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ensure
verb
-
ensure
,
ensuring
,
ensures
,
ensured
to
make
certain
that
something
will
definitely
happen
or
be
true
•
Please
ensure
all
the
windows
are
closed
before
we
leave
.
Please
ensure
all
the
windows
are
closed
before
we
leave
.
•
Double-checking
your
answers
will
ensure
you
avoid
simple
mistakes
on
the
test
.
Double-checking
your
answers
will
ensure
you
avoid
simple
mistakes
on
the
test
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Anglo-French
enseurer
,
alteration
of
Old
French
assurer
“
assure
”.
verb
-
ensure
,
ensuring
,
ensures
,
ensured
to
provide
or
secure
something
so
that
it
is
available
,
protected
,
or
maintained
•
The
new
policy
will
ensure
equal
opportunities
for
all
employees
.
The
new
policy
will
ensure
equal
opportunities
for
all
employees
.
•
Planting
trees
helps
ensure
a
cleaner
environment
for
future
generations
.
Planting
trees
helps
ensure
a
cleaner
environment
for
future
generations
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
Anglo-French
enseurer
,
variant
of
assurer
.
even
adjective
-
even
,
evener
,
evenest
completely
flat
and
level
,
without
bumps
,
holes
,
or
slopes
•
The
carpenter
checked
that
the
shelf
was
perfectly
even
before
hanging
it
.
The
carpenter
checked
that
the
shelf
was
perfectly
even
before
hanging
it
.
•
An
even
lawn
stretched
across
the
garden
like
a
green
carpet
.
An
even
lawn
stretched
across
the
garden
like
a
green
carpet
.
Old
English
efen
“
level
,
equal
,
smooth
,”
related
to
Old
Norse
jafn
“
equal
”
and
German
eben
“
even
,
flat
.”
verb
to
make
something
flat
,
smooth
,
or
equal
•
They
used
a
roller
to
even
the
concrete
.
They
used
a
roller
to
even
the
concrete
.
•
She
trimmed
the
hedge
to
even
the
top
.
She
trimmed
the
hedge
to
even
the
top
.
Verb
use
comes
from
the
adjective
meaning
"
make
level
",
first
recorded
in
the
14th
century
.
when
adverb
used
in
questions
to
ask
at
what
time
something
happens
•
When
is
your
birthday
?
When
is
your
birthday
?
•
Do
you
know
when
the
train
leaves
?
Do
you
know
when
the
train
leaves
?
Old
English
“
hwænne
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*hwan
,
meaning
“
at
what
time
”.
noun
the
time
or
date
at
which
something
happens
•
We
still
have
to
decide
the
when
of
the
ceremony
.
We
still
have
to
decide
the
when
of
the
ceremony
.
•
Let
’
s
talk
about
the
where
and
the
when
.
Let
’
s
talk
about
the
where
and
the
when
.
Noun
use
recorded
from
the
1700s
,
abstracted
from
the
adverb
to
mean
“
the
specific
time
.”
happen
verb
to
occur
or
take
place
,
especially
without
being
planned
•
No
one
expected
the
power
cut
,
but
it
happened
during
dinner
.
No
one
expected
the
power
cut
,
but
it
happened
during
dinner
.
•
Strange
things
happen
in
this
old
house
at
night
.
Strange
things
happen
in
this
old
house
at
night
.
verb
to
occur
to
or
befall
someone
or
something
,
especially
something
unexpected
or
negative
•
What
happened
to
your
arm
?
Did
you
hurt
yourself
?
What
happened
to
your
arm
?
Did
you
hurt
yourself
?
•
A
funny
thing
happened
to
me
on
the
way
to
work
.
A
funny
thing
happened
to
me
on
the
way
to
work
.
verb
to
do
or
experience
something
by
chance
,
often
followed
by
an
infinitive
•
I
happened
to
see
your
sister
at
the
market
yesterday
.
I
happened
to
see
your
sister
at
the
market
yesterday
.
•
If
you
happen
to
find
my
keys
,
please
call
me
.
If
you
happen
to
find
my
keys
,
please
call
me
.
open
adjective
not
closed
,
covered
,
or
blocked
;
allowing
entry
,
light
,
or
passage
•
The
dog
ran
through
the
open
gate
into
the
yard
.
The
dog
ran
through
the
open
gate
into
the
yard
.
•
Please
keep
the
windows
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
Please
keep
the
windows
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
Old
English
‘
open
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
*upanaz
,
meaning
uncovered
or
unlocked
.
verb
to
move
,
unfasten
,
or
remove
something
so
it
is
no
longer
closed
,
or
to
begin
operating
or
making
something
available
for
use
•
Could
you
open
the
jar
for
me
?
The
lid
is
stuck
.
Could
you
open
the
jar
for
me
?
The
lid
is
stuck
.
•
The
museum
opens
at
ten
o'clock
every
morning
.
The
museum
opens
at
ten
o'clock
every
morning
.
Old
English
‘
openian
’ (
verb
form
of
‘
open
’),
meaning
to
unclose
.
adjective
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
not
shut
;
allowing
air
,
light
,
or
passage
through
•
Please
keep
the
window
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
Please
keep
the
window
open
so
fresh
air
can
come
in
.
•
The
book
lay
open
on
the
desk
with
notes
scattered
around
it
.
The
book
lay
open
on
the
desk
with
notes
scattered
around
it
.
verb
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
to
move
or
remove
something
that
blocks
a
space
so
it
is
no
longer
closed
•
He
opened
the
door
and
greeted
his
friends
.
He
opened
the
door
and
greeted
his
friends
.
•
Could
you
open
this
jar
for
me
?
It
’
s
stuck
.
Could
you
open
this
jar
for
me
?
It
’
s
stuck
.
noun
a
sports
event
or
competition
that
allows
both
professionals
and
amateurs
to
take
part
•
She
dreamed
of
playing
in
the
US
Open
someday
.
She
dreamed
of
playing
in
the
US
Open
someday
.
•
The
city
is
hosting
a
chess
open
next
month
for
players
of
all
levels
.
The
city
is
hosting
a
chess
open
next
month
for
players
of
all
levels
.
Taken
from
the
adjective
sense
of
being
unrestricted
,
first
applied
to
sports
events
in
the
late
19th
century
.
adjective
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
accessible
or
available
to
everyone
;
not
restricted
•
The
museum
exhibition
is
open
to
everyone
,
even
on
holidays
.
The
museum
exhibition
is
open
to
everyone
,
even
on
holidays
.
•
Our
class
discussion
is
open
to
any
ideas
you
may
have
.
Our
class
discussion
is
open
to
any
ideas
you
may
have
.
verb
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
to
begin
operating
or
be
ready
for
customers
or
activity
•
The
library
opens
at
eight
o
’
clock
every
weekday
.
The
library
opens
at
eight
o
’
clock
every
weekday
.
•
A
new
bakery
opened
on
Main
Street
last
week
.
A
new
bakery
opened
on
Main
Street
last
week
.
noun
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
the
outdoors
where
there
are
no
walls
or
roof
;
the
countryside
or
fresh
air
•
The
hikers
camped
in
open
fields
under
the
stars
.
The
hikers
camped
in
open
fields
under
the
stars
.
•
She
prefers
to
paint
in
the
open
where
the
light
is
natural
.
She
prefers
to
paint
in
the
open
where
the
light
is
natural
.
sense
noun
a
physical
ability
such
as
sight
,
hearing
,
smell
,
taste
,
or
touch
that
lets
people
and
animals
notice
things
around
them
•
Dogs
have
a
keen
sense
of
smell
,
allowing
them
to
track
scents
for
miles
.
Dogs
have
a
keen
sense
of
smell
,
allowing
them
to
track
scents
for
miles
.
•
After
the
blackout
,
my
sense
of
hearing
seemed
sharper
than
usual
.
After
the
blackout
,
my
sense
of
hearing
seemed
sharper
than
usual
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
sens
,
from
Latin
sēnsus
‘
perception
,
feeling
’,
past
participle
of
sentīre
‘
to
feel
’.
noun
good
practical
judgment
and
the
ability
to
make
reasonable
decisions
•
Use
your
common
sense
and
lock
the
doors
at
night
.
Use
your
common
sense
and
lock
the
doors
at
night
.
•
It
makes
no
sense
to
drive
when
you
are
so
tired
.
It
makes
no
sense
to
drive
when
you
are
so
tired
.
noun
a
natural
ability
to
understand
or
appreciate
something
,
often
used
with
“
of
”,
as
in
sense
of
humor
or
sense
of
style
•
Her
sense
of
humor
made
the
whole
class
laugh
.
Her
sense
of
humor
made
the
whole
class
laugh
.
•
He
has
a
strong
sense
of
responsibility
toward
his
younger
siblings
.
He
has
a
strong
sense
of
responsibility
toward
his
younger
siblings
.
noun
the
meaning
that
a
word
,
phrase
,
or
sentence
has
in
a
particular
context
•
In
this
sense
,
the
word
“
light
”
means
“
not
heavy
,”
not
“
brightness
.”
In
this
sense
,
the
word
“
light
”
means
“
not
heavy
,”
not
“
brightness
.”
•
The
legal
sense
of
the
term
differs
from
its
everyday
usage
.
The
legal
sense
of
the
term
differs
from
its
everyday
usage
.
noun
a
feeling
or
impression
about
something
that
is
not
based
on
clear
evidence
•
She
had
a
sense
that
someone
was
following
her
.
She
had
a
sense
that
someone
was
following
her
.
•
There
was
a
growing
sense
of
excitement
before
the
concert
.
There
was
a
growing
sense
of
excitement
before
the
concert
.
verb
-
sense
,
sensing
,
senses
,
sensed
to
become
aware
of
something
or
to
discover
it
,
even
though
you
cannot
see
,
hear
,
or
touch
it
clearly
•
The
cat
sensed
the
earthquake
seconds
before
the
tremors
reached
us
.
The
cat
sensed
the
earthquake
seconds
before
the
tremors
reached
us
.
•
He
immediately
sensed
tension
in
the
room
.
He
immediately
sensed
tension
in
the
room
.
listen
verb
to
pay
attention
to
sounds
on
purpose
,
often
so
you
can
hear
,
understand
,
or
enjoy
them
•
Everyone
sat
quietly
to
listen
to
the
storyteller
.
Everyone
sat
quietly
to
listen
to
the
storyteller
.
•
I
like
to
listen
to
jazz
while
cooking
dinner
.
I
like
to
listen
to
jazz
while
cooking
dinner
.
Old
English
“
hlysnan
”
meaning
“
to
pay
attention
by
hearing
.”
Over
centuries
the
initial
h-
sound
was
lost
and
the
word
evolved
into
Modern
English
“
listen
.”
noun
an
act
of
paying
attention
to
something
you
can
hear
•
Give
this
song
a
listen
and
tell
me
what
you
think
.
Give
this
song
a
listen
and
tell
me
what
you
think
.
•
The
teacher's
speech
was
worth
a
careful
listen
.
The
teacher's
speech
was
worth
a
careful
listen
.
Formed
from
the
verb
,
with
recorded
noun
use
since
the
early
20th
century
.
Open
noun
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
a
sports
tournament
that
anyone
may
enter
,
regardless
of
ranking
or
invitation
•
She
qualified
for
the
Australian
Open
after
months
of
training
.
She
qualified
for
the
Australian
Open
after
months
of
training
.
•
The
local
tennis
club
hosts
an
annual
Open
in
July
.
The
local
tennis
club
hosts
an
annual
Open
in
July
.
seven
adjective
the
number
that
is
one
more
than
six
and
one
less
than
eight
•
We
need
seven
chairs
around
the
dining
table
.
We
need
seven
chairs
around
the
dining
table
.
•
She
has
been
learning
piano
for
seven
years
.
She
has
been
learning
piano
for
seven
years
.
Old
English
seofon
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*sebun
,
ultimately
from
Proto-Indo-European
*septḿ̥
.
noun
the
digit
7
,
or
a
group
of
seven
people
or
things
•
He
wrote
a
neat
seven
on
the
whiteboard
.
He
wrote
a
neat
seven
on
the
whiteboard
.
•
The
dealer
handed
me
a
seven
of
hearts
.
The
dealer
handed
me
a
seven
of
hearts
.
Old
English
seofon
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*sebun
,
ultimately
from
Proto-Indo-European
*septḿ̥
.
defense
noun
the
act
of
protecting
someone
or
something
from
attack
,
danger
,
or
harm
•
The
town
built
high
walls
as
a
strong
defense
against
invaders
.
The
town
built
high
walls
as
a
strong
defense
against
invaders
.
•
Using
sunscreen
is
a
smart
defense
against
sunburn
.
Using
sunscreen
is
a
smart
defense
against
sunburn
.
Borrowed
from
Old
French
“
defens
”,
from
Latin
“
defendere
”
meaning
“
to
ward
off
”.
noun
the
people
,
weapons
,
and
plans
a
country
uses
to
protect
itself
in
war
•
The
government
increased
its
spending
on
national
defense
this
year
.
The
government
increased
its
spending
on
national
defense
this
year
.
•
Modern
defense
systems
include
missiles
that
can
intercept
incoming
rockets
.
Modern
defense
systems
include
missiles
that
can
intercept
incoming
rockets
.
Sense
developed
in
the
17th
century
as
nation-states
formed
standing
armies
for
collective
protection
.
noun
the
players
or
actions
of
a
team
that
try
to
stop
the
opposing
team
from
scoring
•
Her
basketball
team
has
the
best
defense
in
the
league
.
Her
basketball
team
has
the
best
defense
in
the
league
.
•
The
coach
praised
the
solid
defense
after
the
0–0
draw
.
The
coach
praised
the
solid
defense
after
the
0–0
draw
.
Sporting
sense
appeared
in
the
late
19th
century
as
rules
distinguished
offensive
and
defensive
roles
.
noun
the
lawyers
or
arguments
that
try
to
prove
an
accused
person
is
not
guilty
in
a
court
of
law
•
The
defense
called
two
witnesses
to
support
the
alibi
.
The
defense
called
two
witnesses
to
support
the
alibi
.
•
During
closing
statements
,
the
defense
argued
that
the
evidence
was
weak
.
During
closing
statements
,
the
defense
argued
that
the
evidence
was
weak
.
Legal
sense
arose
in
Middle
English
when
‘
defense
’
came
to
mean
protection
of
one
’
s
rights
in
court
.
noun
a
reason
,
fact
,
or
explanation
that
shows
something
is
right
or
that
someone
is
not
to
blame
•
In
defense
of
her
decision
,
she
pointed
to
the
company
’
s
improved
profits
.
In
defense
of
her
decision
,
she
pointed
to
the
company
’
s
improved
profits
.
•
His
only
defense
was
that
he
had
misunderstood
the
instructions
.
His
only
defense
was
that
he
had
misunderstood
the
instructions
.
From
earlier
sense
of
‘
defending
’
one
’
s
actions
in
speech
or
writing
.
noun
the
natural
ways
a
body
or
organism
protects
itself
against
illness
or
harm
•
White
blood
cells
are
an
important
defense
against
infection
.
White
blood
cells
are
an
important
defense
against
infection
.
•
Plants
have
chemical
defenses
that
deter
insects
.
Plants
have
chemical
defenses
that
deter
insects
.
Scientific
sense
broadened
in
the
19th
century
with
discoveries
about
the
immune
system
.
ten
adjective
Nine
plus
one
;
the
number
that
comes
after
nine
and
before
eleven
.
•
Maya
is
turning
ten
years
old
today
.
Maya
is
turning
ten
years
old
today
.
•
There
are
ten
apples
in
the
basket
.
There
are
ten
apples
in
the
basket
.
noun
The
figure
10
,
or
a
mark
showing
this
number
,
especially
as
the
highest
or
perfect
score
.
•
The
gymnast
received
a
perfect
ten
for
her
routine
.
The
gymnast
received
a
perfect
ten
for
her
routine
.
•
Please
write
a
big
ten
at
the
top
of
the
page
.
Please
write
a
big
ten
at
the
top
of
the
page
.
noun
A
banknote
worth
ten
units
of
money
,
for
example
ten
dollars
or
ten
pounds
.
•
I
paid
with
a
ten
and
got
some
coins
back
.
I
paid
with
a
ten
and
got
some
coins
back
.
•
Do
you
have
a
spare
ten
for
the
cab
?
Do
you
have
a
spare
ten
for
the
cab
?
noun
In
card
games
,
the
playing
card
that
carries
the
number
10
and
shows
ten
symbols
of
its
suit
.
•
She
laid
down
the
ten
of
hearts
to
win
the
trick
.
She
laid
down
the
ten
of
hearts
to
win
the
trick
.
•
I
drew
a
ten
and
busted
in
blackjack
.
I
drew
a
ten
and
busted
in
blackjack
.
citizen
noun
a
person
who
legally
belongs
to
a
country
and
enjoys
the
rights
and
carries
the
duties
that
the
country
gives
its
people
•
After
a
long
process
,
Maria
finally
became
a
proud
citizen
of
Canada
.
After
a
long
process
,
Maria
finally
became
a
proud
citizen
of
Canada
.
•
Every
citizen
has
the
right
to
vote
once
they
turn
eighteen
.
Every
citizen
has
the
right
to
vote
once
they
turn
eighteen
.
Middle
English
‘
citezein
’,
from
Old
French
‘
cit
(
e
)
ien
’,
based
on
Latin
‘
civitas
’
meaning
‘
city
,
state
’.
The
sense
broadened
from
‘
town
dweller
’
to
‘
member
of
a
nation
’.
noun
a
person
who
lives
in
and
belongs
to
a
particular
town
or
city
•
The
mayor
invited
every
citizen
to
the
town-hall
meeting
.
The
mayor
invited
every
citizen
to
the
town-hall
meeting
.
•
Local
citizens
volunteered
to
clean
the
riverbank
over
the
weekend
.
Local
citizens
volunteered
to
clean
the
riverbank
over
the
weekend
.
noun
a
person
who
is
not
a
member
of
the
military
,
police
,
or
other
armed
forces
;
a
civilian
•
During
the
ceremony
,
the
soldiers
stood
at
attention
while
the
citizens
applauded
.
During
the
ceremony
,
the
soldiers
stood
at
attention
while
the
citizens
applauded
.
•
In
times
of
war
,
protecting
innocent
citizens
is
a
top
priority
.
In
times
of
war
,
protecting
innocent
citizens
is
a
top
priority
.
green
noun
the
colour
green
itself
•
Green
is
her
favorite
color
to
paint
with
.
Green
is
her
favorite
color
to
paint
with
.
•
The
designer
chose
green
to
represent
growth
in
the
logo
.
The
designer
chose
green
to
represent
growth
in
the
logo
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
sense
,
Old
English
grēne
.
noun
a
stretch
of
short
grass
,
especially
the
smooth
putting
area
on
a
golf
course
or
an
open
grassy
space
in
a
town
•
Children
flew
kites
on
the
village
green
.
Children
flew
kites
on
the
village
green
.
•
The
golfer
carefully
studied
the
green
before
putting
.
The
golfer
carefully
studied
the
green
before
putting
.
verb
to
become
green
or
to
make
something
green
,
especially
by
planting
or
adopting
environmentally
friendly
practices
•
The
gardener
hopes
to
green
the
rooftop
with
vegetable
beds
.
The
gardener
hopes
to
green
the
rooftop
with
vegetable
beds
.
•
Desert
areas
can
green
after
heavy
seasonal
rains
.
Desert
areas
can
green
after
heavy
seasonal
rains
.
noun
the
smooth
,
closely
cut
area
of
grass
around
the
hole
on
a
golf
course
•
The
ball
rolled
across
the
green
and
dropped
into
the
hole
.
The
ball
rolled
across
the
green
and
dropped
into
the
hole
.
•
A
groundskeeper
was
mowing
the
green
before
the
tournament
.
A
groundskeeper
was
mowing
the
green
before
the
tournament
.
From
the
general
sense
of
‘
green
grassy
area
’,
applied
to
golf
in
the
18th
century
.
verb
-
green
,
greening
,
greens
,
greened
to
make
or
become
more
environmentally
friendly
•
City
planners
hope
to
green
the
old
industrial
district
with
parks
.
City
planners
hope
to
green
the
old
industrial
district
with
parks
.
•
New
policies
aim
to
green
the
economy
.
New
policies
aim
to
green
the
economy
.
Derived
from
the
environmental
adjective
sense
in
late
20th-century
usage
.
kitchen
noun
a
room
in
a
house
or
apartment
where
food
is
cooked
and
meals
may
be
prepared
or
eaten
•
Maria
opened
the
window
to
let
fresh
air
into
the
kitchen
while
she
baked
cookies
.
Maria
opened
the
window
to
let
fresh
air
into
the
kitchen
while
she
baked
cookies
.
•
The
family
gathered
around
the
small
table
in
their
kitchen
for
breakfast
.
The
family
gathered
around
the
small
table
in
their
kitchen
for
breakfast
.
Old
English
cycene
,
from
Late
Latin
coquina
,
from
Latin
coquere
“
to
cook
”.
noun
the
staff
,
equipment
,
and
working
area
in
a
restaurant
,
hotel
,
or
similar
establishment
where
food
is
professionally
prepared
•
The
head
chef
shouted
orders
across
the
kitchen
as
the
dinner
rush
began
.
The
head
chef
shouted
orders
across
the
kitchen
as
the
dinner
rush
began
.
•
Reporters
were
allowed
a
brief
tour
of
the
hotel's
kitchen
before
the
grand
opening
.
Reporters
were
allowed
a
brief
tour
of
the
hotel's
kitchen
before
the
grand
opening
.
Same
origin
as
the
main
sense
:
Old
English
cycene
,
from
Late
Latin
coquina
,
from
Latin
coquere
“
to
cook
”.
screen
noun
the
flat
part
of
a
computer
,
phone
,
television
,
or
other
device
where
words
and
pictures
appear
•
Maya
wiped
her
phone
screen
with
a
soft
cloth
to
remove
fingerprints
.
Maya
wiped
her
phone
screen
with
a
soft
cloth
to
remove
fingerprints
.
•
The
children
gathered
in
front
of
the
big
cinema
screen
as
the
lights
dimmed
.
The
children
gathered
in
front
of
the
big
cinema
screen
as
the
lights
dimmed
.
noun
a
piece
of
material
or
structure
that
separates
,
protects
,
or
hides
something
•
She
changed
her
dress
behind
a
folding
screen
in
the
corner
of
the
room
.
She
changed
her
dress
behind
a
folding
screen
in
the
corner
of
the
room
.
•
A
wire
screen
over
the
window
kept
the
mosquitoes
out
.
A
wire
screen
over
the
window
kept
the
mosquitoes
out
.
verb
to
show
a
film
,
video
,
or
television
program
to
an
audience
•
The
local
theater
will
screen
the
new
superhero
film
tonight
.
The
local
theater
will
screen
the
new
superhero
film
tonight
.
•
Our
class
screened
a
documentary
about
oceans
during
science
period
.
Our
class
screened
a
documentary
about
oceans
during
science
period
.
verb
to
check
people
or
things
carefully
to
find
problems
,
dangers
,
or
specific
information
•
Airport
security
officers
screen
all
bags
for
prohibited
items
.
Airport
security
officers
screen
all
bags
for
prohibited
items
.
•
Doctors
screen
newborn
babies
for
hearing
problems
.
Doctors
screen
newborn
babies
for
hearing
problems
.
verb
to
block
or
protect
someone
or
something
from
being
seen
or
hit
•
Tall
hedges
screen
the
garden
from
the
busy
road
.
Tall
hedges
screen
the
garden
from
the
busy
road
.
•
Dark
sunglasses
screen
his
eyes
from
the
bright
sunlight
.
Dark
sunglasses
screen
his
eyes
from
the
bright
sunlight
.
garden
noun
a
piece
of
land
where
people
grow
flowers
,
vegetables
,
or
other
plants
,
often
next
to
a
house
or
in
a
public
place
•
On
warm
evenings
,
Mia
relaxes
in
her
rose
garden
after
work
.
On
warm
evenings
,
Mia
relaxes
in
her
rose
garden
after
work
.
•
The
school
started
a
vegetable
garden
so
students
could
learn
about
food
.
The
school
started
a
vegetable
garden
so
students
could
learn
about
food
.
verb
to
take
care
of
and
grow
plants
in
a
garden
•
Every
weekend
,
Mr
.
Lee
gardens
for
hours
to
keep
his
yard
beautiful
.
Every
weekend
,
Mr
.
Lee
gardens
for
hours
to
keep
his
yard
beautiful
.
•
They
gardened
together
,
planting
tulip
bulbs
along
the
fence
.
They
gardened
together
,
planting
tulip
bulbs
along
the
fence
.
threaten
verb
to
say
you
will
hurt
,
punish
,
or
cause
trouble
for
someone
if
they
do
not
do
what
you
want
•
The
bully
threatened
Sam
with
a
punch
unless
he
handed
over
his
lunch
money
.
The
bully
threatened
Sam
with
a
punch
unless
he
handed
over
his
lunch
money
.
•
During
the
meeting
,
the
angry
customer
threatened
to
sue
the
company
if
they
didn't
issue
a
refund
.
During
the
meeting
,
the
angry
customer
threatened
to
sue
the
company
if
they
didn't
issue
a
refund
.
verb
to
seem
likely
to
cause
harm
or
danger
in
the
future
•
Dark
clouds
threatened
rain
,
so
we
packed
up
the
picnic
early
.
Dark
clouds
threatened
rain
,
so
we
packed
up
the
picnic
early
.
•
Rising
sea
levels
threaten
many
coastal
towns
around
the
world
.
Rising
sea
levels
threaten
many
coastal
towns
around
the
world
.
chicken
noun
a
common
farm
bird
kept
for
its
eggs
and
meat
•
A
chicken
pecked
at
the
corn
in
the
barnyard
.
A
chicken
pecked
at
the
corn
in
the
barnyard
.
•
The
farmer
carried
three
fluffy
baby
chickens
in
his
hands
.
The
farmer
carried
three
fluffy
baby
chickens
in
his
hands
.
Old
English
“
cicen
”
meaning
a
young
bird
,
later
generalized
to
the
adult
domestic
fowl
.
noun
an
informal
word
for
a
person
who
is
easily
frightened
and
not
brave
•
Don
’
t
be
a
chicken
—
jump
into
the
pool
!
Don
’
t
be
a
chicken
—
jump
into
the
pool
!
•
My
little
sister
is
such
a
chicken
about
scary
movies
.
My
little
sister
is
such
a
chicken
about
scary
movies
.
From
the
idea
that
a
chicken
bird
is
quick
to
run
away
when
startled
;
figurative
use
recorded
since
the
17th
century
.
expensive
adjective
costing
a
lot
of
money
;
having
a
high
price
•
The
designer
handbag
was
too
expensive
for
me
to
buy
.
The
designer
handbag
was
too
expensive
for
me
to
buy
.
•
We
chose
a
smaller
apartment
because
the
downtown
ones
were
expensive
.
We
chose
a
smaller
apartment
because
the
downtown
ones
were
expensive
.
From
the
Latin
‘
expensus
’ (
weighed
out
,
paid
),
via
Middle
French
‘
expensif
’,
into
English
around
the
17th
century
.
adjective
requiring
a
lot
of
time
,
effort
,
or
computing
resources
to
perform
or
run
•
Running
that
3D
simulation
is
expensive
in
terms
of
processing
power
.
Running
that
3D
simulation
is
expensive
in
terms
of
processing
power
.
•
Copying
the
whole
database
for
each
test
is
an
expensive
operation
.
Copying
the
whole
database
for
each
test
is
an
expensive
operation
.
heaven
noun
The
sky
or
the
space
above
the
earth
where
clouds
,
stars
,
and
planets
appear
.
•
After
the
storm
,
a
rainbow
stretched
across
the
clear
blue
heaven
.
After
the
storm
,
a
rainbow
stretched
across
the
clear
blue
heaven
.
•
At
night
,
the
sailors
steered
by
the
stars
glittering
in
the
heaven
.
At
night
,
the
sailors
steered
by
the
stars
glittering
in
the
heaven
.
noun
A
place
,
state
,
or
experience
of
great
happiness
and
pleasure
.
•
For
book
lovers
,
a
quiet
library
is
pure
heaven
.
For
book
lovers
,
a
quiet
library
is
pure
heaven
.
•
The
hikers
called
the
cool
mountain
lake
heaven
after
their
long
trek
.
The
hikers
called
the
cool
mountain
lake
heaven
after
their
long
trek
.
opening
verb
-
open
,
opening
,
opens
,
opened
present
participle
of
open
:
making
something
no
longer
closed
,
or
becoming
no
longer
closed
.
•
She
is
opening
the
window
to
let
in
fresh
air
.
She
is
opening
the
window
to
let
in
fresh
air
.
•
Workers
are
opening
the
new
store
at
dawn
.
Workers
are
opening
the
new
store
at
dawn
.
expense
noun
a
particular
thing
you
spend
money
on
;
a
cost
item
•
Rent
is
our
biggest
monthly
expense
.
Rent
is
our
biggest
monthly
expense
.
•
Keep
all
your
travel
expenses
for
reimbursement
.
Keep
all
your
travel
expenses
for
reimbursement
.
See
earlier
sense
for
historical
origin
;
modern
accounting
extended
the
meaning
to
individual
cost
items
in
the
19th
century
.
noun
the
money
that
is
spent
to
do
or
obtain
something
•
The
company
cut
back
on
marketing
to
reduce
expense
.
The
company
cut
back
on
marketing
to
reduce
expense
.
•
Moving
to
the
city
can
involve
a
lot
of
unexpected
expense
.
Moving
to
the
city
can
involve
a
lot
of
unexpected
expense
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
“
despense
”
meaning
‘
spending
’,
which
came
from
Latin
“
expendere
” — ‘
to
pay
out
’.
queen
noun
a
woman
who
is
the
monarch
of
a
country
by
birthright
or
coronation
•
The
queen
greeted
the
cheering
crowd
from
the
palace
balcony
.
The
queen
greeted
the
cheering
crowd
from
the
palace
balcony
.
•
After
her
coronation
,
the
young
queen
promised
to
serve
her
people
with
kindness
.
After
her
coronation
,
the
young
queen
promised
to
serve
her
people
with
kindness
.
Old
English
cwēn
“
woman
,
wife
,
female
ruler
”,
related
to
German
Königin
;
originally
meant
simply
“
woman
”
but
narrowed
to
its
royal
sense
by
the
Middle
Ages
.
noun
the
wife
of
a
king
•
The
queen
stood
beside
the
king
during
the
royal
banquet
.
The
queen
stood
beside
the
king
during
the
royal
banquet
.
•
Children
waved
tiny
flags
as
the
smiling
queen
passed
in
her
carriage
.
Children
waved
tiny
flags
as
the
smiling
queen
passed
in
her
carriage
.
noun
a
playing
card
showing
a
queen
,
ranking
between
the
jack
and
the
king
•
He
smiled
when
he
turned
over
the
queen
of
hearts
.
He
smiled
when
he
turned
over
the
queen
of
hearts
.
•
To
win
,
you
need
three
queens
in
your
hand
.
To
win
,
you
need
three
queens
in
your
hand
.
noun
the
most
powerful
chess
piece
that
can
move
any
number
of
squares
in
any
direction
•
Her
queen
checked
the
black
king
in
one
swift
move
.
Her
queen
checked
the
black
king
in
one
swift
move
.
•
Losing
the
queen
early
can
cost
you
the
game
.
Losing
the
queen
early
can
cost
you
the
game
.
noun
the
only
fertile
female
insect
in
a
colony
of
bees
,
ants
,
or
termites
,
responsible
for
laying
eggs
•
Worker
bees
fed
the
queen
with
special
royal
jelly
.
Worker
bees
fed
the
queen
with
special
royal
jelly
.
•
Without
a
queen
,
the
hive
cannot
survive
for
long
.
Without
a
queen
,
the
hive
cannot
survive
for
long
.
verb
(
chess
)
to
promote
a
pawn
to
a
queen
when
it
reaches
the
farthest
rank
•
She
queened
her
pawn
and
smiled
in
triumph
.
She
queened
her
pawn
and
smiled
in
triumph
.
•
If
you
reach
the
eighth
rank
,
your
pawn
can
be
queened
.
If
you
reach
the
eighth
rank
,
your
pawn
can
be
queened
.
From
the
noun
“
queen
”;
the
verb
arose
in
the
1700s
as
chess
rules
standardized
pawn
promotion
.
noun
(
slang
,
sometimes
offensive
)
an
effeminate
or
flamboyant
gay
man
•
On
stage
,
he
acted
like
a
real
queen
and
the
audience
loved
him
.
On
stage
,
he
acted
like
a
real
queen
and
the
audience
loved
him
.
•
Some
people
use
the
word
queen
to
tease
flamboyant
men
,
but
it
can
be
hurtful
.
Some
people
use
the
word
queen
to
tease
flamboyant
men
,
but
it
can
be
hurtful
.
Appeared
in
American
slang
in
the
early
20th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
an
elegant
or
dominant
female
figure
to
describe
flamboyant
gay
men
.
dozen
noun
a
group
or
set
of
twelve
things
or
people
•
She
bought
a
dozen
roses
for
her
mother
.
She
bought
a
dozen
roses
for
her
mother
.
•
We
need
two
dozen
eggs
for
the
cake
sale
.
We
need
two
dozen
eggs
for
the
cake
sale
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
“
dozaine
” (
a
group
of
twelve
),
from
“
douze
”
meaning
twelve
,
ultimately
from
Latin
“
duodecim
”.
noun
a
group
of
twelve
things
or
people
considered
as
a
single
unit
•
He
bought
a
dozen
roses
for
his
mother
.
He
bought
a
dozen
roses
for
his
mother
.
•
The
baker
set
a
fresh
dozen
muffins
on
the
wooden
display
tray
.
The
baker
set
a
fresh
dozen
muffins
on
the
wooden
display
tray
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
"
dozaine
",
from
"
douze
"
meaning
"
twelve
".
noun
(
usually
in
the
plural
“
dozens
of
”)
a
large
but
not
exact
number
of
things
or
people
•
Dozens
of
tourists
crowded
the
narrow
street
.
Dozens
of
tourists
crowded
the
narrow
street
.
•
She
has
answered
the
same
question
dozens
of
times
.
She
has
answered
the
same
question
dozens
of
times
.
Same
historical
origin
as
Sense
1
;
over
time
the
plural
form
began
to
be
used
figuratively
for
any
large
number
.
noun
a
large
number
of
people
or
things
,
much
more
than
twelve
,
especially
used
in
the
phrase
“
dozens
of
”
•
Dozens
of
candles
lit
up
the
old
church
during
the
ceremony
.
Dozens of
candles
lit
up
the
old
church
during
the
ceremony
.
•
Reporters
asked
him
dozens
of
questions
after
the
match
.
Reporters
asked
him
dozens of
questions
after
the
match
.
offense
noun
an
action
that
breaks
the
law
;
a
crime
.
•
Shoplifting
is
a
minor
offense
but
can
still
lead
to
a
fine
.
Shoplifting
is
a
minor
offense
but
can
still
lead
to
a
fine
.
•
Driving
under
the
influence
is
a
serious
offense
in
every
state
.
Driving
under
the
influence
is
a
serious
offense
in
every
state
.
From
Old
French
offense
,
from
Latin
offensa
meaning
‘
a
striking
against
’.
noun
words
or
behavior
that
upset
or
insult
someone
;
the
feeling
of
being
hurt
by
them
.
•
I
meant
no
offense
by
my
comment
.
I
meant
no
offense
by
my
comment
.
•
He
took
offense
at
the
joke
and
left
the
room
.
He
took
offense
at
the
joke
and
left
the
room
.
Extended
from
the
legal
sense
to
emotional
hurt
in
the
14th
century
.
noun
the
group
of
players
or
tactics
used
to
attack
and
score
points
in
a
sport
or
game
.
•
The
team's
offense
scored
three
touchdowns
in
the
first
quarter
.
The
team's
offense
scored
three
touchdowns
in
the
first
quarter
.
•
Our
new
coach
focuses
on
a
fast-paced
offense
.
Our
new
coach
focuses
on
a
fast-paced
offense
.
Sports
sense
developed
in
American
English
in
the
late
19th
century
from
military
use
meaning
‘
attacking
force
’.
teen
noun
a
boy
or
girl
who
is
between
thirteen
and
nineteen
years
old
•
The
movie
is
popular
with
teens
across
the
country
.
The
movie
is
popular
with
teens
across
the
country
.
•
As
a
teen
,
she
started
a
small
online
business
.
As
a
teen
,
she
started
a
small
online
business
.
Shortened
form
of
“
teenager
,”
first
recorded
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
noun
numbers
or
ages
from
thirteen
through
nineteen
•
She
learned
to
play
guitar
in
her
teens
.
She
learned
to
play
guitar
in
her
teens
.
•
The
temperature
stayed
in
the
teens
all
morning
.
The
temperature
stayed
in
the
teens
all
morning
.
Derived
from
the
suffix
“
-teen
”
found
in
the
numerals
thirteen
through
nineteen
.
tension
noun
A
feeling
of
mental
or
bodily
strain
,
tightness
,
or
anxiety
.
•
Marta
rubbed
her
shoulders
,
trying
to
release
the
tension
after
a
long
day
at
work
.
Marta
rubbed
her
shoulders
,
trying
to
release
the
tension
after
a
long
day
at
work
.
•
Deep
breathing
helped
him
lower
the
tension
he
felt
before
the
exam
.
Deep
breathing
helped
him
lower
the
tension
he
felt
before
the
exam
.
noun
A
feeling
of
suspense
or
excitement
caused
by
uncertainty
about
what
will
happen
next
.
•
The
director
built
tension
by
showing
the
monster
’
s
shadow
but
not
the
creature
itself
.
The
director
built
tension
by
showing
the
monster
’
s
shadow
but
not
the
creature
itself
.
•
Ominous
music
swelled
,
adding
tension
to
the
final
scene
.
Ominous
music
swelled
,
adding
tension
to
the
final
scene
.
noun
A
state
of
disagreement
,
hostility
,
or
strained
relations
between
people
or
groups
.
•
Trade
disputes
have
created
tension
between
the
two
countries
.
Trade
disputes
have
created
tension
between
the
two
countries
.
•
There
was
obvious
tension
in
the
team
after
the
argument
.
There
was
obvious
tension
in
the
team
after
the
argument
.
noun
The
pulling
force
that
acts
along
a
rope
,
cable
,
or
other
object
that
is
being
stretched
.
•
The
rope
snapped
when
the
tension
became
too
great
.
The
rope
snapped
when
the
tension
became
too
great
.
•
Engineers
calculated
the
tension
in
the
bridge
cables
.
Engineers
calculated
the
tension
in
the
bridge
cables
.
verb
-
tension
,
tensioning
,
tensions
,
tensioned
To
make
something
tight
by
applying
a
pulling
force
.
•
The
workers
carefully
tensioned
the
steel
cables
before
pouring
concrete
.
The
workers
carefully
tensioned
the
steel
cables
before
pouring
concrete
.
•
Before
painting
,
she
tensioned
the
canvas
over
the
frame
.
Before
painting
,
she
tensioned
the
canvas
over
the
frame
.
license
noun
an
official
document
or
card
that
gives
someone
legal
permission
to
do
or
own
something
•
I
left
my
license
at
home
,
so
I
couldn
’
t
drive
to
work
.
I
left
my
license
at
home
,
so
I
couldn
’
t
drive
to
work
.
•
Before
the
season
opened
,
Maria
bought
a
fishing
license
at
the
local
tackle
shop
.
Before
the
season
opened
,
Maria
bought
a
fishing
license
at
the
local
tackle
shop
.
Middle
English
from
Old
French
‘
licence
’,
from
Latin
‘
licentia
’
meaning
freedom
or
permission
.
verb
-
license
,
licensing
,
licenses
,
licensed
to
give
official
permission
for
someone
to
do
or
produce
something
•
The
city
recently
licensed
several
food
trucks
to
operate
downtown
.
The
city
recently
licensed
several
food
trucks
to
operate
downtown
.
•
The
company
is
licensing
its
software
to
universities
around
the
world
.
The
company
is
licensing
its
software
to
universities
around
the
world
.
From
the
noun
“
license
”;
first
used
as
a
verb
in
the
early
1500s
.
noun
-
license
freedom
to
act
in
a
way
that
is
not
normally
allowed
,
especially
in
art
or
writing
•
The
filmmaker
took
artistic
license
with
the
true
story
,
adding
characters
that
never
existed
.
The
filmmaker
took
artistic
license
with
the
true
story
,
adding
characters
that
never
existed
.
•
Poets
often
use
poetic
license
to
bend
grammar
for
effect
.
Poets
often
use
poetic
license
to
bend
grammar
for
effect
.
Evolved
from
the
older
sense
of
‘
permission
’;
by
the
1700s
it
also
meant
excessive
or
unrestrained
freedom
.
sensitive
adjective
easily
affected
by
other
people
’
s
words
or
actions
and
quick
to
show
or
feel
strong
emotions
•
Mia
is
very
sensitive
and
cries
whenever
she
watches
a
sad
movie
.
Mia
is
very
sensitive
and
cries
whenever
she
watches
a
sad
movie
.
•
Don
’
t
tease
Leo
—
he
’
s
sensitive
about
his
height
.
Don
’
t
tease
Leo
—
he
’
s
sensitive
about
his
height
.
From
Latin
sentīre
“
to
feel
”
+
–ive
.
adjective
easily
affected
physically
by
light
,
temperature
,
chemicals
,
or
other
external
factors
•
My
sensitive
skin
turns
red
after
just
a
few
minutes
in
the
sun
.
My
sensitive
skin
turns
red
after
just
a
few
minutes
in
the
sun
.
•
These
flowers
are
sensitive
to
cold
,
so
bring
them
indoors
at
night
.
These
flowers
are
sensitive
to
cold
,
so
bring
them
indoors
at
night
.
Extension
of
emotional
sense
to
physical
response
in
the
17th
century
.
adjective
private
or
important
and
therefore
needing
to
be
handled
carefully
and
kept
secret
•
The
company
stores
sensitive
customer
data
on
an
encrypted
server
.
The
company
stores
sensitive
customer
data
on
an
encrypted
server
.
•
They
discussed
sensitive
political
issues
behind
closed
doors
.
They
discussed
sensitive
political
issues
behind
closed
doors
.
Use
for
‘
classified
,
confidential
’
emerged
in
the
mid-20th
century
with
government
security
language
.
adjective
able
to
detect
or
react
to
very
small
changes
,
signals
,
or
amounts
•
The
telescope
is
so
sensitive
it
can
pick
up
light
from
distant
galaxies
.
The
telescope
is
so
sensitive
it
can
pick
up
light
from
distant
galaxies
.
•
This
alarm
system
is
sensitive
to
the
slightest
movement
.
This
alarm
system
is
sensitive
to
the
slightest
movement
.
Applied
to
instruments
and
devices
from
the
19th
century
as
technology
advanced
.
intense
adjective
very
strong
in
degree
,
force
,
or
amount
.
•
The
desert
heat
was
so
intense
that
the
hikers
stopped
to
rest
in
the
shade
.
The
desert
heat
was
so
intense
that
the
hikers
stopped
to
rest
in
the
shade
.
•
She
felt
an
intense
pain
in
her
ankle
after
the
fall
.
She
felt
an
intense
pain
in
her
ankle
after
the
fall
.
adjective
showing
or
involving
strong
feelings
,
concentration
,
or
seriousness
.
•
With
an
intense
gaze
,
the
chess
player
planned
his
next
move
.
With
an
intense
gaze
,
the
chess
player
planned
his
next
move
.
•
Her
intense
dedication
impressed
the
whole
team
.
Her
intense
dedication
impressed
the
whole
team
.
adjective
having
a
bright
,
deep
,
or
rich
quality
that
stands
out
strongly
.
•
The
artist
chose
an
intense
red
for
the
sunset
on
the
canvas
.
The
artist
chose
an
intense
red
for
the
sunset
on
the
canvas
.
•
Neon
signs
cast
an
intense
blue
glow
over
the
street
.
Neon
signs
cast
an
intense
blue
glow
over
the
street
.
burden
noun
a
heavy
object
or
load
that
someone
has
to
carry
•
The
farmer
lifted
the
burden
of
hay
onto
his
shoulder
.
The
farmer
lifted
the
burden
of
hay
onto
his
shoulder
.
•
After
hours
of
hiking
,
the
backpack
felt
like
a
huge
burden
.
After
hours
of
hiking
,
the
backpack
felt
like
a
huge
burden
.
noun
a
duty
,
problem
,
or
worry
that
makes
life
difficult
or
causes
stress
•
Looking
after
three
children
on
her
own
was
a
big
burden
for
Maria
.
Looking
after
three
children
on
her
own
was
a
big
burden
for
Maria
.
•
Student
loans
are
a
heavy
financial
burden
on
many
graduates
.
Student
loans
are
a
heavy
financial
burden
on
many
graduates
.
verb
to
give
someone
a
heavy
load
or
difficult
responsibility
•
I
don
’
t
want
to
burden
you
with
my
problems
.
I
don
’
t
want
to
burden
you
with
my
problems
.
•
The
new
tax
laws
will
burden
small
businesses
.
The
new
tax
laws
will
burden
small
businesses
.
offensive
adjective
rude
or
insulting
in
a
way
that
makes
people
feel
hurt
,
angry
,
or
upset
•
Many
people
found
his
joke
deeply
offensive
.
Many
people
found
his
joke
deeply
offensive
.
•
Please
avoid
using
offensive
language
in
the
classroom
.
Please
avoid
using
offensive
language
in
the
classroom
.
From
Middle
French
offensif
,
from
Latin
offendere
“
to
strike
against
,
to
displease
.”
adjective
designed
for
attacking
rather
than
defending
,
especially
in
war
or
sports
•
The
army
prepared
an
offensive
operation
to
capture
the
bridge
.
The
army
prepared
an
offensive
operation
to
capture
the
bridge
.
•
Our
football
coach
prefers
an
offensive
style
with
quick
passes
.
Our
football
coach
prefers
an
offensive
style
with
quick
passes
.
noun
the
part
of
a
sports
team
or
its
strategy
that
tries
to
score
points
or
goals
•
Our
team's
offensive
struggled
against
their
strong
defense
.
Our
team's
offensive
struggled
against
their
strong
defense
.
•
The
coach
redesigned
the
offensive
to
create
more
scoring
chances
.
The
coach
redesigned
the
offensive
to
create
more
scoring
chances
.
noun
a
large
planned
military
attack
against
an
enemy
•
The
winter
offensive
caught
the
enemy
by
surprise
.
The
winter
offensive
caught
the
enemy
by
surprise
.
•
They
delayed
the
offensive
until
reinforcements
arrived
.
They
delayed
the
offensive
until
reinforcements
arrived
.
defensive
adjective
Intended
to
defend
or
protect
rather
than
to
attack
.
•
The
castle
walls
were
built
extra
thick
to
provide
a
strong
defensive
barrier
against
invaders
.
The
castle
walls
were
built
extra
thick
to
provide
a
strong
defensive
barrier
against
invaders
.
•
The
government
insists
its
new
missile
system
is
purely
defensive
.
The
government
insists
its
new
missile
system
is
purely
defensive
.
From
Latin
dēfēnsus
(
defended
,
protected
)
+
-ive
,
entering
English
in
the
late
17th
century
to
describe
things
meant
for
protection
.
adjective
Quick
to
protect
yourself
from
criticism
or
perceived
attack
,
often
by
justifying
your
actions
.
•
When
her
project
was
questioned
,
Maria
became
defensive
and
explained
every
detail
.
When
her
project
was
questioned
,
Maria
became
defensive
and
explained
every
detail
.
•
Try
not
to
sound
defensive
;
we're
just
trying
to
help
.
Try
not
to
sound
defensive
;
we're
just
trying
to
help
.
Psychological
use
developed
in
the
mid-20th
century
,
extending
the
original
sense
of
protecting
oneself
to
include
protecting
one
’
s
ego
or
self-image
.
dimension
noun
a
measurable
extent
such
as
length
,
width
,
or
height
of
an
object
or
space
•
The
carpenter
measured
each
dimension
of
the
table
before
cutting
the
wood
.
The
carpenter
measured
each
dimension
of
the
table
before
cutting
the
wood
.
•
Our
new
fridge
fits
because
its
dimensions
are
smaller
than
the
old
one
.
Our
new
fridge
fits
because
its
dimensions
are
smaller
than
the
old
one
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
dimension
or
Latin
dimensio
‘
measurement
’,
from
dimetiri
‘
to
measure
out
’.
noun
a
particular
aspect
,
quality
,
or
way
of
looking
at
a
situation
or
idea
•
Respect
adds
an
important
dimension
to
any
friendship
.
Respect
adds
an
important
dimension
to
any
friendship
.
•
The
cultural
dimension
of
the
project
was
often
overlooked
.
The
cultural
dimension
of
the
project
was
often
overlooked
.
noun
a
separate
universe
or
realm
of
existence
imagined
in
science
fiction
and
fantasy
•
The
story
follows
a
hero
who
falls
into
a
strange
dimension
filled
with
talking
animals
.
The
story
follows
a
hero
who
falls
into
a
strange
dimension
filled
with
talking
animals
.
•
Scientists
in
the
movie
opened
a
portal
to
another
dimension
.
Scientists
in
the
movie
opened
a
portal
to
another
dimension
.
noun
in
mathematics
and
physics
,
one
of
the
independent
directions
or
coordinates
needed
to
describe
the
position
of
a
point
or
the
properties
of
space
•
In
math
class
,
we
learned
that
a
line
has
one
dimension
.
In
math
class
,
we
learned
that
a
line
has
one
dimension
.
•
A
cube
extends
into
a
third
dimension
.
A
cube
extends
into
a
third
dimension
.
verb
-
dimension
,
dimensioning
,
dimensions
,
dimensioned
to
mark
,
specify
,
or
design
the
measurements
of
something
•
The
engineer
dimensioned
each
bolt
hole
to
the
nearest
millimeter
.
The
engineer
dimensioned
each
bolt
hole
to
the
nearest
millimeter
.
•
Please
dimension
the
component
so
the
machinist
knows
its
size
.
Please
dimension
the
component
so
the
machinist
knows
its
size
.
given
noun
a
fact
or
condition
that
is
accepted
as
true
or
certain
•
In
geometry
,
it
is
a
given
that
the
angles
of
a
triangle
add
up
to
180
degrees
.
In
geometry
,
it
is
a
given
that
the
angles
of
a
triangle
add
up
to
180
degrees
.
•
His
honesty
is
a
given
in
our
team
.
His
honesty
is
a
given
in
our
team
.
Noun
sense
developed
in
the
late
19th
century
from
mathematical
usage
,
where
“
givens
”
are
quantities
or
facts
supplied
at
the
start
of
a
problem
.
comprehensive
adjective
including
everything
that
is
needed
or
relevant
;
complete
and
thorough
•
The
report
gave
a
comprehensive
overview
of
the
company's
finances
.
The
report
gave
a
comprehensive
overview
of
the
company's
finances
.
•
Before
the
hike
,
the
guide
packed
a
comprehensive
first-aid
kit
.
Before
the
hike
,
the
guide
packed
a
comprehensive
first-aid
kit
.
From
French
compréhensif
,
from
Latin
comprehendere
“
to
grasp
,
include
”.
noun
a
secondary
school
in
the
UK
that
accepts
students
of
all
abilities
without
entrance
exams
•
Martin
transferred
to
the
local
comprehensive
after
moving
to
London
.
Martin
transferred
to
the
local
comprehensive
after
moving
to
London
.
•
Some
parents
prefer
grammar
schools
,
while
others
choose
comprehensives
.
Some
parents
prefer
grammar
schools
,
while
others
choose
comprehensives
.
Short
for
comprehensive
school
,
first
used
in
British
education
reforms
of
the
mid-20th
century
.
extension
noun
extra
time
that
is
allowed
beyond
an
original
limit
or
deadline
•
My
boss
gave
me
a
one-day
extension
to
finish
the
report
.
My
boss
gave
me
a
one-day
extension
to
finish
the
report
.
•
Library
members
can
request
an
extension
on
borrowed
books
online
.
Library
members
can
request
an
extension
on
borrowed
books
online
.
noun
a
telephone
line
within
a
large
system
that
has
its
own
short
number
•
To
reach
the
sales
department
,
dial
555-1200
then
extension
3
.
To
reach
the
sales
department
,
dial
555-1200
then
extension
3
.
•
She
transferred
the
call
to
John's
extension
.
She
transferred
the
call
to
John's
extension
.
noun
the
act
of
making
something
longer
,
larger
,
or
lasting
for
a
longer
period
•
The
university
announced
the
extension
of
the
application
deadline
by
two
weeks
.
The
university
announced
the
extension
of
the
application
deadline
by
two
weeks
.
•
Engineers
planned
the
extension
of
the
railway
line
into
the
mountains
.
Engineers
planned
the
extension
of
the
railway
line
into
the
mountains
.
From
Latin
extensio
(“
a
stretching
out
”),
from
extendere
(“
to
stretch
out
”).
noun
a
new
room
or
section
that
is
added
to
a
building
to
make
it
bigger
•
They
built
a
glass
extension
at
the
back
of
the
house
as
a
new
kitchen
.
They
built
a
glass
extension
at
the
back
of
the
house
as
a
new
kitchen
.
•
The
museum's
modern
extension
contrasts
with
the
old
stone
facade
.
The
museum's
modern
extension
contrasts
with
the
old
stone
facade
.
noun
the
group
of
letters
at
the
end
of
a
computer
file
name
that
shows
what
type
of
file
it
is
•
The
document
saved
with
the
.
pdf
extension
opens
on
any
computer
.
The
document
saved
with
the
.
pdf
extension
opens
on
any
computer
.
•
Change
the
extension
from
.
txt
to
.
csv
before
uploading
.
Change
the
extension
from
.
txt
to
.
csv
before
uploading
.
noun
a
piece
of
artificial
or
extra
hair
that
is
attached
to
natural
hair
to
add
length
or
volume
•
She
clipped
a
long
blonde
extension
into
her
hair
for
the
wedding
.
She
clipped
a
long
blonde
extension
into
her
hair
for
the
wedding
.
•
Hairdressers
offer
tape-in
and
clip-in
extension
options
.
Hairdressers
offer
tape-in
and
clip-in
extension
options
.
extensive
adjective
covering
a
very
large
area
or
involving
a
great
amount
•
The
wildfire
caused
extensive
damage
to
the
forest
.
The
wildfire
caused
extensive
damage
to
the
forest
.
•
They
own
an
extensive
farm
that
stretches
to
the
river
.
They
own
an
extensive
farm
that
stretches
to
the
river
.
From
Latin
extensivus
,
from
extendere
“
to
stretch
out
”,
combining
ex-
“
out
”
and
tendere
“
stretch
”.
adjective
including
or
dealing
with
a
wide
range
of
details
;
thorough
and
complete
•
After
an
extensive
investigation
,
the
police
found
new
evidence
.
After
an
extensive
investigation
,
the
police
found
new
evidence
.
•
The
doctor
ordered
extensive
tests
to
find
the
cause
of
the
illness
.
The
doctor
ordered
extensive
tests
to
find
the
cause
of
the
illness
.
From
Latin
extensivus
,
from
extendere
“
to
stretch
out
”,
implying
a
breadth
or
thoroughness
of
coverage
.
sudden
noun
an
unexpected
event
,
change
,
or
moment
(
now
rare
and
mainly
literary
)
•
On
a
sudden
,
the
candles
went
out
,
and
the
hall
fell
into
darkness
.
On
a
sudden
,
the
candles
went
out
,
and
the
hall
fell
into
darkness
.
•
The
messenger
arrived
in
a
sudden
and
brought
alarming
news
from
the
front
.
The
messenger
arrived
in
a
sudden
and
brought
alarming
news
from
the
front
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
;
the
noun
use
arose
from
Middle
English
phraseology
such
as
‘
of
a
soden
’
meaning
‘
unexpectedly
’.
oven
noun
a
closed
,
heated
appliance
used
for
baking
,
roasting
,
or
heating
food
•
Mia
carefully
slid
the
cookie
tray
into
the
hot
oven
.
Mia
carefully
slid
the
cookie
tray
into
the
hot
oven
.
•
The
smell
of
fresh
bread
filled
the
house
as
it
baked
in
the
oven
.
The
smell
of
fresh
bread
filled
the
house
as
it
baked
in
the
oven
.
Old
English
ofen
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*ubnaz
,
related
to
German
Ofen
and
Dutch
oven
.
noun
an
enclosed
space
or
place
that
feels
extremely
hot
•
After
sitting
in
the
sun
all
day
,
the
parked
car
felt
like
an
oven
.
After
sitting
in
the
sun
all
day
,
the
parked
car
felt
like
an
oven
.
•
The
tiny
attic
room
was
an
oven
during
the
heatwave
.
The
tiny
attic
room
was
an
oven
during
the
heatwave
.
noun
a
large
enclosed
chamber
used
at
high
temperatures
for
industrial
processes
,
such
as
firing
pottery
or
smelting
metal
•
The
pottery
factory
loads
hundreds
of
clay
bowls
into
a
huge
gas-fired
oven
.
The
pottery
factory
loads
hundreds
of
clay
bowls
into
a
huge
gas-fired
oven
.
•
Glassmakers
reheat
the
molten
glass
in
a
special
oven
called
a
glory
hole
.
Glassmakers
reheat
the
molten
glass
in
a
special
oven
called
a
glory
hole
.
lens
noun
-
lens
,
lenses
a
curved
piece
of
glass
or
plastic
that
bends
light
so
that
it
forms
a
clear
image
•
The
photographer
changed
the
lens
to
take
a
close-up
shot
of
the
flower
.
The
photographer
changed
the
lens
to
take
a
close-up
shot
of
the
flower
.
•
Without
her
glasses
,
the
scratched
lens
made
everything
look
blurry
.
Without
her
glasses
,
the
scratched
lens
made
everything
look
blurry
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
"
lens
"
meaning
"
lentil
,"
because
early
glass
lenses
were
shaped
like
lentil
seeds
.
noun
-
lens
,
lenses
a
particular
way
of
thinking
about
or
looking
at
something
•
When
we
study
history
through
the
lens
of
economics
,
we
notice
different
patterns
.
When
we
study
history
through
the
lens
of
economics
,
we
notice
different
patterns
.
•
Teachers
often
view
behavior
through
the
lens
of
child
development
.
Teachers
often
view
behavior
through
the
lens
of
child
development
.
Figurative
use
developed
in
the
1700s
,
extending
the
physical
idea
of
a
lens
focusing
light
to
the
mental
act
of
focusing
thought
.
verb
-
lens
,
lensing
,
lenses
,
lensed
to
film
or
photograph
something
with
a
camera
•
The
director
chose
to
lens
the
movie
on
location
in
the
desert
.
The
director
chose
to
lens
the
movie
on
location
in
the
desert
.
•
A
drone
was
used
to
lens
sweeping
aerial
shots
of
the
city
.
A
drone
was
used
to
lens
sweeping
aerial
shots
of
the
city
.
Verb
use
arose
in
the
early
20th
century
U
.
S
.
film
industry
as
a
shorthand
for
"
to
use
a
camera
lens
."
alien
noun
-
alien
,
aliening
,
aliens
,
aliened
a
living
being
that
comes
from
somewhere
beyond
the
Earth
,
especially
another
planet
or
galaxy
•
In
the
science-fiction
movie
,
a
friendly
alien
helps
two
children
find
their
way
home
.
In
the
science-fiction
movie
,
a
friendly
alien
helps
two
children
find
their
way
home
.
•
Scientists
often
wonder
what
aliens
might
look
like
if
life
exists
on
distant
planets
.
Scientists
often
wonder
what
aliens
might
look
like
if
life
exists
on
distant
planets
.
adjective
-
alien
,
aliening
,
aliens
,
aliened
belonging
to
a
different
place
,
culture
,
or
system
and
therefore
strange
or
unfamiliar
•
The
customs
of
the
small
island
nation
were
completely
alien
to
the
tourists
.
The
customs
of
the
small
island
nation
were
completely
alien
to
the
tourists
.
•
Computer
code
looked
alien
to
her
at
first
,
but
she
soon
learned
the
basics
.
Computer
code
looked
alien
to
her
at
first
,
but
she
soon
learned
the
basics
.
adjective
-
alien
,
aliening
,
aliens
,
aliened
relating
to
or
connected
with
living
beings
from
outer
space
•
Astronomers
search
for
alien
life
in
distant
solar
systems
.
Astronomers
search
for
alien
life
in
distant
solar
systems
.
•
The
film
’
s
alien
technology
included
floating
cars
and
instant
translators
.
The
film
’
s
alien
technology
included
floating
cars
and
instant
translators
.
noun
-
alien
,
aliening
,
aliens
,
aliened
a
person
who
lives
in
a
country
but
is
not
a
citizen
of
that
country
•
After
moving
to
France
,
Mia
felt
like
an
alien
until
she
learned
the
language
.
After
moving
to
France
,
Mia
felt
like
an
alien
until
she
learned
the
language
.
•
The
law
protects
the
rights
of
legal
aliens
living
in
the
country
.
The
law
protects
the
rights
of
legal
aliens
living
in
the
country
.
verb
-
alien
,
aliening
,
aliens
,
aliened
to
transfer
property
or
legal
rights
to
another
person
•
He
decided
to
alien
the
family
estate
to
his
eldest
daughter
.
He
decided
to
alien
the
family
estate
to
his
eldest
daughter
.
•
The
contract
required
the
company
not
to
alien
any
of
its
assets
without
approval
.
The
contract
required
the
company
not
to
alien
any
of
its
assets
without
approval
.
strengthen
verb
to
make
someone
or
something
stronger
,
firmer
,
or
more
effective
•
Daily
exercise
can
strengthen
your
muscles
and
bones
.
Daily
exercise
can
strengthen
your
muscles
and
bones
.
•
Reading
every
day
will
strengthen
your
language
skills
.
Reading
every
day
will
strengthen
your
language
skills
.
From
Middle
English
strenghten
,
formed
from
strength
+
-en
(
a
verb-forming
suffix
).
verb
to
become
stronger
,
firmer
,
or
more
effective
•
After
weeks
of
therapy
,
his
injured
knee
finally
strengthened
.
After
weeks
of
therapy
,
his
injured
knee
finally
strengthened
.
•
The
wind
strengthened
as
the
storm
approached
the
coast
.
The
wind
strengthened
as
the
storm
approached
the
coast
.
From
Middle
English
strenghten
,
from
strength
+
-en
,
meaning
to
grow
strong
.
pension
noun
money
that
a
person
regularly
receives
after
they
retire
from
work
,
usually
paid
each
month
by
the
government
or
by
a
former
employer
•
After
working
for
forty
years
,
Maria
was
happy
to
live
comfortably
on
her
pension
.
After
working
for
forty
years
,
Maria
was
happy
to
live
comfortably
on
her
pension
.
•
He
spent
part
of
his
monthly
pension
on
gifts
for
his
grandchildren
.
He
spent
part
of
his
monthly
pension
on
gifts
for
his
grandchildren
.
From
Latin
pensiō
‘
payment
’,
through
Old
French
pension
meaning
‘
regular
payment
’
noun
a
small
,
inexpensive
hotel
or
guesthouse
,
especially
in
Europe
,
where
meals
are
often
included
with
the
room
•
We
booked
a
cozy
pension
near
the
Austrian
lake
for
our
summer
holiday
.
We
booked
a
cozy
pension
near
the
Austrian
lake
for
our
summer
holiday
.
•
The
pension
owner
greeted
us
with
homemade
soup
when
we
arrived
.
The
pension
owner
greeted
us
with
homemade
soup
when
we
arrived
.
Borrowed
from
French
pension
‘
boarding
house
that
provides
meals
’
consensus
noun
-
consensus
,
consensuses
general
agreement
among
most
or
all
people
in
a
group
about
something
•
After
hours
of
discussion
,
the
committee
finally
reached
a
consensus
on
the
budget
.
After
hours
of
discussion
,
the
committee
finally
reached
a
consensus
on
the
budget
.
•
There
is
a
broad
scientific
consensus
that
climate
change
is
real
.
There
is
a
broad
scientific
consensus
that
climate
change
is
real
.
Mid-19th
century
Latin
,
from
concilium
‘
agreement
’
via
consensus
‘
agreement
,
accord
’.
weakness
noun
-
weakness
,
weaknesses
,
weaken
,
weakening
,
weakens
,
weakened
,
weak
,
weaker
,
weakest
the
condition
of
being
physically
weak
or
lacking
strength
•
After
climbing
the
mountain
,
Maya
felt
a
sudden
weakness
in
her
legs
and
had
to
sit
.
After
climbing
the
mountain
,
Maya
felt
a
sudden
weakness
in
her
legs
and
had
to
sit
.
•
The
illness
left
the
old
man
with
a
lingering
weakness
that
made
walking
difficult
.
The
illness
left
the
old
man
with
a
lingering
weakness
that
made
walking
difficult
.
From
Middle
English
weyknesse
,
formed
by
adding
-ness
to
weak
.
noun
-
weakness
,
weaknesses
,
weaken
,
weakening
,
weakens
,
weakened
,
weak
,
weaker
,
weakest
a
fault
,
disadvantage
,
or
weak
point
in
a
person
,
plan
,
or
thing
•
The
team
’
s
defense
had
a
clear
weakness
that
the
opponents
exploited
.
The
team
’
s
defense
had
a
clear
weakness
that
the
opponents
exploited
.
•
My
biggest
weakness
is
that
I
find
it
hard
to
say
no
to
extra
work
.
My
biggest
weakness
is
that
I
find
it
hard
to
say
no
to
extra
work
.
Derived
from
weak
+
-ness
,
meaning
a
point
where
strength
is
lacking
.
noun
-
weakness
,
weaknesses
,
weaken
,
weakening
,
weakens
,
weakened
,
weak
,
weaker
,
weakest
a
strong
liking
or
soft
spot
for
something
that
is
hard
to
resist
•
Grandpa
has
a
weakness
for
chocolate
chip
cookies
and
eats
them
every
evening
.
Grandpa
has
a
weakness
for
chocolate
chip
cookies
and
eats
them
every
evening
.
•
Jasmine
’
s
weakness
is
stray
animals
;
she
stops
to
help
every
kitten
she
sees
.
Jasmine
’
s
weakness
is
stray
animals
;
she
stops
to
help
every
kitten
she
sees
.
Metaphorical
extension
of
weakness
from
lacking
resistance
to
being
unable
to
resist
a
desire
.
noun
-
weakness
,
weaknesses
,
weaken
,
weakening
,
weakens
,
weakened
,
weak
,
weaker
,
weakest
a
period
or
condition
in
which
prices
,
demand
,
or
performance
are
low
or
falling
,
especially
in
financial
markets
•
There
was
noticeable
weakness
in
the
stock
market
after
the
disappointing
earnings
report
.
There
was
noticeable
weakness
in
the
stock
market
after
the
disappointing
earnings
report
.
•
Analysts
predict
further
weakness
in
oil
prices
over
the
winter
.
Analysts
predict
further
weakness
in
oil
prices
over
the
winter
.
Extension
of
weakness
to
describe
lack
of
strength
in
economic
activity
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
.
pen
noun
a
small
handheld
tool
that
uses
ink
to
write
or
draw
•
Maria
signed
her
name
with
a
blue
pen
and
smiled
.
Maria
signed
her
name
with
a
blue
pen
and
smiled
.
•
The
student
frantically
searched
her
bag
for
a
working
pen
before
the
exam
began
.
The
student
frantically
searched
her
bag
for
a
working
pen
before
the
exam
began
.
From
Old
English
‘
penne
’
borrowed
from
Latin
‘
penna
’
meaning
feather
,
because
early
pens
were
made
from
bird
quills
.
noun
a
small
fenced
area
that
keeps
animals
in
one
place
•
The
farmer
guided
the
sheep
into
the
wooden
pen
for
the
night
.
The
farmer
guided
the
sheep
into
the
wooden
pen
for
the
night
.
•
At
the
petting
zoo
,
children
fed
carrots
to
goats
inside
the
small
pen
.
At
the
petting
zoo
,
children
fed
carrots
to
goats
inside
the
small
pen
.
Old
English
‘
penn
’
meaning
enclosure
or
fold
.
verb
-
pen
,
penning
,
pens
,
penned
to
write
something
such
as
a
letter
,
article
,
or
song
•
The
journalist
will
pen
an
article
about
the
festival
.
The
journalist
will
pen
an
article
about
the
festival
.
•
She
penned
a
heartfelt
letter
to
her
grandmother
.
She
penned
a
heartfelt
letter
to
her
grandmother
.
First
used
in
late
Middle
English
,
originally
meaning
‘
to
write
with
a
pen
’.
noun
an
adult
female
swan
•
The
graceful
pen
glided
across
the
lake
with
her
cygnets
following
.
The
graceful
pen
glided
across
the
lake
with
her
cygnets
following
.
•
The
wildlife
guide
pointed
out
the
pen
guarding
her
nest
on
the
riverbank
.
The
wildlife
guide
pointed
out
the
pen
guarding
her
nest
on
the
riverbank
.
Origin
uncertain
;
probably
from
Old
Norse
‘
penn
’
meaning
female
bird
.
noun
a
prison
,
especially
a
large
state
or
federal
one
•
After
the
trial
,
the
criminal
was
sent
to
the
pen
for
ten
years
.
After
the
trial
,
the
criminal
was
sent
to
the
pen
for
ten
years
.
•
He
spent
most
of
his
twenties
in
the
pen
,
regretting
his
choices
.
He
spent
most
of
his
twenties
in
the
pen
,
regretting
his
choices
.
Shortening
of
‘
penitentiary
’,
first
recorded
in
U
.
S
.
slang
in
the
late
1800s
.