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they
pronoun
used
to
refer
to
two
or
more
people
,
animals
,
or
things
already
mentioned
or
easy
to
identify
,
acting
as
the
subject
of
a
verb
•
They
are
playing
soccer
in
the
park
.
They
are
playing
soccer
in
the
park
.
•
They
have
finished
their
homework
and
are
watching
TV
together
.
They
have
finished
their
homework
and
are
watching
TV
together
.
Old
English
hīe
,
hī
,
late
Anglo-Saxon
period
;
related
to
Old
Norse
þeir
.
Modern
form
influenced
by
Scandinavian
languages
.
pronoun
used
to
mean
people
in
general
,
or
an
unnamed
group
such
as
the
government
,
experts
,
or
authorities
•
They
say
that
breakfast
is
the
most
important
meal
of
the
day
.
They
say
that
breakfast
is
the
most
important
meal
of
the
day
.
•
They
have
raised
the
price
of
gas
again
this
month
.
They
have
raised
the
price
of
gas
again
this
month
.
Extension
of
the
plural
pronoun
to
refer
to
an
indefinite
group
dates
back
to
at
least
the
16th
century
.
pronoun
used
as
a
singular
,
gender-neutral
pronoun
to
refer
to
one
person
when
that
person
’
s
gender
is
unknown
,
unspecified
,
or
non-binary
,
functioning
as
the
subject
of
a
verb
•
Sam
said
they
will
be
here
by
six
o
’
clock
.
Sam
said
they
will
be
here
by
six
o
’
clock
.
•
Someone
left
a
wallet
on
the
counter
;
I
hope
they
come
back
for
it
.
Someone
left
a
wallet
on
the
counter
;
I
hope
they
come
back
for
it
.
The
singular
use
developed
in
Middle
English
for
indefinite
or
generic
reference
;
modern
intentional
use
for
non-binary
identity
emerged
in
the
late
20th
century
.
he
pronoun
used
to
refer
to
a
male
person
or
male
animal
that
has
already
been
mentioned
or
is
already
known
•
“
Where
is
Alex
?” “
He
is
already
waiting
outside
.”
“
Where
is
Alex
?” “
He
is
already
waiting
outside
.”
•
After
winning
the
race
,
he
raised
the
trophy
and
smiled
broadly
.
After
winning
the
race
,
he
raised
the
trophy
and
smiled
broadly
.
Old
English
hē
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*hiz
,
related
to
German
er
and
Dutch
hij
.
pronoun
(
dated
or
formal
)
used
to
refer
to
a
person
whose
gender
is
unknown
or
not
stated
•
If
anyone
needs
help
,
he
should
press
the
call
button
.
If
anyone
needs
help
,
he
should
press
the
call
button
.
•
Every
student
must
submit
he
own
report
by
Friday
.
Every
student
must
submit
he
own
report
by
Friday
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
;
generic
masculine
usage
became
common
in
16th–20th
centuries
before
being
replaced
by
gender-neutral
they
.
his
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
show
that
something
belongs
to
or
is
connected
with
a
male
person
or
animal
already
mentioned
•
His
backpack
is
full
of
textbooks
and
notebooks
.
His
backpack
is
full
of
textbooks
and
notebooks
.
•
The
dog
wagged
his
tail
when
its
owner
came
home
.
The
dog
wagged
his
tail
when
its
owner
came
home
.
pronoun
a
word
used
after
a
verb
or
preposition
to
refer
to
something
that
belongs
to
a
male
person
or
animal
already
mentioned
•
This
blue
jacket
is
his
,
not
mine
.
This
blue
jacket
is
his
,
not
mine
.
•
The
trophy
on
the
shelf
is
his
after
winning
the
race
.
The
trophy
on
the
shelf
is
his
after
winning
the
race
.
pronoun
something
that
belongs
to
or
is
connected
with
a
male
person
or
animal
that
has
already
been
mentioned
•
That
blue
bicycle
is
his
,
not
mine
.
That
blue
bicycle
is
his
,
not
mine
.
•
Is
this
seat
his
,
or
can
I
sit
here
?
Is
this
seat
his
,
or
can
I
sit
here
?
them
pronoun
the
object
form
of
“
they
”,
referring
to
two
or
more
people
,
animals
,
or
things
already
known
or
mentioned
•
I
told
them
about
the
party
,
and
they
were
excited
.
I
told
them
about
the
party
,
and
they
were
excited
.
•
Pick
those
flowers
and
put
them
in
a
vase
.
Pick
those
flowers
and
put
them
in
a
vase
.
Old
English
“
þǣm
”
or
“
him
”,
dative
plural
of
the
demonstrative
pronoun
;
modern
spelling
stabilized
after
Middle
English
.
pronoun
used
as
a
gender-neutral
object
pronoun
for
one
person
when
the
person
’
s
gender
is
unknown
,
not
specified
,
or
non-binary
•
I
met
the
new
designer
yesterday
and
gave
them
the
project
brief
.
I
met
the
new
designer
yesterday
and
gave
them
the
project
brief
.
•
Someone
left
their
umbrella
;
shall
we
return
it
to
them
?
Someone
left
their
umbrella
;
shall
we
return
it
to
them
?
Same
historical
origin
as
the
plural
form
;
the
singular
use
became
common
in
English
writings
from
the
14th
century
and
is
now
widely
accepted
.
him
pronoun
the
object
form
of
“
he
”,
used
when
a
male
person
or
animal
is
the
object
of
a
verb
or
preposition
•
I
saw
him
at
the
park
this
morning
.
I
saw
him
at
the
park
this
morning
.
•
Give
the
book
to
him
when
you
’
re
done
.
Give
the
book
to
him
when
you
’
re
done
.
Old
English
him
,
dative
of
hē
(“
he
”),
retained
as
the
object
form
throughout
Middle
and
Modern
English
.
room
noun
a
part
of
a
building
enclosed
by
walls
,
a
floor
,
and
a
ceiling
,
usually
used
for
a
particular
purpose
•
The
children
ran
into
the
living
room
to
watch
cartoons
.
The
children
ran
into
the
living
room
to
watch
cartoons
.
•
We
painted
our
room
bright
yellow
during
the
weekend
.
We
painted
our
room
bright
yellow
during
the
weekend
.
noun
the
amount
of
empty
space
that
is
available
for
something
or
someone
•
There
isn't
enough
room
in
the
fridge
for
the
cake
.
There
isn't
enough
room
in
the
fridge
for
the
cake
.
•
Slide
your
chair
over
to
give
me
room
to
pass
.
Slide
your
chair
over
to
give
me
room
to
pass
.
noun
the
people
who
are
present
together
in
one
room
•
The
room
fell
silent
when
the
principal
walked
in
.
The
room
fell
silent
when
the
principal
walked
in
.
•
Her
joke
had
the
whole
room
laughing
.
Her
joke
had
the
whole
room
laughing
.
verb
-
room
,
rooming
,
rooms
,
roomed
to
live
or
stay
in
the
same
room
or
lodgings
with
someone
,
especially
for
a
period
of
time
•
During
college
,
I
roomed
with
my
best
friend
from
high
school
.
During
college
,
I
roomed
with
my
best
friend
from
high
school
.
•
They
are
rooming
together
in
a
small
apartment
downtown
.
They
are
rooming
together
in
a
small
apartment
downtown
.
seem
verb
-
seem
,
seeming
,
seems
,
seemed
to
appear
to
be
or
feel
a
certain
way
,
giving
an
impression
that
may
not
match
reality
•
The
soup
seems
too
salty
,
could
you
add
more
water
?
The
soup
seems
too
salty
,
could
you
add
more
water
?
•
She
seems
nervous
about
the
exam
tomorrow
.
She
seems
nervous
about
the
exam
tomorrow
.
Old
French
sembler
,
from
Latin
similis
“
like
,
similar
”.
verb
-
seem
,
seeming
,
seems
,
seemed
used
with
“
it
”
to
say
that
something
appears
true
based
on
what
is
known
•
It
seems
that
the
train
is
running
late
tonight
.
It
seems
that
the
train
is
running
late
tonight
.
•
From
the
reports
,
it
seems
the
storm
will
pass
by
morning
.
From
the
reports
,
it
seems
the
storm
will
pass
by
morning
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Old
French
sembler
,
Latin
similis
.
problem
noun
something
difficult
to
deal
with
or
understand
that
needs
to
be
fixed
or
answered
•
The
washing
machine
stopped
working
,
and
now
we
have
a
big
problem
to
fix
.
The
washing
machine
stopped
working
,
and
now
we
have
a
big
problem
to
fix
.
•
If
you
notice
any
problem
with
the
report
,
please
tell
me
.
If
you
notice
any
problem
with
the
report
,
please
tell
me
.
from
late
Latin
problema
,
from
Greek
problēma
‘
something
thrown
forward
’,
meaning
‘
question
,
task
’.
noun
a
question
in
mathematics
,
science
,
or
logic
that
you
have
to
solve
•
Mia
raised
her
hand
after
solving
the
math
problem
on
the
board
.
Mia
raised
her
hand
after
solving
the
math
problem
on
the
board
.
•
The
physics
test
had
a
tricky
energy
problem
about
a
swinging
pendulum
.
The
physics
test
had
a
tricky
energy
problem
about
a
swinging
pendulum
.
same
origin
as
the
general
noun
sense
;
specialized
in
academic
use
since
the
1600s
.
program
noun
a
television
or
radio
show
•
We
never
miss
our
favorite
cooking
program
on
Saturday
mornings
.
We
never
miss
our
favorite
cooking
program
on
Saturday
mornings
.
•
The
live
sports
program
attracted
millions
of
viewers
.
The
live
sports
program
attracted
millions
of
viewers
.
noun
a
set
of
instructions
that
a
computer
follows
to
do
a
specific
task
•
I
installed
a
new
photo-editing
program
on
my
laptop
.
I
installed
a
new
photo-editing
program
on
my
laptop
.
•
This
antivirus
program
updates
automatically
every
day
.
This
antivirus
program
updates
automatically
every
day
.
verb
-
program
,
programming
,
programs
,
programmed
to
write
the
instructions
that
make
a
computer
or
other
device
work
•
She
learned
to
program
in
Python
during
her
school
holidays
.
She
learned
to
program
in
Python
during
her
school
holidays
.
•
Our
team
will
program
the
app
to
run
faster
.
Our
team
will
program
the
app
to
run
faster
.
verb
-
program
,
programming
,
programs
,
programmed
to
set
a
machine
,
device
,
or
schedule
so
it
works
at
a
chosen
time
or
in
a
chosen
way
•
I
programmed
the
coffee
maker
to
start
at
6
a
.
m
.
I
programmed
the
coffee
maker
to
start
at
6
a
.
m
.
•
You
can
program
the
thermostat
to
save
energy
while
you
’
re
away
.
You
can
program
the
thermostat
to
save
energy
while
you
’
re
away
.
team
noun
A
group
of
people
who
work
,
play
,
or
do
something
together
toward
a
shared
goal
.
•
Our
basketball
team
won
the
championship
last
night
.
Our
basketball
team
won
the
championship
last
night
.
•
The
science
team
stayed
late
in
the
lab
to
finish
the
experiment
.
The
science
team
stayed
late
in
the
lab
to
finish
the
experiment
.
Old
English
“
tēam
”
meaning
‘
family
,
offspring
,
line
of
descendants
’,
later
developing
to
denote
a
set
of
animals
harnessed
together
and
eventually
a
group
of
people
working
together
.
noun
Two
or
more
animals
,
especially
horses
or
oxen
,
harnessed
together
to
pull
a
vehicle
or
farm
equipment
.
•
The
farmer
hitched
a
team
of
oxen
to
the
plow
at
dawn
.
The
farmer
hitched
a
team
of
oxen
to
the
plow
at
dawn
.
•
A
team
of
horses
pulled
the
old
carriage
down
the
country
road
.
A
team
of
horses
pulled
the
old
carriage
down
the
country
road
.
Extension
of
the
earlier
sense
of
‘
set
,
line
’,
applied
to
draft
animals
working
together
from
Middle
English
times
.
verb
-
team
,
teaming
,
teams
,
teamed
To
join
or
bring
people
or
things
together
so
that
they
work
as
a
group
.
•
Let's
team
with
the
marketing
department
for
the
campaign
.
Let's
team
with
the
marketing
department
for
the
campaign
.
•
The
studio
teamed
the
veteran
director
with
a
young
writer
.
The
studio
teamed
the
veteran
director
with
a
young
writer
.
Evolved
in
the
16th
century
from
the
noun
sense
,
carrying
the
idea
of
causing
people
or
animals
to
form
a
set
.
system
noun
a
group
of
connected
parts
that
work
together
as
a
single
whole
•
The
solar system
contains
eight
planets
circling
the
Sun
.
The
solar system
contains
eight
planets
circling
the
Sun
.
•
The
city's
new
bus
system
links
every
neighborhood
.
The
city's
new
bus
system
links
every
neighborhood
.
From
Latin
‘
systema
’,
from
Ancient
Greek
‘
sústēma
’
meaning
‘
organized
whole
’.
noun
an
organized
method
or
set
of
rules
for
doing
something
•
She
created
a
color-coded
filing
system
to
keep
her
paperwork
organized
.
She
created
a
color-coded
filing
system
to
keep
her
paperwork
organized
.
•
The
points
system
rewards
students
for
helping
classmates
.
The
points
system
rewards
students
for
helping
classmates
.
noun
the
body
of
a
human
or
animal
thought
of
as
a
working
whole
,
or
a
particular
network
of
organs
•
After
the
long
flight
,
her
system
was
tired
and
dehydrated
.
After
the
long
flight
,
her
system
was
tired
and
dehydrated
.
•
Vitamin
C
boosts
the
immune
system
.
Vitamin
C
boosts
the
immune
system
.
noun
a
complete
computer
together
with
its
operating
software
and
hardware
•
My
old
system
can
’
t
run
the
latest
game
.
My
old
system
can
’
t
run
the
latest
game
.
•
The
new
security
system
blocks
unknown
devices
.
The
new
security
system
blocks
unknown
devices
.
himself
pronoun
used
to
refer
back
to
“
he
”
when
he
is
both
the
subject
and
the
object
of
the
same
action
or
after
a
preposition
•
He
cut
himself
while
chopping
vegetables
.
He
cut
himself
while
chopping
vegetables
.
•
The
boy
admired
himself
in
the
mirror
before
going
on
stage
.
The
boy
admired
himself
in
the
mirror
before
going
on
stage
.
Old
English
him
selfum
,
combining
“
him
” (
dative
of
“
he
”)
with
“
self
.”
Over
time
the
form
became
a
set
reflexive
pronoun
.
pronoun
used
to
add
emphasis
,
showing
that
the
male
person
mentioned
is
the
one
who
performs
or
experiences
the
action
,
often
placed
right
after
the
noun
or
pronoun
it
emphasizes
•
The
president
himself
answered
the
journalists
’
questions
.
The
president
himself
answered
the
journalists
’
questions
.
•
He
himself
admitted
that
the
plan
had
failed
.
He
himself
admitted
that
the
plan
had
failed
.
Developed
from
the
reflexive
usage
;
by
Middle
English
it
was
also
used
as
an
intensive
pronoun
for
emphasis
.
themselves
pronoun
the
reflexive
form
of
“
they
”;
used
when
the
people
(
or
a
person
who
uses
they/them
pronouns
)
do
an
action
to
or
for
their
own
selves
•
They
blamed
themselves
for
the
mistake
.
They
blamed
themselves
for
the
mistake
.
•
The
children
hid
themselves
behind
the
sofa
during
hide-and-seek
.
The
children
hid
themselves
behind
the
sofa
during
hide-and-seek
.
pronoun
used
after
“
they
”
or
“
them
”
for
emphasis
,
showing
that
those
people
(
and
not
others
)
are
the
ones
acting
or
being
referred
to
•
The
engineers
themselves
were
amazed
by
the
result
.
The
engineers
themselves
were
amazed
by
the
result
.
•
They
themselves
admitted
the
plan
needed
changes
.
They
themselves
admitted
the
plan
needed
changes
.
claim
verb
to
say
that
something
is
true
,
often
without
giving
proof
•
Sara
claimed
she
had
seen
a
shooting
star
over
the
city
last
night
.
Sara
claimed
she
had
seen
a
shooting
star
over
the
city
last
night
.
•
The
company
claims
its
new
battery
can
last
for
24
hours
without
charging
.
The
company
claims
its
new
battery
can
last
for
24
hours
without
charging
.
verb
to
ask
officially
for
money
,
property
,
or
a
right
that
you
believe
belongs
to
you
•
After
her
suitcase
went
missing
,
Julia
claimed
compensation
from
the
airline
.
After
her
suitcase
went
missing
,
Julia
claimed
compensation
from
the
airline
.
•
Residents
can
claim
a
tax
refund
by
filling
out
this
form
.
Residents
can
claim
a
tax
refund
by
filling
out
this
form
.
noun
a
statement
that
something
is
true
,
often
without
evidence
•
Her
claim
that
the
painting
was
a
fake
shocked
the
gallery
.
Her
claim
that
the
painting
was
a
fake
shocked
the
gallery
.
•
Scientists
investigated
the
bold
claim
about
faster-than-light
travel
.
Scientists
investigated
the
bold
claim
about
faster-than-light
travel
.
noun
an
official
request
or
right
to
receive
money
,
property
,
or
another
benefit
•
They
filed
a
claim
with
their
insurance
company
after
the
flood
.
They
filed
a
claim
with
their
insurance
company
after
the
flood
.
•
The
miner
asserted
his
claim
to
the
land
.
The
miner
asserted
his
claim
to
the
land
.
verb
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
to
say
that
something
is
true
,
often
without
giving
proof
•
The
scientist
claimed
he
had
discovered
a
new
planet
.
The
scientist
claimed
he
had
discovered
a
new
planet
.
•
Olivia
claims
she
speaks
five
languages
fluently
.
Olivia
claims
she
speaks
five
languages
fluently
.
From
Old
French
"
clamer
",
from
Latin
"
clamare
"
meaning
"
to
cry
out
".
verb
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
to
demand
or
take
something
because
you
believe
it
belongs
to
you
•
When
the
train
arrived
,
passengers
rushed
to
claim
their
luggage
.
When
the
train
arrived
,
passengers
rushed
to
claim
their
luggage
.
•
He
claimed
the
empty
seat
by
putting
his
coat
on
it
.
He
claimed
the
empty
seat
by
putting
his
coat
on
it
.
verb
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
to
ask
an
organization
,
especially
an
insurance
company
or
the
government
,
to
pay
you
money
you
believe
you
are
owed
•
After
the
storm
,
neighbors
claimed
compensation
for
roof
damage
.
After
the
storm
,
neighbors
claimed
compensation
for
roof
damage
.
•
You
can
claim
a
refund
if
the
event
is
canceled
.
You
can
claim
a
refund
if
the
event
is
canceled
.
noun
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
a
statement
that
something
is
true
,
often
one
that
other
people
might
not
agree
with
or
believe
•
His
claim
that
the
earth
is
flat
made
everyone
laugh
.
His
claim
that
the
earth
is
flat
made
everyone
laugh
.
•
The
newspaper
investigated
the
politician's
claims
about
taxes
.
The
newspaper
investigated
the
politician's
claims
about
taxes
.
noun
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
a
request
for
money
or
property
that
you
believe
you
have
a
right
to
,
especially
from
an
insurance
company
or
the
government
•
She
filed
an
insurance
claim
after
the
car
crash
.
She
filed
an
insurance
claim
after
the
car
crash
.
•
Miners
staked
a
gold
claim
in
the
valley
.
Miners
staked
a
gold
claim
in
the
valley
.
verb
to
cause
the
loss
of
something
,
especially
people's
lives
•
The
sudden
storm
claimed
three
lives
along
the
coast
.
The
sudden
storm
claimed
three
lives
along
the
coast
.
•
The
disease
has
claimed
thousands
of
victims
worldwide
.
The
disease
has
claimed
thousands
of
victims
worldwide
.
verb
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
(
of
something
bad
)
to
cause
someone
’
s
death
or
the
loss
of
something
valuable
•
The
illness
claimed
thousands
of
lives
last
year
.
The
illness
claimed
thousands
of
lives
last
year
.
•
The
avalanche
claimed
two
experienced
climbers
.
The
avalanche
claimed
two
experienced
climbers
.
film
noun
a
story
shown
in
a
cinema
or
on
television
,
recorded
with
moving
pictures
and
sound
•
We
watched
a
film
about
space
explorers
last
night
.
We
watched
a
film
about
space
explorers
last
night
.
•
The
new
superhero
film
broke
box-office
records
.
The
new
superhero
film
broke
box-office
records
.
From
Old
English
"
filmen
"
meaning
membrane
or
thin
skin
;
later
applied
to
moving-picture
stories
in
the
early
20th
century
.
verb
to
record
moving
pictures
with
a
camera
•
Tourists
stopped
to
film
the
parade
.
Tourists
stopped
to
film
the
parade
.
•
She
wants
to
film
a
documentary
about
sea
turtles
.
She
wants
to
film
a
documentary
about
sea
turtles
.
The
verb
developed
in
the
early
1900s
,
after
the
invention
of
motion-picture
film
,
meaning
to
capture
images
on
that
material
.
noun
a
very
thin
layer
of
a
substance
that
covers
a
surface
•
A
thin
film
of
dust
covered
the
bookshelf
.
A
thin
film
of
dust
covered
the
bookshelf
.
•
The
lake
was
covered
by
a
film
of
ice
in
the
early
morning
.
The
lake
was
covered
by
a
film
of
ice
in
the
early
morning
.
Old
English
"
filmen
"
referred
to
a
skin
or
membrane
;
this
sense
of
a
surface
layer
survived
through
Middle
English
and
into
modern
usage
.
noun
a
strip
or
roll
of
plastic
coated
with
light-sensitive
chemicals
used
for
taking
photographs
or
recording
movies
•
Old
photographers
still
like
to
shoot
on
film
instead
of
digital
.
Old
photographers
still
like
to
shoot
on
film
instead
of
digital
.
•
I
loaded
a
roll
of
black-and-white
film
into
my
camera
.
I
loaded
a
roll
of
black-and-white
film
into
my
camera
.
This
technological
sense
grew
from
the
earlier
meaning
of
a
thin
layer
;
by
the
late
19th
century
,
inventors
used
"
film
"
to
describe
the
light-sensitive
coating
on
cellulose
.
form
noun
a
printed
or
online
document
with
spaces
where
you
write
information
•
Please
fill
out
this
registration
form
before
the
appointment
.
Please
fill
out
this
registration
form
before
the
appointment
.
•
The
customs
officer
handed
me
an
entry
form
.
The
customs
officer
handed
me
an
entry
form
.
noun
an
official
or
printed
document
with
blank
spaces
for
information
•
Please
fill
out
this
form
with
your
contact
details
.
Please
fill
out
this
form
with
your
contact
details
.
•
The
nurse
handed
me
a
consent
form
before
the
procedure
.
The
nurse
handed
me
a
consent
form
before
the
procedure
.
noun
the
visible
shape
or
structure
of
a
person
or
thing
•
Through
the
morning
mist
,
the
form
of
a
large
ship
appeared
on
the
horizon
.
Through
the
morning
mist
,
the
form
of
a
large
ship
appeared
on
the
horizon
.
•
The
sculptor
studied
the
natural
form
of
the
stone
before
carving
.
The
sculptor
studied
the
natural
form
of
the
stone
before
carving
.
noun
a
class
or
year
group
in
a
British
school
•
Olivia
is
in
the
third
form
this
year
.
Olivia
is
in
the
third
form
this
year
.
•
The
whole
form
gathered
for
assembly
in
the
hall
.
The
whole
form
gathered
for
assembly
in
the
hall
.
verb
-
form
,
forming
,
forms
,
formed
to
create
or
develop
something
;
to
come
into
existence
•
The
committee
was
formed
to
plan
the
festival
.
The
committee
was
formed
to
plan
the
festival
.
•
Ice
crystals
form
on
the
window
when
it
’
s
very
cold
.
Ice
crystals
form
on
the
window
when
it
’
s
very
cold
.
noun
the
shape
or
visible
structure
of
something
•
The
glass
vase
has
an
elegant
form
that
curves
gently
at
the
top
.
The
glass
vase
has
an
elegant
form
that
curves
gently
at
the
top
.
•
From
the
balcony
,
we
admired
the
jagged
forms
of
the
distant
mountains
at
sunrise
.
From
the
balcony
,
we
admired
the
jagged
forms
of
the
distant
mountains
at
sunrise
.
noun
a
particular
type
or
variety
of
something
•
Yoga
is
a
popular
form
of
exercise
around
the
world
.
Yoga
is
a
popular
form
of
exercise
around
the
world
.
•
Carbon
exists
in
several
forms
,
including
diamond
and
graphite
.
Carbon
exists
in
several
forms
,
including
diamond
and
graphite
.
noun
a
person
’
s
or
team
’
s
current
level
of
performance
,
especially
in
sports
•
After
months
of
training
,
the
sprinter
is
in
top
form
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
sprinter
is
in
top
form
.
•
The
pianist
was
on
brilliant
form
during
the
concert
.
The
pianist
was
on
brilliant
form
during
the
concert
.
verb
-
form
,
forming
,
forms
,
formed
to
make
or
bring
together
something
and
give
it
shape
;
to
come
into
existence
•
The
children
formed
a
circle
and
held
hands
.
The
children
formed
a
circle
and
held
hands
.
•
Clouds
form
when
warm
air
rises
and
cools
.
Clouds
form
when
warm
air
rises
and
cools
.
noun
the
condition
of
someone
’
s
ability
to
perform
well
,
especially
in
sport
or
work
•
After
a
long
injury
,
the
runner
was
back
in
top
form
.
After
a
long
injury
,
the
runner
was
back
in
top
form
.
•
The
pianist
’
s
poor
form
surprised
the
audience
.
The
pianist
’
s
poor
form
surprised
the
audience
.
noun
a
particular
version
or
arrangement
of
something
,
such
as
a
word
,
piece
of
art
,
or
activity
•
Past
tense
is
a
form
of
the
verb
.
Past
tense
is
a
form
of
the
verb
.
•
Salsa
is
a
lively
form
of
dance
.
Salsa
is
a
lively
form
of
dance
.
verb
-
form
,
forming
,
forms
,
formed
to
develop
or
decide
on
an
idea
,
opinion
,
or
plan
•
He
quickly
formed
an
opinion
about
the
new
policy
.
He
quickly
formed
an
opinion
about
the
new
policy
.
•
Try
to
form
a
clear
plan
before
you
start
.
Try
to
form
a
clear
plan
before
you
start
.
noun
a
class
group
in
a
British
school
,
often
identified
by
year
or
tutor
•
Luke
joined
the
lower sixth form
at
the
new
college
.
Luke
joined
the
lower sixth form
at
the
new
college
.
•
The
teacher
called
the
names
of
her
Year
9
form
before
assembly
.
The
teacher
called
the
names
of
her
Year
9
form
before
assembly
.
noun
a
particular
shape
of
a
word
showing
tense
,
number
,
etc
.,
in
grammar
•
"
Went
"
is
the
past
form
of
the
verb
"
go
."
"
Went
"
is
the
past
form
of
the
verb
"
go
."
•
Some
nouns
have
an
irregular
plural
form
.
Some
nouns
have
an
irregular
plural
form
.
noun
socially
correct
or
accepted
behaviour
or
procedure
•
It
’
s
good
form
to
thank
your
host
before
leaving
the
party
.
It
’
s
good
form
to
thank
your
host
before
leaving
the
party
.
•
Coughing
without
covering
your
mouth
is
considered
bad
form
.
Coughing
without
covering
your
mouth
is
considered
bad
form
.
term
noun
a
word
or
expression
that
has
a
precise
meaning
in
a
particular
subject
or
situation
•
The
scientist
introduced
a
new
term
for
the
phenomenon
.
The
scientist
introduced
a
new
term
for
the
phenomenon
.
•
Can
you
explain
what
the
term
‘
photosynthesis
’
means
?
Can
you
explain
what
the
term
‘
photosynthesis
’
means
?
From
Latin
‘
terminus
’
meaning
‘
end
,
boundary
,
limit
’,
later
applied
to
words
that
define
limits
of
meaning
.
noun
a
fixed
and
clearly
defined
period
of
time
•
The
president
served
a
four-year
term
in
office
.
The
president
served
a
four-year
term
in
office
.
•
My
phone
contract
is
for
a
one-year
term
.
My
phone
contract
is
for
a
one-year
term
.
Evolved
from
Latin
‘
terminus
’
for
boundary
,
later
used
for
bounded
stretches
of
time
.
noun
the
conditions
or
details
of
an
agreement
,
arrangement
,
or
relationship
•
We
agreed
to
the
terms
of
the
contract
before
signing
.
We
agreed
to
the
terms
of
the
contract
before
signing
.
•
Under
the
new
terms
,
employees
can
work
from
home
.
Under
the
new
terms
,
employees
can
work
from
home
.
From
the
sense
of
‘
limits
’
or
‘
boundaries
’
applied
to
what
each
party
is
bound
by
.
noun
a
single
number
,
variable
,
or
element
in
a
mathematical
expression
or
sequence
•
In
the
expression
3x
+
5
,
the
3x
and
the
5
are
separate
terms
.
In
the
expression
3x
+
5
,
the
3x
and
the
5
are
separate
terms
.
•
Add
the
like
terms
before
simplifying
the
equation
.
Add
the
like
terms
before
simplifying
the
equation
.
Adopted
in
16th-century
mathematics
to
denote
parts
bounded
by
plus
or
minus
signs
.
verb
to
give
something
a
particular
name
or
label
•
Many
people
term
that
practice
unethical
.
Many
people
term
that
practice
unethical
.
•
The
site
was
termed
a
world
heritage
location
.
The
site
was
termed
a
world
heritage
location
.
From
the
noun
sense
‘
term
’
with
the
meaning
‘
name
’;
first
used
as
a
verb
in
the
15th
century
.
arm
noun
the
long
limb
on
each
side
of
the
human
body
that
runs
from
the
shoulder
to
the
hand
•
My
left
arm
still
aches
after
yesterday
’
s
workout
.
My
left
arm
still
aches
after
yesterday
’
s
workout
.
•
The
nurse
wrapped
a
blood-pressure
cuff
around
his
arm
.
The
nurse
wrapped
a
blood-pressure
cuff
around
his
arm
.
Old
English
‘
earm
’,
meaning
limb
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*armaz
.
noun
a
long
,
narrow
part
that
sticks
out
from
the
main
body
of
an
object
and
supports
or
holds
something
•
The
office
chair
’
s
arm
was
padded
for
extra
comfort
.
The
office
chair
’
s
arm
was
padded
for
extra
comfort
.
•
The
robot
’
s
mechanical
arm
carefully
lifted
the
package
.
The
robot
’
s
mechanical
arm
carefully
lifted
the
package
.
From
the
sense
of
the
human
arm
as
something
that
reaches
out
;
first
recorded
in
the
15th
century
for
furniture
.
noun
a
branch
or
division
of
a
larger
organization
,
activity
,
or
movement
•
The
charity
’
s
education
arm
builds
schools
in
rural
areas
.
The
charity
’
s
education
arm
builds
schools
in
rural
areas
.
•
The
company
’
s
research
arm
developed
the
new
vaccine
.
The
company
’
s
research
arm
developed
the
new
vaccine
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
the
bodily
limb
:
just
as
an
arm
extends
from
the
body
,
a
branch
extends
from
an
organization
.
verb
-
arm
,
arming
,
arms
,
armed
to
provide
someone
with
weapons
or
to
take
weapons
for
use
•
The
soldiers
armed
themselves
before
the
night
patrol
.
The
soldiers
armed
themselves
before
the
night
patrol
.
•
The
government
plans
to
arm
the
border
guards
with
new
equipment
.
The
government
plans
to
arm
the
border
guards
with
new
equipment
.
From
Old
French
‘
armer
’
and
Latin
‘
armare
’,
meaning
to
equip
with
weapons
.
verb
-
arm
,
arming
,
arms
,
armed
to
set
a
device
,
system
,
or
piece
of
equipment
so
that
it
is
ready
to
operate
,
usually
automatically
•
She
armed
the
home
alarm
before
leaving
for
work
.
She
armed
the
home
alarm
before
leaving
for
work
.
•
The
engineer
armed
the
rocket
’
s
parachute
system
.
The
engineer
armed
the
rocket
’
s
parachute
system
.
Technical
extension
of
the
military
sense
:
first
attested
in
mid-20th
century
electronics
.
arms
noun
weapons
such
as
guns
,
bombs
,
and
other
military
equipment
used
for
fighting
•
The
rebels
finally
laid
down
their
arms
and
surrendered
.
The
rebels
finally
laid
down
their
arms
and
surrendered
.
•
The
country
spends
billions
on
arms
every
year
.
The
country
spends
billions
on
arms
every
year
.
From
Old
French
‘
armes
’,
plural
of
‘
arme
’,
ultimately
from
Latin
‘
arma
’
meaning
weapons
.
dream
noun
a
series
of
pictures
,
thoughts
,
or
feelings
that
happen
in
your
mind
while
you
are
asleep
•
I
had
a
strange
dream
about
flying
last
night
.
I
had
a
strange
dream
about
flying
last
night
.
•
During
his
nap
,
the
baby
smiled
because
of
a
happy
dream
.
During
his
nap
,
the
baby
smiled
because
of
a
happy
dream
.
Old
English
drēam
originally
meant
“
joy
,
music
,”
later
influenced
by
Old
Norse
draumr
to
take
on
the
modern
sleep-vision
sense
.
verb
-
dream
,
dreaming
,
dreams
,
dreamed
,
dreamt
to
experience
pictures
,
thoughts
,
or
feelings
in
your
mind
while
you
are
asleep
•
I
rarely
dream
when
I
take
a
short
nap
.
I
rarely
dream
when
I
take
a
short
nap
.
•
She
dreamed
about
walking
through
a
silent
forest
.
She
dreamed
about
walking
through
a
silent
forest
.
noun
a
series
of
pictures
,
sounds
,
and
feelings
that
pass
through
your
mind
while
you
are
asleep
•
Mia
woke
up
smiling
because
she
had
a
dream
about
dancing
with
dolphins
.
Mia
woke
up
smiling
because
she
had
a
dream
about
dancing
with
dolphins
.
•
In
his
strange
dream
,
the
clocks
in
the
city
were
all
running
backward
.
In
his
strange
dream
,
the
clocks
in
the
city
were
all
running
backward
.
Old
English
drēam
meant
“
joy
”
or
“
music
,”
but
by
Middle
English
it
had
come
to
mean
the
sleeping
visions
we
know
today
.
verb
-
dream
,
dreaming
,
dreams
,
dreamed
,
dreamt
to
experience
pictures
,
sounds
,
and
feelings
in
your
mind
while
you
are
asleep
•
I
often
dream
about
visiting
other
planets
.
I
often
dream
about
visiting
other
planets
.
•
She
rarely
dreams
when
she
is
extremely
tired
.
She
rarely
dreams
when
she
is
extremely
tired
.
noun
a
hope
or
strong
wish
for
something
that
you
want
to
happen
in
the
future
•
Her
dream
is
to
become
a
doctor
.
Her
dream
is
to
become
a
doctor
.
•
Owning
a
small
farm
has
always
been
his
dream
.
Owning
a
small
farm
has
always
been
his
dream
.
verb
-
dream
,
dreaming
,
dreams
,
dreamed
,
dreamt
to
imagine
or
think
about
something
that
you
would
like
to
happen
in
the
future
•
Many
children
dream
of
becoming
astronauts
.
Many
children
dream
of
becoming
astronauts
.
•
She
dreams
about
starting
her
own
bakery
one
day
.
She
dreams
about
starting
her
own
bakery
one
day
.
noun
a
strong
hope
or
goal
that
you
want
to
achieve
in
the
future
•
Becoming
a
doctor
has
always
been
Sara
’
s
dream
.
Becoming
a
doctor
has
always
been
Sara
’
s
dream
.
•
After
years
of
saving
,
they
finally
built
the
bakery
of
their
dreams
.
After
years
of
saving
,
they
finally
built
the
bakery
of
their
dreams
.
verb
-
dream
,
dreaming
,
dreams
,
dreamed
,
dreamt
to
imagine
or
hope
for
something
,
especially
something
you
want
very
much
but
that
may
be
difficult
to
get
•
Many
kids
dream
of
becoming
astronauts
.
Many
kids
dream
of
becoming
astronauts
.
•
You
can
achieve
anything
you
’
ve
ever
dreamed
of
if
you
keep
trying
.
You
can
achieve
anything
you
’
ve
ever
dreamed
of
if
you
keep
trying
.
noun
something
or
someone
that
is
extremely
pleasant
,
desirable
,
or
perfect
•
The
beach
house
they
rented
was
a
dream
.
The
beach
house
they
rented
was
a
dream
.
•
This
chocolate
cake
is
a
dream
—
so
rich
and
moist
!
This
chocolate
cake
is
a
dream
—
so
rich
and
moist
!
noun
something
or
someone
that
is
very
pleasant
,
attractive
,
or
perfect
•
The
new
electric
car
is
a
dream
to
drive
.
The
new
electric
car
is
a
dream
to
drive
.
•
This
beach
resort
is
an
absolute
dream
.
This
beach
resort
is
an
absolute
dream
.
mom
noun
an
informal
word
for
one
’
s
mother
,
a
female
parent
•
I
called
my
mom
to
tell
her
the
good
news
.
I
called
my
mom
to
tell
her
the
good
news
.
•
My
mom
makes
the
best
spaghetti
in
the
world
.
My
mom
makes
the
best
spaghetti
in
the
world
.
Shortened
and
altered
form
of
mother
,
first
recorded
in
American
English
in
the
late
19th
century
.
item
noun
a
single
object
,
unit
,
or
piece
that
is
part
of
a
list
,
collection
,
set
,
or
group
•
Please
put
each
grocery
item
on
the
conveyor
belt
.
Please
put
each
grocery
item
on
the
conveyor
belt
.
•
That
store
sells
a
million
different
items
,
from
books
to
bicycles
.
That
store
sells
a
million
different
items
,
from
books
to
bicycles
.
Borrowed
in
Middle
English
from
Latin
item
“
also
,
in
like
manner
,”
originally
used
to
introduce
each
entry
in
a
list
;
later
generalized
to
mean
a
single
entry
itself
.
noun
a
short
piece
of
news
or
information
in
a
newspaper
,
magazine
,
broadcast
,
or
online
report
•
Did
you
read
the
short
item
about
the
rescue
on
the
back
page
?
Did
you
read
the
short
item
about
the
rescue
on
the
back
page
?
•
The
anchor
introduced
a
lighthearted
item
on
local
schoolchildren
planting
trees
.
The
anchor
introduced
a
lighthearted
item
on
local
schoolchildren
planting
trees
.
Extension
of
the
basic
sense
“
single
object
”
to
the
idea
of
a
single
piece
of
information
;
early
19th-century
newsroom
jargon
.
noun
informal
:
two
people
who
are
romantically
involved
,
regarded
together
as
a
couple
•
Everyone
at
work
thinks
Lisa
and
Marco
are an item
.
Everyone
at
work
thinks
Lisa
and
Marco
are an item
.
•
They
’
ve
only
had
two
dates
,
yet
gossip
sites
claim
they’re an item
.
They
’
ve
only
had
two
dates
,
yet
gossip
sites
claim
they’re an item
.
Sense
arose
in
mid-20th-century
American
English
,
likely
from
the
phrase
“
an
item
of
gossip
,”
narrowing
to
mean
a
romantic
pairing
.
Popularized
by
celebrity-watch
columns
.
victim
noun
a
person
or
animal
that
is
hurt
,
injured
,
or
killed
by
an
accident
,
crime
,
or
disaster
•
Paramedics
arrived
quickly
to
help
the
victim
of
the
car
crash
.
Paramedics
arrived
quickly
to
help
the
victim
of
the
car
crash
.
•
The
fire's
only
victim
suffered
minor
burns
,
thanks
to
the
fast-acting
neighbors
.
The
fire's
only
victim
suffered
minor
burns
,
thanks
to
the
fast-acting
neighbors
.
From
Latin
victima
meaning
‘
sacrificial
animal
;
person
killed
’.
The
sense
widened
in
the
17th
century
to
anyone
who
suffers
harm
.
noun
a
person
who
is
tricked
,
cheated
,
or
treated
unfairly
•
The
elderly
man
was
a
victim
of
an
online
banking
scam
.
The
elderly
man
was
a
victim
of
an
online
banking
scam
.
•
She
felt
like
a
victim
when
her
colleagues
took
credit
for
her
idea
.
She
felt
like
a
victim
when
her
colleagues
took
credit
for
her
idea
.
noun
someone
who
suffers
from
a
situation
or
influence
rather
than
a
direct
attack
•
Many
families
became
victim
of
the
economic
downturn
.
Many
families
became
victim
of
the
economic
downturn
.
•
He
is
a
victim
of
his
own
success
,
working
nonstop
to
keep
his
business
growing
.
He
is
a
victim
of
his
own
success
,
working
nonstop
to
keep
his
business
growing
.
noun
in
ancient
or
religious
contexts
,
a
creature
or
person
offered
as
a
sacrifice
to
a
god
•
The
tribe
laid
the
victim
upon
the
stone
altar
during
the
ritual
.
The
tribe
laid
the
victim
upon
the
stone
altar
during
the
ritual
.
•
In
some
myths
,
a
king
would
volunteer
as
the
victim
to
save
his
people
.
In
some
myths
,
a
king
would
volunteer
as
the
victim
to
save
his
people
.
perform
verb
to
carry
out
or
complete
an
action
,
duty
,
or
piece
of
work
•
The
engineer
will
perform
safety
checks
before
the
machine
starts
.
The
engineer
will
perform
safety
checks
before
the
machine
starts
.
•
Students
must
perform
all
the
experiments
listed
in
the
lab
manual
.
Students
must
perform
all
the
experiments
listed
in
the
lab
manual
.
From
Middle
English
performen
,
borrowed
from
Anglo-French
parfourmer
,
from
par-
“
completely
”
+
fourmer
“
to
form
.”
verb
to
entertain
an
audience
by
acting
,
singing
,
playing
music
,
or
doing
another
art
live
•
The
band
will
perform
on
the
main
stage
at
8
p
.
m
.
The
band
will
perform
on
the
main
stage
at
8
p
.
m
.
•
She
loves
to
perform
in
school
plays
.
She
loves
to
perform
in
school
plays
.
verb
to
operate
or
function
in
a
particular
way
,
especially
showing
how
well
something
works
•
The
new
smartphone
performs
better
than
the
older
model
.
The
new
smartphone
performs
better
than
the
older
model
.
•
After
months
of
training
,
the
athlete
performed
impressively
in
the
marathon
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
athlete
performed
impressively
in
the
marathon
.
firm
noun
a
business
organization
,
especially
a
company
run
by
partners
or
a
small
team
.
•
After
college
,
he
joined
an
accounting
firm
in
the
city
.
After
college
,
he
joined
an
accounting
firm
in
the
city
.
•
Their
law
firm
specializes
in
environmental
cases
.
Their
law
firm
specializes
in
environmental
cases
.
verb
to
make
something
,
or
become
,
stronger
and
more
solid
.
•
Refrigerating
the
jelly
will
firm
it
faster
.
Refrigerating
the
jelly
will
firm
it
faster
.
•
Her
resolve
firmed
when
she
saw
the
results
.
Her
resolve
firmed
when
she
saw
the
results
.
reform
verb
-
reform
,
reforming
,
reforms
,
reformed
to
change
laws
,
systems
,
or
organizations
in
order
to
make
them
better
•
The
president
promised
to
reform
the
healthcare
system
within
his
first
year
in
office
.
The
president
promised
to
reform
the
healthcare
system
within
his
first
year
in
office
.
•
A
group
of
young
activists
marched
to
demand
that
lawmakers
reform
outdated
voting
laws
.
A
group
of
young
activists
marched
to
demand
that
lawmakers
reform
outdated
voting
laws
.
From
Latin
reformare
“
to
form
again
,
reshape
”,
from
re-
“
again
”
+
formare
“
to
form
”.
verb
-
reform
,
reforming
,
reforms
,
reformed
to
stop
behaving
badly
and
start
living
in
a
better
,
more
honest
way
•
After
years
in
prison
,
he
decided
to
reform
and
build
a
new
life
.
After
years
in
prison
,
he
decided
to
reform
and
build
a
new
life
.
•
She
joined
a
support
group
to
help
her
reform
from
her
gambling
addiction
.
She
joined
a
support
group
to
help
her
reform
from
her
gambling
addiction
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
:
Latin
reformare
'form
again'
.
noun
the
action
or
process
of
improving
a
law
,
system
,
or
practice
by
making
changes
•
Tax
reform
is
a
major
topic
in
the
upcoming
election
.
Tax
reform
is
a
major
topic
in
the
upcoming
election
.
•
Citizens
demanded
sweeping
police
reform
after
the
scandal
.
Citizens
demanded
sweeping
police
reform
after
the
scandal
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
reformare
via
Middle
French
‘
reforme
’,
originally
meaning
‘
reshaping
’.
museum
noun
a
building
or
room
where
valuable
or
interesting
objects
of
art
,
history
,
science
,
or
culture
are
collected
and
shown
to
the
public
•
Our
class
visited
the
city
museum
to
see
the
dinosaur
skeletons
.
Our
class
visited
the
city
museum
to
see
the
dinosaur
skeletons
.
•
The
small
town
opened
a
new
maritime
museum
beside
the
harbor
.
The
small
town
opened
a
new
maritime
museum
beside
the
harbor
.
Late
15th
century
,
from
Latin
‘
museum
’,
originally
meaning
“
library
or
study
,”
from
Greek
‘
Mouseion
’ ‘
seat
of
the
Muses
,
place
of
study
’.
terms
noun
the
conditions
or
rules
that
form
part
of
an
agreement
,
contract
,
or
arrangement
•
The
lawyer
explained
the
terms
of
the
contract
in
simple
language
.
The
lawyer
explained
the
terms
of
the
contract
in
simple
language
.
•
Before
renting
the
apartment
,
we
discussed
the
payment
terms
with
the
landlord
.
Before
renting
the
apartment
,
we
discussed
the
payment
terms
with
the
landlord
.
noun
the
state
of
relationship
you
have
with
someone
,
especially
expressed
in
phrases
like
“
on
good
terms
”
or
“
on
speaking
terms
”
•
Even
after
the
argument
,
they
stayed
on good terms
.
Even
after
the
argument
,
they
stayed
on good terms
.
•
After
the
company
merger
,
the
two
managers
were
finally
back
on speaking terms
.
After
the
company
merger
,
the
two
managers
were
finally
back
on speaking terms
.
warm
verb
to
make
something
hotter
or
become
hotter
,
especially
to
a
comfortable
level
•
She
warmed
the
soup
on
the
stove
.
She
warmed
the
soup
on
the
stove
.
•
My
hands
are
slowly
warming
after
I
put
on
gloves
.
My
hands
are
slowly
warming
after
I
put
on
gloves
.
warm to
verb
-
warm
to
,
warming
to
,
warms
to
,
warmed
to
to
gradually
become
enthusiastic
or
friendly
toward
someone
or
something
•
At
first
she
was
shy
,
but
she
soon
warmed
to
her
new
classmates
.
At
first
she
was
shy
,
but
she
soon
warmed to
her
new
classmates
.
•
Investors
slowly
warm
to
the
idea
of
green
energy
funds
.
Investors
slowly
warm to
the
idea
of
green
energy
funds
.
storm
noun
a
period
of
very
bad
weather
with
strong
wind
,
heavy
rain
,
snow
,
thunder
,
or
lightning
•
The
storm
knocked
down
several
trees
in
our
neighborhood
.
The
storm
knocked
down
several
trees
in
our
neighborhood
.
•
Fishermen
hurried
back
to
port
when
they
heard
a
storm
warning
on
the
radio
.
Fishermen
hurried
back
to
port
when
they
heard
a
storm
warning
on
the
radio
.
Old
English
“
storm
”
meaning
violent
disturbance
of
the
atmosphere
;
related
to
Old
Norse
“
stormr
”.
verb
to
enter
or
leave
a
place
suddenly
and
angrily
•
Upset
by
the
comment
,
she
stormed
out
of
the
meeting
.
Upset
by
the
comment
,
she
stormed
out
of
the
meeting
.
•
The
teenager
storms
into
his
room
and
slams
the
door
.
The
teenager
storms
into
his
room
and
slams
the
door
.
verb
(
of
weather
)
to
have
stormy
conditions
with
strong
wind
,
rain
,
or
snow
•
It
stormed
all
night
,
rattling
the
windows
.
It
stormed
all
night
,
rattling
the
windows
.
•
The
forecast
says
it
will
storm
this
afternoon
.
The
forecast
says
it
will
storm
this
afternoon
.
noun
a
sudden
strong
outburst
of
emotion
,
noise
,
or
public
reaction
•
The
mayor's
decision
triggered
a
storm
of
criticism
online
.
The
mayor's
decision
triggered
a
storm
of
criticism
online
.
•
Her
speech
was
met
with
a
storm
of
applause
.
Her
speech
was
met
with
a
storm
of
applause
.
verb
to
suddenly
attack
and
take
control
of
a
place
using
force
•
Rebel
soldiers
stormed
the
palace
at
dawn
.
Rebel
soldiers
stormed
the
palace
at
dawn
.
•
The
SWAT
team
stormed
the
building
to
rescue
the
hostages
.
The
SWAT
team
stormed
the
building
to
rescue
the
hostages
.
farm
noun
a
piece
of
land
,
together
with
its
buildings
,
where
crops
are
grown
or
animals
are
kept
for
food
or
other
products
•
Every
summer
,
Emily
visits
her
grandparents'
farm
to
help
pick
strawberries
.
Every
summer
,
Emily
visits
her
grandparents'
farm
to
help
pick
strawberries
.
•
Cows
grazed
peacefully
in
the
green
fields
of
the
farm
.
Cows
grazed
peacefully
in
the
green
fields
of
the
farm
.
Old
English
"
feorm
"
meant
provisions
or
supplies
,
later
evolving
to
describe
land
that
produced
those
supplies
,
giving
the
modern
meaning
of
an
agricultural
holding
.
verb
to
use
land
to
grow
crops
or
raise
animals
as
a
job
•
The
Nguyens
farm
rice
on
the
fertile
plains
near
the
river
.
The
Nguyens
farm
rice
on
the
fertile
plains
near
the
river
.
•
Many
young
people
left
the
countryside
because
they
no
longer
wanted
to
farm
.
Many
young
people
left
the
countryside
because
they
no
longer
wanted
to
farm
.
From
Old
English
"
feormian
"
meaning
to
provision
or
supply
,
later
narrowing
to
working
the
land
.
noun
a
large
group
of
machines
,
devices
,
or
energy
generators
located
together
and
working
as
one
unit
,
such
as
a
wind
farm
or
a
server
farm
•
Rows
of
turbines
spun
across
the
hillside
wind
farm
.
Rows
of
turbines
spun
across
the
hillside
wind
farm
.
•
The
company
stores
its
data
on
a
massive
server
farm
located
underground
.
The
company
stores
its
data
on
a
massive
server
farm
located
underground
.
Extended
metaphor
from
agricultural
farm
:
the
idea
of
many
similar
units
working
together
in
one
place
.
verb
to
repeatedly
perform
an
action
,
especially
in
a
video
game
,
to
collect
resources
,
points
,
or
items
•
In
the
new
update
,
players
can
farm
rare
gems
by
battling
dungeon
bosses
.
In
the
new
update
,
players
can
farm
rare
gems
by
battling
dungeon
bosses
.
•
He
stayed
up
all
night
to
farm
coins
for
his
online
character
.
He
stayed
up
all
night
to
farm
coins
for
his
online
character
.
Metaphorically
extended
from
working
the
land
to
working
repeatedly
in
a
digital
space
to
gather
resources
.
pound
noun
-
study
,
studying
,
studies
,
studied
,
happy
,
happier
,
happiest
a
unit
of
weight
equal
to
16
ounces
,
or
about
0
.
454
kilograms
•
The
recipe
calls
for
one
pound
of
strawberries
.
The
recipe
calls
for
one
pound
of
strawberries
.
•
He
lost
five
pounds
after
a
week
of
hiking
.
He
lost
five
pounds
after
a
week
of
hiking
.
From
Old
English
“
pund
,”
ultimately
from
Latin
“
pōndo
” (
by
weight
).
bottom
noun
the
lowest
part
,
point
,
or
surface
of
something
•
He
found
his
keys
at
the
bottom
of
his
backpack
.
He
found
his
keys
at
the
bottom
of
his
backpack
.
•
A
layer
of
silt
covered
the
bottom
of
the
pond
.
A
layer
of
silt
covered
the
bottom
of
the
pond
.
noun
the
piece
of
clothing
that
covers
the
lower
part
of
your
body
,
such
as
trousers
,
shorts
,
or
the
lower
half
of
a
set
of
pajamas
•
These
tracksuit
bottoms
are
so
comfortable
.
These
tracksuit
bottoms
are
so
comfortable
.
•
I
can't
find
the
pajama
bottoms
that
match
this
top
.
I
can't
find
the
pajama
bottoms
that
match
this
top
.
noun
the
part
of
the
human
body
that
you
sit
on
;
buttocks
•
The
toddler
slipped
and
landed
on
his
bottom
.
The
toddler
slipped
and
landed
on
his
bottom
.
•
Sit
on
your
bottom
and
slide
down
carefully
.
Sit
on
your
bottom
and
slide
down
carefully
.
noun
the
lowest
level
or
position
in
a
group
,
organization
,
or
scale
•
The
team
finished
at
the
bottom
of
the
league
.
The
team
finished
at
the
bottom
of
the
league
.
•
He
started
at
the
bottom
of
the
company
and
worked
his
way
up
.
He
started
at
the
bottom
of
the
company
and
worked
his
way
up
.
verb
to
reach
the
lowest
point
before
starting
to
rise
or
improve
•
Housing
prices
finally
bottomed
last
year
.
Housing
prices
finally
bottomed
last
year
.
•
The
stock
bottomed
at
five
dollars
before
recovering
.
The
stock
bottomed
at
five
dollars
before
recovering
.
classroom
noun
a
room
in
a
school
,
college
,
or
other
educational
place
where
lessons
are
taught
•
The
students
entered
the
classroom
and
took
their
seats
.
The
students
entered
the
classroom
and
took
their
seats
.
•
After
the
bell
rang
,
the
teacher
wrote
the
day's
goals
on
the
classroom
whiteboard
.
After
the
bell
rang
,
the
teacher
wrote
the
day's
goals
on
the
classroom
whiteboard
.
Formed
from
class
+
room
in
the
late
19th
century
as
schools
expanded
and
needed
dedicated
spaces
for
teaching
.
noun
the
students
who
belong
to
a
particular
class
,
thought
of
together
as
one
group
•
The
whole
classroom
cheered
when
the
teacher
canceled
the
quiz
.
The
whole
classroom
cheered
when
the
teacher
canceled
the
quiz
.
•
Our
classroom
voted
to
plant
a
tree
for
Earth
Day
.
Our
classroom
voted
to
plant
a
tree
for
Earth
Day
.
By
extension
from
the
physical
space
to
the
group
of
learners
within
it
,
first
noted
in
education
writings
of
the
early
20th
century
.
confirm
verb
to
show
or
prove
that
something
is
true
or
correct
•
The
scientist
repeated
the
experiment
to
confirm
the
results
.
The
scientist
repeated
the
experiment
to
confirm
the
results
.
•
The
bank
sent
me
a
code
by
text
to
confirm
my
identity
.
The
bank
sent
me
a
code
by
text
to
confirm
my
identity
.
From
Latin
confirmare
“
to
strengthen
,
establish
,
prove
,”
from
con-
“
together
”
+
firmare
“
make
firm
.”
verb
to
tell
someone
officially
that
an
arrangement
,
booking
,
or
plan
is
definite
•
Please
confirm
your
flight
as
soon
as
possible
.
Please
confirm
your
flight
as
soon
as
possible
.
•
The
hotel
emailed
to
say
they
had
confirmed
our
reservation
.
The
hotel
emailed
to
say
they
had
confirmed
our
reservation
.
verb
to
make
a
feeling
,
belief
,
or
opinion
stronger
•
Her
smile
confirmed
my
suspicion
that
she
had
good
news
.
Her
smile
confirmed
my
suspicion
that
she
had
good
news
.
•
The
latest
polls
confirm
the
public's
growing
support
for
the
policy
.
The
latest
polls
confirm
the
public's
growing
support
for
the
policy
.
verb
in
some
Christian
churches
,
to
accept
someone
as
a
full
member
in
a
special
ceremony
•
The
bishop
will
confirm
the
teenagers
next
Sunday
.
The
bishop
will
confirm
the
teenagers
next
Sunday
.
•
I
was
confirmed
when
I
was
twelve
years
old
.
I
was
confirmed
when
I
was
twelve
years
old
.
pm
noun
a
private
message
sent
directly
to
one
person
on
a
social
media
site
,
forum
,
or
chat
app
•
I'll
send
you
a
PM
with
the
meeting
link
.
I'll
send
you
a
PM
with
the
meeting
link
.
•
He
checked
his
inbox
and
found
three
unread
PMs
.
He
checked
his
inbox
and
found
three
unread
PMs
.
originated
in
early
internet
forums
of
the
1990s
as
shorthand
for
“
private
message
,”
contrasting
with
public
posts
circumstance
noun
the
conditions
or
facts
that
surround
and
influence
a
situation
•
Because
of
the
stormy
weather
circumstances
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
cancelled
.
Because
of
the
stormy
weather
circumstances
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
cancelled
.
•
She
kept
calm
,
even
under
difficult
circumstances
.
She
kept
calm
,
even
under
difficult
circumstances
.
noun
a
particular
fact
or
event
that
is
part
of
a
situation
,
especially
in
formal
use
•
Every
circumstance
of
the
accident
was
recorded
in
the
police
report
.
Every
circumstance
of
the
accident
was
recorded
in
the
police
report
.
•
The
court
will
consider
each
circumstance
before
making
a
decision
.
The
court
will
consider
each
circumstance
before
making
a
decision
.
circumstances
noun
someone
’
s
financial
situation
and
way
of
living
•
After
getting
a
promotion
,
his
circumstances
improved
greatly
.
After
getting
a
promotion
,
his
circumstances
improved
greatly
.
•
She
grew
up
in
humble
circumstances
and
worked
hard
to
succeed
.
She
grew
up
in
humble
circumstances
and
worked
hard
to
succeed
.
album
noun
a
collection
of
recorded
songs
or
pieces
of
music
that
are
released
together
as
one
body
of
work
•
Their
debut
album
sold
a
million
copies
in
the
first
week
.
Their
debut
album
sold
a
million
copies
in
the
first
week
.
•
I
like
listening
to
this
album
all
the
way
through
,
from
the
first
track
to
the
last
.
I
like
listening
to
this
album
all
the
way
through
,
from
the
first
track
to
the
last
.
Borrowed
in
the
17th
century
from
Latin
"
album
"
meaning
a
blank
tablet
;
adopted
by
the
music
industry
in
the
early
20th
century
when
sets
of
78-rpm
records
resembled
photo
albums
.
noun
a
book
or
digital
folder
with
blank
pages
or
slots
used
to
collect
and
display
photographs
,
stamps
,
or
other
keepsakes
•
We
made
a
photo
album
of
our
trip
to
Japan
.
We
made
a
photo
album
of
our
trip
to
Japan
.
•
He
keeps
all
his
childhood
stamps
in
a
thick
album
.
He
keeps
all
his
childhood
stamps
in
a
thick
album
.
From
Latin
"
album
"
meaning
a
blank
tablet
or
board
;
later
applied
in
the
17th
century
to
books
with
blank
pages
for
collecting
autographs
or
pictures
.
scream
verb
to
make
a
very
loud
,
high-pitched
cry
because
you
are
afraid
,
hurt
,
excited
,
or
angry
•
The
little
girl
screamed
when
she
saw
a
spider
on
her
pillow
.
The
little
girl
screamed
when
she
saw
a
spider
on
her
pillow
.
•
He
screamed
in
pain
after
twisting
his
ankle
on
the
hiking
trail
.
He
screamed
in
pain
after
twisting
his
ankle
on
the
hiking
trail
.
From
Middle
English
scrēmen
,
from
Old
Norse
skræma
"
to
terrify
,
scare
".
noun
a
loud
,
high-pitched
cry
showing
fear
,
pain
,
excitement
,
or
anger
•
A
loud
scream
rang
out
in
the
dark
alley
.
A
loud
scream
rang
out
in
the
dark
alley
.
•
We
rushed
over
when
we
heard
her
scream
.
We
rushed
over
when
we
heard
her
scream
.
verb
(
of
a
machine
,
wind
,
brakes
,
etc
.)
to
produce
a
loud
,
piercing
or
harsh
noise
•
The
ambulance
siren
screamed
down
the
street
.
The
ambulance
siren
screamed
down
the
street
.
•
His
tires
screamed
as
he
slammed
on
the
brakes
at
the
intersection
.
His
tires
screamed
as
he
slammed
on
the
brakes
at
the
intersection
.
verb
(
figurative
)
to
seem
to
urgently
need
or
demand
something
,
or
to
be
very
obvious
•
The
abandoned
garden
screamed
for
water
and
care
.
The
abandoned
garden
screamed
for
water
and
care
.
•
Her
neon-green
dress
screams
attention
.
Her
neon-green
dress
screams
attention
.
noun
(
informal
)
a
person
or
thing
that
is
extremely
funny
and
makes
people
laugh
a
lot
•
You
should
meet
Jake
—
he
’
s
a
real
scream
at
parties
.
You
should
meet
Jake
—
he
’
s
a
real
scream
at
parties
.
•
That
comedy
show
was
a
scream
;
I
couldn
’
t
stop
laughing
.
That
comedy
show
was
a
scream
;
I
couldn
’
t
stop
laughing
.
inform
verb
to
give
someone
facts
or
knowledge
about
something
so
that
they
understand
it
•
The
teacher
informed
the
class
about
the
sudden
schedule
change
.
The
teacher
informed
the
class
about
the
sudden
schedule
change
.
•
Please
inform
me
as
soon
as
the
package
arrives
.
Please
inform
me
as
soon
as
the
package
arrives
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
informare
‘
shape
,
describe
,
instruct
’.
verb
to
secretly
give
information
about
someone
’
s
wrongdoing
to
the
police
or
another
authority
•
The
neighbor
informed
on
the
burglars
after
seeing
them
hide
the
stolen
bikes
.
The
neighbor
informed
on
the
burglars
after
seeing
them
hide
the
stolen
bikes
.
•
She
refused
to
inform
against
her
coworkers
,
even
under
pressure
.
She
refused
to
inform
against
her
coworkers
,
even
under
pressure
.
Extension
of
main
sense
;
19-century
criminal
slang
‘
to
give
information
’.
verb
to
give
shape
,
influence
,
or
character
to
something
•
Her
rural
childhood
deeply
informs
the
themes
of
her
paintings
.
Her
rural
childhood
deeply
informs
the
themes
of
her
paintings
.
•
Cultural
traditions
inform
the
festival
’
s
vibrant
costumes
.
Cultural
traditions
inform
the
festival
’
s
vibrant
costumes
.
Same
origin
as
main
sense
:
Latin
informare
‘
shape
,
instruct
’.
platform
noun
a
flat
,
raised
surface
or
structure
that
people
or
things
can
stand
on
so
they
are
above
the
area
around
them
•
The
speaker
stood
on
the
wooden
platform
to
address
the
crowd
.
The
speaker
stood
on
the
wooden
platform
to
address
the
crowd
.
•
Workers
used
a
metal
platform
to
reach
the
high
ceiling
of
the
theater
.
Workers
used
a
metal
platform
to
reach
the
high
ceiling
of
the
theater
.
from
Old
French
plateforme
“
ground
plan
”,
later
“
raised
,
flat
structure
”,
from
plat
“
flat
”
+
forme
“
form
”
noun
a
long
,
flat
area
beside
a
railway
or
subway
track
where
passengers
get
on
and
off
trains
•
Early
commuters
waited
on
the
chilly
platform
for
the
7
a
.
m
.
train
.
Early
commuters
waited
on
the
chilly
platform
for
the
7
a
.
m
.
train
.
•
He
sprinted
along
the
platform
and
leapt
aboard
just
before
the
doors
closed
.
He
sprinted
along
the
platform
and
leapt
aboard
just
before
the
doors
closed
.
noun
the
basic
computer
system
,
operating
system
,
or
environment
that
software
or
digital
services
run
on
•
The
app
works
on
any
mobile
platform
,
including
Android
and
iOS
.
The
app
works
on
any
mobile
platform
,
including
Android
and
iOS
.
•
Before
releasing
the
game
,
the
studio
chose
PC
as
its
primary
platform
.
Before
releasing
the
game
,
the
studio
chose
PC
as
its
primary
platform
.
noun
the
set
of
main
goals
and
policies
that
a
political
party
or
candidate
promises
to
follow
•
The
candidate
’
s
platform
includes
affordable
housing
and
clean
energy
.
The
candidate
’
s
platform
includes
affordable
housing
and
clean
energy
.
•
Voters
read
the
party
’
s
platform
before
the
national
convention
.
Voters
read
the
party
’
s
platform
before
the
national
convention
.
noun
a
place
,
service
,
or
situation
that
allows
someone
to
publicly
share
ideas
,
products
,
or
talents
•
The
festival
gave
young
artists
a
platform
to
showcase
their
music
.
The
festival
gave
young
artists
a
platform
to
showcase
their
music
.
•
Social
media
provided
her
with
a
global
platform
for
her
photography
.
Social
media
provided
her
with
a
global
platform
for
her
photography
.
noun
a
shoe
with
an
unusually
thick
sole
that
adds
extra
height
•
She
paired
her
dress
with
red
platform
to
stand
out
at
the
party
.
She
paired
her
dress
with
red
platform
to
stand
out
at
the
party
.
•
Thick
black
platform
were
popular
in
the
1970s
.
Thick
black
platform
were
popular
in
the
1970s
.
cream
noun
a
thick
,
smooth
substance
put
on
the
skin
to
keep
it
healthy
,
relieve
pain
,
or
for
beauty
purposes
•
She
applied
a
moisturizing
cream
to
her
hands
before
bed
.
She
applied
a
moisturizing
cream
to
her
hands
before
bed
.
•
The
doctor
gave
him
an
antibiotic
cream
for
the
cut
.
The
doctor
gave
him
an
antibiotic
cream
for
the
cut
.
Extension
of
the
dairy
meaning
in
the
17th
century
to
describe
any
smooth
,
rich
,
spreadable
substance
.
verb
-
cream
,
creaming
,
creams
,
creamed
to
beat
ingredients
such
as
butter
and
sugar
together
until
they
become
light
and
fluffy
•
First
,
cream
the
butter
and
sugar
in
a
large
bowl
.
First
,
cream
the
butter
and
sugar
in
a
large
bowl
.
•
She
creamed
the
mixture
for
five
minutes
to
get
a
smooth
texture
.
She
creamed
the
mixture
for
five
minutes
to
get
a
smooth
texture
.
Verb
use
comes
from
the
18th-century
practice
of
turning
dairy
cream
into
butter
,
then
extended
to
mixing
butter
until
creamy
.
verb
-
cream
,
creaming
,
creams
,
creamed
informal
:
to
defeat
someone
easily
and
completely
•
Our
team
creamed
them
five–nil
in
the
final
.
Our
team
creamed
them
five–nil
in
the
final
.
•
The
chess
champion
creams
most
opponents
in
under
ten
moves
.
The
chess
champion
creams
most
opponents
in
under
ten
moves
.
20th-century
American
slang
,
perhaps
from
the
idea
of
reducing
something
to
soft
paste
or
‘
mashing
’
it
.
bathroom
noun
a
room
in
a
house
or
other
building
where
you
wash
,
usually
containing
a
bath
or
shower
and
often
a
toilet
and
sink
•
She
painted
the
bathroom
walls
a
calming
shade
of
green
.
She
painted
the
bathroom
walls
a
calming
shade
of
green
.
•
After
playing
in
the
mud
,
the
kids
hurried
to
the
bathroom
to
wash
their
hands
.
After
playing
in
the
mud
,
the
kids
hurried
to
the
bathroom
to
wash
their
hands
.
From
bath
+
room
;
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
when
indoor
bathing
rooms
became
common
.
noun
in
North
American
English
,
a
polite
word
for
a
room
with
a
toilet
,
especially
in
public
places
•
Excuse
me
,
where
is
the
nearest
bathroom
?
Excuse
me
,
where
is
the
nearest
bathroom
?
•
A
sign
directed
visitors
to
the
public
bathroom
behind
the
cafeteria
.
A
sign
directed
visitors
to
the
public
bathroom
behind
the
cafeteria
.
Sense
extended
in
American
English
during
the
20th
century
as
a
polite
substitute
for
"
toilet
"
in
public
settings
.
aim
verb
to
point
a
weapon
,
camera
,
or
other
object
so
that
it
is
directed
toward
a
target
•
The
hunter
carefully
aimed
his
rifle
at
the
distant
deer
.
The
hunter
carefully
aimed
his
rifle
at
the
distant
deer
.
•
You
must
aim
the
garden
hose
higher
to
reach
the
hanging
plants
.
You
must
aim
the
garden
hose
higher
to
reach
the
hanging
plants
.
From
Old
French
aimer
“
to
direct
toward
”,
from
Latin
aestimāre
“
to
estimate
,
value
”.
noun
a
goal
or
purpose
that
someone
wants
to
achieve
•
Her
main
aim
is
to
become
a
doctor
.
Her
main
aim
is
to
become
a
doctor
.
•
The
project
has
two
aims
:
saving
energy
and
reducing
costs
.
The
project
has
two
aims
:
saving
energy
and
reducing
costs
.
verb
to
plan
or
intend
to
achieve
something
•
The
company
aims
to
open
five
new
stores
this
year
.
The
company
aims
to
open
five
new
stores
this
year
.
•
We
aim
to
finish
our
homework
before
dinner
.
We
aim
to
finish
our
homework
before
dinner
.
verb
to
direct
a
message
,
product
,
or
action
toward
a
particular
person
or
group
•
The
advertisement
is
aimed
at
young
adults
.
The
advertisement
is
aimed
at
young
adults
.
•
Her
joke
was
aimed
at
the
politicians
in
the
audience
.
Her
joke
was
aimed
at
the
politicians
in
the
audience
.
symptom
noun
a
physical
or
mental
change
in
the
body
that
shows
someone
may
have
an
illness
or
medical
condition
•
After
the
long
hike
,
Mia
felt
a
sore
throat
,
the
first
symptom
of
her
cold
.
After
the
long
hike
,
Mia
felt
a
sore
throat
,
the
first
symptom
of
her
cold
.
•
A
high
fever
is
a
common
symptom
of
many
infections
.
A
high
fever
is
a
common
symptom
of
many
infections
.
Borrowed
into
Middle
English
from
Late
Latin
“
symptoma
”,
from
Greek
“
sýmptōma
”
meaning
‘
chance
;
occurrence
’,
from
“
sympiptein
” ‘
to
happen
together
’.
noun
a
sign
that
something
bad
exists
or
is
happening
,
especially
in
a
situation
or
society
•
Traffic
jams
are
a
clear
symptom
of
the
city
’
s
rapid
growth
.
Traffic
jams
are
a
clear
symptom
of
the
city
’
s
rapid
growth
.
•
Falling
grades
were
just
one
symptom
of
his
lack
of
sleep
.
Falling
grades
were
just
one
symptom
of
his
lack
of
sleep
.
Same
historical
origin
as
the
medical
sense
,
but
extended
figuratively
in
the
17th
century
to
refer
to
any
outward
sign
of
an
underlying
condition
.
transform
verb
to
change
something
or
someone
completely
so
that
it
looks
,
works
,
or
behaves
in
a
very
different
and
often
better
way
•
The
new
paint
job
completely
transformed
the
living
room
.
The
new
paint
job
completely
transformed
the
living
room
.
•
Digital
technology
is
transforming
the
way
we
communicate
across
the
globe
.
Digital
technology
is
transforming
the
way
we
communicate
across
the
globe
.
From
Latin
trans-
“
across
”
+
formare
“
to
shape
.”
noun
a
mathematical
or
technical
operation
that
converts
one
set
of
numbers
,
signals
,
or
functions
into
another
form
to
make
them
easier
to
analyze
or
use
•
The
engineer
applied
a
Fourier
transform
to
filter
out
noise
from
the
signal
.
The
engineer
applied
a
Fourier
transform
to
filter
out
noise
from
the
signal
.
•
In
computer
graphics
,
the
rotation
transform
lifted
the
character
’
s
arm
upward
.
In
computer
graphics
,
the
rotation
transform
lifted
the
character
’
s
arm
upward
.
Shortened
form
of
transformation
,
first
used
in
mathematics
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
bedroom
noun
a
room
in
a
house
or
apartment
where
people
sleep
•
Tom
kept
his
guitar
in
his
bedroom
.
Tom
kept
his
guitar
in
his
bedroom
.
•
The
new
apartment
has
a
bright
bedroom
with
a
balcony
.
The
new
apartment
has
a
bright
bedroom
with
a
balcony
.
From
bed
+
room
;
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
14th
century
.
criticism
noun
the
act
of
saying
what
you
think
is
wrong
or
bad
about
someone
or
something
•
After
the
presentation
,
the
manager
gave
Luke
some
constructive
criticism
on
his
slides
.
After
the
presentation
,
the
manager
gave
Luke
some
constructive
criticism
on
his
slides
.
•
Sara
felt
hurt
by
the
harsh
criticism
posted
online
.
Sara
felt
hurt
by
the
harsh
criticism
posted
online
.
noun
the
careful
study
and
judgment
of
the
good
and
bad
qualities
of
works
of
literature
,
art
,
music
,
or
film
•
In
her
class
on
film
criticism
,
Professor
Evans
showed
how
camera
angles
shape
emotion
.
In
her
class
on
film
criticism
,
Professor
Evans
showed
how
camera
angles
shape
emotion
.
•
His
essay
offered
a
fresh
criticism
of
Shakespeare's
later
plays
.
His
essay
offered
a
fresh
criticism
of
Shakespeare's
later
plays
.
Muslim
noun
a
person
who
follows
the
religion
of
Islam
•
Amina
is
a
devout
Muslim
who
prays
five
times
a
day
.
Amina
is
a
devout
Muslim
who
prays
five
times
a
day
.
•
During
Ramadan
,
many
Muslims
fast
from
dawn
to
sunset
.
During
Ramadan
,
many
Muslims
fast
from
dawn
to
sunset
.
From
Arabic
“
muslim
”
meaning
“
one
who
submits
(
to
God
)”.
stream
noun
a
small
,
narrow
river
that
flows
continuously
•
A
wooden
bridge
crossed
the
bubbling
stream
near
the
cottage
.
A
wooden
bridge
crossed
the
bubbling
stream
near
the
cottage
.
•
Children
skipped
stones
across
the
shallow
stream
at
the
edge
of
the
forest
.
Children
skipped
stones
across
the
shallow
stream
at
the
edge
of
the
forest
.
Old
English
strēam
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Dutch
stroom
and
German
Strom
,
meaning
a
flowing
body
of
water
.
noun
a
continuous
flow
of
things
such
as
liquid
,
people
,
or
ideas
•
There
was
a
constant
stream
of
visitors
at
the
art
gallery
opening
.
There
was
a
constant
stream
of
visitors
at
the
art
gallery
opening
.
•
She
talked
in
a
rapid
stream
of
words
,
barely
pausing
for
breath
.
She
talked
in
a
rapid
stream
of
words
,
barely
pausing
for
breath
.
noun
a
continuous
broadcast
or
transmission
of
audio
or
video
data
over
the
Internet
•
They
watched
the
football
match
on
a
live
stream
during
lunch
.
They
watched
the
football
match
on
a
live
stream
during
lunch
.
•
The
video
stream
kept
buffering
because
of
the
weak
signal
.
The
video
stream
kept
buffering
because
of
the
weak
signal
.
verb
to
flow
steadily
like
water
in
a
stream
•
Tears
streamed
down
his
face
when
he
heard
the
news
.
Tears
streamed
down
his
face
when
he
heard
the
news
.
•
Morning
sunlight
streams
through
the
stained-glass
windows
of
the
cathedral
.
Morning
sunlight
streams
through
the
stained-glass
windows
of
the
cathedral
.
verb
to
transmit
or
receive
audio
or
video
data
over
the
Internet
in
real
time
•
We
decided
to
stream
the
movie
instead
of
downloading
it
.
We
decided
to
stream
the
movie
instead
of
downloading
it
.
•
She
streams
her
cooking
classes
every
Friday
evening
.
She
streams
her
cooking
classes
every
Friday
evening
.
mechanism
noun
a
part
of
a
machine
or
device
,
usually
with
moving
pieces
,
that
performs
a
particular
function
•
The
clock
’
s
winding
mechanism
had
rusted
and
stopped
working
.
The
clock
’
s
winding
mechanism
had
rusted
and
stopped
working
.
•
A
spring-loaded
mechanism
releases
the
door
when
you
push
the
handle
.
A
spring-loaded
mechanism
releases
the
door
when
you
push
the
handle
.
From
French
mécanisme
,
from
Greek
mēkhanē
‘
machine
’.
noun
a
system
,
method
,
or
set
of
rules
that
makes
it
possible
for
something
to
happen
or
work
•
The
company
created
a
feedback
mechanism
so
customers
could
share
their
opinions
easily
.
The
company
created
a
feedback
mechanism
so
customers
could
share
their
opinions
easily
.
•
Voting
is
the
main
mechanism
through
which
citizens
choose
their
leaders
.
Voting
is
the
main
mechanism
through
which
citizens
choose
their
leaders
.
noun
an
automatic
natural
process
inside
a
living
thing
that
causes
a
particular
action
or
reaction
•
Sweating
is
the
body
’
s
cooling
mechanism
when
the
temperature
rises
.
Sweating
is
the
body
’
s
cooling
mechanism
when
the
temperature
rises
.
•
Denial
can
act
as
a
defense
mechanism
after
a
traumatic
event
.
Denial
can
act
as
a
defense
mechanism
after
a
traumatic
event
.
palm
noun
the
flat
inner
part
of
your
hand
between
the
wrist
and
the
base
of
the
fingers
•
Maya
placed
the
delicate
butterfly
on
her
outstretched
palm
.
Maya
placed
the
delicate
butterfly
on
her
outstretched
palm
.
•
Sweat
gathered
in
his
palm
before
the
big
presentation
.
Sweat
gathered
in
his
palm
before
the
big
presentation
.
Old
English
‘
palm
’
from
Latin
‘
palma
’,
meaning
‘
palm
of
the
hand
’
and
later
extended
to
the
tree
because
its
wide
leaves
resembled
an
open
hand
.
noun
a
tall
tropical
tree
with
a
straight
trunk
and
a
crown
of
large
feather-like
leaves
•
A
row
of
palm
trees
swayed
gently
in
the
ocean
breeze
.
A
row
of
palm
trees
swayed
gently
in
the
ocean
breeze
.
•
Coconuts
dropped
from
a
towering
palm
during
the
storm
.
Coconuts
dropped
from
a
towering
palm
during
the
storm
.
The
name
for
the
tree
comes
from
Latin
‘
palma
’,
originally
‘
palm
of
the
hand
’,
given
because
the
spread
of
the
leaves
was
thought
to
look
like
fingers
.
verb
-
palm
,
palming
,
palms
,
palmed
to
hide
,
steal
,
or
move
something
by
concealing
it
in
the
palm
of
the
hand
•
The
magician
smoothly
palmed
the
coin
before
anyone
noticed
.
The
magician
smoothly
palmed
the
coin
before
anyone
noticed
.
•
She
was
caught
trying
to
palm
a
candy
bar
at
the
checkout
.
She
was
caught
trying
to
palm
a
candy
bar
at
the
checkout
.
Extension
of
the
noun
‘
palm
’;
first
used
in
the
1600s
to
describe
tricks
done
by
jugglers
and
thieves
who
hid
objects
in
the
hand
.
poem
noun
a
piece
of
writing
,
usually
arranged
in
short
lines
,
that
uses
rhythm
,
sounds
,
and
images
to
express
ideas
or
feelings
•
Maya
memorized
the
poem
and
recited
it
to
her
class
with
confidence
.
Maya
memorized
the
poem
and
recited
it
to
her
class
with
confidence
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
students
to
write
a
short
poem
about
spring
.
The
teacher
asked
the
students
to
write
a
short
poem
about
spring
.
From
Latin
‘
poema
’,
itself
from
Ancient
Greek
‘
poiēma
’
meaning
“
thing
made
,
composition
,”
related
to
‘
poiein
’ “
to
make
.”
noun
something
that
is
extremely
beautiful
,
well-made
,
or
graceful
,
reminding
people
of
a
work
of
poetry
•
The
new
sports
car
is
a
poem
of
engineering
,
sleek
and
perfectly
balanced
.
The
new
sports
car
is
a
poem
of
engineering
,
sleek
and
perfectly
balanced
.
•
Her
ballroom
dance
routine
was
a
poem
of
grace
and
precision
.
Her
ballroom
dance
routine
was
a
poem
of
grace
and
precision
.
Figurative
extension
of
the
literary
sense
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
17th
century
.
stadium
noun
a
large
open
or
enclosed
structure
with
rows
of
seats
surrounding
a
field
or
stage
,
used
for
sports
events
,
concerts
,
or
other
big
gatherings
•
Crowds
of
fans
poured
into
the
newly
built
stadium
for
the
championship
match
.
Crowds
of
fans
poured
into
the
newly
built
stadium
for
the
championship
match
.
•
At
night
,
the
stadium
lights
glowed
like
a
beacon
over
the
city
skyline
.
At
night
,
the
stadium
lights
glowed
like
a
beacon
over
the
city
skyline
.
From
Latin
stadium
“
a
measure
of
length
,
racecourse
”,
later
extended
to
the
building
itself
.
noun
in
geometry
,
a
two-dimensional
shape
made
of
a
rectangle
with
semicircles
attached
to
its
shorter
sides
•
The
racetrack
had
the
shape
of
a
stadium
,
with
straight
sides
and
rounded
ends
.
The
racetrack
had
the
shape
of
a
stadium
,
with
straight
sides
and
rounded
ends
.
•
Architects
sometimes
use
the
stadium
form
when
designing
swimming
pools
.
Architects
sometimes
use
the
stadium
form
when
designing
swimming
pools
.
Named
by
analogy
to
the
running
track
of
an
ancient
stadium
,
which
shares
the
same
outline
.
noun
an
ancient
Greek
and
Roman
unit
of
length
,
roughly
185
metres
,
used
to
measure
distances
•
In
ancient
Greece
,
a
footrace
was
exactly
one
stadium
long
.
In
ancient
Greece
,
a
footrace
was
exactly
one
stadium
long
.
•
According
to
Strabo
,
the
city
walls
stretched
for
a
full
stadium
.
According
to
Strabo
,
the
city
walls
stretched
for
a
full
stadium
.
From
Latin
stadium
and
Greek
stadion
,
originally
the
length
of
the
race
in
an
ancient
footrace
,
later
treated
as
a
standard
measure
.
forum
noun
a
website
or
online
message
board
where
people
post
messages
and
have
discussions
about
shared
interests
•
I
asked
for
camera
advice
on
a
photography
forum
and
got
helpful
replies
.
I
asked
for
camera
advice
on
a
photography
forum
and
got
helpful
replies
.
•
The
gaming
forum
bans
spoilers
during
the
first
week
after
a
new
release
.
The
gaming
forum
bans
spoilers
during
the
first
week
after
a
new
release
.
Extension
of
the
earlier
sense
of
forum
as
a
place
for
discussion
,
transferred
to
cyberspace
in
the
late
20th
century
.
noun
a
meeting
or
event
where
people
come
together
to
discuss
a
particular
subject
and
exchange
ideas
•
The
town
council
organized
a
forum
to
hear
residents'
ideas
about
traffic
.
The
town
council
organized
a
forum
to
hear
residents'
ideas
about
traffic
.
•
At
the
regional
education
forum
,
teachers
from
many
schools
shared
new
classroom
strategies
.
At
the
regional
education
forum
,
teachers
from
many
schools
shared
new
classroom
strategies
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
forum
meaning
a
marketplace
or
public
square
;
later
broadened
to
any
place
for
discussion
.
noun
in
ancient
Rome
,
a
public
square
used
for
markets
,
political
speeches
,
and
important
meetings
•
Tourists
walked
across
the
ruins
of
the
Roman
forum
in
the
hot
summer
sun
.
Tourists
walked
across
the
ruins
of
the
Roman
forum
in
the
hot
summer
sun
.
•
Historians
say
the
forum
was
the
heart
of
public
life
in
ancient
Rome
.
Historians
say
the
forum
was
the
heart
of
public
life
in
ancient
Rome
.
Latin
forum
originally
referred
to
an
open
public
space
for
markets
and
civic
activities
in
Roman
towns
.
armed
verb
past
tense
and
past
participle
of
arm
:
gave
weapons
or
equipment
to
someone
,
or
made
something
ready
for
use
•
The
rebels
armed
themselves
before
the
attack
.
The
rebels
armed
themselves
before
the
attack
.
•
We
had
armed
the
alarm
system
before
leaving
home
.
We
had
armed
the
alarm
system
before
leaving
home
.
custom
noun
a
habitual
practice
or
traditional
way
of
behaving
within
a
particular
society
,
group
,
or
family
•
In
many
countries
,
it
is
a
custom
to
shake
hands
when
meeting
someone
.
In
many
countries
,
it
is
a
custom
to
shake
hands
when
meeting
someone
.
•
Removing
your
shoes
before
entering
a
house
is
a
common
custom
in
Japan
.
Removing
your
shoes
before
entering
a
house
is
a
common
custom
in
Japan
.
From
Latin
consuetudinem
(
habit
,
usage
),
via
Old
French
costume
.
noun
regular
business
or
patronage
that
customers
give
to
a
shop
,
service
,
or
company
•
The
friendly
owner
relies
on
local
custom
to
keep
the
café
open
during
winter
.
The
friendly
owner
relies
on
local
custom
to
keep
the
café
open
during
winter
.
•
Tourists
bring
valuable
custom
to
the
seaside
market
each
summer
.
Tourists
bring
valuable
custom
to
the
seaside
market
each
summer
.
Extension
of
the
idea
of
habitual
practice
to
the
habitual
buying
behavior
of
customers
.
customs
noun
the
taxes
paid
on
goods
brought
into
a
country
and
the
government
officials
who
collect
them
at
borders
and
airports
•
We
declared
the
souvenirs
at
customs
and
paid
a
small
fee
.
We
declared
the
souvenirs
at
customs
and
paid
a
small
fee
.
•
The
queue
for
customs
moved
quickly
this
morning
.
The
queue
for
customs
moved
quickly
this
morning
.
Originally
plural
of
“
custom
”
meaning
a
tax
payable
to
the
Crown
on
imported
goods
.
swim
verb
-
swim
,
swimming
,
swims
,
swam
,
swum
to
move
through
water
,
or
another
liquid
,
by
making
movements
with
your
arms
,
legs
,
fins
,
or
whole
body
,
without
standing
on
the
bottom
•
On
a
hot
afternoon
,
several
teenagers
swim
happily
in
the
busy
community
pool
.
On
a
hot
afternoon
,
several
teenagers
swim
happily
in
the
busy
community
pool
.
•
Dolphins
swim
gracefully
beside
a
boat
as
tourists
watch
in
amazement
.
Dolphins
swim
gracefully
beside
a
boat
as
tourists
watch
in
amazement
.
Old
English
swymman
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
zwemmen
and
German
schwimmen
.
noun
an
act
or
period
of
moving
through
water
for
exercise
,
sport
,
or
fun
•
Let
’
s
go
for
a
quick
swim
before
dinner
.
Let
’
s
go
for
a
quick
swim
before
dinner
.
•
A
cold
morning
swim
wakes
him
up
better
than
coffee
.
A
cold
morning
swim
wakes
him
up
better
than
coffee
.
verb
-
swim
,
swimming
,
swims
,
swam
,
swum
(
of
your
head
,
eyes
,
or
surroundings
)
to
seem
to
spin
or
move
around
you
,
making
you
feel
dizzy
•
After
standing
up
too
quickly
,
the
room
began
to
swim
before
his
eyes
.
After
standing
up
too
quickly
,
the
room
began
to
swim
before
his
eyes
.
•
Her
head
started
to
swim
during
the
long
,
hot
train
ride
.
Her
head
started
to
swim
during
the
long
,
hot
train
ride
.
random
noun
a
person
who
is
not
known
or
not
part
of
a
group
•
A
random
bumped
into
me
and
asked
for
directions
.
A
random
bumped
into
me
and
asked
for
directions
.
•
We
don't
let
randoms
into
the
private
chat
.
We
don't
let
randoms
into
the
private
chat
.
calm
adjective
-
calm
,
calming
,
calms
,
calmed
,
calmer
,
calmest
not
excited
,
angry
,
or
worried
;
quiet
and
relaxed
•
Even
during
the
emergency
,
the
nurse
stayed
calm
and
gave
clear
instructions
.
Even
during
the
emergency
,
the
nurse
stayed
calm
and
gave
clear
instructions
.
•
A
cup
of
herbal
tea
helps
me
feel
calm
before
bedtime
.
A
cup
of
herbal
tea
helps
me
feel
calm
before
bedtime
.
From
Middle
English
calme
,
from
Old
French
calme
,
ultimately
from
Latin
cauma
“
heat
of
the
day
,
rest
in
the
heat
”,
later
“
quiet
”.
verb
-
calm
,
calming
,
calms
,
calmed
,
calmer
,
calmest
to
make
someone
or
something
quiet
and
relaxed
,
or
to
become
quiet
and
relaxed
•
The
mother
gently
sang
to
calm
her
baby
when
he
cried
.
The
mother
gently
sang
to
calm
her
baby
when
he
cried
.
•
Deep
breaths
can
calm
your
nerves
before
a
speech
.
Deep
breaths
can
calm
your
nerves
before
a
speech
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
Middle
English
calme
from
Old
French
,
ultimately
Latin
cauma
.
noun
-
calm
,
calming
,
calms
,
calmed
,
calmer
,
calmest
a
peaceful
,
quiet
state
with
little
or
no
movement
,
noise
,
or
excitement
•
After
the
argument
,
a
surprising
calm
settled
over
the
room
.
After
the
argument
,
a
surprising
calm
settled
over
the
room
.
•
Sailors
fear
the
sudden
calm
that
can
leave
a
ship
stranded
.
Sailors
fear
the
sudden
calm
that
can
leave
a
ship
stranded
.
Evolved
from
the
adjective
sense
to
describe
the
state
or
quality
itself
.
harm
verb
to
damage
,
injure
,
or
have
a
bad
effect
on
someone
or
something
•
Too
much
sun
can
harm
your
skin
.
Too
much
sun
can
harm
your
skin
.
•
She
would
never
harm
an
animal
.
She
would
never
harm
an
animal
.
Old
English
hearmian
“
to
hurt
,
damage
,”
derived
from
the
noun
hearm
.
boom
noun
a
deep
,
loud
,
sudden
sound
,
like
an
explosion
,
thunder
,
or
a
big
drum
•
A
sudden
boom
echoed
across
the
valley
when
the
cannon
fired
.
A
sudden
boom
echoed
across
the
valley
when
the
cannon
fired
.
•
We
heard
the
distant
boom
of
thunder
before
the
storm
arrived
.
We
heard
the
distant
boom
of
thunder
before
the
storm
arrived
.
Imitative
origin
:
the
word
copies
the
deep
,
resonant
noise
it
describes
.
verb
-
boom
,
booming
,
booms
,
boomed
to
make
a
deep
,
loud
,
and
resonant
sound
•
The
big
bass
drum
boomed
throughout
the
stadium
.
The
big
bass
drum
boomed
throughout
the
stadium
.
•
Thunder
boomed
overhead
as
the
rain
began
to
fall
.
Thunder
boomed
overhead
as
the
rain
began
to
fall
.
From
the
noun
“
boom
,”
copying
the
deep
sound
.
noun
a
period
of
fast
economic
growth
or
sudden
increase
in
popularity
•
The
tech
industry
experienced
a
huge
boom
in
the
early
2000s
.
The
tech
industry
experienced
a
huge
boom
in
the
early
2000s
.
•
There
was
a
baby
boom
after
the
war
ended
.
There
was
a
baby
boom
after
the
war
ended
.
From
earlier
sense
of
loud
noise
;
later
applied
metaphorically
to
sudden
expansion
(
19th
c
.).
verb
-
boom
,
booming
,
booms
,
boomed
to
grow
or
develop
very
quickly
and
successfully
•
Online
shopping
has
boomed
in
the
last
decade
.
Online
shopping
has
boomed
in
the
last
decade
.
•
The
city
’
s
population
boomed
after
the
new
factory
opened
.
The
city
’
s
population
boomed
after
the
new
factory
opened
.
Extended
from
the
noun
meaning
“
rapid
increase
” (
19th
c
.).
noun
a
long
pole
used
to
hold
a
microphone
or
camera
,
or
the
horizontal
spar
that
extends
the
bottom
of
a
sail
on
a
boat
•
The
sound
engineer
adjusted
the
microphone
on
the
boom
to
capture
the
actor
’
s
voice
.
The
sound
engineer
adjusted
the
microphone
on
the
boom
to
capture
the
actor
’
s
voice
.
•
The
cameraman
swung
the
boom
arm
smoothly
for
the
overhead
shot
.
The
cameraman
swung
the
boom
arm
smoothly
for
the
overhead
shot
.
From
Dutch
“
boom
”
meaning
“
tree
”
or
“
pole
,”
introduced
into
English
nautical
language
in
the
16th
c
.;
later
borrowed
in
film
technology
for
the
pole
holding
a
microphone
.
uniform
noun
a
special
set
of
clothes
of
the
same
style
and
colour
that
members
of
a
group
wear
to
show
they
belong
together
•
All
the
students
lined
up
in
the
playground
wearing
their
neat
blue
uniform
.
All
the
students
lined
up
in
the
playground
wearing
their
neat
blue
uniform
.
•
The
firefighter
’
s
protective
uniform
hung
on
a
hook
beside
the
red
engine
,
ready
for
the
next
call
.
The
firefighter
’
s
protective
uniform
hung
on
a
hook
beside
the
red
engine
,
ready
for
the
next
call
.
Borrowed
from
French
uniforme
,
from
Latin
ūniformis
,
meaning
“
having
one
form
”.
verb
to
make
things
the
same
in
form
,
appearance
,
or
character
•
The
new
policy
aims
to
uniform
safety
standards
across
all
factories
.
The
new
policy
aims
to
uniform
safety
standards
across
all
factories
.
•
Engineers
worked
to
uniform
the
size
of
the
components
before
assembly
.
Engineers
worked
to
uniform
the
size
of
the
components
before
assembly
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
sense
,
meaning
“
to
make
uniform
”.
First
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
mainstream
noun
the
ideas
,
activities
,
or
tastes
that
are
accepted
by
the
largest
group
of
people
at
a
particular
time
•
While
indie
films
often
take
risks
,
Hollywood
blockbusters
usually
aim
for
the
mainstream
.
While
indie
films
often
take
risks
,
Hollywood
blockbusters
usually
aim
for
the
mainstream
.
•
K-pop
used
to
be
niche
,
but
it
has
now
entered
the
global
mainstream
.
K-pop
used
to
be
niche
,
but
it
has
now
entered
the
global
mainstream
.
From
main
(“
principal
”)
+
stream
(“
current
,
direction
of
flow
”),
first
used
metaphorically
in
the
19th
century
for
the
dominant
course
of
opinion
.
verb
to
cause
someone
or
something
to
become
accepted
as
normal
,
especially
by
integrating
it
into
the
dominant
group
or
system
•
The
school
aims
to
mainstream
students
with
disabilities
into
regular
classrooms
.
The
school
aims
to
mainstream
students
with
disabilities
into
regular
classrooms
.
•
Streaming
services
helped
mainstream
independent
films
that
once
struggled
for
theater
space
.
Streaming
services
helped
mainstream
independent
films
that
once
struggled
for
theater
space
.
norm
noun
the
usual
or
expected
standard
of
behaviour
,
situation
,
or
amount
•
In
many
cities
,
riding
a
bike
to
work
is
now
the
norm
.
In
many
cities
,
riding
a
bike
to
work
is
now
the
norm
.
•
The
teacher
explained
that
asking
questions
during
class
was
the
norm
and
encouraged
everyone
to
speak
up
.
The
teacher
explained
that
asking
questions
during
class
was
the
norm
and
encouraged
everyone
to
speak
up
.
From
Latin
norma
“
carpenter
’
s
square
,
rule
”,
later
“
standard
,
pattern
”.
noun
a
rule
or
expectation
that
guides
how
people
should
behave
in
a
particular
group
or
society
•
In
that
culture
,
removing
your
shoes
before
entering
a
house
is
a
common
social
norm
.
In
that
culture
,
removing
your
shoes
before
entering
a
house
is
a
common
social
norm
.
•
Whispering
in
libraries
is
a
norm
that
helps
everyone
concentrate
.
Whispering
in
libraries
is
a
norm
that
helps
everyone
concentrate
.
noun
in
mathematics
,
a
function
that
gives
the
length
or
size
of
a
vector
,
matrix
,
or
other
mathematical
object
•
The
professor
asked
the
students
to
calculate
the
Euclidean
norm
of
the
vector
.
The
professor
asked
the
students
to
calculate
the
Euclidean
norm
of
the
vector
.
•
Software
engineers
often
normalize
data
by
dividing
by
the
norm
of
each
vector
.
Software
engineers
often
normalize
data
by
dividing
by
the
norm
of
each
vector
.
ma'am
noun
A
polite
form
of
address
used
when
speaking
to
an
adult
woman
,
especially
one
you
do
not
know
or
who
holds
authority
.
•
The
young
male
waiter
smiled
and
asked
, "
Would
you
like
a
dessert
,
ma'am
?"
The
young
male
waiter
smiled
and
asked
, "
Would
you
like
a
dessert
,
ma'am
?"
•
A
male
police
officer
saluted
the
mayor
and
said
, "
Good
morning
,
ma'am
."
A
male
police
officer
saluted
the
mayor
and
said
, "
Good
morning
,
ma'am
."
Shortened
spoken
form
of
“
madam
”,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
minimum
noun
the
smallest
amount
,
number
,
or
level
that
is
possible
,
allowed
,
or
needed
•
You
need
a
minimum
of
eight
glasses
of
water
a
day
to
stay
healthy
.
You
need
a
minimum
of
eight
glasses
of
water
a
day
to
stay
healthy
.
•
The
company
requires
a
minimum
of
two
years'
experience
for
this
job
.
The
company
requires
a
minimum
of
two
years'
experience
for
this
job
.
From
Latin
minimus
meaning
“
smallest
.”
medium
noun
a
material
or
method
an
artist
uses
to
create
art
•
Oil
paint
is
her
favorite
medium
for
portraits
.
Oil
paint
is
her
favorite
medium
for
portraits
.
•
The
sculpture
was
created
in
the
medium
of
bronze
.
The
sculpture
was
created
in
the
medium
of
bronze
.
Adopted
into
art
terminology
in
the
19th
century
from
Latin
medius
“
middle
”,
via
the
idea
of
a
means
or
channel
.
noun
a
person
who
claims
to
receive
messages
from
spirits
and
pass
them
to
the
living
•
They
visited
a
medium
to
try
to
contact
their
grandmother
.
They
visited
a
medium
to
try
to
contact
their
grandmother
.
•
The
medium
closed
her
eyes
and
spoke
in
a
soft
voice
.
The
medium
closed
her
eyes
and
spoke
in
a
soft
voice
.
Sense
of
“
person
who
conveys
messages
”
arose
in
the
19th
century
from
earlier
meaning
of
a
means
or
channel
.
kingdom
noun
a
country
or
territory
ruled
by
a
king
or
queen
•
The
ancient
desert
kingdom
built
towering
palaces
of
red
sandstone
.
The
ancient
desert
kingdom
built
towering
palaces
of
red
sandstone
.
•
Tourists
flock
to
the
island
kingdom
every
summer
to
watch
its
colorful
parades
.
Tourists
flock
to
the
island
kingdom
every
summer
to
watch
its
colorful
parades
.
Old
English
cyningdōm
“
the
territory
ruled
by
a
king
”,
from
cyning
“
king
”
+
-dōm
“
domain
,
condition
”.
noun
a
domain
,
sphere
,
or
area
where
someone
or
something
has
complete
control
or
influence
•
The
kitchen
was
her
personal
kingdom
,
and
no
one
dared
move
a
single
pan
.
The
kitchen
was
her
personal
kingdom
,
and
no
one
dared
move
a
single
pan
.
•
In
the
tech
kingdom
of
Silicon
Valley
,
creativity
rules
over
tradition
.
In
the
tech
kingdom
of
Silicon
Valley
,
creativity
rules
over
tradition
.
noun
in
biology
,
one
of
the
highest
groups
into
which
living
things
are
classified
,
such
as
animals
or
plants
•
Students
learned
that
fungi
belong
to
their
own
kingdom
.
Students
learned
that
fungi
belong
to
their
own
kingdom
.
•
The
scientist
proposed
creating
a
new
kingdom
for
certain
microbes
.
The
scientist
proposed
creating
a
new
kingdom
for
certain
microbes
.