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turn
verb
-
turn
,
turning
,
turns
,
turned
to
change
direction
while
moving
,
or
to
make
something
face
a
different
way
•
At
the
next
intersection
,
turn
left
onto
Oak
Street
.
At
the
next
intersection
,
turn
left
onto
Oak
Street
.
•
She
turned
the
doorknob
and
walked
into
the
room
.
She
turned
the
doorknob
and
walked
into
the
room
.
Old
English
‘
tyrnan
’,
related
to
Latin
‘
tornare
’
meaning
‘
to
turn
on
a
lathe
’.
verb
-
turn
,
turning
,
turns
,
turned
to
change
and
become
a
different
state
,
colour
,
or
quality
•
In
autumn
,
the
leaves
turn
bright
orange
and
red
.
In
autumn
,
the
leaves
turn
bright
orange
and
red
.
•
Her
excitement
quickly
turned
to
disappointment
when
the
concert
was
cancelled
.
Her
excitement
quickly
turned
to
disappointment
when
the
concert
was
cancelled
.
From
Old
English
‘
tyrnan
’,
sense
of
‘
become
’
recorded
since
the
14th
century
.
noun
an
occasion
when
it
is
someone
’
s
chance
to
do
something
after
others
•
It
’
s
your
turn
to
roll
the
dice
.
It
’
s
your
turn
to
roll
the
dice
.
•
After
Maria
spoke
,
it
was
my
turn
to
present
.
After
Maria
spoke
,
it
was
my
turn
to
present
.
From
the
idea
of
items
or
people
rotating
in
order
.
verb
-
turn
,
turning
,
turns
,
turned
to
reach
or
celebrate
a
particular
age
or
time
•
Maya
will
turn
eighteen
next
month
.
Maya
will
turn
eighteen
next
month
.
•
The
clock
turned
midnight
while
we
were
still
working
.
The
clock
turned
midnight
while
we
were
still
working
.
Extension
of
earlier
sense
‘
change
’
to
marking
the
point
where
age
or
time
changes
.
noun
a
bend
or
curve
in
a
road
,
path
,
or
river
•
The
cottage
is
just
after
the
sharp
turn
in
the
road
.
The
cottage
is
just
after
the
sharp
turn
in
the
road
.
•
Slow
down
when
you
reach
the
next
turn
.
Slow
down
when
you
reach
the
next
turn
.
Sense
developed
from
‘
act
of
turning
’
to
the
place
where
the
change
happens
.
tube
noun
a
long
,
hollow
object
with
round
sides
,
used
to
carry
or
hold
liquid
,
gas
,
wires
,
or
other
material
•
The
plumber
replaced
the
rusty
tube
that
carried
water
to
the
sink
.
The
plumber
replaced
the
rusty
tube
that
carried
water
to
the
sink
.
•
In
the
science
lab
,
colorful
liquid
flowed
through
a
glass
tube
into
a
flask
.
In
the
science
lab
,
colorful
liquid
flowed
through
a
glass
tube
into
a
flask
.
From
Latin
"
tuba
"
meaning
trumpet
or
pipe
,
later
used
for
any
hollow
cylinder
.
noun
a
soft
,
squeezable
container
that
holds
thick
liquid
or
paste
such
as
toothpaste
,
glue
,
or
cream
•
He
rolled
the
nearly
empty
tube
of
toothpaste
to
squeeze
out
the
last
bit
.
He
rolled
the
nearly
empty
tube
of
toothpaste
to
squeeze
out
the
last
bit
.
•
The
artist
squeezed
a
tiny
amount
of
red
paint
from
the
tube
onto
her
palette
.
The
artist
squeezed
a
tiny
amount
of
red
paint
from
the
tube
onto
her
palette
.
Extended
from
the
general
shape
:
a
container
rolled
or
pressed
like
a
small
pipe
to
dispense
its
contents
.
noun
informal
:
a
television
set
or
television
as
a
medium
•
After
work
,
he
relaxed
in
front
of
the
tube
with
a
bowl
of
popcorn
.
After
work
,
he
relaxed
in
front
of
the
tube
with
a
bowl
of
popcorn
.
•
Mom
told
us
to
turn
off
the
tube
and
finish
our
homework
.
Mom
told
us
to
turn
off
the
tube
and
finish
our
homework
.
Originates
from
“
cathode-ray
tube
,”
the
picture
tube
inside
older
television
sets
.
noun
surfing
:
the
hollow
,
tunnel-like
space
that
forms
inside
a
curling
breaking
wave
•
The
surfer
disappeared
inside
the
tube
and
shot
out
moments
later
,
still
on
his
board
.
The
surfer
disappeared
inside
the
tube
and
shot
out
moments
later
,
still
on
his
board
.
•
Catching
a
perfect
tube
is
every
surfer
’
s
dream
.
Catching
a
perfect
tube
is
every
surfer
’
s
dream
.
Surf
slang
from
the
1960s
,
comparing
the
curved
space
inside
a
breaking
wave
to
a
hollow
cylinder
.
tunnel
noun
a
long
,
man-made
passage
that
goes
through
or
under
something
such
as
a
mountain
,
river
,
or
city
so
that
people
or
vehicles
can
travel
through
it
.
•
The
new
highway
tunnel
cuts
straight
through
the
rocky
mountain
,
saving
drivers
almost
an
hour
.
The
new
highway
tunnel
cuts
straight
through
the
rocky
mountain
,
saving
drivers
almost
an
hour
.
•
We
could
hear
our
voices
echo
as
we
walked
inside
the
old
railway
tunnel
.
We
could
hear
our
voices
echo
as
we
walked
inside
the
old
railway
tunnel
.
Borrowed
in
the
late
15th
century
from
Middle
French
“
tonnelle
”,
meaning
a
barrel-shaped
vault
,
later
applied
to
underground
passages
.
noun
a
narrow
passage
that
an
animal
digs
in
the
ground
for
living
,
moving
,
or
storing
food
.
•
A
mole
had
created
a
long
tunnel
beneath
our
vegetable
garden
.
A
mole
had
created
a
long
tunnel
beneath
our
vegetable
garden
.
•
The
rabbit
disappeared
into
a
sandy
tunnel
at
the
base
of
the
hedge
.
The
rabbit
disappeared
into
a
sandy
tunnel
at
the
base
of
the
hedge
.
The
animal
sense
extends
the
earlier
meaning
of
a
man-made
passage
to
natural
passages
dug
by
creatures
.
verb
to
dig
or
bore
a
passage
,
especially
underground
,
through
or
under
something
.
•
Engineers
plan
to
tunnel
beneath
the
river
to
build
the
new
subway
line
.
Engineers
plan
to
tunnel
beneath
the
river
to
build
the
new
subway
line
.
•
During
the
war
,
prisoners
tried
to
tunnel
out
of
the
camp
at
night
.
During
the
war
,
prisoners
tried
to
tunnel
out
of
the
camp
at
night
.
Verb
use
dates
from
the
17th
century
,
formed
from
the
noun
“
tunnel
”
plus
the
verbal
suffix
indicating
action
.
turkey
noun
a
large
farm
bird
with
a
fan-shaped
tail
and
a
bald
head
,
kept
for
its
meat
•
The
farmer
raised
several
turkeys
in
a
spacious
pen
behind
the
barn
.
The
farmer
raised
several
turkeys
in
a
spacious
pen
behind
the
barn
.
•
A
flock
of
wild
turkeys
crossed
the
quiet
road
early
in
the
morning
.
A
flock
of
wild
turkeys
crossed
the
quiet
road
early
in
the
morning
.
From
the
early
16th-century
mistaken
belief
that
the
bird
came
from
Turkey
,
via
Spanish
and
Portuguese
traders
.
noun
-
turkey
the
meat
of
a
turkey
,
eaten
as
food
•
We
carved
the
roasted
turkey
for
the
holiday
dinner
.
We
carved
the
roasted
turkey
for
the
holiday
dinner
.
•
Kelly
made
a
hearty
turkey
sandwich
with
lettuce
and
tomato
.
Kelly
made
a
hearty
turkey
sandwich
with
lettuce
and
tomato
.
noun
an
informal
word
for
a
person
who
is
foolish
,
annoying
,
or
incompetent
•
Don
’
t
be
a
turkey
—
remember
to
save
your
work
before
closing
the
program
!
Don
’
t
be
a
turkey
—
remember
to
save
your
work
before
closing
the
program
!
•
My
brother
acted
like
a
real
turkey
at
the
party
,
telling
silly
jokes
all
night
.
My
brother
acted
like
a
real
turkey
at
the
party
,
telling
silly
jokes
all
night
.
noun
a
film
,
play
,
or
other
project
that
fails
badly
and
is
unpopular
•
Critics
called
the
expensive
blockbuster
a
total
turkey
.
Critics
called
the
expensive
blockbuster
a
total
turkey
.
•
The
producer
feared
their
new
musical
would
be
a
turkey
at
the
box
office
.
The
producer
feared
their
new
musical
would
be
a
turkey
at
the
box
office
.
noun
in
bowling
,
a
run
of
three
strikes
in
succession
•
Jess
cheered
when
she
scored
a
turkey
in
the
final
frame
.
Jess
cheered
when
she
scored
a
turkey
in
the
final
frame
.
•
Getting
a
turkey
can
quickly
raise
your
bowling
average
.
Getting
a
turkey
can
quickly
raise
your
bowling
average
.
Bowling
slang
from
the
early
20th
century
,
when
alleys
awarded
a
live
turkey
as
a
prize
for
three
consecutive
strikes
.
tune
noun
a
melody
or
song
that
is
pleasant
to
listen
to
•
I
can
’
t
get
that
catchy
tune
out
of
my
head
.
I
can
’
t
get
that
catchy
tune
out
of
my
head
.
•
She
hummed
a
soft
tune
while
cooking
dinner
.
She
hummed
a
soft
tune
while
cooking
dinner
.
From
Old
French
‘
ton
’
meaning
‘
tone
’,
later
influenced
by
Latin
‘
tonus
’.
noun
the
correct
musical
pitch
of
an
instrument
or
voice
•
This
piano
is
out
of
tune
and
sounds
terrible
.
This
piano
is
out
of
tune
and
sounds
terrible
.
•
After
the
teacher
adjusted
it
,
the
violin
was
back
in
tune
.
After
the
teacher
adjusted
it
,
the
violin
was
back
in
tune
.
Sense
developed
from
the
idea
of
a
‘
tone
’
being
correct
or
harmonious
.
verb
-
tune
,
tuning
,
tunes
,
tuned
to
adjust
a
musical
instrument
,
machine
,
or
engine
so
that
it
works
correctly
or
sounds
right
•
The
mechanic
tuned
the
engine
to
run
more
smoothly
.
The
mechanic
tuned
the
engine
to
run
more
smoothly
.
•
Before
the
concert
,
the
guitarist
tunes
his
strings
carefully
.
Before
the
concert
,
the
guitarist
tunes
his
strings
carefully
.
Verb
sense
emerged
in
16th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
‘
bring
into
the
right
tone
’.
verb
-
tune
,
tuning
,
tunes
,
tuned
to
set
a
radio
,
television
,
or
similar
device
to
receive
a
particular
station
or
frequency
•
She
tuned
the
radio
to
her
favorite
jazz
station
.
She
tuned
the
radio
to
her
favorite
jazz
station
.
•
You
can
tune
the
TV
to
channel
5
for
the
news
.
You
can
tune
the
TV
to
channel
5
for
the
news
.
Extended
from
musical
sense
to
radios
in
early
20th
century
,
when
users
literally
adjusted
circuits
for
the
right
‘
tone
’.
tumor
noun
a
mass
of
abnormal
tissue
that
grows
in
the
body
and
can
be
either
harmless
(
benign
)
or
dangerous
(
cancerous
)
•
The
surgeon
successfully
removed
the
tumor
from
his
liver
.
The
surgeon
successfully
removed
the
tumor
from
his
liver
.
•
An
MRI
scan
revealed
a
small
brain
tumor
pressing
on
her
optic
nerve
.
An
MRI
scan
revealed
a
small
brain
tumor
pressing
on
her
optic
nerve
.
Borrowed
into
modern
medical
Latin
from
Latin
tumor
“
swelling
,”
from
tumēre
“
to
swell
.”
noun
something
harmful
that
grows
within
an
organization
or
society
and
must
be
removed
before
it
causes
more
damage
•
Corruption
was
a
tumor
eating
away
at
the
city
government
.
Corruption
was
a
tumor
eating
away
at
the
city
government
.
•
Misinformation
can
spread
like
a
tumor
across
social
media
.
Misinformation
can
spread
like
a
tumor
across
social
media
.
tumour
noun
a
mass
of
abnormal
tissue
that
grows
in
the
body
and
can
be
either
harmless
(
benign
)
or
dangerous
(
cancerous
)
•
The
scan
showed
a
small
tumour
in
her
lung
.
The
scan
showed
a
small
tumour
in
her
lung
.
•
Benign
tumours
can
sometimes
be
left
alone
and
just
monitored
.
Benign
tumours
can
sometimes
be
left
alone
and
just
monitored
.
noun
something
harmful
that
grows
within
an
organisation
or
society
and
must
be
removed
before
it
causes
more
damage
•
The
scandal
was
a
tumour
rotting
the
reputation
of
the
charity
.
The
scandal
was
a
tumour
rotting
the
reputation
of
the
charity
.
•
Racism
acts
like
a
tumour
in
society
,
spreading
silently
if
ignored
.
Racism
acts
like
a
tumour
in
society
,
spreading
silently
if
ignored
.
tuck
verb
to
make
someone
comfortable
in
bed
by
pulling
the
covers
firmly
around
them
•
Dad
tucked
Mia
into
bed
and
read
her
a
story
.
Dad
tucked
Mia
into
bed
and
read
her
a
story
.
•
Grandma
gently
tucked
the
blanket
around
the
sleeping
baby
.
Grandma
gently
tucked
the
blanket
around
the
sleeping
baby
.
verb
to
push
or
fold
the
loose
edge
of
something
such
as
cloth
,
paper
,
or
hair
so
that
it
stays
neat
and
secure
•
She
tucked
her
hair
behind
her
ear
before
stepping
onstage
.
She
tucked
her
hair
behind
her
ear
before
stepping
onstage
.
•
Henry
tucked
the
letter
into
his
jacket
pocket
and
hurried
away
.
Henry
tucked
the
letter
into
his
jacket
pocket
and
hurried
away
.
Old
English
tucian
“
to
pull
,
pluck
”,
later
“
to
make
a
fold
”,
of
Germanic
origin
.
verb
in
sports
such
as
gymnastics
,
diving
,
or
skiing
,
to
pull
the
knees
toward
the
chest
so
the
body
becomes
compact
•
The
gymnast
tucked
tightly
and
flipped
twice
in
the
air
.
The
gymnast
tucked
tightly
and
flipped
twice
in
the
air
.
•
During
the
jump
,
the
skier
tucked
his
knees
to
gain
speed
.
During
the
jump
,
the
skier
tucked
his
knees
to
gain
speed
.
noun
a
small
stitched
fold
in
cloth
made
to
shorten
or
decorate
a
piece
of
clothing
•
The
dress
had
delicate
tucks
running
down
the
front
.
The
dress
had
delicate
tucks
running
down
the
front
.
•
Laura
sewed
small
tucks
to
shorten
the
curtains
.
Laura
sewed
small
tucks
to
shorten
the
curtains
.
noun
-
tuck
British
informal
:
sweets
or
snack
food
,
especially
bought
by
children
at
school
•
After
class
they
rushed
to
the
shop
for
some
tuck
.
After
class
they
rushed
to
the
shop
for
some
tuck
.
•
The
camp
leader
kept
the
tuck
locked
away
until
Friday
night
.
The
camp
leader
kept
the
tuck
locked
away
until
Friday
night
.
turtle
noun
a
reptile
with
a
hard
,
domed
shell
that
moves
slowly
and
can
pull
its
head
and
legs
inside
for
protection
,
usually
living
in
or
near
water
•
A
small
turtle
rested
on
a
rock
by
the
pond
,
soaking
up
the
sun
.
A
small
turtle
rested
on
a
rock
by
the
pond
,
soaking
up
the
sun
.
•
The
children
cheered
as
the
baby
turtle
crawled
toward
the
ocean
.
The
children
cheered
as
the
baby
turtle
crawled
toward
the
ocean
.
From
late
Middle
English
,
probably
from
French
"
tortue
" (
modern
"
tortue
"),
influenced
by
"
tortoise
".
verb
-
turtle
,
turtling
,
turtles
,
turtled
to
pull
yourself
in
or
hide
,
or
to
stay
very
still
,
like
a
turtle
that
retreats
into
its
shell
•
When
the
thunder
roared
,
the
little
boy
turtled
under
his
blanket
.
When
the
thunder
roared
,
the
little
boy
turtled
under
his
blanket
.
•
The
gamer
lost
confidence
and
turtled
behind
a
wall
until
his
team
arrived
.
The
gamer
lost
confidence
and
turtled
behind
a
wall
until
his
team
arrived
.
Verb
use
comes
from
the
noun
image
of
a
turtle
retreating
into
its
shell
,
first
recorded
in
the
20th
century
.
actually
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
true
or
real
,
especially
when
the
truth
is
surprising
or
different
from
what
someone
thought
before
•
The
movie
was
actually
better
than
I
expected
.
The
movie
was
actually
better
than
I
expected
.
•
She
looks
young
,
but
she
is
actually
over
forty
.
She
looks
young
,
but
she
is
actually
over
forty
.
From
Middle
English
‘
actual
+
-ly
’,
ultimately
from
Latin
‘
actuālis
’
meaning
‘
active
,
practical
’.
adverb
used
at
the
beginning
or
end
of
a
statement
to
politely
correct
,
contradict
,
or
add
new
information
•
Actually
,
the
meeting
starts
at
nine
,
not
ten
.
Actually
,
the
meeting
starts
at
nine
,
not
ten
.
•
Thanks
,
but
I
’
ve
actually
already
eaten
.
Thanks
,
but
I
’
ve
actually
already
eaten
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
with
discourse-marker
use
developing
in
the
late
19th
century
.
student
noun
a
person
who
is
officially
enrolled
at
a
school
,
college
,
or
university
•
The
student
carried
a
stack
of
textbooks
across
the
campus
courtyard
.
The
student
carried
a
stack
of
textbooks
across
the
campus
courtyard
.
•
Every
student
must
submit
the
assignment
by
Friday
.
Every
student
must
submit
the
assignment
by
Friday
.
From
Latin
‘
studēns
’ (
studying
),
present
participle
of
‘
studēre
’
meaning
‘
to
study
’.
noun
someone
who
spends
time
learning
about
a
particular
subject
or
is
keenly
interested
in
it
•
She
is
a
student
of
classical
music
and
attends
every
concert
in
town
.
She
is
a
student
of
classical
music
and
attends
every
concert
in
town
.
•
As
a
keen
student
of
history
,
he
collects
antique
maps
.
As
a
keen
student
of
history
,
he
collects
antique
maps
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
,
but
extended
figuratively
from
one
formally
enrolled
in
study
to
anyone
devoted
to
learning
a
topic
.
study
noun
-
study
,
studies
the
activity
of
learning
or
reading
in
order
to
gain
knowledge
or
skill
•
After
dinner
,
Mia
went
to
her
room
for
an
hour
of
study
.
After
dinner
,
Mia
went
to
her
room
for
an
hour
of
study
.
•
Regular
study
helped
Louis
pass
his
math
test
.
Regular
study
helped
Louis
pass
his
math
test
.
verb
-
study
,
studying
,
studies
,
studied
to
spend
time
learning
about
a
subject
,
often
by
reading
,
attending
classes
,
or
practicing
•
I
study
Spanish
every
evening
after
work
.
I
study
Spanish
every
evening
after
work
.
•
They
studied
for
the
history
exam
together
at
the
kitchen
table
.
They
studied
for
the
history
exam
together
at
the
kitchen
table
.
noun
-
study
,
studies
a
private
room
in
a
house
used
for
reading
,
writing
,
or
working
•
Grandpa
keeps
his
old
books
in
his
study
.
Grandpa
keeps
his
old
books
in
his
study
.
•
She
closed
the
door
to
her
study
so
she
could
make
phone
calls
.
She
closed
the
door
to
her
study
so
she
could
make
phone
calls
.
noun
-
study
,
studies
a
detailed
piece
of
scientific
or
academic
research
that
investigates
a
particular
question
•
A
recent
study
shows
that
exercise
improves
memory
.
A
recent
study
shows
that
exercise
improves
memory
.
•
Doctors
are
reading
a
study
on
the
new
medicine's
safety
.
Doctors
are
reading
a
study
on
the
new
medicine's
safety
.
verb
-
study
,
studying
,
studies
,
studied
to
look
at
something
carefully
in
order
to
understand
it
or
find
information
•
The
detective
studied
the
map
to
find
patterns
.
The
detective
studied
the
map
to
find
patterns
.
•
He
studies
people's
faces
before
drawing
their
portraits
.
He
studies
people's
faces
before
drawing
their
portraits
.
noun
-
study
,
studies
a
piece
of
art
,
music
,
or
writing
produced
mainly
as
an
exercise
or
to
explore
a
particular
idea
,
style
,
or
technique
•
The
pianist
played
a
Chopin
study
to
warm
up
.
The
pianist
played
a
Chopin
study
to
warm
up
.
•
The
painting
is
a
study
in
shades
of
blue
.
The
painting
is
a
study
in
shades
of
blue
.
data
noun
-
datum
,
data
the
plural
form
of
datum
;
several
individual
pieces
of
information
considered
separately
•
These
data
reveal
that
younger
drivers
experience
fewer
accidents
at
night
.
These
data
reveal
that
younger
drivers
experience
fewer
accidents
at
night
.
•
All
survey
data
were
stored
in
a
spreadsheet
for
later
study
.
All
survey
data
were
stored
in
a
spreadsheet
for
later
study
.
Latin
plural
of
datum
,
meaning
‘
things
given
’.
Retained
as
a
plural
form
in
technical
and
academic
English
.
picture
noun
a
painting
,
drawing
,
photograph
,
or
other
flat
image
that
shows
what
something
looks
like
•
He
hung
a
picture
of
his
family
on
the
wall
.
He
hung
a
picture
of
his
family
on
the
wall
.
•
The
children
drew
a
colorful
picture
for
their
teacher
.
The
children
drew
a
colorful
picture
for
their
teacher
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
pictura
“
painting
,”
from
pictus
,
past
participle
of
pingere
“
to
paint
,
depict
.”
noun
an
image
or
idea
you
create
in
your
mind
when
you
think
about
something
•
Close
your
eyes
and
build
a
clear
picture
of
the
beach
.
Close
your
eyes
and
build
a
clear
picture
of
the
beach
.
•
The
witness
gave
the
police
a
picture
of
the
suspect
.
The
witness
gave
the
police
a
picture
of
the
suspect
.
noun
a
movie
;
a
film
shown
in
a
cinema
•
We
watched
an
old
black-and-white
picture
after
dinner
.
We
watched
an
old
black-and-white
picture
after
dinner
.
•
The
studio
released
five
new
pictures
this
year
.
The
studio
released
five
new
pictures
this
year
.
verb
-
picture
,
picturing
,
pictures
,
pictured
to
form
a
mental
image
of
something
;
imagine
•
Try
to
picture
the
city
100
years
ago
.
Try
to
picture
the
city
100
years
ago
.
•
I
can
’
t
picture
him
as
a
father
.
I
can
’
t
picture
him
as
a
father
.
verb
-
picture
,
picturing
,
pictures
,
pictured
to
show
or
represent
something
in
a
drawing
,
photo
,
or
words
;
depict
•
The
mural
pictures
local
heroes
.
The
mural
pictures
local
heroes
.
•
The
book
pictured
the
village
as
peaceful
and
welcoming
.
The
book
pictured
the
village
as
peaceful
and
welcoming
.
nature
noun
-
nature
the
world
of
plants
,
animals
,
landscapes
,
and
other
things
that
exist
without
being
made
by
people
•
We
spent
the
weekend
hiking
in
the
mountains
and
enjoying
nature
.
We
spent
the
weekend
hiking
in
the
mountains
and
enjoying
nature
.
•
The
documentary
shows
how
pollution
harms
nature
.
The
documentary
shows
how
pollution
harms
nature
.
From
Latin
‘
natura
’
meaning
‘
birth
,
character
,
the
universe
’.
noun
-
nature
the
basic
qualities
or
character
that
a
person
,
animal
,
or
thing
has
•
It
is
not
in
her
nature
to
lie
.
It
is
not
in
her
nature
to
lie
.
•
The
friendly
nature
of
the
town
impressed
us
.
The
friendly
nature
of
the
town
impressed
us
.
Same
Latin
root
‘
natura
’;
sense
of
‘
character
’
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
noun
a
particular
kind
or
type
of
something
,
often
used
after
‘
of
a
…
nature
’
•
They
discussed
problems
of
a
financial
nature
.
They
discussed
problems
of
a
financial
nature
.
•
Questions
of
this
nature
are
difficult
to
answer
quickly
.
Questions
of
this
nature
are
difficult
to
answer
quickly
.
Formal
countable
use
developed
in
the
17th
century
to
classify
kinds
of
things
.
situation
noun
all
the
facts
and
conditions
that
exist
around
someone
or
something
at
a
particular
time
•
The
situation
at
the
airport
improved
once
the
snowplows
cleared
the
runways
.
The
situation
at
the
airport
improved
once
the
snowplows
cleared
the
runways
.
•
When
the
baby
started
crying
,
Maria
quickly
calmed
him
,
and
the
situation
was
soon
under
control
.
When
the
baby
started
crying
,
Maria
quickly
calmed
him
,
and
the
situation
was
soon
under
control
.
From
Latin
‘
situs
’
meaning
‘
place
’
plus
the
suffix
‘
-ation
’.
Originally
referred
to
physical
placement
before
broadening
to
general
circumstances
.
noun
the
place
or
position
where
something
is
located
,
especially
in
relation
to
its
surroundings
•
The
castle
’
s
hilltop
situation
made
it
easy
to
defend
against
invaders
.
The
castle
’
s
hilltop
situation
made
it
easy
to
defend
against
invaders
.
•
Buyers
loved
the
apartment
’
s
central
situation
near
shops
and
public
transport
.
Buyers
loved
the
apartment
’
s
central
situation
near
shops
and
public
transport
.
noun
a
job
or
employment
position
,
especially
as
advertised
or
sought
(
dated
)
•
In
1905
,
Clara
secured
a
situation
as
a
governess
with
a
wealthy
family
.
In
1905
,
Clara
secured
a
situation
as
a
governess
with
a
wealthy
family
.
•
The
newspaper
’
s
‘
Situations
Vacant
’
column
listed
dozens
of
clerical
posts
.
The
newspaper
’
s
‘
Situations
Vacant
’
column
listed
dozens
of
clerical
posts
.
opportunity
noun
-
opportunity
,
opportunities
a
time
or
situation
that
makes
it
possible
to
do
something
you
want
or
need
•
The
sunny
weekend
gave
us
the
perfect
opportunity
to
paint
the
fence
.
The
sunny
weekend
gave
us
the
perfect
opportunity
to
paint
the
fence
.
•
During
the
lunch
break
,
Mia
saw
an
opportunity
to
ask
her
teacher
for
extra
help
.
During
the
lunch
break
,
Mia
saw
an
opportunity
to
ask
her
teacher
for
extra
help
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
opportunite
,
from
Latin
opportunitas
"
fitness
,
convenience
",
from
opportunus
"
suitable
,
favorable
".
noun
-
opportunity
,
opportunities
a
chance
to
get
a
job
,
promotion
,
or
other
career
advancement
•
The
company
newsletter
listed
an
opportunity
for
a
marketing
internship
this
summer
.
The
company
newsletter
listed
an
opportunity
for
a
marketing
internship
this
summer
.
•
After
years
on
the
factory
floor
,
Jamal
finally
got
the
opportunity
to
become
a
supervisor
.
After
years
on
the
factory
floor
,
Jamal
finally
got
the
opportunity
to
become
a
supervisor
.
natural
adjective
existing
in
nature
and
not
made
or
changed
by
people
•
Pure
honey
is
a
natural
sweetener
produced
by
bees
.
Pure
honey
is
a
natural
sweetener
produced
by
bees
.
•
She
prefers
natural
fabrics
like
cotton
and
linen
.
She
prefers
natural
fabrics
like
cotton
and
linen
.
adjective
normal
or
expected
in
a
particular
situation
•
It's
natural
to
feel
nervous
before
a
big
exam
.
It's
natural
to
feel
nervous
before
a
big
exam
.
•
Her
natural
reaction
was
to
laugh
.
Her
natural
reaction
was
to
laugh
.
noun
a
person
who
is
very
good
at
something
without
needing
much
practice
•
After
only
a
week
of
lessons
,
the
coach
said
Mia
was
a
natural
at
swimming
.
After
only
a
week
of
lessons
,
the
coach
said
Mia
was
a
natural
at
swimming
.
•
Give
him
a
paintbrush
—
he
’
s
a
natural
.
Give
him
a
paintbrush
—
he
’
s
a
natural
.
adjective
having
a
quality
or
ability
that
someone
is
born
with
•
He
has
a
natural
talent
for
music
.
He
has
a
natural
talent
for
music
.
•
Children
have
a
natural
ability
to
pick
up
new
languages
.
Children
have
a
natural
ability
to
pick
up
new
languages
.
adjective
in
music
,
describing
a
note
that
is
neither
sharp
nor
flat
•
The
piece
begins
on
a
C
natural
.
The
piece
begins
on
a
C
natural
.
•
Remember
to
play
the
F
natural
in
bar
four
.
Remember
to
play
the
F
natural
in
bar
four
.
noun
the
musical
symbol
(
♮
)
that
cancels
a
sharp
or
flat
•
Write
a
natural
before
the
G
to
cancel
the
sharp
.
Write
a
natural
before
the
G
to
cancel
the
sharp
.
•
The
score
uses
a
natural
to
return
to
the
original
pitch
.
The
score
uses
a
natural
to
return
to
the
original
pitch
.
stuff
noun
-
stuff
things
,
objects
,
or
material
when
their
exact
names
are
not
important
or
are
unknown
•
Can
you
put
all
this
stuff
back
in
the
box
?
Can
you
put
all
this
stuff
back
in
the
box
?
•
I
don
’
t
know
what
’
s
in
his
backpack
,
but
it
looks
like
a
lot
of
heavy
stuff
.
I
don
’
t
know
what
’
s
in
his
backpack
,
but
it
looks
like
a
lot
of
heavy
stuff
.
From
Middle
English
‘
stoff
’,
borrowed
from
Old
French
‘
estoffe
’
meaning
material
or
provisions
.
verb
to
fill
something
tightly
until
there
is
no
more
space
•
He
stuffed
his
suitcase
with
clothes
for
the
long
trip
.
He
stuffed
his
suitcase
with
clothes
for
the
long
trip
.
•
Sara
stuffed
the
turkey
with
bread
and
herbs
before
roasting
it
.
Sara
stuffed
the
turkey
with
bread
and
herbs
before
roasting
it
.
Originally
meaning
‘
fit
out
,
furnish
’,
from
Old
French
‘
estoffer
’,
of
Germanic
origin
.
culture
noun
the
ideas
,
customs
,
arts
,
and
social
behaviour
that
characterise
a
particular
group
or
society
•
Street
artists
add
bright
colours
that
reflect
the
city's
diverse
culture
.
Street
artists
add
bright
colours
that
reflect
the
city's
diverse
culture
.
•
Learning
a
new
language
helps
you
understand
the
culture
of
its
speakers
.
Learning
a
new
language
helps
you
understand
the
culture
of
its
speakers
.
From
Latin
cultura
“
cultivation
,
care
”,
later
“
culture
,
style
of
civilisation
”.
noun
a
population
of
microorganisms
,
cells
,
or
tissues
grown
in
a
special
nutrient
medium
for
scientific
study
•
The
scientist
placed
the
blood
sample
in
a
Petri
dish
to
grow
a
bacterial
culture
.
The
scientist
placed
the
blood
sample
in
a
Petri
dish
to
grow
a
bacterial
culture
.
•
A
cell
culture
was
used
to
test
the
new
medicine
.
A
cell
culture
was
used
to
test
the
new
medicine
.
Extension
of
the
sense
“
cultivation
”
to
microorganisms
in
the
late
19th
century
.
verb
-
culture
,
culturing
,
cultures
,
cultured
to
grow
microorganisms
,
cells
,
or
tissues
in
a
controlled
environment
for
study
or
production
•
Technicians
culture
the
virus
in
a
secure
lab
before
testing
vaccines
.
Technicians
culture
the
virus
in
a
secure
lab
before
testing
vaccines
.
•
To
culture
yogurt
,
you
need
to
keep
the
milk
warm
for
several
hours
.
To
culture
yogurt
,
you
need
to
keep
the
milk
warm
for
several
hours
.
Verb
use
developed
from
the
noun
in
scientific
contexts
in
the
late
19th
century
.
century
noun
-
century
,
centuries
a
period
of
one
hundred
years
•
The
20th
century
saw
incredible
advances
in
technology
.
The
20th
century
saw
incredible
advances
in
technology
.
•
People
hope
the
next
century
will
bring
solutions
to
climate
change
.
People
hope
the
next
century
will
bring
solutions
to
climate
change
.
From
Latin
centuria
“
group
of
one
hundred
;
period
of
a
hundred
”.
noun
-
century
,
centuries
in
cricket
,
a
score
of
one
hundred
runs
made
by
a
single
batter
in
one
innings
•
The
crowd
cheered
as
the
opener
reached
his
first
century
of
the
season
.
The
crowd
cheered
as
the
opener
reached
his
first
century
of
the
season
.
•
Scoring
a
century
in
a
test
match
is
every
young
batter's
dream
.
Scoring
a
century
in
a
test
match
is
every
young
batter's
dream
.
Extension
of
the
general
meaning
“
one
hundred
”
to
cricket
scoring
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
-
century
,
centuries
in
the
ancient
Roman
army
,
a
unit
of
roughly
eighty
to
one
hundred
soldiers
led
by
a
centurion
•
A
Roman
century
was
commanded
by
an
experienced
centurion
.
A
Roman
century
was
commanded
by
an
experienced
centurion
.
•
About
eighty
soldiers
made
up
a
single
century
in
Caesar's
legions
.
About
eighty
soldiers
made
up
a
single
century
in
Caesar's
legions
.
From
Latin
centuria
,
originally
a
division
of
property-owning
citizens
for
voting
,
later
the
basic
tactical
unit
of
the
Roman
legion
.
structure
noun
a
building
or
other
thing
that
has
been
put
together
from
different
parts
•
The
wooden
structure
in
the
playground
is
a
small
bridge
for
children
.
The
wooden
structure
in
the
playground
is
a
small
bridge
for
children
.
•
Engineers
inspected
the
steel
structure
of
the
new
stadium
before
the
grand
opening
.
Engineers
inspected
the
steel
structure
of
the
new
stadium
before
the
grand
opening
.
From
Latin
structūra
“
a
fitting
together
,
building
”,
from
struere
“
to
build
”.
noun
the
way
the
parts
of
something
are
arranged
or
organized
•
Understanding
the
structure
of
a
paragraph
helps
you
write
clearly
.
Understanding
the
structure
of
a
paragraph
helps
you
write
clearly
.
•
Scientists
study
the
molecular
structure
of
water
to
learn
how
it
behaves
.
Scientists
study
the
molecular
structure
of
water
to
learn
how
it
behaves
.
Sense
extended
in
the
17th
century
from
physical
building
to
abstract
arrangement
of
parts
.
verb
-
structure
,
structuring
,
structures
,
structured
to
arrange
or
organize
something
in
a
clear
,
planned
way
•
The
teacher
structured
the
lesson
so
every
student
could
participate
.
The
teacher
structured
the
lesson
so
every
student
could
participate
.
•
He
carefully
structures
his
speeches
to
keep
the
audience
engaged
.
He
carefully
structures
his
speeches
to
keep
the
audience
engaged
.
Verbal
use
from
the
noun
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
.
stick
verb
-
stick
,
sticking
,
sticks
,
stuck
to
attach
or
stay
attached
to
something
so
that
it
does
not
fall
off
•
The
label
wouldn't
stick
to
the
wet
bottle
.
The
label
wouldn't
stick
to
the
wet
bottle
.
•
Please
stick
the
stamp
on
the
envelope
.
Please
stick
the
stamp
on
the
envelope
.
Old
English
stician
“
to
pierce
,
remain
fixed
,”
related
to
noun
sense
.
verb
-
stick
,
sticking
,
sticks
,
stuck
to
push
or
put
something
sharp
or
narrow
into
something
else
•
Be
careful
not
to
stick
your
finger
with
the
needle
.
Be
careful
not
to
stick
your
finger
with
the
needle
.
•
The
doctor
will
stick
the
thermometer
under
your
tongue
.
The
doctor
will
stick
the
thermometer
under
your
tongue
.
Same
Germanic
root
as
other
senses
,
with
early
meaning
“
to
pierce
.”
eventually
adverb
after
a
long
time
,
effort
,
or
series
of
events
,
something
finally
happens
•
After
months
of
practice
,
Maria
eventually
passed
her
driving
test
.
After
months
of
practice
,
Maria
eventually
passed
her
driving
test
.
•
The
rain
stopped
eventually
,
and
the
children
ran
outside
to
play
.
The
rain
stopped
eventually
,
and
the
children
ran
outside
to
play
.
From
the
adjective
“
eventual
” (
occurring
as
a
result
),
plus
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
”.
adverb
at
an
unspecified
time
in
the
future
,
sooner
or
later
•
We
should
leave
now
;
the
bus
will
arrive
eventually
.
We
should
leave
now
;
the
bus
will
arrive
eventually
.
•
Keep
saving
,
and
you
will
eventually
afford
the
trip
to
Japan
.
Keep
saving
,
and
you
will
eventually
afford
the
trip
to
Japan
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
reflecting
future
expectation
rather
than
completed
result
.
institution
noun
a
large
and
important
organization
created
for
education
,
religion
,
finance
,
or
another
public
purpose
•
Harvard
University
is
a
world-famous
institution
of
higher
learning
.
Harvard
University
is
a
world-famous
institution
of
higher
learning
.
•
The
bank
hopes
to
become
the
leading
financial
institution
in
the
region
.
The
bank
hopes
to
become
the
leading
financial
institution
in
the
region
.
noun
an
established
custom
,
system
,
or
practice
that
is
accepted
as
an
important
part
of
society
•
Many
people
believe
that
marriage
is
a
sacred
institution
.
Many
people
believe
that
marriage
is
a
sacred
institution
.
•
The
institution
of
democracy
allows
citizens
to
choose
their
leaders
.
The
institution
of
democracy
allows
citizens
to
choose
their
leaders
.
noun
a
place
such
as
a
hospital
,
home
,
or
prison
where
people
who
need
special
care
or
supervision
live
•
The
patient
was
moved
to
a
mental
health
institution
for
specialized
care
.
The
patient
was
moved
to
a
mental
health
institution
for
specialized
care
.
•
He
spent
several
months
in
a
rehabilitation
institution
after
the
accident
.
He
spent
several
months
in
a
rehabilitation
institution
after
the
accident
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
has
been
part
of
a
place
or
activity
for
a
very
long
time
and
is
highly
respected
or
well-known
•
At
ninety
,
the
baker
was
considered
a
local
institution
.
At
ninety
,
the
baker
was
considered
a
local
institution
.
•
The
stadium's
giant
hot-dog
vendor
is
an
institution
for
hungry
fans
.
The
stadium's
giant
hot-dog
vendor
is
an
institution
for
hungry
fans
.
noun
the
act
of
starting
or
introducing
something
such
as
a
rule
,
system
,
or
policy
•
The
institution
of
a
curfew
helped
calm
the
city
after
the
unrest
.
The
institution
of
a
curfew
helped
calm
the
city
after
the
unrest
.
•
Parliament
debated
the
institution
of
new
environmental
laws
.
Parliament
debated
the
institution
of
new
environmental
laws
.
feature
noun
a
part
of
something
that
is
interesting
,
important
,
or
useful
•
Our
new
phone
has
a
fingerprint
sensor
,
a
useful
feature
for
security
.
Our
new
phone
has
a
fingerprint
sensor
,
a
useful
feature
for
security
.
•
One
feature
of
the
museum
is
its
huge
glass
roof
that
lets
in
sunlight
.
One
feature
of
the
museum
is
its
huge
glass
roof
that
lets
in
sunlight
.
Middle
English
feauture
“
form
,
appearance
”,
from
Anglo-French
,
from
Latin
factura
“
something
made
”
from
facere
“
to
make
”.
noun
a
part
of
the
face
such
as
the
eyes
,
nose
,
or
mouth
•
Her
most
striking
feature
is
her
bright
green
eyes
.
Her
most
striking
feature
is
her
bright
green
eyes
.
•
He
covered
his
facial
features
with
a
scarf
on
the
cold
day
.
He
covered
his
facial
features
with
a
scarf
on
the
cold
day
.
noun
a
newspaper
,
magazine
,
TV
,
or
radio
article
or
program
that
looks
at
a
subject
in
depth
•
I
read
an
in-depth
feature
on
climate
change
in
the
Sunday
paper
.
I
read
an
in-depth
feature
on
climate
change
in
the
Sunday
paper
.
•
Tonight's
radio
feature
explores
the
history
of
jazz
.
Tonight's
radio
feature
explores
the
history
of
jazz
.
verb
-
feature
,
featuring
,
features
,
featured
to
include
or
show
something
or
someone
as
an
important
part
•
The
exhibition
features
interactive
robots
that
dance
with
visitors
.
The
exhibition
features
interactive
robots
that
dance
with
visitors
.
•
Next
week's
show
will
feature
a
famous
violinist
.
Next
week's
show
will
feature
a
famous
violinist
.
noun
a
full-length
movie
shown
as
the
main
film
at
a
cinema
•
We
saw
the
new
Marvel
feature
at
the
cinema
last
night
.
We
saw
the
new
Marvel
feature
at
the
cinema
last
night
.
•
Before
the
main
feature
,
there
was
a
funny
cartoon
short
.
Before
the
main
feature
,
there
was
a
funny
cartoon
short
.
cultural
adjective
connected
with
the
arts
,
customs
,
ideas
,
and
social
behaviour
of
a
particular
people
or
society
.
•
The
city
offers
many
cultural
events
,
like
music
festivals
and
art
exhibitions
,
all
year
round
.
The
city
offers
many
cultural
events
,
like
music
festivals
and
art
exhibitions
,
all
year
round
.
•
Learning
another
language
helps
you
understand
cultural
differences
between
countries
.
Learning
another
language
helps
you
understand
cultural
differences
between
countries
.
From
Latin
cultura
‘
growing
,
cultivation
’
plus
the
English
adjective
suffix
‘
-al
’,
originally
meaning
‘
relating
to
cultivation
of
land
’;
later
extended
to
the
arts
and
shared
ways
of
life
.
adjective
relating
to
the
care
and
techniques
used
when
growing
crops
or
other
plants
.
•
Farmers
use
cultural
practices
like
crop
rotation
to
keep
the
soil
healthy
.
Farmers
use
cultural
practices
like
crop
rotation
to
keep
the
soil
healthy
.
•
Weeds
can
be
controlled
by
cultural
methods
,
such
as
mulching
.
Weeds
can
be
controlled
by
cultural
methods
,
such
as
mulching
.
Specialized
agricultural
use
evolved
from
the
original
sense
of
‘
cultivation
’.
adjective
connected
with
growing
bacteria
,
cells
,
or
tissues
in
a
laboratory
culture
.
•
The
researchers
prepared
a
cultural
medium
to
grow
the
cells
.
The
researchers
prepared
a
cultural
medium
to
grow
the
cells
.
•
Strict
cultural
conditions
are
needed
to
keep
the
sample
sterile
.
Strict
cultural
conditions
are
needed
to
keep
the
sample
sterile
.
This
scientific
sense
grew
out
of
the
noun
‘
culture
’
meaning
‘
growth
of
microorganisms
’
in
the
late
19th
century
.
future
noun
the
time
that
will
come
after
the
present
moment
•
Scientists
study
climate
change
to
protect
the
future
of
our
planet
.
Scientists
study
climate
change
to
protect
the
future
of
our
planet
.
•
Instead
of
worrying
about
the
past
,
focus
on
the
future
.
Instead
of
worrying
about
the
past
,
focus
on
the
future
.
adjective
happening
,
existing
,
or
coming
after
the
present
time
•
They
planted
trees
for
future
generations
.
They
planted
trees
for
future
generations
.
•
Our
future
home
will
have
a
big
garden
.
Our
future
home
will
have
a
big
garden
.
noun
the
likely
course
of
someone
’
s
life
or
something
’
s
development
in
the
time
ahead
•
The
coach
told
Mia
she
has
a
bright
future
in
basketball
.
The
coach
told
Mia
she
has
a
bright
future
in
basketball
.
•
After
the
merger
,
the
company's
future
looked
uncertain
.
After
the
merger
,
the
company's
future
looked
uncertain
.
noun
the
verb
tense
used
to
talk
about
actions
or
events
that
have
not
happened
yet
•
In
English
,
we
often
use
“
will
”
to
form
the
future
.
In
English
,
we
often
use
“
will
”
to
form
the
future
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
change
the
sentence
into
the
future
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
change
the
sentence
into
the
future
.
Saturday
noun
the
day
of
the
week
that
comes
after
Friday
and
before
Sunday
•
We
are
going
hiking
this
Saturday
.
We
are
going
hiking
this
Saturday
.
•
The
farmers
’
market
opens
earlier
on
Saturday
than
on
weekdays
.
The
farmers
’
market
opens
earlier
on
Saturday
than
on
weekdays
.
Old
English
Sæterdæg
,
from
Latin
Saturni
dies
,
meaning
“
day
of
Saturn
”,
the
Roman
god
of
agriculture
.
status
noun
-
status
,
statuses
the
level
of
respect
,
importance
,
or
influence
that
a
person
or
thing
has
compared
with
others
•
After
the
promotion
,
Maria's
status
in
the
company
rose
dramatically
.
After
the
promotion
,
Maria's
status
in
the
company
rose
dramatically
.
•
Owning
a
luxury
car
is
often
viewed
as
a
sign
of
high
status
.
Owning
a
luxury
car
is
often
viewed
as
a
sign
of
high
status
.
noun
-
status
,
statuses
the
current
condition
or
situation
that
someone
or
something
is
in
at
a
particular
time
•
The
airport
screen
shows
the
status
of
each
flight
every
five
minutes
.
The
airport
screen
shows
the
status
of
each
flight
every
five
minutes
.
•
She
checked
the
patient's
status
before
giving
the
medicine
.
She
checked
the
patient's
status
before
giving
the
medicine
.
return
verb
to
go
or
come
back
to
a
place
,
situation
,
or
condition
after
being
away
•
After
school
,
the
children
will
return
home
for
dinner
.
After
school
,
the
children
will
return
home
for
dinner
.
•
The
swallows
return
every
spring
to
build
nests
under
the
old
bridge
.
The
swallows
return
every
spring
to
build
nests
under
the
old
bridge
.
From
Old
French
'retourner'
,
from
Latin
're-'
(
back
)
+
'tornare'
(
to
turn
).
noun
the
act
of
coming
or
going
back
to
a
place
or
state
•
Everyone
celebrated
her
return
from
the
hospital
.
Everyone
celebrated
her
return
from
the
hospital
.
•
The
soldiers
received
a
hero
’
s
welcome
on
their
return
.
The
soldiers
received
a
hero
’
s
welcome
on
their
return
.
See
Sense
1
.
verb
to
give
,
send
,
or
put
something
back
to
the
person
or
place
it
came
from
•
Could
you
return
the
book
to
the
library
for
me
?
Could
you
return
the
book
to
the
library
for
me
?
•
She
politely
returned
the
jacket
she
had
borrowed
from
her
friend
.
She
politely
returned
the
jacket
she
had
borrowed
from
her
friend
.
See
Sense
1
.
noun
a
train
,
bus
,
or
plane
ticket
that
allows
you
to
travel
to
a
place
and
back
again
•
A
return
to
Manchester
is
cheaper
than
two
single
tickets
.
A
return
to
Manchester
is
cheaper
than
two
single
tickets
.
•
He
asked
the
clerk
for
a
return
because
he
planned
to
come
back
the
same
day
.
He
asked
the
clerk
for
a
return
because
he
planned
to
come
back
the
same
day
.
Specialised
UK
railway
use
from
the
late
19th
century
.
verb
to
produce
or
yield
a
financial
profit
or
result
•
The
investment
is
expected
to
return
ten
percent
per
year
.
The
investment
is
expected
to
return
ten
percent
per
year
.
•
Government
bonds
usually
return
less
than
stocks
but
are
safer
.
Government
bonds
usually
return
less
than
stocks
but
are
safer
.
Financial
sense
developed
in
the
17th
century
from
the
idea
of
money
‘
coming
back
’
to
the
investor
.
stupid
adjective
-
stupid
,
stupider
,
stupidest
Having
or
showing
very
little
intelligence
or
good
judgment
;
not
sensible
or
smart
.
•
It
was
stupid
of
me
to
leave
the
door
unlocked
all
night
.
It
was
stupid
of
me
to
leave
the
door
unlocked
all
night
.
•
The
comedy
was
so
stupid
that
everyone
in
the
theater
burst
out
laughing
.
The
comedy
was
so
stupid
that
everyone
in
the
theater
burst
out
laughing
.
From
Latin
'stupidus'
meaning
'amazed
,
stunned
,
dull'
,
which
comes
from
'stupere'
meaning
'to
be
stunned
or
numbed'
.
noun
An
informal
and
insulting
term
for
a
person
who
behaves
foolishly
or
lacks
good
sense
.
•
Stop
being
a
stupid
and
pay
attention
to
the
road
signs
.
Stop
being
a
stupid
and
pay
attention
to
the
road
signs
.
•
Don
’
t
call
your
brother
a
stupid
;
it
hurts
his
feelings
.
Don
’
t
call
your
brother
a
stupid
;
it
hurts
his
feelings
.
interjection
Used
to
show
annoyance
or
frustration
with
someone
or
something
that
is
not
working
or
behaving
as
desired
.
•
Stupid
phone
!
It
froze
again
right
before
my
interview
.
Stupid
phone
!
It
froze
again
right
before
my
interview
.
•
Stupid
rain
—
now
the
picnic
is
ruined
.
Stupid
rain
—
now
the
picnic
is
ruined
.
adverb
(
US
slang
)
Extremely
;
used
before
an
adjective
or
adverb
to
emphasize
degree
.
•
These
sneakers
are
stupid
expensive
.
These
sneakers
are
stupid
expensive
.
•
We
stayed
up
stupid
late
finishing
the
project
.
We
stayed
up
stupid
late
finishing
the
project
.
attitude
noun
the
way
someone
thinks
or
feels
about
something
,
which
is
shown
in
their
behaviour
•
Her
positive
attitude
helped
the
team
finish
the
project
on
time
.
Her
positive
attitude
helped
the
team
finish
the
project
on
time
.
•
If
you
change
your
attitude
toward
failure
,
you
will
learn
faster
.
If
you
change
your
attitude
toward
failure
,
you
will
learn
faster
.
Late
14th-century
French
attitude
,
from
Italian
attitudine
“
posture
,
disposition
”,
from
Latin
aptitūdō
“
fitness
”.
noun
a
confident
,
rude
,
or
defiant
way
of
speaking
or
behaving
that
shows
you
do
not
care
what
others
think
•
The
teenager
answered
with
a
lot
of
attitude
,
rolling
her
eyes
at
the
teacher
.
The
teenager
answered
with
a
lot
of
attitude
,
rolling
her
eyes
at
the
teacher
.
•
"
Don't
give
me
that
attitude
when
I'm
trying
to
help
,"
his
mother
warned
.
"
Don't
give
me
that
attitude
when
I'm
trying
to
help
,"
his
mother
warned
.
noun
the
position
of
an
aircraft
,
spacecraft
,
or
vehicle
in
relation
to
the
horizon
or
a
fixed
direction
•
The
pilot
adjusted
the
plane's
nose-up
attitude
for
landing
.
The
pilot
adjusted
the
plane's
nose-up
attitude
for
landing
.
•
A
sudden
wind
gust
changed
the
helicopter's
attitude
dangerously
.
A
sudden
wind
gust
changed
the
helicopter's
attitude
dangerously
.
noun
a
particular
body
posture
,
especially
an
artistic
or
ballet
pose
•
The
statue
depicts
a
warrior
in
a
proud
attitude
with
his
sword
raised
.
The
statue
depicts
a
warrior
in
a
proud
attitude
with
his
sword
raised
.
•
In
ballet
class
,
the
dancer
balanced
in
an
attitude
on
one
leg
.
In
ballet
class
,
the
dancer
balanced
in
an
attitude
on
one
leg
.
actual
adjective
existing
in
fact
;
real
and
not
imagined
,
guessed
,
or
theoretical
.
•
Many
people
love
stories
about
dragons
,
but
no
one
has
ever
seen
an
actual
dragon
.
Many
people
love
stories
about
dragons
,
but
no
one
has
ever
seen
an
actual
dragon
.
•
The
film
is
based
on
an
actual
event
that
happened
in
1969
.
The
film
is
based
on
an
actual
event
that
happened
in
1969
.
From
Middle
English
‘
actuel
’,
from
Old
French
,
from
Late
Latin
‘
actualis
’ (“
active
,
practical
”),
from
Latin
‘
actus
’ (“
a
doing
,
act
”).
adjective
used
to
emphasize
the
precise
person
or
thing
you
are
referring
to
,
often
showing
surprise
or
importance
.
•
I
was
amazed
to
meet
the
actual
inventor
of
the
device
.
I
was
amazed
to
meet
the
actual
inventor
of
the
device
.
•
This
isn
’
t
practice
—
this
is
the
actual
game
!
This
isn
’
t
practice
—
this
is
the
actual
game
!
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
with
the
emphatic
use
appearing
in
English
from
the
18th
century
.
institute
noun
an
organization
established
for
a
particular
purpose
,
especially
education
,
research
,
or
professional
training
•
She
studied
chemistry
at
the
institute
in
the
city
center
.
She
studied
chemistry
at
the
institute
in
the
city
center
.
•
The
government
funded
a
new
institute
for
renewable
energy
research
.
The
government
funded
a
new
institute
for
renewable
energy
research
.
from
Latin
institutum
“
something
established
”,
from
instituere
“
to
set
up
”
verb
-
institute
,
instituting
,
institutes
,
instituted
to
start
something
such
as
a
system
,
rule
,
or
official
process
•
The
company
plans
to
institute
a
more
flexible
working
schedule
next
year
.
The
company
plans
to
institute
a
more
flexible
working
schedule
next
year
.
•
After
the
accident
,
the
city
council
instituted
new
safety
regulations
.
After
the
accident
,
the
city
council
instituted
new
safety
regulations
.
from
Latin
instituere
meaning
“
to
set
up
,
put
in
place
”
Tuesday
noun
the
day
of
the
week
between
Monday
and
Wednesday
•
Our
class
always
has
a
quiz
on
Tuesday
.
Our
class
always
has
a
quiz
on
Tuesday
.
•
The
book
club
meets
every
Tuesday
evening
at
the
local
library
.
The
book
club
meets
every
Tuesday
evening
at
the
local
library
.
Old
English
“
Tīwesdæg
,”
meaning
“
Tiw
’
s
day
,”
named
after
Tiw
(
or
Tyr
),
the
Germanic
god
of
war
,
corresponding
to
Mars
in
Roman
tradition
.
temperature
noun
how
hot
or
cold
something
is
,
measured
with
a
scale
such
as
degrees
Celsius
or
Fahrenheit
•
The
temperature
dropped
below
freezing
overnight
.
The
temperature
dropped
below
freezing
overnight
.
•
Set
the
oven
to
a
temperature
of
200
degrees
Celsius
before
you
put
in
the
bread
.
Set
the
oven
to
a
temperature
of
200
degrees
Celsius
before
you
put
in
the
bread
.
From
Latin
temperatūra
“
moderation
,
mixture
,
proper
proportion
,”
later
“
degree
of
heat
,”
from
temperāre
“
to
mix
in
proper
proportion
.”
noun
the
level
of
heat
in
a
person
’
s
or
animal
’
s
body
,
used
to
see
if
they
have
a
fever
•
The
nurse
took
my
temperature
with
an
ear
thermometer
.
The
nurse
took
my
temperature
with
an
ear
thermometer
.
•
If
your
temperature
is
above
38
°C
,
you
should
rest
and
drink
plenty
of
water
.
If
your
temperature
is
above
38
°C
,
you
should
rest
and
drink
plenty
of
water
.
Same
origin
as
general
sense
;
use
in
medicine
recorded
since
the
mid-18th
century
.
noun
the
general
level
of
emotion
,
tension
,
or
excitement
in
a
situation
or
group
•
The
moderator
’
s
calm
voice
lowered
the
temperature
of
the
heated
debate
.
The
moderator
’
s
calm
voice
lowered
the
temperature
of
the
heated
debate
.
•
Managers
use
surveys
to
take
the
temperature
of
employee
morale
.
Managers
use
surveys
to
take
the
temperature
of
employee
morale
.
Figurative
extension
recorded
since
the
early
20th
century
,
comparing
social
mood
to
heat
.
pound
noun
-
study
,
studying
,
studies
,
studied
,
happy
,
happier
,
happiest
a
unit
of
weight
equal
to
16
ounces
,
or
about
0
.
454
kilograms
•
The
recipe
calls
for
one
pound
of
strawberries
.
The
recipe
calls
for
one
pound
of
strawberries
.
•
He
lost
five
pounds
after
a
week
of
hiking
.
He
lost
five
pounds
after
a
week
of
hiking
.
From
Old
English
“
pund
,”
ultimately
from
Latin
“
pōndo
” (
by
weight
).
capture
verb
-
capture
,
capturing
,
captures
,
captured
to
catch
a
person
,
animal
,
or
object
and
stop
it
from
escaping
•
After
a
long
chase
,
the
police
finally
captured
the
thief
in
an
alley
.
After
a
long
chase
,
the
police
finally
captured
the
thief
in
an
alley
.
•
The
net
fell
and
captured
the
rare
parrot
before
it
could
fly
away
.
The
net
fell
and
captured
the
rare
parrot
before
it
could
fly
away
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
‘
capturare
’,
from
‘
captus
’ (
taken
,
seized
).
verb
-
capture
,
capturing
,
captures
,
captured
to
take
control
of
a
place
,
object
,
or
goal
,
especially
by
force
or
in
competition
•
The
rebels
captured
the
capital
after
weeks
of
fighting
.
The
rebels
captured
the
capital
after
weeks
of
fighting
.
•
Our
team
must
capture
the
flag
to
win
the
game
.
Our
team
must
capture
the
flag
to
win
the
game
.
verb
-
capture
,
capturing
,
captures
,
captured
to
record
an
image
,
sound
,
or
information
so
it
can
be
used
later
•
She
captured
the
sunset
on
her
phone
and
shared
it
online
.
She
captured
the
sunset
on
her
phone
and
shared
it
online
.
•
The
security
cameras
captured
clear
footage
of
the
break-in
.
The
security
cameras
captured
clear
footage
of
the
break-in
.
noun
the
act
of
catching
or
taking
control
of
someone
or
something
,
or
the
thing
or
person
that
is
caught
•
The
capture
of
the
castle
ended
the
war
.
The
capture
of
the
castle
ended
the
war
.
•
Her
photo
of
the
comet
was
a
brilliant
capture
.
Her
photo
of
the
comet
was
a
brilliant
capture
.
verb
-
capture
,
capturing
,
captures
,
captured
to
make
someone
feel
strong
interest
or
emotion
•
The
story
captured
the
children
’
s
imagination
.
The
story
captured
the
children
’
s
imagination
.
•
His
speech
captured
the
audience
’
s
attention
from
the
very
beginning
.
His
speech
captured
the
audience
’
s
attention
from
the
very
beginning
.
literature
noun
-
literature
written
works
such
as
novels
,
poems
,
and
plays
that
are
valued
for
their
imaginative
or
artistic
quality
•
During
her
first
year
at
university
,
Anna
chose
to
major
in
literature
because
she
loved
reading
stories
from
around
the
world
.
During
her
first
year
at
university
,
Anna
chose
to
major
in
literature
because
she
loved
reading
stories
from
around
the
world
.
•
The
city
hosts
an
annual
festival
that
celebrates
children
’
s
literature
with
lively
readings
and
puppet
shows
.
The
city
hosts
an
annual
festival
that
celebrates
children
’
s
literature
with
lively
readings
and
puppet
shows
.
from
Latin
litteratura
“
learning
,
writing
,
grammar
,”
from
littera
“
letter
.”
noun
-
literature
all
the
books
,
articles
,
and
other
writings
on
a
particular
subject
,
period
,
or
place
•
Before
starting
her
research
paper
on
renewable
energy
,
Zoe
reviewed
the
scientific
literature
on
the
topic
.
Before
starting
her
research
paper
on
renewable
energy
,
Zoe
reviewed
the
scientific
literature
on
the
topic
.
•
The
professor
asked
us
to
summarize
the
existing
literature
on
bilingual
education
.
The
professor
asked
us
to
summarize
the
existing
literature
on
bilingual
education
.
noun
-
literature
printed
information
such
as
brochures
or
leaflets
used
to
advertise
or
inform
about
products
or
services
•
The
travel
agent
handed
us
glossy
literature
about
several
beach
resorts
.
The
travel
agent
handed
us
glossy
literature
about
several
beach
resorts
.
•
Please
send
me
your
company
’
s
promotional
literature
by
email
.
Please
send
me
your
company
’
s
promotional
literature
by
email
.
studio
noun
a
room
or
building
where
an
artist
such
as
a
painter
,
sculptor
,
or
photographer
does
their
creative
work
•
The
painter
spent
long
hours
in
his
bright
studio
preparing
for
the
exhibition
.
The
painter
spent
long
hours
in
his
bright
studio
preparing
for
the
exhibition
.
•
Sunlight
poured
through
the
skylight
of
her
tiny
studio
as
she
mixed
colors
.
Sunlight
poured
through
the
skylight
of
her
tiny
studio
as
she
mixed
colors
.
noun
a
specially
designed
room
or
building
where
music
,
voice
,
or
other
sounds
are
recorded
or
mixed
•
The
band
booked
a
studio
to
record
their
first
album
.
The
band
booked
a
studio
to
record
their
first
album
.
•
With
the
red
light
on
,
everyone
in
the
studio
fell
silent
.
With
the
red
light
on
,
everyone
in
the
studio
fell
silent
.
noun
a
large
room
,
set
of
rooms
,
or
company
where
movies
,
television
programs
,
or
radio
shows
are
produced
•
The
movie
was
shot
on
a
giant
set
inside
the
studio
in
Hollywood
.
The
movie
was
shot
on
a
giant
set
inside
the
studio
in
Hollywood
.
•
Tourists
queued
outside
the
famous
studio
hoping
to
spot
actors
.
Tourists
queued
outside
the
famous
studio
hoping
to
spot
actors
.
noun
a
small
apartment
consisting
of
one
main
room
that
serves
as
living
room
,
bedroom
,
and
sometimes
kitchen
•
She
moved
into
a
small
studio
near
campus
to
save
rent
.
She
moved
into
a
small
studio
near
campus
to
save
rent
.
•
The
studio
had
a
pull-out
bed
,
a
tiny
kitchen
,
and
a
balcony
.
The
studio
had
a
pull-out
bed
,
a
tiny
kitchen
,
and
a
balcony
.
unfortunately
adverb
used
to
introduce
or
emphasize
that
a
fact
or
situation
is
unlucky
,
bad
,
or
disappointing
•
Unfortunately
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
because
heavy
rain
flooded
the
stage
.
Unfortunately
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
canceled
because
heavy
rain
flooded
the
stage
.
•
Unfortunately
,
I
realized
on
the
bus
that
I
had
left
my
phone
at
home
.
Unfortunately
,
I
realized
on
the
bus
that
I
had
left
my
phone
at
home
.
constitution
noun
the
written
or
unwritten
set
of
fundamental
laws
and
principles
that
describes
how
a
country
,
state
,
or
organization
is
governed
•
Law
students
compared
the
American
constitution
with
the
French
one
for
their
assignment
.
Law
students
compared
the
American
constitution
with
the
French
one
for
their
assignment
.
•
After
independence
,
the
new
nation
drafted
a
constitution
to
protect
human
rights
.
After
independence
,
the
new
nation
drafted
a
constitution
to
protect
human
rights
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
constitutio
(
n-
) ‘
settling
,
established
order
’,
from
constituere
‘
set
up
’.
noun
a
person
’
s
general
state
of
physical
health
,
strength
,
and
vitality
•
Despite
her
age
,
Grandma
still
has
a
strong
constitution
.
Despite
her
age
,
Grandma
still
has
a
strong
constitution
.
•
The
doctor
said
his
weak
constitution
made
him
prone
to
colds
.
The
doctor
said
his
weak
constitution
made
him
prone
to
colds
.
Meaning
“
physical
makeup
or
health
”
appeared
in
the
early
17th
century
,
influenced
by
medical
Latin
uses
of
constitutio
‘
arrangement
of
the
body
’.
noun
the
physical
makeup
,
structure
,
or
composition
of
something
•
Scientists
studied
the
chemical
constitution
of
the
new
alloy
.
Scientists
studied
the
chemical
constitution
of
the
new
alloy
.
•
The
committee
discussed
the
ideal
constitution
of
the
advisory
board
.
The
committee
discussed
the
ideal
constitution
of
the
advisory
board
.
Sense
of
“
make-up
,
composition
”
dates
to
the
17th
century
,
extended
figuratively
from
the
earlier
political
sense
.
spiritual
adjective
related
to
the
human
spirit
,
soul
,
or
religion
rather
than
to
physical
or
material
things
•
After
a
long
hike
in
the
mountains
,
Maya
felt
a
deep
spiritual
peace
settle
over
her
.
After
a
long
hike
in
the
mountains
,
Maya
felt
a
deep
spiritual
peace
settle
over
her
.
•
He
attends
weekly
meditation
classes
to
nourish
his
spiritual
well-being
.
He
attends
weekly
meditation
classes
to
nourish
his
spiritual
well-being
.
From
Late
Latin
spiritualis
‘
of
breathing
or
air
;
of
the
spirit
’,
from
Latin
spiritus
‘
breath
,
spirit
’.
noun
a
religious
song
,
especially
one
created
and
sung
by
African
Americans
,
that
expresses
deep
faith
and
emotion
•
The
choir
sang
a
moving
spiritual
during
the
service
.
The
choir
sang
a
moving
spiritual
during
the
service
.
•
Music
historians
study
spirituals
to
understand
the
struggles
and
hopes
of
enslaved
people
.
Music
historians
study
spirituals
to
understand
the
struggles
and
hopes
of
enslaved
people
.
Popularized
in
the
19th
century
as
a
shortening
of
‘
spiritual
song
’,
referring
to
Christian
songs
of
devotion
and
later
specifically
to
the
religious
folk
songs
of
enslaved
African
Americans
.
creature
noun
any
living
being
,
especially
an
animal
•
The
forest
is
full
of
creatures
both
big
and
small
.
The
forest
is
full
of
creatures
both
big
and
small
.
•
A
newborn
baby
is
a
fragile
little
creature
that
needs
care
.
A
newborn
baby
is
a
fragile
little
creature
that
needs
care
.
From
Middle
English
“
creature
”,
from
Old
French
,
from
Latin
“
creatura
”
meaning
“
a
thing
created
”.
noun
an
invented
,
strange
,
or
frightening
being
,
real
or
imaginary
•
In
the
movie
,
a
giant
sea
creature
attacks
the
ship
.
In
the
movie
,
a
giant
sea
creature
attacks
the
ship
.
•
Children
screamed
when
the
furry
creature
jumped
from
the
closet
.
Children
screamed
when
the
furry
creature
jumped
from
the
closet
.
noun
a
person
who
is
strongly
influenced
or
controlled
by
someone
or
something
else
•
He
is
merely
a
creature
of
his
wealthy
sponsors
.
He
is
merely
a
creature
of
his
wealthy
sponsors
.
•
As
a
creature
of
politics
,
she
always
follows
the
party
line
.
As
a
creature
of
politics
,
she
always
follows
the
party
line
.
virtually
adverb
almost
or
nearly
,
so
that
for
practical
purposes
it
is
true
•
The
huge
theater
was
virtually
empty
after
the
rainstorm
cleared
the
streets
.
The
huge
theater
was
virtually
empty
after
the
rainstorm
cleared
the
streets
.
•
With
a
good
GPS
,
it
is
virtually
impossible
to
get
lost
in
this
city
.
With
a
good
GPS
,
it
is
virtually
impossible
to
get
lost
in
this
city
.
From
Middle
English
virtual
+
-ly
,
originally
meaning
“
in
essence
”
and
later
“
almost
,
nearly
.”
adverb
by
means
of
computers
,
the
internet
,
or
virtual
reality
rather
than
physical
presence
•
During
the
pandemic
,
students
attended
classes
virtually
from
their
bedrooms
.
During
the
pandemic
,
students
attended
classes
virtually
from
their
bedrooms
.
•
The
architect
gave
a
tour
of
the
new
museum
virtually
using
a
3D
model
.
The
architect
gave
a
tour
of
the
new
museum
virtually
using
a
3D
model
.
Extended
from
the
earlier
sense
of
“
almost
”
to
describe
actions
carried
out
in
virtual
environments
with
computers
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
20th
century
.
constitutional
noun
a
short
walk
taken
regularly
for
exercise
and
fresh
air
.
•
Every
morning
,
the
elderly
man
took
his
constitutional
along
the
river
.
Every
morning
,
the
elderly
man
took
his
constitutional
along
the
river
.
•
Would
you
like
to
join
me
for
a
quick
constitutional
before
lunch
?
Would
you
like
to
join
me
for
a
quick
constitutional
before
lunch
?
19th-century
humorous
use
of
the
adjective
to
mean
a
walk
that
benefits
one
’
s
constitution
(
health
).
adjective
relating
to
or
allowed
by
a
country
’
s
constitution
,
especially
its
basic
laws
and
citizens
’
rights
.
•
The
Supreme
Court
ruled
that
the
new
law
was
constitutional
.
The
Supreme
Court
ruled
that
the
new
law
was
constitutional
.
•
Thousands
of
protesters
filled
the
central
square
,
chanting
for
constitutional
reforms
.
Thousands
of
protesters
filled
the
central
square
,
chanting
for
constitutional
reforms
.
From
constitution
+
-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
referring
to
the
nature
of
a
system
of
government
.
adjective
relating
to
a
person
’
s
natural
physical
condition
and
health
.
•
After
months
of
rest
,
his
constitutional
strength
improved
.
After
months
of
rest
,
his
constitutional
strength
improved
.
•
Some
people
have
a
constitutional
resistance
to
cold
weather
.
Some
people
have
a
constitutional
resistance
to
cold
weather
.
Used
since
the
early
18th
century
to
describe
bodily
health
,
from
constitution
meaning
the
makeup
of
the
body
.
adventure
noun
an
exciting
,
often
unexpected
experience
that
involves
exploring
new
places
or
doing
new
things
•
During
her
summer
break
,
Mia
went
on
an
adventure
through
the
rainforests
of
Costa
Rica
.
During
her
summer
break
,
Mia
went
on
an
adventure
through
the
rainforests
of
Costa
Rica
.
•
The
video
game
offers
endless
adventure
for
players
who
love
exploring
fantasy
worlds
.
The
video
game
offers
endless
adventure
for
players
who
love
exploring
fantasy
worlds
.
Middle
English
from
Old
French
aventure
,
from
Latin
advenire
“
to
happen
,
arrive
.”
noun
a
bold
or
risky
project
,
business
,
or
undertaking
that
involves
uncertainty
•
Opening
a
restaurant
in
a
small
town
was
a
bold
adventure
for
the
young
chef
.
Opening
a
restaurant
in
a
small
town
was
a
bold
adventure
for
the
young
chef
.
•
Investors
considered
the
polar
expedition
an
expensive
adventure
but
funded
it
anyway
.
Investors
considered
the
polar
expedition
an
expensive
adventure
but
funded
it
anyway
.
Same
origin
as
main
noun
sense
;
later
extended
to
business
and
risky
enterprises
in
the
16th
century
.
verb
-
adventure
,
adventuring
,
adventures
,
adventured
to
dare
to
go
somewhere
or
do
something
that
involves
risk
•
"
Shall
we
adventure
into
the
old
castle
?"
asked
the
curious
boy
.
"
Shall
we
adventure
into
the
old
castle
?"
asked
the
curious
boy
.
•
She
loved
to
adventure
beyond
the
marked
trails
whenever
she
hiked
.
She
loved
to
adventure
beyond
the
marked
trails
whenever
she
hiked
.
Back-formation
from
the
noun
,
attested
from
Middle
English
in
the
sense
“
to
chance
one
’
s
luck
.”
manufacturer
noun
a
person
or
company
that
makes
goods
,
especially
in
large
quantities
using
machines
•
The
car
manufacturer
announced
a
recall
of
thousands
of
vehicles
.
The
car
manufacturer
announced
a
recall
of
thousands
of
vehicles
.
•
At
the
electronics
trade
fair
,
a
young
woman
admires
a
prototype
phone
displayed
by
a
small
Taiwanese
manufacturer
.
At
the
electronics
trade
fair
,
a
young
woman
admires
a
prototype
phone
displayed
by
a
small
Taiwanese
manufacturer
.
from
manufacture
+
-er
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
17th
century
naturally
adverb
in
a
way
that
is
not
artificial
or
forced
;
according
to
nature
or
normal
processes
•
The
actors
moved
naturally
on
stage
,
making
the
scene
believable
.
The
actors
moved
naturally
on
stage
,
making
the
scene
believable
.
•
Babies
learn
to
grasp
objects
naturally
without
formal
teaching
.
Babies
learn
to
grasp
objects
naturally
without
formal
teaching
.
adverb
used
to
show
that
something
is
expected
,
obvious
,
or
a
normal
result
•
Naturally
,
he
was
nervous
before
his
first
flight
.
Naturally
,
he
was
nervous
before
his
first
flight
.
•
The
restaurant
was
full
,
so
naturally
we
had
to
wait
for
a
table
.
The
restaurant
was
full
,
so
naturally
we
had
to
wait
for
a
table
.
adverb
by
a
person
’
s
or
thing
’
s
inherent
character
or
birth
;
innately
•
She
is
naturally
curious
and
asks
many
questions
.
She
is
naturally
curious
and
asks
many
questions
.
•
Some
people
are
naturally
gifted
at
music
.
Some
people
are
naturally
gifted
at
music
.
fortune
noun
a
very
large
amount
of
money
or
valuable
possessions
.
•
Her
company
is
worth
a
fortune
now
.
Her
company
is
worth
a
fortune
now
.
•
They
spent
a
small fortune
on
the
wedding
decorations
.
They
spent
a
small fortune
on
the
wedding
decorations
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
the
connection
between
luck
and
prosperity
led
to
the
monetary
meaning
.
noun
chance
or
luck
,
especially
when
it
affects
what
happens
in
life
and
is
beyond
anyone
’
s
control
.
•
By
sheer
fortune
,
the
lost
dog
found
its
way
home
.
By
sheer
fortune
,
the
lost
dog
found
its
way
home
.
•
It
was
pure
fortune
that
the
rain
stopped
right
before
the
outdoor
wedding
.
It
was
pure
fortune
that
the
rain
stopped
right
before
the
outdoor
wedding
.
From
Middle
English
,
via
Old
French
“
fortune
”,
from
Latin
“
fortūna
”
meaning
luck
or
fate
.
noun
the
changing
success
,
condition
,
or
prospects
of
a
person
,
group
,
or
place
,
often
spoken
of
in
the
plural
.
•
The
team's
fortunes
improved
after
they
hired
a
new
coach
.
The
team's
fortunes
improved
after
they
hired
a
new
coach
.
•
The
economic
fortunes
of
the
country
have
shifted
dramatically
in
the
last
decade
.
The
economic
fortunes
of
the
country
have
shifted
dramatically
in
the
last
decade
.
Extension
of
the
luck
sense
to
describe
overall
success
or
failure
across
time
.
mixture
noun
A
substance
made
by
combining
two
or
more
different
materials
without
any
chemical
change
.
•
Pour
the
flour
into
the
bowl
and
add
milk
to
create
a
smooth
mixture
.
Pour
the
flour
into
the
bowl
and
add
milk
to
create
a
smooth
mixture
.
•
The
chemist
heated
the
yellow
mixture
until
it
began
to
bubble
.
The
chemist
heated
the
yellow
mixture
until
it
began
to
bubble
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Anglo-Norman
French
,
based
on
Latin
mixtura
,
from
mixt-
‘
mixed
’,
from
the
verb
miscere
‘
to
mix
’.
noun
A
combination
or
blend
of
different
things
,
qualities
,
or
styles
brought
together
.
•
The
party
had
a
lively
mixture
of
students
,
teachers
,
and
neighbors
.
The
party
had
a
lively
mixture
of
students
,
teachers
,
and
neighbors
.
•
Her
style
is
a
mixture
of
vintage
clothing
and
modern
accessories
.
Her
style
is
a
mixture
of
vintage
clothing
and
modern
accessories
.
noun
In
a
pipe
organ
,
a
stop
that
makes
several
high-pitched
pipes
sound
together
to
brighten
the
overall
tone
.
•
The
organist
pulled
the
mixture
stop
to
make
the
hymn
sound
brighter
.
The
organist
pulled
the
mixture
stop
to
make
the
hymn
sound
brighter
.
•
You
can
hear
the
sharp
sparkle
of
the
mixture
in
the
upper
registers
.
You
can
hear
the
sharp
sparkle
of
the
mixture
in
the
upper
registers
.
Tube
noun
-
Tube
the
London
Underground
railway
system
•
We
took
the
Tube
from
King
’
s
Cross
to
Piccadilly
Circus
.
We
took
the
Tube
from
King
’
s
Cross
to
Piccadilly
Circus
.
•
During
rush
hour
,
the
Tube
can
get
extremely
crowded
.
During
rush
hour
,
the
Tube
can
get
extremely
crowded
.
Nickname
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
,
referring
to
the
circular
tunnel
shape
of
the
earliest
deep-level
lines
.
intellectual
adjective
relating
to
the
use
of
the
mind
to
think
,
understand
,
or
learn
,
especially
about
complex
ideas
•
At
university
,
Maria
loved
the
intellectual
challenge
of
solving
complex
math
problems
.
At
university
,
Maria
loved
the
intellectual
challenge
of
solving
complex
math
problems
.
•
The
museum
offers
tours
that
focus
on
the
intellectual
history
of
the
city
.
The
museum
offers
tours
that
focus
on
the
intellectual
history
of
the
city
.
From
Middle
French
intellectuel
,
from
Latin
intellectualis
(“
relating
to
understanding
”),
from
intellectus
(“
understanding
”).
noun
a
person
who
is
highly
educated
and
enjoys
studying
or
discussing
serious
ideas
•
The
intellectual
on
the
panel
explained
the
economic
theory
in
simple
terms
.
The
intellectual
on
the
panel
explained
the
economic
theory
in
simple
terms
.
•
She
always
invites
local
intellectuals
to
her
book
club
meetings
.
She
always
invites
local
intellectuals
to
her
book
club
meetings
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
ultimately
from
Latin
intellectus
(“
understanding
”).
infrastructure
noun
the
basic
physical
structures
and
public
services
,
such
as
roads
,
power
lines
,
and
water
systems
,
that
a
country
or
community
needs
to
operate
•
After
the
earthquake
,
many
bridges
and
roads
in
the
city
’
s
infrastructure
needed
urgent
repairs
.
After
the
earthquake
,
many
bridges
and
roads
in
the
city
’
s
infrastructure
needed
urgent
repairs
.
•
The
government
announced
a
huge
budget
to
improve
rural
infrastructure
.
The
government
announced
a
huge
budget
to
improve
rural
infrastructure
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
1920s
from
French
infrastructure
,
from
infra-
(
below
)
+
structure
(
arrangement
of
parts
).
noun
the
underlying
system
or
framework
that
supports
how
an
organisation
,
process
,
or
technology
works
•
The
tech
startup
invested
heavily
in
cloud
infrastructure
to
handle
millions
of
users
.
The
tech
startup
invested
heavily
in
cloud
infrastructure
to
handle
millions
of
users
.
•
Schools
need
digital
infrastructure
like
high-speed
internet
and
laptops
to
support
modern
learning
.
Schools
need
digital
infrastructure
like
high-speed
internet
and
laptops
to
support
modern
learning
.
Same
origin
as
the
physical
sense
;
extended
metaphorically
in
the
mid-20th
century
to
non-physical
systems
.
constitute
verb
-
constitute
,
constituting
,
constitutes
,
constituted
to
make
up
or
form
something
by
combining
parts
•
Twelve
months
constitute
a
year
.
Twelve
months
constitute
a
year
.
•
Women
now
constitute
a
large
share
of
the
nation
’
s
workforce
.
Women
now
constitute
a
large
share
of
the
nation
’
s
workforce
.
From
Latin
“
constitūtus
,”
past
participle
of
“
constituere
”
meaning
“
to
set
up
,
establish
,
put
together
.”
verb
-
constitute
,
constituting
,
constitutes
,
constituted
to
officially
create
or
set
up
a
group
,
body
,
or
authority
•
The
government
will
constitute
a
panel
to
investigate
the
accident
.
The
government
will
constitute
a
panel
to
investigate
the
accident
.
•
A
committee
was
constituted
to
review
the
policy
.
A
committee
was
constituted
to
review
the
policy
.
verb
-
constitute
,
constituting
,
constitutes
,
constituted
to
be
or
be
considered
as
something
;
amount
to
•
Failing
to
pay
taxes
can
constitute
a
crime
.
Failing
to
pay
taxes
can
constitute
a
crime
.
•
These
rumors
do
not
constitute
evidence
.
These
rumors
do
not
constitute
evidence
.
furniture
noun
-
furniture
large
movable
objects
such
as
tables
,
chairs
,
beds
,
or
cupboards
that
make
a
room
or
building
comfortable
and
useful
for
living
or
working
•
We
bought
new
furniture
for
our
living
room
.
We
bought
new
furniture
for
our
living
room
.
•
The
apartment
came
with
no
furniture
,
so
we
slept
on
the
floor
the
first
night
.
The
apartment
came
with
no
furniture
,
so
we
slept
on
the
floor
the
first
night
.
From
Old
French
fourniture
“
supply
,
provision
,”
from
fournir
“
to
furnish
.”
noun
-
furniture
small
pieces
of
metal
or
wood
used
in
traditional
printing
to
fill
blank
spaces
and
support
the
layout
of
type
•
The
compositor
inserted
thin
strips
of
furniture
to
keep
the
lines
of
type
in
place
.
The
compositor
inserted
thin
strips
of
furniture
to
keep
the
lines
of
type
in
place
.
•
Without
enough
furniture
,
the
page
layout
shifted
during
the
press
run
.
Without
enough
furniture
,
the
page
layout
shifted
during
the
press
run
.
Adopted
by
printers
in
the
17th
century
,
extending
the
general
sense
of
movable
fittings
to
pieces
that
fit
around
type
.
mutual
adjective
experienced
,
felt
,
or
done
by
each
of
two
or
more
people
or
groups
toward
the
other
or
others
•
Their
mutual
respect
helped
them
work
together
smoothly
.
Their
mutual
respect
helped
them
work
together
smoothly
.
•
The
two
countries
signed
a
treaty
of
mutual
defence
.
The
two
countries
signed
a
treaty
of
mutual
defence
.
From
Late
Latin
mutuus
“
borrowed
,
reciprocal
”
+
‑al
.
adjective
shared
or
in
common
between
two
or
more
people
or
things
•
Emma
introduced
me
to
a
mutual
friend
from
college
.
Emma
introduced
me
to
a
mutual
friend
from
college
.
•
They
found
they
had
mutual
interests
in
hiking
and
photography
.
They
found
they
had
mutual
interests
in
hiking
and
photography
.
From
the
later
broadening
of
sense
1
,
first
recorded
in
early
18th-century
English
.
noun
a
financial
organization
such
as
a
building
society
or
insurance
company
that
is
owned
by
its
members
,
who
share
in
any
profits
•
After
comparing
rates
,
she
moved
her
mortgage
to
a
mutual
for
better
customer
service
.
After
comparing
rates
,
she
moved
her
mortgage
to
a
mutual
for
better
customer
service
.
•
Some
mutuals
converted
into
banks
during
the
1990s
.
Some
mutuals
converted
into
banks
during
the
1990s
.
Short
for
“
mutual
society
,”
first
attested
late
19th
century
in
British
English
.
signature
noun
your
name
written
by
you
,
usually
in
your
own
handwriting
,
to
show
that
you
agree
with
,
own
,
or
created
something
•
The
delivery
driver
asked
me
to
put
my
signature
on
the
tablet
before
handing
over
the
package
.
The
delivery
driver
asked
me
to
put
my
signature
on
the
tablet
before
handing
over
the
package
.
•
Martin
spent
hours
practicing
his
signature
so
it
would
look
neat
on
official
papers
.
Martin
spent
hours
practicing
his
signature
so
it
would
look
neat
on
official
papers
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
medieval
Latin
signatora
,
from
Latin
signare
‘
to
sign
’.
noun
a
special
style
,
feature
,
or
sound
that
clearly
shows
something
was
made
or
done
by
a
particular
person
,
group
,
or
thing
•
Bold
colors
are
the
designer
’
s
signature
.
Bold
colors
are
the
designer
’
s
signature
.
•
The
guitarist
opened
the
concert
with
his
signature
riff
,
and
the
crowd
roared
.
The
guitarist
opened
the
concert
with
his
signature
riff
,
and
the
crowd
roared
.
Extension
of
the
original
sense
“
a
person
’
s
mark
”
to
mean
“
the
distinctive
mark
of
style
”.
adjective
typical
of
and
strongly
associated
with
one
particular
person
,
place
,
or
thing
•
The
café
’
s
signature
dessert
is
a
rich
chocolate
mousse
.
The
café
’
s
signature
dessert
is
a
rich
chocolate
mousse
.
•
She
ended
the
show
with
her
signature
ballad
,
bringing
the
audience
to
tears
.
She
ended
the
show
with
her
signature
ballad
,
bringing
the
audience
to
tears
.
From
attributive
use
of
the
noun
meaning
“
mark
identifying
the
creator
”.
noun
in
music
,
a
set
of
sharp
,
flat
,
or
numeric
symbols
at
the
beginning
of
a
staff
that
shows
the
key
or
the
number
of
beats
in
each
measure
•
The
piece
is
in
G
major
,
so
the
key signature
has
one
sharp
.
The
piece
is
in
G
major
,
so
the
key signature
has
one
sharp
.
•
The
drummer
had
trouble
adjusting
to
the
unusual
7/8
time signature
.
The
drummer
had
trouble
adjusting
to
the
unusual
7/8
time signature
.
Adopted
in
the
mid-18th
century
in
musical
terminology
to
mean
the
written
sign
indicating
key
or
meter
.
noun
an
electronic
code
attached
to
a
digital
document
or
message
that
proves
who
sent
it
and
that
it
has
not
been
changed
•
The
PDF
requires
a
digital signature
before
it
can
be
submitted
.
The
PDF
requires
a
digital signature
before
it
can
be
submitted
.
•
Using
a
secure
signature
,
the
lawyer
emailed
the
contract
to
her
client
.
Using
a
secure
signature
,
the
lawyer
emailed
the
contract
to
her
client
.
1990s
:
extended
from
‘
handwritten
name
’
to
refer
to
cryptographic
authentication
in
electronic
communication
.
manufacturing
noun
-
manufacturing
the
business
or
process
of
making
goods
in
large
quantities
,
usually
with
machines
in
factories
•
Manufacturing
accounts
for
a
large
share
of
the
region's
economy
.
Manufacturing
accounts
for
a
large
share
of
the
region's
economy
.
•
Advances
in
robotics
have
made
manufacturing
faster
and
safer
than
ever
.
Advances
in
robotics
have
made
manufacturing
faster
and
safer
than
ever
.
From
manufacture
+
-ing
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
18th
century
as
the
gerund
form
describing
the
action
or
business
of
making
goods
.
verb
-
manufacture
,
manufacturing
,
manufactures
,
manufactured
present
participle
of
manufacture
:
actively
making
something
,
especially
in
a
factory
•
The
factory
is
manufacturing
thousands
of
solar
panels
this
month
.
The
factory
is
manufacturing
thousands
of
solar
panels
this
month
.
•
Workers
were
still
manufacturing
parts
when
the
inspector
arrived
.
Workers
were
still
manufacturing
parts
when
the
inspector
arrived
.
Verb
form
of
manufacture
,
from
French
fabriquer
,
ultimately
from
Latin
manus
(“
hand
”)
+
facere
(“
make
”).
adjective
relating
to
or
involved
in
the
business
of
making
products
in
factories
•
The
city
has
a
strong
manufacturing
base
that
attracts
investors
.
The
city
has
a
strong
manufacturing
base
that
attracts
investors
.
•
She
works
in
the
manufacturing
department
as
a
quality
engineer
.
She
works
in
the
manufacturing
department
as
a
quality
engineer
.
Attributive
use
of
the
noun
manufacturing
to
describe
things
connected
with
factories
or
industrial
production
.
legislature
noun
a
group
of
elected
or
appointed
people
that
has
the
authority
to
make
or
change
laws
for
a
country
,
state
,
or
other
political
unit
•
The
newly
elected
legislature
passed
a
bill
to
improve
public
schools
.
The
newly
elected
legislature
passed
a
bill
to
improve
public
schools
.
•
Citizens
gathered
outside
the
legislature
to
protest
the
proposed
tax
increase
.
Citizens
gathered
outside
the
legislature
to
protest
the
proposed
tax
increase
.
From
Latin
‘
legis
latura
’,
literally
‘
the
act
of
proposing
a
law
’,
from
‘
lex
’ (
law
)
+
‘
lātūra
’ (
a
bringing
).
gesture
noun
a
movement
of
the
hand
,
head
,
or
another
part
of
the
body
that
shows
an
idea
,
feeling
,
or
instruction
•
Maria
gave
a
friendly
gesture
by
waving
as
she
walked
into
the
classroom
.
Maria
gave
a
friendly
gesture
by
waving
as
she
walked
into
the
classroom
.
•
The
umpire
’
s
clear
arm
gesture
signaled
that
the
runner
was
safe
.
The
umpire
’
s
clear
arm
gesture
signaled
that
the
runner
was
safe
.
From
Latin
gestus
“
action
,
motion
,”
past
participle
of
gerere
“
to
carry
,
bear
,
perform
.”
noun
something
that
you
do
or
give
to
show
your
feelings
or
to
be
polite
,
often
more
symbolic
than
practical
•
Bringing
soup
to
his
sick
neighbor
was
a
thoughtful
gesture
.
Bringing
soup
to
his
sick
neighbor
was
a
thoughtful
gesture
.
•
As
a
peace
gesture
,
the
two
teams
exchanged
small
flags
before
the
match
.
As
a
peace
gesture
,
the
two
teams
exchanged
small
flags
before
the
match
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
Latin
gestus
“
action
.”
verb
-
gesture
,
gesturing
,
gestures
,
gestured
to
move
your
hands
,
head
,
or
other
body
parts
to
show
something
or
to
direct
someone
•
The
tour
guide
gestured
toward
the
ancient
temple
on
the
hill
.
The
tour
guide
gestured
toward
the
ancient
temple
on
the
hill
.
•
I
couldn
’
t
hear
him
,
so
he
gestured
for
me
to
come
closer
.
I
couldn
’
t
hear
him
,
so
he
gestured
for
me
to
come
closer
.
Verb
use
developed
from
the
noun
meaning
“
make
a
gesture
.”
costume
noun
a
set
of
clothes
worn
to
look
like
someone
or
something
else
at
a
party
,
parade
,
or
celebration
,
especially
on
Halloween
or
at
a
fancy-dress
event
•
Mia
wore
a
pirate
costume
to
the
Halloween
party
.
Mia
wore
a
pirate
costume
to
the
Halloween
party
.
•
His
superhero
costume
ripped
just
before
the
contest
.
His
superhero
costume
ripped
just
before
the
contest
.
noun
the
set
of
clothes
,
shoes
,
and
accessories
an
actor
,
dancer
,
or
other
performer
wears
to
show
a
particular
character
or
time
period
•
The
actor
tried
on
his
costume
before
stepping
on
stage
.
The
actor
tried
on
his
costume
before
stepping
on
stage
.
•
Each
dancer's
sparkling
costume
was
covered
in
silver
sequins
.
Each
dancer's
sparkling
costume
was
covered
in
silver
sequins
.
Borrowed
from
French
costume
in
the
18th
century
,
ultimately
from
Italian
costume
meaning
“
fashion
or
habit
.”
noun
the
traditional
style
of
dress
that
is
typical
of
a
particular
country
,
culture
,
or
historical
period
•
The
dancers
performed
in
bright
Hanbok
costume
during
the
festival
.
The
dancers
performed
in
bright
Hanbok
costume
during
the
festival
.
•
Paintings
from
18th-century
France
show
people
in
period
costume
.
Paintings
from
18th-century
France
show
people
in
period
costume
.
noun
(
informal
,
chiefly
British
)
a
swimming
suit
•
Don't
forget
your
costume
when
we
go
to
the
pool
.
Don't
forget
your
costume
when
we
go
to
the
pool
.
•
She
bought
a
new
striped
costume
for
the
beach
holiday
.
She
bought
a
new
striped
costume
for
the
beach
holiday
.
verb
-
costume
,
costuming
,
costumes
,
costumed
to
dress
someone
,
or
provide
clothes
,
especially
special
or
period
clothes
,
for
a
performance
or
event
•
The
designer
costumed
the
actors
in
elegant
Victorian
outfits
.
The
designer
costumed
the
actors
in
elegant
Victorian
outfits
.
•
For
the
school
play
,
parents
costume
their
children
as
animals
.
For
the
school
play
,
parents
costume
their
children
as
animals
.
institutional
adjective
connected
with
or
relating
to
a
large
organization
such
as
a
bank
,
university
,
or
government
department
•
Major
funds
attract
institutional
money
from
pension
schemes
.
Major
funds
attract
institutional
money
from
pension
schemes
.
•
The
company
specializes
in
serving
institutional
clients
such
as
universities
.
The
company
specializes
in
serving
institutional
clients
such
as
universities
.
Derived
from
institution
+-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
.
adjective
having
the
plain
,
impersonal
quality
typical
of
places
like
hospitals
,
prisons
,
or
dormitories
•
He
disliked
the
dull
,
institutional
beige
walls
of
the
hospital
ward
.
He
disliked
the
dull
,
institutional
beige
walls
of
the
hospital
ward
.
•
The
food
tasted
bland
and
institutional
.
The
food
tasted
bland
and
institutional
.
From
the
sense
of
furnishings
or
conditions
typical
of
public
institutions
,
first
attested
late
19th
century
.
adjective
existing
as
part
of
the
structures
,
rules
,
or
culture
of
a
system
or
society
rather
than
coming
from
individual
people
•
Campaigners
say
institutional
bias
keeps
many
women
out
of
leadership
roles
.
Campaigners
say
institutional
bias
keeps
many
women
out
of
leadership
roles
.
•
They
filed
a
report
exposing
institutional
corruption
in
the
police
force
.
They
filed
a
report
exposing
institutional
corruption
in
the
police
force
.
Sense
extended
in
the
mid-20th
century
to
describe
entrenched
social
structures
.
virtual
adjective
existing
or
happening
on
computers
or
the
internet
rather
than
in
the
physical
world
.
•
Our
team
holds
a
virtual
meeting
every
Monday
using
video
chat
.
Our
team
holds
a
virtual
meeting
every
Monday
using
video
chat
.
•
The
students
explored
ancient
Rome
in
a
virtual
reality
lesson
.
The
students
explored
ancient
Rome
in
a
virtual
reality
lesson
.
adjective
almost
or
nearly
the
thing
described
,
but
not
completely
or
in
a
strict
or
literal
sense
.
•
With
no
other
cars
on
the
road
,
the
highway
felt
like
a
virtual
racetrack
.
With
no
other
cars
on
the
road
,
the
highway
felt
like
a
virtual
racetrack
.
•
His
promotion
was
a
virtual
certainty
after
the
successful
project
.
His
promotion
was
a
virtual
certainty
after
the
successful
project
.
adjective
(
computing
)
created
by
software
to
act
like
something
physical
,
even
though
it
does
not
exist
as
real
hardware
.
•
The
software
relies
on
virtual
memory
when
physical
RAM
is
low
.
The
software
relies
on
virtual
memory
when
physical
RAM
is
low
.
•
Programmers
created
a
virtual
machine
to
test
the
new
operating
system
.
Programmers
created
a
virtual
machine
to
test
the
new
operating
system
.
virtue
noun
moral
goodness
and
the
wish
to
do
what
is
right
•
The
firefighter
showed
great
virtue
when
he
ran
back
into
the
burning
house
to
rescue
a
kitten
.
The
firefighter
showed
great
virtue
when
he
ran
back
into
the
burning
house
to
rescue
a
kitten
.
•
Teaching
children
about
honesty
and
kindness
helps
them
develop
virtue
from
an
early
age
.
Teaching
children
about
honesty
and
kindness
helps
them
develop
virtue
from
an
early
age
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
vertu
,
from
Latin
virtus
meaning
‘
manliness
,
excellence
,
moral
strength
’.
noun
a
useful
or
good
quality
that
something
has
•
One
big
virtue
of
this
tablet
is
its
long-lasting
battery
.
One
big
virtue
of
this
tablet
is
its
long-lasting
battery
.
•
Patience
is
a
useful
virtue
when
you
are
learning
a
new
language
.
Patience
is
a
useful
virtue
when
you
are
learning
a
new
language
.
noun
the
quality
of
being
sexually
pure
,
traditionally
applied
to
a
woman
•
In
the
old
novel
,
the
heroine
’
s
virtue
is
constantly
threatened
by
the
villain
.
In
the
old
novel
,
the
heroine
’
s
virtue
is
constantly
threatened
by
the
villain
.
•
Knights
were
expected
to
protect
a
lady
’
s
virtue
at
all
costs
.
Knights
were
expected
to
protect
a
lady
’
s
virtue
at
all
costs
.
noun
authority
,
power
,
or
reason
that
allows
something
to
happen
,
mainly
used
in
the
phrase
‘
by
virtue
of
’
meaning
‘
because
of
’
•
By
virtue
of
his
experience
,
he
was
chosen
to
lead
the
expedition
.
By
virtue
of
his
experience
,
he
was
chosen
to
lead
the
expedition
.
•
The
new
law
goes
into
effect
by
virtue
of
the
governor
’
s
signature
.
The
new
law
goes
into
effect
by
virtue
of
the
governor
’
s
signature
.
agriculture
noun
-
agriculture
the
science
,
business
,
and
practice
of
growing
crops
and
raising
animals
for
food
,
materials
,
or
other
products
•
Innovations
like
solar-powered
irrigation
are
helping
small
farmers
improve
agriculture
in
dry
regions
.
Innovations
like
solar-powered
irrigation
are
helping
small
farmers
improve
agriculture
in
dry
regions
.
•
At
the
county
fair
,
posters
explained
how
sustainable
agriculture
protects
soil
and
wildlife
.
At
the
county
fair
,
posters
explained
how
sustainable
agriculture
protects
soil
and
wildlife
.
Borrowed
in
the
15th
century
from
Latin
agricultura
,
from
ager
“
field
”
+
cultura
“
cultivation
”.
Turkey
noun
-
Turkey
a
country
that
spans
southeastern
Europe
and
western
Asia
;
its
capital
city
is
Ankara
•
Turkey
shares
the
famous
Bosporus
Strait
between
two
continents
.
Turkey
shares
the
famous
Bosporus
Strait
between
two
continents
.
•
My
friend
moved
to
Turkey
to
teach
English
in
Ankara
.
My
friend
moved
to
Turkey
to
teach
English
in
Ankara
.
From
Medieval
Latin
‘
Turcia
’,
land
of
the
Turks
,
people
of
Central
Asian
origin
who
settled
Anatolia
.
venture
noun
a
business
project
or
activity
that
involves
risk
and
hope
of
profit
•
The
two
companies
formed
a
joint venture
to
develop
electric
cars
.
The
two
companies
formed
a
joint venture
to
develop
electric
cars
.
•
Starting
a
restaurant
can
be
a
costly
venture
,
but
the
rewards
can
be
great
.
Starting
a
restaurant
can
be
a
costly
venture
,
but
the
rewards
can
be
great
.
Middle
English
aventure
,
from
Old
French
aventure
(“
chance
,
occurrence
,
adventure
”),
later
re-formed
as
venture
by
loss
of
the
initial
unstressed
syllable
.
verb
-
venture
,
venturing
,
ventures
,
ventured
to
go
somewhere
or
do
something
that
involves
risk
,
danger
,
or
uncertainty
•
After
the
storm
,
the
rescue
team
decided
to
venture
out
onto
the
flooded
streets
.
After
the
storm
,
the
rescue
team
decided
to
venture
out
onto
the
flooded
streets
.
•
Few
tourists
venture
into
the
dense
jungle
without
a
guide
.
Few
tourists
venture
into
the
dense
jungle
without
a
guide
.
verb
-
venture
,
venturing
,
ventures
,
ventured
to
carefully
say
,
suggest
,
or
guess
something
when
you
are
not
sure
how
others
will
react
•
"
If
I
may
,
I'd
like
to
venture
a
question
,"
the
student
said
.
"
If
I
may
,
I'd
like
to
venture
a
question
,"
the
student
said
.
•
She
hesitated
,
then
ventured
an
opinion
about
the
new
design
.
She
hesitated
,
then
ventured
an
opinion
about
the
new
design
.
architecture
noun
the
art
and
science
of
planning
,
designing
,
and
constructing
buildings
•
She
studied
architecture
at
university
to
become
an
urban
designer
.
She
studied
architecture
at
university
to
become
an
urban
designer
.
•
The
city's
modern
architecture
attracts
tourists
from
around
the
world
.
The
city's
modern
architecture
attracts
tourists
from
around
the
world
.
From
Latin
architectura
,
from
architectus
‘
chief
builder
’,
originally
from
Ancient
Greek
arkhitektōn
.
noun
the
overall
design
and
structure
of
a
computer
system
or
other
complex
system
and
how
its
parts
work
together
•
The
new
smartphone's
architecture
allows
it
to
run
apps
faster
and
use
less
power
.
The
new
smartphone's
architecture
allows
it
to
run
apps
faster
and
use
less
power
.
•
Engineers
redesigned
the
network
architecture
to
improve
security
.
Engineers
redesigned
the
network
architecture
to
improve
security
.
Sense
extended
from
building
design
to
computing
in
the
1960s
as
engineers
drew
analogies
between
physical
and
logical
structures
.
lecture
noun
a
talk
on
a
subject
,
especially
one
given
to
students
to
teach
them
something
•
Professor
Kim
delivered
an
engaging
lecture
on
volcanoes
to
the
class
.
Professor
Kim
delivered
an
engaging
lecture
on
volcanoes
to
the
class
.
•
Students
hurried
across
campus
so
they
wouldn
’
t
miss
the
morning
lecture
on
world
history
.
Students
hurried
across
campus
so
they
wouldn
’
t
miss
the
morning
lecture
on
world
history
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
‘
lectura
’
meaning
‘
reading
’.
Originally
‘
a
reading
aloud
’,
it
later
came
to
mean
‘
an
educational
talk
’.
verb
-
lecture
,
lecturing
,
lectures
,
lectured
to
give
a
formal
talk
in
order
to
teach
people
about
a
subject
•
Dr
.
Singh
lectures
on
astrophysics
every
Thursday
afternoon
.
Dr
.
Singh
lectures
on
astrophysics
every
Thursday
afternoon
.
•
Next
semester
,
she
will
lecture
at
the
medical
school
in
Paris
.
Next
semester
,
she
will
lecture
at
the
medical
school
in
Paris
.
From
Latin
‘
lectura
’
through
Old
French
‘
lecture
’;
verb
use
recorded
from
the
early
16th
century
meaning
‘
to
read
publicly
’,
later
‘
to
teach
by
talk
’.
noun
a
long
serious
talk
in
which
someone
scolds
or
criticizes
another
person
for
wrongdoing
•
Mom
gave
me
a
stern
lecture
about
staying
out
too
late
.
Mom
gave
me
a
stern
lecture
about
staying
out
too
late
.
•
After
breaking
the
vase
,
the
child
expected
a
long
lecture
from
his
father
.
After
breaking
the
vase
,
the
child
expected
a
long
lecture
from
his
father
.
Sense
shifted
in
the
19th
century
to
mean
‘
reprimand
’
by
metaphorical
extension
from
the
idea
of
a
teacher
talking
at
length
to
correct
mistakes
.
verb
-
lecture
,
lecturing
,
lectures
,
lectured
to
talk
angrily
or
seriously
to
someone
in
order
to
scold
or
warn
them
•
The
coach
lectured
the
players
for
arriving
late
to
practice
.
The
coach
lectured
the
players
for
arriving
late
to
practice
.
•
Please
don
’
t
lecture
me
—
I
already
apologized
for
the
mistake
.
Please
don
’
t
lecture
me
—
I
already
apologized
for
the
mistake
.
Extended
figurative
use
from
the
noun
‘
lecture
’
in
the
sense
of
a
long
moralizing
talk
.
agricultural
adjective
connected
with
farming
,
the
land
,
and
the
work
of
growing
crops
or
raising
animals
•
The
region's
agricultural
economy
depends
on
rice
and
wheat
.
The
region's
agricultural
economy
depends
on
rice
and
wheat
.
•
Students
visited
an
agricultural
fair
to
learn
about
the
newest
farm
machines
.
Students
visited
an
agricultural
fair
to
learn
about
the
newest
farm
machines
.
From
Latin
agricultura
“
farming
”
+
-al
.
statute
noun
A
formal
written
law
passed
by
a
national
or
regional
legislature
.
•
The
new
statute
bans
smoking
in
all
restaurants
across
the
country
.
The
new
statute
bans
smoking
in
all
restaurants
across
the
country
.
•
Under
this
statute
,
employers
must
provide
safety
equipment
to
every
worker
.
Under
this
statute
,
employers
must
provide
safety
equipment
to
every
worker
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
‘
statut
’,
from
late
Latin
‘
statūtum
’
meaning
‘
law
,
decree
’,
from
Latin
‘
statūere
’ ‘
to
set
up
,
establish
’.
noun
An
official
written
rule
that
governs
the
internal
affairs
of
an
organization
,
institution
,
or
university
.
•
According
to
the
university
’
s
statute
,
students
must
attend
at
least
80%
of
their
classes
.
According
to
the
university
’
s
statute
,
students
must
attend
at
least
80%
of
their
classes
.
•
The
club
changed
its
statute
to
allow
remote
members
to
vote
online
.
The
club
changed
its
statute
to
allow
remote
members
to
vote
online
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
:
from
Latin
‘
statūtum
’
meaning
‘
something
set
up
’.
structural
adjective
connected
with
the
way
a
building
or
other
physical
object
is
built
and
supported
•
The
engineer
checked
the
structural
safety
of
the
bridge
after
the
earthquake
.
The
engineer
checked
the
structural
safety
of
the
bridge
after
the
earthquake
.
•
We
installed
extra
beams
to
give
the
old
house
more
structural
support
.
We
installed
extra
beams
to
give
the
old
house
more
structural
support
.
From
structure
+
-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
to
describe
features
of
buildings
.
adjective
relating
to
the
basic
framework
of
a
system
,
organization
,
or
situation
rather
than
to
its
small
details
•
The
country
faces
structural
problems
in
its
education
system
.
The
country
faces
structural
problems
in
its
education
system
.
•
Economists
say
the
high
unemployment
rate
is
a
structural
issue
,
not
just
a
temporary
one
.
Economists
say
the
high
unemployment
rate
is
a
structural
issue
,
not
just
a
temporary
one
.
Extended
from
physical
sense
to
abstract
systems
in
the
mid-20th
century
,
influenced
by
social
sciences
and
economics
.
adjective
concerning
the
arrangement
of
parts
within
language
,
especially
grammar
and
sentence
patterns
•
In
language
class
,
we
studied
the
structural
differences
between
English
and
Japanese
.
In
language
class
,
we
studied
the
structural
differences
between
English
and
Japanese
.
•
Structural
linguistics
focuses
on
how
words
fit
together
in
sentences
.
Structural
linguistics
focuses
on
how
words
fit
together
in
sentences
.
Adopted
by
linguists
in
the
early
20th
century
to
describe
internal
organization
of
language
,
inspired
by
structuralism
in
anthropology
.
ritual
noun
a
fixed
set
of
words
and
actions
performed
in
a
specific
order
,
especially
as
part
of
a
religious
or
formal
ceremony
•
During
the
temple
’
s
dawn
ritual
,
monks
chanted
softly
while
lighting
incense
.
During
the
temple
’
s
dawn
ritual
,
monks
chanted
softly
while
lighting
incense
.
•
The
initiation
ritual
welcomed
new
members
into
the
tribe
with
dance
and
song
.
The
initiation
ritual
welcomed
new
members
into
the
tribe
with
dance
and
song
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
ritualis
‘
relating
to
rites
’,
from
ritus
‘(
religious
)
usage
’.
noun
something
that
a
person
or
group
does
regularly
in
the
same
way
,
often
because
it
is
comforting
or
meaningful
•
Making
a
cup
of
tea
before
work
was
her
morning
ritual
.
Making
a
cup
of
tea
before
work
was
her
morning
ritual
.
•
The
team
’
s
pre-game
ritual
included
a
cheerful
group
chant
in
the
locker
room
.
The
team
’
s
pre-game
ritual
included
a
cheerful
group
chant
in
the
locker
room
.
adjective
connected
with
or
done
as
part
of
a
ritual
;
ceremonial
•
The
priest
donned
his
ritual
robes
before
entering
the
sanctuary
.
The
priest
donned
his
ritual
robes
before
entering
the
sanctuary
.
•
Drums
provided
a
steady
beat
for
the
dancers
’
ritual
movements
.
Drums
provided
a
steady
beat
for
the
dancers
’
ritual
movements
.
stumble
verb
-
stumble
,
stumbling
,
stumbles
,
stumbled
to
hit
your
foot
against
something
and
almost
fall
while
you
are
walking
or
running
•
Walking
through
the
dark
attic
,
Lucy
stumbled
over
a
loose
board
and
dropped
her
flashlight
.
Walking
through
the
dark
attic
,
Lucy
stumbled
over
a
loose
board
and
dropped
her
flashlight
.
•
A
distracted
shopper
stumbled
on
the
supermarket
floor
when
his
shoelace
came
undone
.
A
distracted
shopper
stumbled
on
the
supermarket
floor
when
his
shoelace
came
undone
.
verb
-
stumble
,
stumbling
,
stumbles
,
stumbled
to
walk
or
move
in
an
unsteady
,
clumsy
way
,
as
if
you
are
about
to
fall
•
After
the
long
flight
,
Mia
stumbled
into
the
hotel
lobby
,
exhausted
and
half
asleep
.
After
the
long
flight
,
Mia
stumbled
into
the
hotel
lobby
,
exhausted
and
half
asleep
.
•
The
injured
football
player
stumbled
toward
the
bench
holding
his
ankle
.
The
injured
football
player
stumbled
toward
the
bench
holding
his
ankle
.
verb
-
stumble
,
stumbling
,
stumbles
,
stumbled
to
pause
,
hesitate
,
or
make
mistakes
while
speaking
,
reading
,
or
performing
something
•
Nervous
about
the
presentation
,
Daniel
stumbled
over
his
first
few
words
.
Nervous
about
the
presentation
,
Daniel
stumbled
over
his
first
few
words
.
•
She
stumbled
while
reading
the
unfamiliar
scientific
terms
aloud
.
She
stumbled
while
reading
the
unfamiliar
scientific
terms
aloud
.
verb
-
stumble
,
stumbling
,
stumbles
,
stumbled
to
find
or
meet
something
or
someone
by
chance
,
usually
expressed
as
“
stumble
on/upon/across
”
•
We
stumbled upon
a
tiny
café
hidden
in
a
back
alley
.
We
stumbled upon
a
tiny
café
hidden
in
a
back
alley
.
•
While
cleaning
the
attic
,
Sara
stumbled on
her
grandmother's
wartime
letters
.
While
cleaning
the
attic
,
Sara
stumbled on
her
grandmother's
wartime
letters
.
noun
a
small
trip
or
mistake
;
the
act
of
stumbling
•
Except
for
one
stumble
,
her
speech
was
flawless
.
Except
for
one
stumble
,
her
speech
was
flawless
.
•
His
slight
stumble
on
the
stairs
made
the
audience
gasp
.
His
slight
stumble
on
the
stairs
made
the
audience
gasp
.
statue
noun
a
figure
of
a
person
,
animal
,
or
other
subject
that
someone
has
carved
or
molded
from
stone
,
metal
,
or
another
hard
material
,
usually
put
on
display
for
decoration
or
to
honor
someone
•
Tourists
gathered
around
the
marble
statue
of
the
famous
poet
in
the
city
square
.
Tourists
gathered
around
the
marble
statue
of
the
famous
poet
in
the
city
square
.
•
The
museum
hired
experts
to
carefully
clean
the
ancient
bronze
statue
.
The
museum
hired
experts
to
carefully
clean
the
ancient
bronze
statue
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
statua
,
from
stare
‘
to
stand
’.
magnitude
noun
very
great
size
,
extent
,
or
importance
•
No
one
realized
the
magnitude
of
the
storm
until
houses
began
to
flood
.
No
one
realized
the
magnitude
of
the
storm
until
houses
began
to
flood
.
•
The
CEO
underestimated
the
magnitude
of
the
project
and
the
team
missed
the
deadline
.
The
CEO
underestimated
the
magnitude
of
the
project
and
the
team
missed
the
deadline
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
magnitudo
‘
greatness
’,
from
magnus
‘
great
’.
noun
a
numerical
quantity
that
shows
the
size
or
amount
of
something
in
mathematics
or
physics
•
On
the
diagram
,
the
arrow
’
s
length
represents
the
magnitude
of
the
force
.
On
the
diagram
,
the
arrow
’
s
length
represents
the
magnitude
of
the
force
.
•
To
find
the
magnitude
of
a
vector
,
you
take
the
square
root
of
the
sum
of
its
squared
components
.
To
find
the
magnitude
of
a
vector
,
you
take
the
square
root
of
the
sum
of
its
squared
components
.
noun
a
scale
that
measures
the
brightness
of
a
star
or
other
celestial
body
•
A
star
of
the
first
magnitude
appears
brighter
than
one
of
the
fourth
.
A
star
of
the
first
magnitude
appears
brighter
than
one
of
the
fourth
.
•
The
telescope
can
detect
objects
down
to
a
magnitude
of
15
.
The
telescope
can
detect
objects
down
to
a
magnitude
of
15
.
momentum
noun
-
momentum
,
momenta
,
none
The
energy
or
force
that
keeps
an
event
,
idea
,
or
process
developing
or
moving
forward
.
•
After
the
surprise
victory
,
the
team
gained
enough
momentum
to
win
the
championship
.
After
the
surprise
victory
,
the
team
gained
enough
momentum
to
win
the
championship
.
•
The
charity
campaign
gathered
momentum
as
more
people
shared
it
online
.
The
charity
campaign
gathered
momentum
as
more
people
shared
it
online
.
Originally
a
scientific
term
,
the
figurative
sense
of
"
momentum
"
was
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
to
describe
growing
political
or
social
movements
.
noun
-
momentum
,
momenta
,
none
In
physics
,
the
quantity
of
motion
of
a
moving
object
,
equal
to
its
mass
multiplied
by
its
velocity
.
•
In
space
,
a
satellite
will
keep
its
momentum
unless
acted
upon
by
another
force
.
In
space
,
a
satellite
will
keep
its
momentum
unless
acted
upon
by
another
force
.
•
The
billiard
ball
lost
momentum
after
striking
the
cushion
and
rolled
to
a
gentle
stop
.
The
billiard
ball
lost
momentum
after
striking
the
cushion
and
rolled
to
a
gentle
stop
.
From
Latin
“
movēre
”
meaning
“
to
move
,”
through
the
Medieval
Latin
phrase
“
quantitas
motus
” (
quantity
of
motion
),
later
shortened
to
“
momentum
”
in
scientific
English
.
departure
noun
the
act
of
leaving
a
place
,
especially
to
start
a
journey
•
Our
departure
for
the
school
trip
is
at
8
a
.
m
.
tomorrow
.
Our
departure
for
the
school
trip
is
at
8
a
.
m
.
tomorrow
.
•
The
train's
departure
was
delayed
by
heavy
snow
.
The
train's
departure
was
delayed
by
heavy
snow
.
From
Middle
French
départ
(‘
a
leaving
’),
from
départir
‘
to
divide
,
leave
’,
related
to
Latin
dis-
‘
away
’
+
partire
‘
to
part
’.
noun
a
change
from
what
is
usual
,
expected
,
or
traditional
•
Wearing
bright
sneakers
with
a
suit
was
a
bold
departure
from
the
school's
dress
code
.
Wearing
bright
sneakers
with
a
suit
was
a
bold
departure
from
the
school's
dress
code
.
•
The
new
movie
is
a
big
departure
from
the
director's
usual
style
.
The
new
movie
is
a
big
departure
from
the
director's
usual
style
.
Extended
figurative
use
of
the
sense
‘
leaving
a
path
or
place
’,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
sculpture
noun
the
art
of
shaping
wood
,
stone
,
metal
,
or
other
materials
into
three-dimensional
forms
•
She
studied
sculpture
at
college
to
learn
how
to
carve
marble
.
She
studied
sculpture
at
college
to
learn
how
to
carve
marble
.
•
Ancient
Greek
sculpture
has
inspired
many
modern
artists
.
Ancient
Greek
sculpture
has
inspired
many
modern
artists
.
noun
a
work
of
art
that
has
been
made
by
carving
or
shaping
material
into
a
form
•
A
bronze
sculpture
of
a
horse
stands
in
the
city
square
.
A
bronze
sculpture
of
a
horse
stands
in
the
city
square
.
•
He
bought
a
small
wooden
sculpture
as
a
souvenir
from
the
market
.
He
bought
a
small
wooden
sculpture
as
a
souvenir
from
the
market
.
fortunately
adverb
in
a
way
that
brings
a
good
result
,
by
good
luck
•
Fortunately
,
the
rain
stopped
just
before
the
outdoor
concert
began
.
Fortunately
,
the
rain
stopped
just
before
the
outdoor
concert
began
.
•
I
forgot
my
ticket
,
but
fortunately
my
friend
had
an
extra
one
.
I
forgot
my
ticket
,
but
fortunately
my
friend
had
an
extra
one
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
"
fortunate
"
+
the
adverbial
suffix
"
-ly
";
recorded
in
English
since
the
early
17th
century
.
unfortunate
adjective
experiencing
or
caused
by
bad
luck
or
misfortune
•
It
was
unfortunate
that
the
picnic
got
rained
out
just
after
we
arrived
.
It
was
unfortunate
that
the
picnic
got
rained
out
just
after
we
arrived
.
•
The
traveler
’
s
unfortunate
mistake
of
boarding
the
wrong
bus
made
him
miss
his
flight
.
The
traveler
’
s
unfortunate
mistake
of
boarding
the
wrong
bus
made
him
miss
his
flight
.
From
un-
(
not
)
+
fortunate
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
around
the
14th
century
.
adjective
regrettable
or
causing
disappointment
or
trouble
•
It
is
unfortunate
that
the
meeting
was
scheduled
during
the
holiday
period
.
It
is
unfortunate
that
the
meeting
was
scheduled
during
the
holiday
period
.
•
Using
that
word
in
her
speech
was
an
unfortunate
choice
.
Using
that
word
in
her
speech
was
an
unfortunate
choice
.
noun
a
person
who
is
poor
,
unlucky
,
or
in
a
difficult
situation
•
The
charity
provides
warm
meals
for
the
city
’
s
unfortunate
during
winter
.
The
charity
provides
warm
meals
for
the
city
’
s
unfortunate
during
winter
.
•
He
always
felt
compassion
for
the
unfortunate
he
met
on
his
travels
.
He
always
felt
compassion
for
the
unfortunate
he
met
on
his
travels
.
disturbing
adjective
making
you
feel
worried
,
upset
,
or
uncomfortable
•
The
movie
contained
disturbing
scenes
that
made
some
viewers
leave
the
theater
.
The
movie
contained
disturbing
scenes
that
made
some
viewers
leave
the
theater
.
•
She
found
the
news
about
the
earthquake
deeply
disturbing
.
She
found
the
news
about
the
earthquake
deeply
disturbing
.
verb
interrupting
what
someone
is
doing
or
the
normal
state
of
something
•
Sorry
for
disturbing
you
so
late
at
night
.
Sorry
for
disturbing
you
so
late
at
night
.
•
The
construction
work
was
disturbing
the
patient's
rest
.
The
construction
work
was
disturbing
the
patient's
rest
.
quantum
noun
-
quantum
,
quanta
the
smallest
possible
unit
or
packet
of
a
physical
property
,
especially
energy
•
A
female
physics
teacher
explained
that
a
single
quantum
of
light
can
knock
an
electron
from
metal
.
A
female
physics
teacher
explained
that
a
single
quantum
of
light
can
knock
an
electron
from
metal
.
•
During
the
experiment
,
the
male
scientist
measured
each
quantum
of
energy
released
by
the
laser
.
During
the
experiment
,
the
male
scientist
measured
each
quantum
of
energy
released
by
the
laser
.
From
Latin
quāntum
,
neuter
of
quāntus
“
how
much
;
amount
”.
Adopted
in
early
20th-century
physics
for
discrete
units
of
energy
.
adjective
relating
to
the
behavior
of
matter
and
energy
at
atomic
and
subatomic
levels
•
Engineers
are
building
a
quantum
computer
that
can
solve
problems
much
faster
than
today
’
s
machines
.
Engineers
are
building
a
quantum
computer
that
can
solve
problems
much
faster
than
today
’
s
machines
.
•
The
professor
gave
a
simple
overview
of
quantum
encryption
to
her
students
.
The
professor
gave
a
simple
overview
of
quantum
encryption
to
her
students
.
Attributive
use
of
the
noun
in
modern
science
to
modify
terms
connected
with
quantum
mechanics
,
first
recorded
mid-20th
century
.
noun
-
quantum
,
quanta
a
fixed
or
specified
amount
of
something
•
The
judge
determined
the
quantum
of
damages
the
factory
must
pay
the
victims
.
The
judge
determined
the
quantum
of
damages
the
factory
must
pay
the
victims
.
•
Each
employee
received
a
higher
quantum
of
bonus
after
the
company
’
s
record
profits
.
Each
employee
received
a
higher
quantum
of
bonus
after
the
company
’
s
record
profits
.
Sense
extended
in
legal
and
business
English
from
the
Latin
original
to
mean
simply
“
how
much
”
or
“
amount
”.
stunning
adjective
extremely
beautiful
or
attractive
in
a
way
that
immediately
catches
attention
•
The
bride
looked
absolutely
stunning
in
her
sparkling
gown
.
The
bride
looked
absolutely
stunning
in
her
sparkling
gown
.
•
The
sunset
over
the
mountains
was
so
stunning
that
everyone
stopped
to
take
photos
.
The
sunset
over
the
mountains
was
so
stunning
that
everyone
stopped
to
take
photos
.
adjective
very
surprising
,
impressive
,
or
shocking
•
It
was
a
stunning
victory
when
the
underdogs
won
the
championship
.
It
was
a
stunning
victory
when
the
underdogs
won
the
championship
.
•
The
scientists
made
a
stunning
discovery
about
the
ancient
fossils
.
The
scientists
made
a
stunning
discovery
about
the
ancient
fossils
.
adjective
making
someone
temporarily
unable
to
think
clearly
or
remain
conscious
•
The
boxer
delivered
a
stunning
punch
that
knocked
his
opponent
to
the
mat
.
The
boxer
delivered
a
stunning
punch
that
knocked
his
opponent
to
the
mat
.
•
The
police
used
a
stunning
device
to
subdue
the
suspect
.
The
police
used
a
stunning
device
to
subdue
the
suspect
.
noun
-
stunning
the
act
of
making
an
animal
or
person
unconscious
,
especially
before
medical
treatment
or
slaughter
•
Mechanical
stunning
is
required
in
many
countries
before
cattle
are
slaughtered
.
Mechanical
stunning
is
required
in
many
countries
before
cattle
are
slaughtered
.
•
Proper
stunning
reduces
the
animal
’
s
stress
and
pain
.
Proper
stunning
reduces
the
animal
’
s
stress
and
pain
.
Scripture
noun
-
Scripture
the
sacred
writings
of
Christianity
,
especially
the
Bible
•
During
the
Sunday
service
,
the
minister
read
a
passage
from
Scripture
about
compassion
.
During
the
Sunday
service
,
the
minister
read
a
passage
from
Scripture
about
compassion
.
•
She
finds
comfort
in
turning
to
Scripture
whenever
she
feels
anxious
.
She
finds
comfort
in
turning
to
Scripture
whenever
she
feels
anxious
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
scriptura
“
writing
”,
from
scribere
“
to
write
”,
later
used
specifically
for
sacred
writings
.
scripture
noun
the
holy
writings
of
any
religion
•
Buddhist
monks
patiently
copied
the
ancient
scripture
onto
palm-leaf
pages
.
Buddhist
monks
patiently
copied
the
ancient
scripture
onto
palm-leaf
pages
.
•
The
museum
displayed
fragments
of
Mayan
scripture
carved
into
stone
tablets
.
The
museum
displayed
fragments
of
Mayan
scripture
carved
into
stone
tablets
.
Same
origin
as
the
capitalized
form
,
from
Latin
scriptura
“
writing
”,
broadened
to
mean
any
sacred
writing
.