
represent
our
class
at
the
student
council
meeting
.
We
chose
Maria
to
represent
our
class
at
the
student
council
meeting
.
From
Middle
English
representen
,
from
Old
French
représenter
,
from
Latin
repraesentāre
“
to
place
before
,
show
,
exhibit
”.
verb
to
be
a
symbol
or
sign
of
something
;
to
stand
for
•
In
many
cultures
,
white
doves
represent
peace
.
In
many
cultures
,
white
doves
represent
peace
.
•
On
maps
,
a
blue
line
usually
represents
a
river
.
On
maps
,
a
blue
line
usually
represents
a
river
.
verb
to
show
or
portray
something
in
a
picture
,
description
,
model
,
or
performance
•
The
painting
represents
a
calm
evening
by
the
sea
.
The
painting
represents
a
calm
evening
by
the
sea
.
•
This
3-D
model
represents
the
new
city
hall
design
.
This
3-D
model
represents
the
new
city
hall
design
.
verb
to
amount
to
or
be
the
same
as
something
;
to
constitute
•
Women
represent
60
percent
of
the
company
’
s
workforce
.
Women
represent
60
percent
of
the
company
’
s
workforce
.
•
This
figure
represents
a
major
step
forward
for
our
research
.
This
figure
represents
a
major
step
forward
for
our
research
.
deep
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
extending
a
long
way
down
from
the
top
,
surface
,
or
opening
•
The
lake
is
so
deep
that
you
can
’
t
see
the
bottom
.
The
lake
is
so
deep
that
you
can
’
t
see
the
bottom
.
•
Miners
work
in
a
deep
tunnel
under
the
mountain
.
Miners
work
in
a
deep
tunnel
under
the
mountain
.
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
very
strong
or
extreme
in
degree
,
feeling
,
or
quality
•
She
felt
deep
sadness
when
her
dog
passed
away
.
She
felt
deep
sadness
when
her
dog
passed
away
.
•
I
have
deep
respect
for
my
grandparents
.
I
have
deep
respect
for
my
grandparents
.
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
having
a
low
,
full
sound
or
pitch
•
His
voice
is
so
deep
it
sounds
like
thunder
.
His
voice
is
so
deep
it
sounds
like
thunder
.
•
The
singer
hit
a
deep
note
at
the
end
of
the
song
.
The
singer
hit
a
deep
note
at
the
end
of
the
song
.
adverb
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
far
below
a
surface
,
or
far
inside
a
place
or
thing
•
The
treasure
is
buried
deep
underground
.
The
treasure
is
buried
deep
underground
.
•
The
tunnel
runs
deep
into
the
mountain
.
The
tunnel
runs
deep
into
the
mountain
.
adjective
-
deep
,
deeper
,
deepest
far
into
the
middle
or
later
part
of
a
period
of
time
•
It
was
deep
winter
and
the
river
was
frozen
solid
.
It
was
deep
winter
and
the
river
was
frozen
solid
.
•
We
talked
until
deep
into
the
night
.
We
talked
until
deep
into
the
night
.
noun
the
part
that
is
far
below
the
surface
of
the
sea
or
far
out
in
space
•
The
submarine
disappeared
into
the
deep
.
The
submarine
disappeared
into
the
deep
.
•
Sailors
have
long
feared
monsters
of
the
deep
.
Sailors
have
long
feared
monsters
of
the
deep
.
sleep
verb
-
sleep
,
sleeping
,
sleeps
,
slept
to
rest
with
your
eyes
closed
and
mind
unconscious
,
usually
at
night
,
so
your
body
and
mind
can
recover
•
I
usually
sleep
for
eight
hours
every
night
.
I
usually
sleep
for
eight
hours
every
night
.
•
Please
be
quiet
;
the
dog
is
sleeping
.
Please
be
quiet
;
the
dog
is
sleeping
.
Old
English
slæpan
,
related
to
Old
High
German
slafan
“
to
sleep
”
and
Dutch
slapen
;
the
basic
meaning
has
remained
the
same
since
ancient
times
.
noun
-
sleep
the
natural
state
of
rest
in
which
you
are
unconscious
and
your
body
is
inactive
•
A
good
night
’
s
sleep
will
help
you
feel
better
.
A
good
night
’
s
sleep
will
help
you
feel
better
.
•
Children
need
plenty
of
sleep
to
grow
.
Children
need
plenty
of
sleep
to
grow
.
noun
-
sleep
the
small
dried
mucus
that
gathers
in
the
corners
of
your
eyes
while
you
are
sleeping
•
He
rubbed
the
sleep
from
his
eyes
and
yawned
.
He
rubbed
the
sleep
from
his
eyes
and
yawned
.
•
There
was
a
bit
of
sleep
stuck
to
the
baby
’
s
lashes
.
There
was
a
bit
of
sleep
stuck
to
the
baby
’
s
lashes
.
verb
-
sleep
,
sleeping
,
sleeps
,
slept
to
have
enough
beds
or
space
for
a
stated
number
of
people
to
spend
the
night
•
The
new
cabin
sleeps
six
comfortably
.
The
new
cabin
sleeps
six
comfortably
.
•
This
tent
sleeps
four
,
so
it
’
s
perfect
for
our
trip
.
This
tent
sleeps
four
,
so
it
’
s
perfect
for
our
trip
.
replace
verb
-
replace
,
replacing
,
replaces
,
replaced
to
put
something
back
to
its
original
position
•
Please
replace
the
book
on
the
shelf
when
you
’
re
done
.
Please
replace
the
book
on
the
shelf
when
you
’
re
done
.
•
After
using
the
tools
,
she
carefully
replaced
them
in
the
drawer
.
After
using
the
tools
,
she
carefully
replaced
them
in
the
drawer
.
verb
-
replace
,
replacing
,
replaces
,
replaced
to
take
the
place
of
something
or
someone
and
perform
the
same
job
,
role
,
or
function
•
Email
has
largely
replaced
traditional
letters
for
everyday
communication
.
Email
has
largely
replaced
traditional
letters
for
everyday
communication
.
•
The
factory
installed
robots
that
replaced
many
manual
tasks
.
The
factory
installed
robots
that
replaced
many
manual
tasks
.
From
Middle
French
remplacer
,
from
re-
“
again
”
+
placer
“
to
place
”.
verb
-
replace
,
replacing
,
replaces
,
replaced
to
provide
something
new
instead
of
something
old
,
damaged
,
or
lost
•
The
technician
replaced
the
cracked
phone
screen
with
a
new
one
.
The
technician
replaced
the
cracked
phone
screen
with
a
new
one
.
•
Could
you
replace
these
batteries
?
They
’
re
dead
.
Could
you
replace
these
batteries
?
They
’
re
dead
.
concept
noun
an
abstract
idea
or
thought
that
helps
you
understand
or
explain
something
•
The
concept
of
time
travel
fascinates
many
scientists
.
The
concept
of
time
travel
fascinates
many
scientists
.
•
Honesty
is
an
important
concept
children
learn
early
in
life
.
Honesty
is
an
important
concept
children
learn
early
in
life
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
“
conceptus
”
meaning
“
something
conceived
”,
from
“
concipere
” (“
to
take
in
,
to
conceive
”).
noun
an
original
design
or
plan
for
a
new
product
,
project
,
or
creation
,
often
shown
in
an
early
experimental
form
•
The
company
unveiled
a
futuristic
concept
for
an
electric
flying
taxi
.
The
company
unveiled
a
futuristic
concept
for
an
electric
flying
taxi
.
•
This
museum
exhibit
shows
early
car
concepts
from
the
1950s
.
This
museum
exhibit
shows
early
car
concepts
from
the
1950s
.
Extended
use
of
the
general
meaning
of
“
concept
”
to
physical
design
plans
became
common
in
the
early
20th
century
with
industrial
design
.
reporter
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
discover
facts
about
news
events
and
tell
the
public
about
them
in
newspapers
,
on
television
,
on
radio
,
or
online
•
The
reporter
interviewed
eyewitnesses
at
the
scene
of
the
accident
.
The
reporter
interviewed
eyewitnesses
at
the
scene
of
the
accident
.
•
After
writing
her
article
,
the
reporter
rushed
to
meet
the
newspaper's
deadline
.
After
writing
her
article
,
the
reporter
rushed
to
meet
the
newspaper's
deadline
.
from
the
verb
“
report
”
+
“
-er
,”
first
used
in
the
sense
of
a
news
gatherer
in
the
early
1800s
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
record
every
word
spoken
in
a
court
or
other
formal
meeting
,
usually
using
a
special
machine
,
so
that
an
exact
written
record
exists
•
The
court
reporter
typed
every
word
the
witness
said
.
The
court
reporter
typed
every
word
the
witness
said
.
•
The
judge
asked
the
reporter
to
read
back
the
defendant's
last
statement
.
The
judge
asked
the
reporter
to
read
back
the
defendant's
last
statement
.
extension
of
sense
‘
one
who
reports
’
to
the
legal
context
in
the
mid-1800s
,
when
verbatim
records
of
trials
became
standard
noun
a
book
or
set
of
books
that
regularly
publishes
the
written
decisions
of
a
particular
court
or
group
of
courts
•
Law
students
often
consult
the
Federal
Reporter
to
study
precedent
.
Law
students
often
consult
the
Federal
Reporter
to
study
precedent
.
•
This
case
was
first
printed
in
the
regional
reporter
in
1987
.
This
case
was
first
printed
in
the
regional
reporter
in
1987
.
from
the
idea
of
a
volume
that
‘
reports
’
judicial
opinions
to
the
public
,
first
appearing
in
English
law
publishing
in
the
16th
century
depend
verb
-
depend
,
depending
,
depends
,
depended
to
be
decided
or
influenced
by
something
else
;
to
be
conditional
on
a
particular
factor
•
Whether
we
go
camping
tomorrow
will
depend
on
the
weather
.
Whether
we
go
camping
tomorrow
will
depend
on
the
weather
.
•
The
success
of
the
project
depends
on
everyone's
cooperation
.
The
success
of
the
project
depends
on
everyone's
cooperation
.
From
Latin
dependēre
“
to
hang
from
,
be
contingent
upon
” (
de-
“
down
”
+
pendēre
“
to
hang
”).
verb
-
depend
,
depending
,
depends
,
depended
to
need
someone
or
something
for
support
,
help
,
or
survival
;
to
rely
on
•
Young
children
depend
on
their
parents
for
food
and
shelter
.
Young
children
depend
on
their
parents
for
food
and
shelter
.
•
Many
rural
villages
depend
on
a
single
well
for
clean
water
.
Many
rural
villages
depend
on
a
single
well
for
clean
water
.
Same
origin
as
the
first
sense
:
Latin
dependēre
“
to
hang
from
,
be
supported
by
.”
independent
adjective
not
controlled
,
helped
,
or
influenced
by
other
people
,
things
,
or
countries
•
At
eighteen
,
Maria
moved
into
her
own
flat
to
become
independent
.
At
eighteen
,
Maria
moved
into
her
own
flat
to
become
independent
.
•
The
small
island
nation
became
independent
after
decades
of
foreign
rule
.
The
small
island
nation
became
independent
after
decades
of
foreign
rule
.
From
Latin
'independens'
meaning
‘
not
relying
on
something
else
’,
formed
from
in-
‘
not
’
+
dependere
‘
to
hang
from
’.
noun
a
person
,
group
,
or
business
that
does
not
belong
to
or
depend
on
a
larger
organization
,
especially
a
voter
or
politician
with
no
political
party
•
The
independent
won
the
mayor
’
s
race
,
surprising
the
big
parties
.
The
independent
won
the
mayor
’
s
race
,
surprising
the
big
parties
.
•
As
an
independent
,
Carla
judges
each
election
by
the
issues
,
not
by
party
loyalty
.
As
an
independent
,
Carla
judges
each
election
by
the
issues
,
not
by
party
loyalty
.
From
the
adjective
‘
independent
’;
used
as
a
noun
since
the
17th
century
to
describe
people
or
groups
standing
alone
.
except
preposition
not
including
someone
or
something
;
apart
from
•
Everyone
finished
the
race
except
Tom
.
Everyone
finished
the
race
except
Tom
.
•
The
museum
is
open
daily
except
Mondays
.
The
museum
is
open
daily
except
Mondays
.
conjunction
used
to
introduce
the
only
fact
or
condition
that
makes
a
statement
not
completely
true
or
possible
•
I'd
love
to
join
you
,
except
I
have
to
work
late
.
I'd
love
to
join
you
,
except
I
have
to
work
late
.
•
The
cake
looked
perfect
,
except
it
burned
on
the
bottom
.
The
cake
looked
perfect
,
except
it
burned
on
the
bottom
.
verb
to
leave
out
or
exclude
someone
or
something
from
a
rule
,
list
,
or
statement
•
The
scholarship
excepts
international
students
from
paying
fees
.
The
scholarship
excepts
international
students
from
paying
fees
.
•
The
new
law
excepted
small
farms
from
the
tax
increase
.
The
new
law
excepted
small
farms
from
the
tax
increase
.
repeat
verb
to
say
,
write
,
or
do
something
again
•
"
Could
you
please
repeat
your
question
?"
the
teacher
asked
.
"
Could
you
please
repeat
your
question
?"
the
teacher
asked
.
•
The
children
love
to
repeat
the
song
’
s
chorus
over
and
over
while
clapping
their
hands
.
The
children
love
to
repeat
the
song
’
s
chorus
over
and
over
while
clapping
their
hands
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
repeter
,
from
Latin
repetere
“
to
seek
again
,
return
to
,
repeat
”,
from
re-
“
again
”
+
petere
“
to
seek
”.
noun
the
act
of
doing
or
saying
something
again
,
or
something
that
is
done
or
said
again
•
I
didn
’
t
hear
the
announcement
,
so
could
we
have
a
repeat
?
I
didn
’
t
hear
the
announcement
,
so
could
we
have
a
repeat
?
•
His
joke
got
such
a
laugh
that
an
immediate
repeat
was
inevitable
.
His
joke
got
such
a
laugh
that
an
immediate
repeat
was
inevitable
.
noun
a
television
or
radio
programme
that
is
broadcast
again
after
it
was
first
shown
or
heard
•
Tonight
’
s
sitcom
is
a
repeat
from
last
season
.
Tonight
’
s
sitcom
is
a
repeat
from
last
season
.
•
The
channel
schedules
repeats
during
the
summer
break
.
The
channel
schedules
repeats
during
the
summer
break
.
episode
noun
one
part
of
a
television
show
,
radio
programme
,
podcast
,
or
other
serial
that
is
broadcast
or
released
separately
•
Everyone
is
talking
about
the
shocking
twist
in
the
latest
episode
of
the
crime
series
.
Everyone
is
talking
about
the
shocking
twist
in
the
latest
episode
of
the
crime
series
.
•
The
podcast
releases
a
new
episode
every
Monday
morning
during
commuters
’
rush
hour
.
The
podcast
releases
a
new
episode
every
Monday
morning
during
commuters
’
rush
hour
.
from
Greek
‘
epeisodion
’
meaning
‘
addition
,
incidental
piece
’,
originally
referring
to
spoken
sections
between
choral
songs
in
Greek
drama
noun
a
separate
event
or
short
period
in
a
larger
story
or
in
someone
’
s
life
,
often
unusual
or
important
•
The
embarrassing
episode
at
the
restaurant
taught
him
to
be
more
careful
with
his
words
.
The
embarrassing
episode
at
the
restaurant
taught
him
to
be
more
careful
with
his
words
.
•
Her
childhood
was
generally
happy
except
for
one
tragic
episode
when
the
family
lost
their
home
.
Her
childhood
was
generally
happy
except
for
one
tragic
episode
when
the
family
lost
their
home
.
same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
extension
of
meaning
from
part
of
a
drama
to
part
of
real
life
in
18th-century
English
noun
a
single
occurrence
of
a
medical
condition
,
such
as
a
seizure
,
asthma
attack
,
or
bout
of
depression
•
The
patient
experienced
an
episode
of
severe
chest
pain
during
the
night
.
The
patient
experienced
an
episode
of
severe
chest
pain
during
the
night
.
•
Stress
can
trigger
an
episode
of
migraine
in
some
people
.
Stress
can
trigger
an
episode
of
migraine
in
some
people
.
medical
use
arose
in
late
19th
century
,
applying
the
dramatic
term
to
distinct
periods
of
illness
noun
in
music
,
a
passage
between
statements
of
the
main
theme
,
especially
in
a
fugue
or
rondo
•
The
composer
lengthened
each
episode
to
create
greater
contrast
with
the
theme
.
The
composer
lengthened
each
episode
to
create
greater
contrast
with
the
theme
.
•
In
Bach
’
s
fugues
,
an
episode
often
modulates
through
several
keys
.
In
Bach
’
s
fugues
,
an
episode
often
modulates
through
several
keys
.
borrowed
into
musical
theory
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
sections
that
‘
fill
in
’
between
statements
of
the
main
theme
,
echoing
the
dramatic
sense
of
interposed
material
representative
noun
a
person
who
is
chosen
or
elected
to
speak
or
act
for
a
group
of
other
people
•
The
town
elected
Maria
as
their
representative
on
the
council
.
The
town
elected
Maria
as
their
representative
on
the
council
.
•
Each
class
sends
one
representative
to
the
student
parliament
.
Each
class
sends
one
representative
to
the
student
parliament
.
from
Medieval
Latin
repraesentativus
“
serving
to
represent
,”
from
Latin
repraesentare
“
to
show
,
present
”
+
‑ivus
"
-ive
".
noun
someone
who
promotes
and
sells
a
company
’
s
products
or
services
to
customers
•
A
representative
from
the
software
company
gave
us
a
demo
.
A
representative
from
the
software
company
gave
us
a
demo
.
•
The
pharmaceutical
representative
visited
the
hospital
on
Tuesday
.
The
pharmaceutical
representative
visited
the
hospital
on
Tuesday
.
extended
commercial
sense
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
.
adjective
showing
the
typical
qualities
of
a
larger
group
so
that
it
can
stand
for
that
group
•
We
took
a
representative
sample
of
100
households
.
We
took
a
representative
sample
of
100
households
.
•
This
painting
is
representative
of
her
early
style
.
This
painting
is
representative
of
her
early
style
.
adjective
use
from
Latin
repraesentativus
,
meaning
'serving
to
present
or
exhibit'
.
adjective
relating
to
a
political
system
in
which
people
choose
others
to
make
decisions
for
them
•
They
studied
the
history
of
representative
government
in
class
.
They
studied
the
history
of
representative
government
in
class
.
•
A
representative
democracy
allows
citizens
to
vote
for
lawmakers
.
A
representative
democracy
allows
citizens
to
vote
for
lawmakers
.
political
sense
popularized
in
the
17th
century
amid
debates
on
parliamentary
rule
.
perception
noun
the
ability
to
notice
or
become
aware
of
things
through
sight
,
hearing
,
touch
,
taste
,
or
smell
•
A
cat's
sharp
night
vision
gives
it
excellent
perception
in
the
dark
.
A
cat's
sharp
night
vision
gives
it
excellent
perception
in
the
dark
.
•
After
the
lights
went
out
,
her
sense
of
touch
became
key
to
her
perception
of
the
room
.
After
the
lights
went
out
,
her
sense
of
touch
became
key
to
her
perception
of
the
room
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
perceptio
’
meaning
‘
receiving
,
understanding
’,
from
‘
percipere
’ ‘
to
seize
,
understand
’.
noun
the
way
you
understand
or
think
about
something
;
an
opinion
or
belief
formed
in
your
mind
•
Media
coverage
can
shape
the
public's
perception
of
a
political
candidate
.
Media
coverage
can
shape
the
public's
perception
of
a
political
candidate
.
•
Traveling
abroad
changed
his
perception
of
other
cultures
.
Traveling
abroad
changed
his
perception
of
other
cultures
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
perceptio
’
meaning
‘
receiving
,
understanding
’,
from
‘
percipere
’ ‘
to
seize
,
understand
’.
separate
adjective
not
joined
,
connected
,
or
combined
with
something
else
•
They
keep
work
and
family
life
in
separate
calendars
.
They
keep
work
and
family
life
in
separate
calendars
.
•
The
campsite
offers
separate
showers
for
men
and
women
.
The
campsite
offers
separate
showers
for
men
and
women
.
Adjective
pronunciation
reduced
to
/ˈseprət/
by
the
mid-18th
century
as
stress
shifted
.
verb
-
separate
,
separating
,
separates
,
separated
to
move
or
divide
people
or
things
so
they
are
no
longer
together
•
The
librarian
separated
the
old
magazines
from
the
new
ones
.
The
librarian
separated
the
old
magazines
from
the
new
ones
.
•
After
the
school
fight
,
a
male
teacher
quickly
separated
the
two
boys
.
After
the
school
fight
,
a
male
teacher
quickly
separated
the
two
boys
.
From
Latin
separare
“
to
put
apart
,
divide
”,
from
se-
“
apart
”
+
parare
“
to
prepare
”.
verb
-
separate
,
separating
,
separates
,
separated
to
stop
living
together
as
a
married
or
romantic
couple
•
After
ten
years
of
marriage
,
they
decided
to
separate
but
remain
friends
.
After
ten
years
of
marriage
,
they
decided
to
separate
but
remain
friends
.
•
My
aunt
and
uncle
separated
last
spring
and
now
live
in
different
cities
.
My
aunt
and
uncle
separated
last
spring
and
now
live
in
different
cities
.
Sense
developed
from
general
meaning
of
“
move
apart
”
in
the
early
17th
century
.
verb
-
separate
,
separating
,
separates
,
separated
to
recognise
and
treat
two
or
more
things
as
different
•
It
can
be
hard
to
separate
fact
from
opinion
on
social
media
.
It
can
be
hard
to
separate
fact
from
opinion
on
social
media
.
•
Experienced
tasters
can
easily
separate
the
flavors
of
chocolate
and
coffee
in
this
dessert
.
Experienced
tasters
can
easily
separate
the
flavors
of
chocolate
and
coffee
in
this
dessert
.
Logical
sense
arose
in
the
19th
century
alongside
advances
in
science
and
philosophy
.
noun
a
piece
of
clothing
,
such
as
a
skirt
or
jacket
,
that
is
designed
to
be
worn
with
others
rather
than
as
part
of
a
fixed
suit
•
She
bought
a
linen
separate
that
pairs
well
with
many
blouses
.
She
bought
a
linen
separate
that
pairs
well
with
many
blouses
.
•
These
wool
separates
are
perfect
for
building
a
winter
wardrobe
.
These
wool
separates
are
perfect
for
building
a
winter
wardrobe
.
Noun
use
for
mix-and-match
garments
began
in
the
1940s
fashion
industry
.
depression
noun
a
strong
feeling
of
sadness
and
lack
of
hope
,
especially
for
a
period
of
time
•
A
wave
of
depression
washed
over
her
when
she
heard
the
bad
news
.
A
wave
of
depression
washed
over
her
when
she
heard
the
bad
news
.
•
The
gray
,
rainy
weather
filled
everyone
with
depression
.
The
gray
,
rainy
weather
filled
everyone
with
depression
.
noun
a
serious
medical
condition
in
which
a
person
feels
very
sad
,
hopeless
,
tired
,
and
loses
interest
in
life
for
a
long
time
•
After
losing
his
job
,
Mark
struggled
with
depression
and
found
it
hard
to
get
out
of
bed
.
After
losing
his
job
,
Mark
struggled
with
depression
and
found
it
hard
to
get
out
of
bed
.
•
Talking
to
a
therapist
helped
Olivia
manage
her
depression
.
Talking
to
a
therapist
helped
Olivia
manage
her
depression
.
from
Latin
deprimere
“
to
press
down
,”
meaning
“
sadness
”
since
the
17th
century
noun
a
part
of
a
surface
that
is
lower
than
the
surrounding
area
;
a
hollow
or
dent
•
There
is
a
small
depression
in
the
center
of
the
metal
lid
.
There
is
a
small
depression
in
the
center
of
the
metal
lid
.
•
The
dinosaur
’
s
footprint
left
a
deep
depression
in
the
mud
.
The
dinosaur
’
s
footprint
left
a
deep
depression
in
the
mud
.
noun
a
long
and
very
serious
period
when
business
activity
slows
down
and
many
people
do
not
have
jobs
•
The
Great
Depression
of
the
1930s
left
millions
without
jobs
.
The
Great
Depression
of
the
1930s
left
millions
without
jobs
.
•
Economists
fear
that
the
trade
war
could
lead
to
another
depression
.
Economists
fear
that
the
trade
war
could
lead
to
another
depression
.
noun
a
region
of
low
air
pressure
that
often
brings
clouds
,
wind
,
and
rain
•
A
tropical
depression
formed
off
the
coast
and
is
moving
north
.
A
tropical
depression
formed
off
the
coast
and
is
moving
north
.
•
The
weather
forecast
warns
of
a
depression
bringing
heavy
showers
tomorrow
.
The
weather
forecast
warns
of
a
depression
bringing
heavy
showers
tomorrow
.
deeply
adverb
far
down
below
the
top
or
surface
•
The
tree's
roots
reached
deeply
into
the
rich
,
dark
soil
.
The
tree's
roots
reached
deeply
into
the
rich
,
dark
soil
.
•
The
submarine
dived
deeply
beneath
the
icy
waves
of
the
Arctic
Ocean
.
The
submarine
dived
deeply
beneath
the
icy
waves
of
the
Arctic
Ocean
.
adverb
very
or
extremely
,
used
to
give
stronger
meaning
to
another
word
•
She
felt
deeply
sorry
for
forgetting
his
birthday
.
She
felt
deeply
sorry
for
forgetting
his
birthday
.
•
We
are
deeply
grateful
for
your
help
during
the
storm
.
We
are
deeply
grateful
for
your
help
during
the
storm
.
adverb
in
a
way
that
shows
strong
feeling
,
serious
thought
,
or
great
importance
•
He
deeply
loved
his
grandmother
and
visited
her
every
weekend
.
He
deeply
loved
his
grandmother
and
visited
her
every
weekend
.
•
She
deeply
believes
that
honesty
is
essential
.
She
deeply
believes
that
honesty
is
essential
.
reply
verb
-
reply
,
replying
,
replies
,
replied
to
say
,
write
,
or
otherwise
give
an
answer
to
someone
•
Please
reply
to
my
email
by
tomorrow
.
Please
reply
to
my
email
by
tomorrow
.
•
If
you
have
any
questions
,
just
reply
in
the
chat
.
If
you
have
any
questions
,
just
reply
in
the
chat
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
‘
repler
’
and
Latin
‘
replicare
’
meaning
‘
fold
back
,
answer
’.
noun
-
reply
,
replies
something
that
is
said
or
written
as
an
answer
•
Her
quick
reply
surprised
everyone
.
Her
quick
reply
surprised
everyone
.
•
I
sent
a
text
but
never
got
a
reply
.
I
sent
a
text
but
never
got
a
reply
.
From
the
verb
‘
reply
’;
first
recorded
as
a
noun
in
the
early
16th
century
.
exception
noun
something
or
someone
that
does
not
follow
a
rule
,
pattern
,
or
general
statement
•
All
the
students
handed
in
their
homework
on
time
without
a
single
exception
.
All
the
students
handed
in
their
homework
on
time
without
a
single
exception
.
•
Most
birds
can
fly
;
the
penguin
is
a
famous
exception
.
Most
birds
can
fly
;
the
penguin
is
a
famous
exception
.
From
Latin
exceptiō
,
meaning
‘
a
leaving
out
’,
from
excipere
‘
to
take
out
’.
noun
in
computer
programming
,
an
error
or
unusual
event
that
stops
or
changes
the
normal
flow
of
a
program
•
The
app
crashed
because
an
exception
was
not
handled
properly
.
The
app
crashed
because
an
exception
was
not
handled
properly
.
•
Catching
an
exception
allows
the
program
to
continue
running
instead
of
stopping
.
Catching
an
exception
allows
the
program
to
continue
running
instead
of
stopping
.
Sense
developed
in
the
1960s
as
computer
science
adopted
legal
and
logical
vocabulary
to
name
abnormal
conditions
that
‘
break
’
normal
rules
.
noun
in
law
,
a
formal
objection
raised
by
a
lawyer
against
a
ruling
,
evidence
,
or
procedure
•
Defense
counsel
took
exception
to
the
judge
’
s
decision
to
admit
the
photograph
.
Defense
counsel
took
exception
to
the
judge
’
s
decision
to
admit
the
photograph
.
•
The
lawyer
noted
his
exception
for
the
record
immediately
after
the
ruling
.
The
lawyer
noted
his
exception
for
the
record
immediately
after
the
ruling
.
Borrowed
into
legal
English
in
the
14th
century
from
Old
French
,
maintaining
the
sense
of
‘
reserved
objection
’.
pepper
noun
-
pepper
A
hot
,
pungent
powder
or
small
granules
made
by
grinding
dried
peppercorns
,
used
to
give
food
a
sharp
flavour
.
•
Please
pass
the
pepper
so
I
can
season
my
eggs
.
Please
pass
the
pepper
so
I
can
season
my
eggs
.
•
A
dash
of
pepper
made
the
soup
taste
much
better
.
A
dash
of
pepper
made
the
soup
taste
much
better
.
Old
English
peper
,
from
Latin
piper
,
from
Greek
peperi
,
ultimately
from
Sanskrit
pippalī
.
noun
A
hollow
,
usually
sweet
or
mildly
hot
vegetable
that
can
be
green
,
red
,
yellow
,
or
other
colours
;
also
,
any
of
several
hot
chili
fruits
.
•
She
stuffed
a
red
pepper
with
rice
and
cheese
.
She
stuffed
a
red
pepper
with
rice
and
cheese
.
•
Green
peppers
turn
yellow
and
then
red
as
they
ripen
.
Green
peppers
turn
yellow
and
then
red
as
they
ripen
.
verb
To
put
pepper
on
or
into
food
to
add
flavour
.
•
He
peppered
his
steak
before
putting
it
on
the
grill
.
He
peppered
his
steak
before
putting
it
on
the
grill
.
•
Taste
the
sauce
and
pepper
it
if
necessary
.
Taste
the
sauce
and
pepper
it
if
necessary
.
noun
The
small
dried
dark
berry
of
the
tropical
vine
Piper
nigrum
,
or
the
plant
itself
,
from
which
the
spice
is
made
.
•
The
humid
climate
of
Kerala
is
perfect
for
growing
pepper
.
The
humid
climate
of
Kerala
is
perfect
for
growing
pepper
.
•
Traders
once
sailed
vast
distances
to
buy
sacks
of
dried
pepper
.
Traders
once
sailed
vast
distances
to
buy
sacks
of
dried
pepper
.
verb
To
cover
or
fill
something
with
many
small
spots
,
marks
,
or
objects
,
or
to
bombard
someone
with
many
things
such
as
questions
.
•
Bullet
holes
peppered
the
old
sign
by
the
road
.
Bullet
holes
peppered
the
old
sign
by
the
road
.
•
Reporters
peppered
the
mayor
with
questions
after
the
meeting
.
Reporters
peppered
the
mayor
with
questions
after
the
meeting
.
republic
noun
a
country
or
state
without
a
king
or
queen
in
which
the
people
elect
their
leaders
•
After
years
of
monarchy
,
the
nation
finally
became
a
republic
and
elected
its
first
president
.
After
years
of
monarchy
,
the
nation
finally
became
a
republic
and
elected
its
first
president
.
•
The
teacher
showed
the
students
a
map
highlighting
every
republic
in
South
America
.
The
teacher
showed
the
students
a
map
highlighting
every
republic
in
South
America
.
from
Latin
res
publica
“
public
affair
,
commonwealth
”,
later
used
in
French
république
before
entering
English
in
the
16th
century
noun
a
self-governing
community
or
network
of
people
linked
by
a
shared
interest
•
During
the
Renaissance
,
writers
across
Europe
saw
themselves
as
part
of
a
republic
of
letters
.
During
the
Renaissance
,
writers
across
Europe
saw
themselves
as
part
of
a
republic
of
letters
.
•
Thanks
to
social
media
,
photographers
worldwide
have
formed
a
vibrant
republic
of
imagemakers
.
Thanks
to
social
media
,
photographers
worldwide
have
formed
a
vibrant
republic
of
imagemakers
.
extension
of
the
political
sense
to
metaphorical
communities
from
the
17th
century
onward
depth
noun
the
measurement
of
how
deep
something
is
from
its
top
or
surface
to
its
bottom
or
back
•
The
pool
has
a
depth
of
three
meters
at
its
deepest
point
.
The
pool
has
a
depth
of
three
meters
at
its
deepest
point
.
•
Please
adjust
the
shelf
to
the
right
depth
so
the
books
will
fit
.
Please
adjust
the
shelf
to
the
right
depth
so
the
books
will
fit
.
From
Middle
English
depe
+
-th
,
modeled
on
length
and
breadth
,
tracing
back
to
Old
English
dēop
“
deep
.”
noun
a
point
or
area
far
below
the
surface
,
especially
of
water
,
earth
,
or
space
•
A
strange
fish
lives
in
the
dark
depths
of
the
ocean
.
A
strange
fish
lives
in
the
dark
depths
of
the
ocean
.
•
The
treasure
was
hidden
at
a
depth
only
experienced
divers
could
reach
.
The
treasure
was
hidden
at
a
depth
only
experienced
divers
could
reach
.
Figurative
use
for
remote
or
obscure
places
dates
from
the
14th
century
.
noun
the
quality
of
being
complex
,
intense
,
or
showing
great
detail
,
thought
,
or
feeling
•
Her
novels
are
admired
for
the
depth
of
their
characters
.
Her
novels
are
admired
for
the
depth
of
their
characters
.
•
The
speaker's
words
had
a
depth
that
moved
the
audience
to
silence
.
The
speaker's
words
had
a
depth
that
moved
the
audience
to
silence
.
reputation
noun
the
general
opinion
that
people
have
about
someone
or
something
,
based
on
past
actions
or
behavior
•
After
the
scandal
,
the
politician's
reputation
was
ruined
.
After
the
scandal
,
the
politician's
reputation
was
ruined
.
•
The
company
worked
hard
to
build
a
positive
reputation
for
customer
service
.
The
company
worked
hard
to
build
a
positive
reputation
for
customer
service
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
reputatio
‘
consideration
’,
from
reputare
‘
think
over
’.
telephone
noun
a
device
with
a
mouth-piece
and
an
earpiece
that
lets
people
talk
to
each
other
even
when
they
are
far
apart
,
by
turning
their
voices
into
electrical
signals
and
back
again
•
Maya
picked
up
the
telephone
and
called
her
grandmother
.
Maya
picked
up
the
telephone
and
called
her
grandmother
.
•
The
old
telephone
on
his
desk
still
had
a
rotary
dial
.
The
old
telephone
on
his
desk
still
had
a
rotary
dial
.
from
Greek
tele-
‘
far
’
+
phōnē
‘
voice
,
sound
’;
invented
name
used
by
Alexander
Graham
Bell
in
the
19th
century
noun
the
whole
network
and
technology
that
carries
spoken
messages
over
wires
or
radio
waves
so
people
can
talk
to
each
other
across
distances
•
The
telephone
changed
the
way
businesses
communicated
around
the
world
.
The
telephone
changed
the
way
businesses
communicated
around
the
world
.
•
Strong
winds
knocked
out
the
village
’
s
telephone
for
two
days
.
Strong
winds
knocked
out
the
village
’
s
telephone
for
two
days
.
developed
from
the
device
name
to
describe
the
entire
system
that
carries
calls
verb
-
telephone
,
telephoning
,
telephones
,
telephoned
to
call
someone
and
speak
to
them
using
a
telephone
•
I
will
telephone
you
as
soon
as
I
arrive
.
I
will
telephone
you
as
soon
as
I
arrive
.
•
She
telephoned
the
doctor
for
an
appointment
.
She
telephoned
the
doctor
for
an
appointment
.
back-formation
from
the
noun
;
first
used
as
a
verb
soon
after
the
device
was
invented
independence
noun
-
independence
the
state
of
not
being
controlled
by
or
relying
on
other
people
,
organizations
,
or
things
•
After
moving
out
of
her
parents'
house
,
Maria
loved
her
new-found
independence
.
After
moving
out
of
her
parents'
house
,
Maria
loved
her
new-found
independence
.
•
Learning
to
drive
gave
Jake
a
thrilling
sense
of
independence
.
Learning
to
drive
gave
Jake
a
thrilling
sense
of
independence
.
From
Latin
independens
(“
not
depending
on
something
else
”),
formed
from
in-
(“
not
”)
+
dependere
(“
to
hang
from
,
rely
on
”).
noun
-
independence
freedom
of
a
nation
or
region
to
govern
itself
,
separate
from
another
country
•
India
celebrates
its
independence
on
August
15
each
year
.
India
celebrates
its
independence
on
August
15
each
year
.
•
The
colony
fought
a
long
war
to
gain
independence
from
the
empire
.
The
colony
fought
a
long
war
to
gain
independence
from
the
empire
.
Same
root
as
general
sense
;
became
associated
with
national
self-rule
after
political
revolutions
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
-
independence
a
situation
in
mathematics
or
statistics
where
one
value
or
event
does
not
influence
another
•
The
scientist
questioned
the
independence
of
the
two
measurements
.
The
scientist
questioned
the
independence
of
the
two
measurements
.
•
A
chi-square
test
can
check
the
independence
of
categorical
variables
.
A
chi-square
test
can
check
the
independence
of
categorical
variables
.
Adopted
into
mathematics
in
the
19th
century
to
describe
variables
that
do
not
depend
on
each
other
.
rep
noun
abbreviation
for
representative
;
a
person
who
speaks
or
acts
for
a
company
,
organization
,
or
group
•
The
company
sent
a
rep
to
discuss
the
new
product
line
.
The
company
sent
a
rep
to
discuss
the
new
product
line
.
•
Talk
to
our
customer
service
rep
if
you
have
any
questions
.
Talk
to
our
customer
service
rep
if
you
have
any
questions
.
noun
abbreviation
for
repetition
;
one
complete
movement
of
an
exercise
in
fitness
or
weight
training
•
The
coach
told
us
to
complete
twelve
reps
of
squats
.
The
coach
told
us
to
complete
twelve
reps
of
squats
.
•
Add
weight
only
when
you
can
finish
every
rep
with
good
form
.
Add
weight
only
when
you
can
finish
every
rep
with
good
form
.
noun
informal
abbreviation
for
reputation
;
the
general
opinion
that
other
people
have
about
someone
or
something
•
He
doesn't
want
anything
to
ruin
his
hard-earned
rep
.
He
doesn't
want
anything
to
ruin
his
hard-earned
rep
.
•
After
the
concert
,
the
band's
rep
in
the
city
skyrocketed
.
After
the
concert
,
the
band's
rep
in
the
city
skyrocketed
.
verb
-
rep
,
repping
,
reps
,
repped
slang
:
to
represent
or
show
pride
in
someone
or
something
,
especially
your
place
,
group
,
or
brand
•
The
rapper
loves
to
rep
his
neighborhood
in
every
song
.
The
rapper
loves
to
rep
his
neighborhood
in
every
song
.
•
Athletes
often
wear
national
colors
to
rep
their
countries
.
Athletes
often
wear
national
colors
to
rep
their
countries
.
deputy
noun
-
deputy
,
deputies
a
person
who
is
officially
chosen
to
help
a
leader
and
to
act
for
them
when
they
are
not
present
•
When
the
CEO
fell
ill
,
the
deputy
chaired
the
quarterly
meeting
.
When
the
CEO
fell
ill
,
the
deputy
chaired
the
quarterly
meeting
.
•
The
school
principal
relied
on
her
deputy
to
handle
discipline
while
she
visited
other
classes
.
The
school
principal
relied
on
her
deputy
to
handle
discipline
while
she
visited
other
classes
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
"
deputé
",
past
participle
of
"
deputer
"
meaning
‘
to
assign
’
or
‘
to
appoint
’.
noun
-
deputy
,
deputies
a
police
officer
who
works
for
a
county
sheriff
and
has
the
authority
to
enforce
the
law
•
A
deputy
pulled
over
the
speeding
car
on
the
rural
highway
.
A
deputy
pulled
over
the
speeding
car
on
the
rural
highway
.
•
The
sheriff
and
his
deputy
questioned
witnesses
after
the
robbery
.
The
sheriff
and
his
deputy
questioned
witnesses
after
the
robbery
.
Sense
developed
in
American
English
in
the
19th
century
as
shorthand
for
“
deputy
sheriff
.”
noun
-
deputy
,
deputies
an
elected
representative
in
the
lower
house
of
parliament
in
some
countries
,
especially
in
Europe
•
The
deputy
proposed
a
new
labor
law
during
the
parliamentary
session
.
The
deputy
proposed
a
new
labor
law
during
the
parliamentary
session
.
•
After
the
election
,
he
celebrated
his
first
day
as
a
deputy
of
the
National
Assembly
.
After
the
election
,
he
celebrated
his
first
day
as
a
deputy
of
the
National
Assembly
.
Borrowed
from
French
"
député
",
referring
to
someone
sent
or
appointed
;
the
parliamentary
sense
dates
from
the
French
Revolution
.
depending
verb
continuously
relying
on
someone
or
something
for
what
you
need
or
for
something
to
happen
•
The
villagers
are
depending on
the
river
for
fresh
water
.
The
villagers
are
depending on
the
river
for
fresh
water
.
•
During
the
hike
,
we
were
depending on
our
map
to
find
the
right
path
.
During
the
hike
,
we
were
depending on
our
map
to
find
the
right
path
.
Present
participle
of
the
verb
“
depend
,”
which
comes
from
Latin
dependere
meaning
“
to
hang
down
”
or
“
be
contingent
on
.”
preposition
used
to
say
that
something
will
change
or
be
decided
by
another
thing
•
Depending on
the
weather
,
the
picnic
will
be
held
in
the
park
or
indoors
.
Depending on
the
weather
,
the
picnic
will
be
held
in
the
park
or
indoors
.
•
Class
times
may
vary
depending on
the
instructor
’
s
schedule
.
Class
times
may
vary
depending on
the
instructor
’
s
schedule
.
Evolved
from
the
participial
form
of
“
depend
”
used
absolutely
with
or
without
“
on
”
since
the
late
17th
century
.
preparation
noun
the
action
or
process
of
getting
something
or
someone
ready
for
use
,
activity
,
or
an
event
•
After
weeks
of
careful
preparation
,
the
students
finally
presented
their
science
project
.
After
weeks
of
careful
preparation
,
the
students
finally
presented
their
science
project
.
•
Good
preparation
helped
the
marathon
runner
avoid
injuries
during
the
race
.
Good
preparation
helped
the
marathon
runner
avoid
injuries
during
the
race
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
praeparatio
(
n-
),
from
praeparare
‘
make
ready
beforehand
’,
from
prae
‘
before
’
+
parare
‘
make
ready
’.
noun
a
substance
,
mixture
,
or
product
that
has
been
made
ready
for
a
particular
use
•
The
doctor
prescribed
a
herbal
preparation
to
ease
her
cough
.
The
doctor
prescribed
a
herbal
preparation
to
ease
her
cough
.
•
This
vitamin
preparation
should
be
taken
with
food
.
This
vitamin
preparation
should
be
taken
with
food
.
Sense
developed
in
the
17th
century
as
specialized
products
began
to
be
created
for
medicine
,
cooking
,
and
art
.
preparations
noun
the
plans
,
arrangements
,
and
tasks
done
before
an
event
happens
•
Final
preparations
for
the
wedding
were
finished
the
night
before
.
Final
preparations
for
the
wedding
were
finished
the
night
before
.
•
They
made
emergency
preparations
in
case
the
storm
hit
the
town
.
They
made
emergency
preparations
in
case
the
storm
hit
the
town
.
The
plural
sense
emphasizing
collective
arrangements
became
common
in
the
18th
century
,
especially
in
reference
to
social
events
.
representation
noun
a
picture
,
model
,
or
other
likeness
that
shows
what
something
looks
like
•
The
museum
displayed
a
3-D
representation
of
an
ancient
city
.
The
museum
displayed
a
3-D
representation
of
an
ancient
city
.
•
This
painting
is
a
beautiful
representation
of
the
countryside
at
dawn
.
This
painting
is
a
beautiful
representation
of
the
countryside
at
dawn
.
See
main
entry
etymology
.
noun
the
act
of
speaking
or
acting
for
another
person
or
group
•
The
workers
asked
a
lawyer
to
provide
legal
representation
during
the
contract
talks
.
The
workers
asked
a
lawyer
to
provide
legal
representation
during
the
contract
talks
.
•
Parents
want
strong
representation
on
the
school
board
to
voice
their
concerns
.
Parents
want
strong
representation
on
the
school
board
to
voice
their
concerns
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
repraesentatio
(
n-
) ‘
presentation
,
image
’,
from
repraesentare
‘
bring
before
,
exhibit
’.
noun
the
presence
of
elected
or
appointed
people
who
speak
for
a
population
in
a
governing
body
•
Many
activists
campaign
for
better
representation
of
minorities
in
parliament
.
Many
activists
campaign
for
better
representation
of
minorities
in
parliament
.
•
Taxation
without
representation
was
a
major
cause
of
the
American
Revolution
.
Taxation
without
representation
was
a
major
cause
of
the
American
Revolution
.
See
main
entry
etymology
.
noun
a
formal
statement
or
complaint
made
to
an
authority
•
Residents
made
a
written
representation
to
the
council
about
the
frequent
power
cuts
.
Residents
made
a
written
representation
to
the
council
about
the
frequent
power
cuts
.
•
Our
lawyer
will
prepare
a
representation
outlining
the
environmental
risks
.
Our
lawyer
will
prepare
a
representation
outlining
the
environmental
risks
.
See
main
entry
etymology
.
asleep
adjective
sleeping
;
in
a
state
of
sleep
•
The
baby
was
asleep
before
the
story
ended
.
The
baby
was
asleep
before
the
story
ended
.
•
He
tip-toed
out
of
the
room
to
avoid
waking
his
asleep
roommates
.
He
tip-toed
out
of
the
room
to
avoid
waking
his
asleep
roommates
.
adjective
numb
and
tingling
because
blood
flow
has
been
cut
off
to
a
body
part
•
After
sitting
too
long
,
his
foot
fell
asleep
.
After
sitting
too
long
,
his
foot
fell
asleep
.
•
She
shook
her
hand
because
it
was
still
asleep
from
leaning
on
it
.
She
shook
her
hand
because
it
was
still
asleep
from
leaning
on
it
.
adjective
not
active
,
operating
,
or
developing
for
a
time
;
dormant
•
The
project
lay
asleep
for
years
until
new
investors
arrived
.
The
project
lay
asleep
for
years
until
new
investors
arrived
.
•
The
volcano
had
been
asleep
for
centuries
before
it
erupted
.
The
volcano
had
been
asleep
for
centuries
before
it
erupted
.
sweep
verb
-
sweep
,
sweeping
,
sweeps
,
swept
to
clean
a
floor
or
ground
by
moving
a
broom
or
brush
back
and
forth
to
collect
dust
and
dirt
•
Every
evening
,
Maria
sweeps
the
kitchen
floor
before
cooking
dinner
.
Every
evening
,
Maria
sweeps
the
kitchen
floor
before
cooking
dinner
.
•
After
the
parade
,
city
workers
swept
the
street
to
remove
colorful
confetti
.
After
the
parade
,
city
workers
swept
the
street
to
remove
colorful
confetti
.
verb
-
sweep
,
sweeping
,
sweeps
,
swept
to
move
quickly
,
smoothly
,
and
often
widely
across
,
over
,
or
through
a
place
•
A
sudden
wind
swept
across
the
desert
,
lifting
clouds
of
sand
.
A
sudden
wind
swept
across
the
desert
,
lifting
clouds
of
sand
.
•
Her
long
dress
swept
along
the
marble
floor
as
she
walked
down
the
staircase
.
Her
long
dress
swept
along
the
marble
floor
as
she
walked
down
the
staircase
.
noun
a
single
act
of
sweeping
or
a
broad
,
smooth
movement
that
covers
a
wide
area
•
With
one
quick
sweep
,
he
pushed
the
papers
off
the
desk
.
With
one
quick
sweep
,
he
pushed
the
papers
off
the
desk
.
•
From
the
hilltop
we
admired
the
broad
sweep
of
the
valley
below
.
From
the
hilltop
we
admired
the
broad
sweep
of
the
valley
below
.
verb
-
sweep
,
sweeping
,
sweeps
,
swept
to
search
a
place
carefully
and
systematically
,
often
using
special
equipment
,
to
find
someone
or
something
•
The
police
swept
the
building
for
clues
after
the
robbery
.
The
police
swept
the
building
for
clues
after
the
robbery
.
•
Soldiers
sweep
the
area
with
metal
detectors
before
the
ceremony
begins
.
Soldiers
sweep
the
area
with
metal
detectors
before
the
ceremony
begins
.
verb
-
sweep
,
sweeping
,
sweeps
,
swept
to
win
every
game
,
match
,
or
prize
in
a
series
,
leaving
no
victories
for
opponents
•
Our
basketball
team
swept
the
championship
series
four
games
to
none
.
Our
basketball
team
swept
the
championship
series
four
games
to
none
.
•
The
movie
swept
the
awards
ceremony
,
winning
every
major
category
.
The
movie
swept
the
awards
ceremony
,
winning
every
major
category
.
repeatedly
adverb
many
times
,
or
again
and
again
•
The
woodpecker
pecked
at
the
tree
repeatedly
,
filling
the
forest
with
sharp
tapping
sounds
.
The
woodpecker
pecked
at
the
tree
repeatedly
,
filling
the
forest
with
sharp
tapping
sounds
.
•
Mia
pressed
the
call
button
repeatedly
on
her
phone
,
worried
when
her
best
friend
didn
’
t
answer
.
Mia
pressed
the
call
button
repeatedly
on
her
phone
,
worried
when
her
best
friend
didn
’
t
answer
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
“
repeated
”
+
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
”;
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
15th
century
.
acceptable
adjective
good
enough
or
satisfactory
for
a
particular
purpose
or
standard
•
The
food
at
the
campsite
was
acceptable
,
but
not
as
tasty
as
home
cooking
.
The
food
at
the
campsite
was
acceptable
,
but
not
as
tasty
as
home
cooking
.
•
Her
handwriting
was
barely
acceptable
for
the
examiners
to
read
.
Her
handwriting
was
barely
acceptable
for
the
examiners
to
read
.
From
Middle
French
acceptable
,
from
Latin
acceptabilis
meaning
‘
worthy
of
acceptance
’.
adjective
considered
morally
or
socially
right
,
proper
,
or
allowed
•
It
is
not
acceptable
to
talk
loudly
during
a
movie
.
It
is
not
acceptable
to
talk
loudly
during
a
movie
.
•
Most
people
now
find
recycling
an
acceptable
habit
that
benefits
the
planet
.
Most
people
now
find
recycling
an
acceptable
habit
that
benefits
the
planet
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
stressing
the
notion
of
moral
or
social
acceptance
.
dependent
adjective
needing
someone
or
something
else
in
order
to
live
,
work
properly
,
or
succeed
•
Young
birds
are
completely
dependent
on
their
parents
for
food
.
Young
birds
are
completely
dependent
on
their
parents
for
food
.
•
Many
commuters
feel
dependent
on
their
smartphones
for
navigation
and
tickets
.
Many
commuters
feel
dependent
on
their
smartphones
for
navigation
and
tickets
.
From
Latin
“
dependēns
”
meaning
“
hanging
down
,
relying
on
.”
noun
a
person
,
such
as
a
child
or
elderly
relative
,
who
relies
on
someone
else
for
financial
support
•
She
claimed
her
son
as
a
dependent
on
her
tax
return
.
She
claimed
her
son
as
a
dependent
on
her
tax
return
.
•
The
company
’
s
health
plan
also
covers
an
employee
’
s
dependents
.
The
company
’
s
health
plan
also
covers
an
employee
’
s
dependents
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
from
Latin
“
dependēns
,”
referring
to
someone
hanging
on
or
relying
on
another
.
reporting
verb
present
participle
of
report
:
currently
giving
a
spoken
or
written
account
of
something
•
The
journalist
is
reporting
live
from
the
stadium
.
The
journalist
is
reporting
live
from
the
stadium
.
•
Students
are
reporting
their
results
to
the
class
.
Students
are
reporting
their
results
to
the
class
.
From
Latin
“
reportare
” (
bring
back
),
through
Old
French
“
reporter
,”
with
English
usage
dating
back
to
the
14th
century
; “
reporting
”
as
the
present
participle
follows
standard
English
verb
formation
.
noun
-
reporting
the
activity
of
collecting
,
writing
,
or
broadcasting
information
about
recent
events
,
facts
,
or
situations
•
Accurate
reporting
helps
citizens
stay
informed
.
Accurate
reporting
helps
citizens
stay
informed
.
•
He
won
an
award
for
his
brave
reporting
from
the
war
zone
.
He
won
an
award
for
his
brave
reporting
from
the
war
zone
.
Derived
from
the
present
participle
of
the
verb
“
report
,”
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
early
18th
century
to
describe
the
profession
or
activity
of
news
gathering
.
adjective
describing
something
that
produces
or
provides
written
or
spoken
accounts
of
information
•
The
company
installed
a
new
reporting
system
to
track
sales
.
The
company
installed
a
new
reporting
system
to
track
sales
.
•
She
attended
a
workshop
on
reporting
standards
.
She
attended
a
workshop
on
reporting
standards
.
Adjectival
use
of
the
present
participle
“
reporting
,”
first
attested
in
the
mid-20th
century
in
business
and
technical
writing
.
depict
verb
to
show
or
represent
someone
or
something
in
a
picture
,
sculpture
,
film
,
or
other
visual
form
•
Ancient
cave
paintings
depict
hunters
chasing
animals
.
Ancient
cave
paintings
depict
hunters
chasing
animals
.
•
The
movie
poster
depicts
the
hero
standing
alone
against
a
stormy
sky
.
The
movie
poster
depicts
the
hero
standing
alone
against
a
stormy
sky
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
depictus
’,
past
participle
of
‘
depinger
’
meaning
‘
to
portray
’ (
de-
‘
thoroughly
’
+
pingere
‘
to
paint
’).
verb
to
describe
someone
or
something
in
words
so
that
readers
or
listeners
can
clearly
imagine
it
•
In
his
speech
,
the
mayor
depicted
the
city
as
a
place
of
endless
opportunity
.
In
his
speech
,
the
mayor
depicted
the
city
as
a
place
of
endless
opportunity
.
•
The
novel
vividly
depicts
life
in
a
small
coastal
town
.
The
novel
vividly
depicts
life
in
a
small
coastal
town
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
depictus
’,
past
participle
of
‘
depinger
’
meaning
‘
to
portray
’.
Over
time
it
extended
from
visual
portrayal
to
verbal
description
.
replacement
noun
the
act
of
putting
someone
or
something
new
in
the
place
of
what
was
there
before
•
The
replacement
of
the
broken
window
took
only
an
hour
.
The
replacement
of
the
broken
window
took
only
an
hour
.
•
Software
updates
often
involve
the
gradual
replacement
of
old
code
.
Software
updates
often
involve
the
gradual
replacement
of
old
code
.
formed
from
replace
+
the
noun
suffix
-ment
in
the
mid-17th
century
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
takes
the
place
of
another
•
When
our
teacher
got
sick
,
a
replacement
arrived
the
next
day
.
When
our
teacher
got
sick
,
a
replacement
arrived
the
next
day
.
•
This
battery
is
a
cheap
replacement
for
the
original
.
This
battery
is
a
cheap
replacement
for
the
original
.
formed
from
replace
+
the
noun
suffix
-ment
in
the
mid-17th
century
acceptance
noun
the
act
of
willingly
taking
or
receiving
something
that
is
offered
or
approving
an
idea
,
invitation
,
or
gift
•
Her
acceptance
of
the
award
was
met
with
loud
applause
.
Her
acceptance
of
the
award
was
met
with
loud
applause
.
•
Thank
you
for
your
quick
acceptance
of
our
invitation
.
Thank
you
for
your
quick
acceptance
of
our
invitation
.
From
Anglo-French
acceptaunce
,
from
Old
French
accepter
“
to
receive
”,
ultimately
from
Latin
acceptāre
,
frequentative
of
accipere
“
to
take
,
receive
”.
noun
a
willingness
or
readiness
to
tolerate
or
embrace
people
,
situations
,
or
realities
without
protest
•
The
community
showed
great
acceptance
of
people
from
diverse
cultures
.
The
community
showed
great
acceptance
of
people
from
diverse
cultures
.
•
Finding
acceptance
among
her
classmates
boosted
her
confidence
.
Finding
acceptance
among
her
classmates
boosted
her
confidence
.
As
the
broader
emotional
sense
,
developed
from
the
physical
sense
of
“
receive
”
by
the
14th
century
.
noun
formal
agreement
to
an
offer
or
contract
that
makes
it
legally
binding
,
or
a
signed
document
showing
such
agreement
•
Your
signature
here
indicates
your
acceptance
of
the
terms
.
Your
signature
here
indicates
your
acceptance
of
the
terms
.
•
The
job
offer
is
subject
to
acceptance
within
seven
days
.
The
job
offer
is
subject
to
acceptance
within
seven
days
.
Legal
sense
recorded
since
the
15th
century
,
stemming
from
earlier
commercial
use
of
bills
of
exchange
.
yep
interjection
Yes
;
used
informally
to
show
agreement
or
to
give
an
affirmative
answer
.
•
Yep
,
I'll
bring
the
snacks
for
the
picnic
.
Yep
,
I'll
bring
the
snacks
for
the
picnic
.
•
Dad
asked
if
I
had
finished
my
homework
,
and
I
said
, "
Yep
,
all
done
!"
Dad
asked
if
I
had
finished
my
homework
,
and
I
said
, "
Yep
,
all
done
!"
separation
noun
the
space
or
distance
that
exists
between
two
things
•
There
is
a
ten-meter
separation
between
the
two
runners
at
the
finish
line
.
There
is
a
ten-meter
separation
between
the
two
runners
at
the
finish
line
.
•
The
architect
recommended
a
wider
separation
between
the
buildings
for
safety
.
The
architect
recommended
a
wider
separation
between
the
buildings
for
safety
.
noun
the
act
or
process
of
moving
people
or
things
apart
,
or
the
state
of
being
apart
•
The
separation
of
recyclable
materials
helps
reduce
waste
.
The
separation
of
recyclable
materials
helps
reduce
waste
.
•
Careful
separation
of
the
two
fighting
dogs
prevented
injuries
.
Careful
separation
of
the
two
fighting
dogs
prevented
injuries
.
noun
a
situation
in
which
a
married
couple
decides
to
live
apart
without
divorcing
•
After
fifteen
years
together
,
they
agreed
on
a
trial
separation
to
work
on
their
problems
.
After
fifteen
years
together
,
they
agreed
on
a
trial
separation
to
work
on
their
problems
.
•
The
children's
routine
changed
very
little
during
their
parents'
separation
.
The
children's
routine
changed
very
little
during
their
parents'
separation
.
noun
a
scientific
or
industrial
process
that
divides
a
mixture
into
its
different
parts
•
Centrifuges
speed
up
the
separation
of
blood
components
in
medical
labs
.
Centrifuges
speed
up
the
separation
of
blood
components
in
medical
labs
.
•
The
company
specializes
in
oil-water
separation
technology
for
offshore
rigs
.
The
company
specializes
in
oil-water
separation
technology
for
offshore
rigs
.
repair
verb
to
fix
something
that
is
damaged
or
not
working
so
it
can
be
used
again
•
The
mechanic
repaired
the
car's
engine
in
just
two
hours
.
The
mechanic
repaired
the
car's
engine
in
just
two
hours
.
•
I
will
repair
my
broken
bike
this
weekend
.
I
will
repair
my
broken
bike
this
weekend
.
From
Old
French
reparer
,
from
Latin
reparare
meaning
“
to
make
ready
again
”.
noun
the
work
or
action
of
fixing
something
that
is
damaged
or
not
working
•
Our
television
is
away
for
repair
.
Our
television
is
away
for
repair
.
•
Those
repairs
cost
more
than
buying
a
new
appliance
.
Those
repairs
cost
more
than
buying
a
new
appliance
.
Same
origin
as
the
verb
:
via
Old
French
from
Latin
reparare
“
to
make
ready
again
”.
noun
the
condition
something
is
in
,
especially
how
good
or
bad
it
is
•
The
house
is
in
excellent
repair
.
The
house
is
in
excellent
repair
.
•
Her
old
bike
is
still
in
good
repair
.
Her
old
bike
is
still
in
good
repair
.
Evolved
from
the
sense
of
the
action
“
repair
”
to
mean
the
result
or
state
after
fixing
.
entrepreneur
noun
a
person
who
starts
and
runs
a
business
,
especially
one
that
involves
financial
risk
and
new
ideas
•
The
young
entrepreneur
launched
an
eco-friendly
delivery
app
for
her
city
.
The
young
entrepreneur
launched
an
eco-friendly
delivery
app
for
her
city
.
•
After
years
of
saving
,
he
finally
became
an
entrepreneur
and
opened
a
cozy
coffee
shop
downtown
.
After
years
of
saving
,
he
finally
became
an
entrepreneur
and
opened
a
cozy
coffee
shop
downtown
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
early
19th
century
from
French
“
entrepreneur
,”
from
“
entreprendre
”
meaning
“
to
undertake
.”
It
originally
referred
to
someone
who
undertook
large
projects
such
as
construction
or
supply
contracts
.
reception
noun
a
formal
party
,
often
with
food
and
drinks
,
held
to
celebrate
an
event
such
as
a
wedding
or
to
greet
important
guests
•
After
the
ceremony
,
the
couple
invited
everyone
to
their
wedding
reception
by
the
lake
.
After
the
ceremony
,
the
couple
invited
everyone
to
their
wedding
reception
by
the
lake
.
•
The
embassy
hosted
a
lavish
reception
for
visiting
diplomats
.
The
embassy
hosted
a
lavish
reception
for
visiting
diplomats
.
noun
the
area
near
the
entrance
of
an
office
,
hotel
,
or
other
building
where
visitors
are
greeted
and
helped
•
Please
leave
your
parcel
at
reception
on
the
ground
floor
.
Please
leave
your
parcel
at
reception
on
the
ground
floor
.
•
There
was
no
one
at
reception
when
we
arrived
late
at
night
.
There
was
no
one
at
reception
when
we
arrived
late
at
night
.
noun
the
way
people
greet
,
welcome
,
or
react
to
someone
or
something
when
it
arrives
or
is
presented
•
The
villagers
gave
the
visiting
doctors
a
warm
reception
in
the
town
square
.
The
villagers
gave
the
visiting
doctors
a
warm
reception
in
the
town
square
.
•
The
new
smartphone
received
a
mixed
reception
from
tech
reviewers
.
The
new
smartphone
received
a
mixed
reception
from
tech
reviewers
.
From
Latin
receptiō
(“
a
receiving
,
reception
”),
from
recipere
(“
to
receive
”).
noun
the
quality
or
strength
with
which
radio
,
television
,
or
mobile
phone
signals
are
received
•
I
can
’
t
hear
you
well
because
the
phone
reception
is
poor
in
this
tunnel
.
I
can
’
t
hear
you
well
because
the
phone
reception
is
poor
in
this
tunnel
.
•
The
new
antenna
greatly
improved
television
reception
.
The
new
antenna
greatly
improved
television
reception
.
reportedly
adverb
according
to
what
has
been
said
in
news
or
by
other
people
,
although
it
may
not
be
confirmed
•
The
ancient
temple
was
reportedly
discovered
by
local
farmers
last
year
.
The
ancient
temple
was
reportedly
discovered
by
local
farmers
last
year
.
•
The
actor
is
reportedly
engaged
to
his
longtime
partner
.
The
actor
is
reportedly
engaged
to
his
longtime
partner
.
Derived
from
the
past
participle
of
the
verb
“
report
”
+
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
”,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
sheep
noun
-
sheep
a
farm
animal
with
thick
wool
on
its
body
,
kept
for
its
wool
,
meat
,
and
milk
•
The
farmer
counted
his
sheep
before
closing
the
gate
for
the
night
.
The
farmer
counted
his
sheep
before
closing
the
gate
for
the
night
.
•
A
little
girl
fed
the
sheep
fresh
grass
at
the
petting
zoo
.
A
little
girl
fed
the
sheep
fresh
grass
at
the
petting
zoo
.
Old
English
scēap
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
schaap
and
German
Schaf
.
noun
-
sheep
a
person
who
blindly
follows
others
without
independent
thought
•
He
followed
every
new
fashion
trend
like
a
sheep
,
never
daring
to
stand
out
.
He
followed
every
new
fashion
trend
like
a
sheep
,
never
daring
to
stand
out
.
•
Don't
be
a
sheep
—
think
for
yourself
before
you
share
that
rumor
.
Don't
be
a
sheep
—
think
for
yourself
before
you
share
that
rumor
.
departure
noun
the
act
of
leaving
a
place
,
especially
to
start
a
journey
•
Our
departure
for
the
school
trip
is
at
8
a
.
m
.
tomorrow
.
Our
departure
for
the
school
trip
is
at
8
a
.
m
.
tomorrow
.
•
The
train's
departure
was
delayed
by
heavy
snow
.
The
train's
departure
was
delayed
by
heavy
snow
.
From
Middle
French
départ
(‘
a
leaving
’),
from
départir
‘
to
divide
,
leave
’,
related
to
Latin
dis-
‘
away
’
+
partire
‘
to
part
’.
noun
a
change
from
what
is
usual
,
expected
,
or
traditional
•
Wearing
bright
sneakers
with
a
suit
was
a
bold
departure
from
the
school's
dress
code
.
Wearing
bright
sneakers
with
a
suit
was
a
bold
departure
from
the
school's
dress
code
.
•
The
new
movie
is
a
big
departure
from
the
director's
usual
style
.
The
new
movie
is
a
big
departure
from
the
director's
usual
style
.
Extended
figurative
use
of
the
sense
‘
leaving
a
path
or
place
’,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
elephant
noun
a
very
large
gray
mammal
with
a
long
trunk
and
big
ears
that
lives
in
Africa
and
Asia
•
At
the
city
zoo
,
the
elephant
sprayed
water
over
its
back
to
cool
down
.
At
the
city
zoo
,
the
elephant
sprayed
water
over
its
back
to
cool
down
.
•
Scientists
studied
how
a
wild
elephant
family
protected
its
calves
from
lions
.
Scientists
studied
how
a
wild
elephant
family
protected
its
calves
from
lions
.
Middle
English
elefant
,
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
elephantus
,
from
Greek
elephas
"
ivory
,
elephant
".
noun
a
large
size
of
paper
or
book
measuring
roughly
23
by
28
inches
,
used
especially
for
maps
,
art
prints
,
or
deluxe
volumes
•
The
architect
ordered
her
blueprints
printed
on
elephant
sheets
to
capture
every
detail
.
The
architect
ordered
her
blueprints
printed
on
elephant
sheets
to
capture
every
detail
.
•
Collectors
prize
19th-century
atlases
bound
in
elephant
folios
for
their
vivid
hand-colored
maps
.
Collectors
prize
19th-century
atlases
bound
in
elephant
folios
for
their
vivid
hand-colored
maps
.
Named
for
its
large
size
,
comparing
the
sheet
’
s
dimensions
to
the
bulk
of
the
animal
.
noun
(
archaic
)
the
chess
piece
now
called
a
rook
,
named
for
earlier
sets
that
depicted
it
as
an
elephant
with
a
tower
•
In
medieval
manuscripts
,
the
elephant
is
shown
guarding
the
king
on
the
chessboard
’
s
corner
.
In
medieval
manuscripts
,
the
elephant
is
shown
guarding
the
king
on
the
chessboard
’
s
corner
.
•
An
18th-century
rulebook
explains
that
the
elephant
moves
straight
like
a
castle
piece
.
An
18th-century
rulebook
explains
that
the
elephant
moves
straight
like
a
castle
piece
.
From
Persian
and
Arabic
names
for
the
chess
piece
representing
an
elephant
in
Indian
armies
;
later
replaced
by
the
term
rook
.
steep
adjective
-
steep
,
steeper
,
steepest
rising
or
falling
at
a
sharp
angle
,
like
the
side
of
a
cliff
•
The
path
up
the
mountain
was
so
steep
that
we
had
to
stop
for
breath
.
The
path
up
the
mountain
was
so
steep
that
we
had
to
stop
for
breath
.
•
A
cyclist
struggled
to
climb
the
steep
hill
on
a
hot
afternoon
.
A
cyclist
struggled
to
climb
the
steep
hill
on
a
hot
afternoon
.
adjective
-
steep
,
steeper
,
steepest
(
of
a
price
or
cost
)
much
higher
than
what
seems
reasonable
•
Five
dollars
for
a
cup
of
coffee
is
pretty
steep
.
Five
dollars
for
a
cup
of
coffee
is
pretty
steep
.
•
The
rent
increase
was
steep
for
such
a
small
apartment
.
The
rent
increase
was
steep
for
such
a
small
apartment
.
verb
to
soak
food
or
something
else
in
a
liquid
so
that
it
takes
in
flavour
,
colour
,
or
other
qualities
•
She
steeped
the
tea
leaves
for
five
minutes
.
She
steeped
the
tea
leaves
for
five
minutes
.
•
Before
cooking
,
he
steeps
the
rice
in
water
to
make
it
softer
.
Before
cooking
,
he
steeps
the
rice
in
water
to
make
it
softer
.
adjective
-
steep
,
steeper
,
steepest
very
large
or
sudden
in
amount
or
degree
•
The
learning
curve
for
the
new
software
is
steep
,
requiring
extra
training
.
The
learning
curve
for
the
new
software
is
steep
,
requiring
extra
training
.
•
Prices
showed
a
steep
decline
after
the
holiday
season
.
Prices
showed
a
steep
decline
after
the
holiday
season
.
verb
usually
passive
:
to
fill
or
saturate
someone
or
something
completely
with
a
quality
,
idea
,
or
emotion
•
The
old
castle
is
steeped
in
legend
and
mystery
.
The
old
castle
is
steeped
in
legend
and
mystery
.
•
She
grew
up
steeped
in
classical
music
.
She
grew
up
steeped
in
classical
music
.
conception
noun
an
individual
idea
or
way
of
understanding
something
•
The
conception
of
freedom
varies
from
culture
to
culture
.
The
conception
of
freedom
varies
from
culture
to
culture
.
•
She
had
no
conception
of
how
vast
the
desert
would
be
until
she
saw
it
.
She
had
no
conception
of
how
vast
the
desert
would
be
until
she
saw
it
.
from
Latin
conceptio
‘
a
comprehending
,
conception
’,
from
concipere
‘
to
take
in
’
noun
the
act
or
process
of
creating
or
beginning
something
•
The
bridge
took
five
years
from
conception
to
completion
.
The
bridge
took
five
years
from
conception
to
completion
.
•
Good
stories
are
refined
many
times
after
their
initial
conception
.
Good
stories
are
refined
many
times
after
their
initial
conception
.
extension
of
the
original
Latin
sense
to
abstract
beginnings
in
English
by
the
16th
century
noun
the
moment
when
a
woman
’
s
egg
is
fertilized
by
a
sperm
,
beginning
pregnancy
•
Doctors
can
estimate
a
baby
’
s
due
date
by
the
time
of
conception
.
Doctors
can
estimate
a
baby
’
s
due
date
by
the
time
of
conception
.
•
She
stopped
drinking
coffee
soon
after
conception
.
She
stopped
drinking
coffee
soon
after
conception
.
medical
sense
recorded
in
English
by
the
14th
century
,
adapting
the
earlier
general
Latin
meaning
to
human
reproduction
depressed
adjective
feeling
very
sad
,
hopeless
,
and
lacking
energy
•
After
losing
her
job
,
Maria
felt
depressed
and
stayed
in
bed
most
of
the
day
.
After
losing
her
job
,
Maria
felt
depressed
and
stayed
in
bed
most
of
the
day
.
•
Even
at
the
lively
birthday
party
,
John
looked
depressed
and
hardly
spoke
to
anyone
.
Even
at
the
lively
birthday
party
,
John
looked
depressed
and
hardly
spoke
to
anyone
.
adjective
lower
than
the
surrounding
surface
;
sunken
or
pressed
down
•
Push
the
switch
until
the
button
stays
depressed
.
Push
the
switch
until
the
button
stays
depressed
.
•
The
coin
left
a
depressed
imprint
in
the
soft
wax
seal
.
The
coin
left
a
depressed
imprint
in
the
soft
wax
seal
.
adjective
describing
an
area
,
market
,
or
industry
with
little
activity
,
low
income
,
and
high
unemployment
•
The
once-busy
mining
town
is
now
depressed
,
with
many
stores
standing
empty
.
The
once-busy
mining
town
is
now
depressed
,
with
many
stores
standing
empty
.
•
During
the
recession
,
the
housing
market
remained
depressed
for
several
years
.
During
the
recession
,
the
housing
market
remained
depressed
for
several
years
.
deploy
verb
to
move
soldiers
,
weapons
,
or
equipment
into
the
correct
position
so
they
are
ready
for
use
•
The
commander
ordered
the
brigade
to
deploy
along
the
river
before
sunrise
.
The
commander
ordered
the
brigade
to
deploy
along
the
river
before
sunrise
.
•
As
tensions
rose
,
NATO
forces
deployed
fighter
jets
to
patrol
the
airspace
.
As
tensions
rose
,
NATO
forces
deployed
fighter
jets
to
patrol
the
airspace
.
From
French
déployer
“
unfold
,
unfurl
” (
originally
of
sails
),
from
Latin
displicāre
“
to
scatter
,
spread
out
”.
verb
to
use
resources
,
skills
,
or
ideas
effectively
to
achieve
a
goal
•
The
company
plans
to
deploy
extra
funds
to
expand
its
research
division
.
The
company
plans
to
deploy
extra
funds
to
expand
its
research
division
.
•
Teachers
can
deploy
technology
to
make
lessons
more
engaging
.
Teachers
can
deploy
technology
to
make
lessons
more
engaging
.
Extended
figurative
sense
from
the
military
meaning
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
verb
in
computing
,
to
install
and
launch
software
or
updates
so
they
are
available
to
users
•
The
team
will
deploy
the
new
version
of
the
app
tonight
.
The
team
will
deploy
the
new
version
of
the
app
tonight
.
•
After
testing
,
we
can
deploy
the
website
to
the
production
server
.
After
testing
,
we
can
deploy
the
website
to
the
production
server
.
Specialized
computing
sense
arose
in
the
1980s
with
the
spread
of
client-server
software
.
deposit
noun
money
that
you
put
into
a
bank
account
so
it
is
kept
for
you
and
can
be
taken
out
later
•
Maya
checked
her
balance
online
to
see
if
her
monthly
deposit
had
arrived
.
Maya
checked
her
balance
online
to
see
if
her
monthly
deposit
had
arrived
.
•
Your
salary
will
be
available
after
the
direct
deposit
clears
tomorrow
.
Your
salary
will
be
available
after
the
direct
deposit
clears
tomorrow
.
from
Latin
“
depositum
,”
meaning
something
laid
away
or
entrusted
noun
a
first
part
of
a
payment
that
you
give
to
show
you
intend
to
buy
or
rent
something
,
or
money
held
as
security
that
will
be
returned
later
•
We
left
a
$200
deposit
to
reserve
the
hotel
room
for
next
month
.
We
left
a
$200
deposit
to
reserve
the
hotel
room
for
next
month
.
•
If
you
cancel
late
,
you
will
lose
your
deposit
.
If
you
cancel
late
,
you
will
lose
your
deposit
.
verb
-
deposit
,
depositing
,
deposits
,
deposited
to
put
money
into
a
bank
account
•
She
deposited
her
paycheck
at
the
ATM
after
work
.
She
deposited
her
paycheck
at
the
ATM
after
work
.
•
You
can
deposit
cash
using
this
machine
.
You
can
deposit
cash
using
this
machine
.
noun
a
natural
layer
or
build-up
of
a
substance
such
as
sand
,
mineral
,
or
dirt
that
has
collected
in
one
place
•
A
thin
deposit
of
dust
covered
the
bookshelf
after
months
of
neglect
.
A
thin
deposit
of
dust
covered
the
bookshelf
after
months
of
neglect
.
•
Scientists
discovered
a
rich
gold
deposit
deep
in
the
mountains
.
Scientists
discovered
a
rich
gold
deposit
deep
in
the
mountains
.
verb
-
deposit
,
depositing
,
deposits
,
deposited
to
leave
or
drop
a
substance
or
object
in
a
particular
place
,
especially
gradually
or
as
a
natural
process
•
The
river
deposits
sand
along
its
banks
each
spring
.
The
river
deposits
sand
along
its
banks
each
spring
.
•
Smoking
can
deposit
tar
on
your
lungs
.
Smoking
can
deposit
tar
on
your
lungs
.