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but
conjunction
used
to
join
two
statements
and
show
that
the
second
one
contrasts
with
or
limits
the
first
•
I
wanted
to
play
outside
,
but
it
was
raining
hard
.
I
wanted
to
play
outside
,
but
it
was
raining
hard
.
•
She
studied
all
night
,
but
she
still
fell
asleep
in
class
.
She
studied
all
night
,
but
she
still
fell
asleep
in
class
.
Old
English
“
butan
”
meaning
“
outside
,
without
,
except
,
unless
”.
preposition
except
;
other
than
•
Everyone
but
Lisa
was
singing
along
.
Everyone
but
Lisa
was
singing
along
.
•
The
museum
is
open
daily
but
Monday
.
The
museum
is
open
daily
but
Monday
.
From
Old
English
“
butan
,” “
outside
”
or
“
without
.”
adverb
only
;
just
•
It
was
but
a
scratch
on
the
car
door
.
It
was
but
a
scratch
on
the
car
door
.
•
He
is
but
a
child
and
doesn
’
t
understand
.
He
is
but
a
child
and
doesn
’
t
understand
.
Derived
from
earlier
use
meaning
"
outside
of
"
that
narrowed
to
"
no
more
than
".
noun
an
objection
or
excuse
that
stops
something
from
happening
•
Finish
your
homework
—
no
buts
.
Finish
your
homework
—
no
buts
.
•
She
agreed
without
a
single
but
.
She
agreed
without
a
single
but
.
From
the
conjunction
sense
,
figuratively
extended
in
the
17th
century
to
mean
“
objection
.”
out
adverb
outside
;
away
from
the
inside
of
a
place
or
container
•
After
school
,
Mia
ran
out
to
meet
her
friends
.
After
school
,
Mia
ran
out
to
meet
her
friends
.
•
The
cat
jumped
out
when
I
opened
the
box
.
The
cat
jumped
out
when
I
opened
the
box
.
adjective
not
present
,
especially
away
from
home
,
work
,
or
a
meeting
•
Mr
.
Wilson
is
out
at
the
moment
;
can
I
take
a
message
?
Mr
.
Wilson
is
out
at
the
moment
;
can
I
take
a
message
?
•
The
children
stayed
out
until
dark
.
The
children
stayed
out
until
dark
.
adjective
not
working
,
lit
,
or
operating
•
The
streetlights
were
out
after
the
storm
.
The
streetlights
were
out
after
the
storm
.
•
One
candle
went
out
in
the
wind
.
One
candle
went
out
in
the
wind
.
noun
in
baseball
or
softball
,
a
play
that
removes
a
batter
or
runner
,
or
the
player
who
is
removed
•
The
pitcher
recorded
three
quick
outs
in
the
first
inning
.
The
pitcher
recorded
three
quick
outs
in
the
first
inning
.
•
With
two
outs
left
,
the
team
felt
the
pressure
.
With
two
outs
left
,
the
team
felt
the
pressure
.
verb
to
reveal
a
private
fact
about
someone
,
especially
their
sexual
orientation
,
without
their
permission
•
The
magazine
article
outed
the
famous
singer
without
her
consent
.
The
magazine
article
outed
the
famous
singer
without
her
consent
.
•
He
regretted
outing
his
classmate
during
the
debate
.
He
regretted
outing
his
classmate
during
the
debate
.
put
verb
-
put
,
putting
,
puts
to
move
something
or
someone
into
a
particular
place
or
position
•
Please
put
your
coat
on
the
hook
by
the
door
.
Please
put
your
coat
on
the
hook
by
the
door
.
•
He
gently
put
the
sleeping
baby
in
the
crib
and
smiled
.
He
gently
put
the
sleeping
baby
in
the
crib
and
smiled
.
Old
English
‘
putian
’,
meaning
‘
to
push
’.
verb
-
put
,
putting
,
puts
to
cause
someone
or
something
to
be
in
a
particular
state
or
situation
•
Her
calm
voice
put
the
nervous
puppy
at
ease
.
Her
calm
voice
put
the
nervous
puppy
at
ease
.
•
The
heavy
rain
put
our
outdoor
concert
on
hold
.
The
heavy
rain
put
our
outdoor
concert
on
hold
.
Extension
of
sense
‘
place
’
to
more
abstract
states
,
recorded
since
Middle
English
.
verb
-
put
,
putting
,
puts
to
express
something
in
words
,
especially
in
a
particular
way
•
I
didn
’
t
know
how
to
put
my
feelings
into
words
.
I
didn
’
t
know
how
to
put
my
feelings
into
words
.
•
He
put
it
politely
,
but
the
answer
was
still
no
.
He
put
it
politely
,
but
the
answer
was
still
no
.
Sense
evolved
in
16th
century
from
the
idea
of
‘
placing
’
words
.
noun
a
financial
contract
that
gives
the
holder
the
right
,
but
not
the
obligation
,
to
sell
a
security
at
a
set
price
before
a
certain
date
•
She
bought
a
put
to
protect
her
stock
gains
during
the
market
downturn
.
She
bought
a
put
to
protect
her
stock
gains
during
the
market
downturn
.
•
A
put
becomes
more
valuable
when
the
underlying
share
price
falls
.
A
put
becomes
more
valuable
when
the
underlying
share
price
falls
.
Short
for
‘
put
option
’,
first
recorded
in
U
.
S
.
financial
markets
in
the
19th
century
.
about
preposition
on
the
subject
of
someone
or
something
;
concerning
•
We
talked
about
our
holiday
plans
at
dinner
.
We
talked
about
our
holiday
plans
at
dinner
.
•
The
book
is
about
a
young
girl's
adventure
in
Africa
.
The
book
is
about
a
young
girl's
adventure
in
Africa
.
adverb
used
before
a
number
or
quantity
to
mean
approximately
•
It
costs
about
ten
dollars
.
It
costs
about
ten
dollars
.
•
There
were
about
fifty
people
at
the
party
.
There
were
about
fifty
people
at
the
party
.
adverb
in
different
places
or
directions
;
around
;
nearby
•
Children
were
running
about
in
the
playground
.
Children
were
running
about
in
the
playground
.
•
There
are
papers
lying
about
on
your
desk
.
There
are
papers
lying
about
on
your
desk
.
adverb
almost
ready
to
do
something
very
soon
,
usually
followed
by
"
to
"
and
a
verb
•
I
was
about to
leave
when
the
phone
rang
.
I
was
about to
leave
when
the
phone
rang
.
•
The
sky
is
dark
;
it
looks
like
it's
about to
rain
.
The
sky
is
dark
;
it
looks
like
it's
about to
rain
.
without
preposition
not
having
,
lacking
,
or
in
the
absence
of
something
•
Maya
can
’
t
imagine
her
morning
without
coffee
.
Maya
can
’
t
imagine
her
morning
without
coffee
.
•
The
kids
played
happily
on
the
beach
without
shoes
.
The
kids
played
happily
on
the
beach
without
shoes
.
conjunction
unless
;
if
not
•
Without
you
study
harder
,
you
will
not
pass
.
Without
you
study
harder
,
you
will
not
pass
.
•
No
plan
can
succeed
without
we
all
agree
on
it
.
No
plan
can
succeed
without
we
all
agree
on
it
.
adverb
outside
;
on
the
outside
or
outdoors
(
archaic
)
•
The
castle
was
warm
within
,
but
bitterly
cold
without
.
The
castle
was
warm
within
,
but
bitterly
cold
without
.
•
Stay
within
the
walls
after
dark
;
danger
lurks
without
.
Stay
within
the
walls
after
dark
;
danger
lurks
without
.
minute
noun
a
unit
of
time
equal
to
sixty
seconds
•
Please
wait
a
minute
while
I
finish
this
email
.
Please
wait
a
minute
while
I
finish
this
email
.
•
The
motorist
changed
the
tire
in
just
ten
minutes
.
The
motorist
changed
the
tire
in
just
ten
minutes
.
noun
an
official
written
record
of
what
is
said
and
decided
at
a
meeting
•
The
secretary
typed
up
the
minutes
right
after
the
meeting
.
The
secretary
typed
up
the
minutes
right
after
the
meeting
.
•
Could
you
send
me
yesterday
’
s
minutes
before
lunch
?
Could
you
send
me
yesterday
’
s
minutes
before
lunch
?
noun
a
unit
for
measuring
angles
equal
to
one
sixtieth
of
a
degree
•
The
star
moved
half
a
minute
across
the
sky
in
one
night
.
The
star
moved
half
a
minute
across
the
sky
in
one
night
.
•
Each
degree
is
divided
into
sixty
minutes
.
Each
degree
is
divided
into
sixty
minutes
.
verb
-
minute
,
minuting
,
minutes
,
minuted
to
write
down
the
main
points
of
what
is
said
or
decided
at
a
meeting
•
Julia
minuted
every
discussion
during
the
workshop
.
Julia
minuted
every
discussion
during
the
workshop
.
•
Please
minute
that
the
proposal
was
accepted
unanimously
.
Please
minute
that
the
proposal
was
accepted
unanimously
.
adjective
extremely
small
or
detailed
•
The
scientist
studied
the
minute
cracks
under
a
microscope
.
The
scientist
studied
the
minute
cracks
under
a
microscope
.
•
Only
minute
traces
of
the
chemical
were
found
.
Only
minute
traces
of
the
chemical
were
found
.
cut
verb
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
to
use
something
sharp
to
divide
or
remove
part
of
something
•
The
chef
carefully
cuts
the
carrots
into
thin
strips
.
The
chef
carefully
cuts
the
carrots
into
thin
strips
.
•
Jenny
accidentally
cut
her
finger
while
opening
a
can
of
beans
.
Jenny
accidentally
cut
her
finger
while
opening
a
can
of
beans
.
Old
English
‘
cyttan
’,
meaning
‘
to
cut
,
trim
,
shorten
’,
of
Germanic
origin
.
noun
a
small
wound
made
by
something
sharp
that
breaks
the
skin
•
He
had
a
small
cut
on
his
cheek
after
shaving
.
He
had
a
small
cut
on
his
cheek
after
shaving
.
•
Clean
the
cut
with
water
before
putting
on
a
bandage
.
Clean
the
cut
with
water
before
putting
on
a
bandage
.
verb
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
to
make
something
smaller
in
amount
,
size
,
or
number
•
The
store
cut
its
prices
by
50%
during
the
sale
.
The
store
cut
its
prices
by
50%
during
the
sale
.
•
We
need
to
cut
the
amount
of
sugar
we
eat
every
day
.
We
need
to
cut
the
amount
of
sugar
we
eat
every
day
.
noun
an
amount
by
which
something
is
made
smaller
or
less
•
The
company
announced
a
10%
cut
in
staff
.
The
company
announced
a
10%
cut
in
staff
.
•
There
will
be
budget
cuts
to
save
money
.
There
will
be
budget
cuts
to
save
money
.
verb
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
to
stop
,
remove
,
or
disconnect
something
such
as
sound
,
power
,
or
text
•
A
storm
cut
the
power
to
several
villages
.
A
storm
cut
the
power
to
several
villages
.
•
“
Could
you
cut
the
music
for
a
moment
?”
Sarah
asked
.
“
Could
you
cut
the
music
for
a
moment
?”
Sarah
asked
.
noun
a
share
of
money
or
profit
that
someone
receives
•
Each
player
got
a
fair
cut
of
the
prize
money
.
Each
player
got
a
fair
cut
of
the
prize
money
.
•
The
manager
takes
a
small
cut
from
every
sale
.
The
manager
takes
a
small
cut
from
every
sale
.
outside
preposition
on
or
to
the
outer
side
of
something
,
beyond
its
limits
•
The
kids
waited
outside
the
bakery
for
it
to
open
.
The
kids
waited
outside
the
bakery
for
it
to
open
.
•
Please
leave
your
muddy
boots
outside
the
front
door
.
Please
leave
your
muddy
boots
outside
the
front
door
.
adverb
in
or
to
the
open
air
;
not
indoors
•
It
was
so
hot
that
we
ate
lunch
outside
on
the
patio
.
It
was
so
hot
that
we
ate
lunch
outside
on
the
patio
.
•
The
children
love
playing
outside
after
school
.
The
children
love
playing
outside
after
school
.
noun
the
outer
part
,
surface
,
or
area
of
something
or
somewhere
•
The
shed
looks
small
from
the
outside
,
but
it
has
plenty
of
space
inside
.
The
shed
looks
small
from
the
outside
,
but
it
has
plenty
of
space
inside
.
•
Paint
on
the
outside
of
the
house
is
starting
to
peel
.
Paint
on
the
outside
of
the
house
is
starting
to
peel
.
adjective
located
on
or
relating
to
the
outer
side
,
surface
,
or
edge
of
something
•
Use
the
outside
lane
if
you
plan
to
turn
right
soon
.
Use
the
outside
lane
if
you
plan
to
turn
right
soon
.
•
She
wiped
the
outside
surface
of
the
window
until
it
sparkled
.
She
wiped
the
outside
surface
of
the
window
until
it
sparkled
.
computer
noun
an
electronic
machine
that
can
store
,
process
,
and
display
information
following
a
set
of
instructions
•
Lena
typed
her
homework
on
her
new
computer
.
Lena
typed
her
homework
on
her
new
computer
.
•
At
the
library
,
a
boy
played
a
chess
game
on
the
public
computer
.
At
the
library
,
a
boy
played
a
chess
game
on
the
public
computer
.
formed
from
the
verb
“
compute
”
+
the
agent
suffix
“
-er
”;
first
used
for
people
who
perform
calculations
(
early
17th
c
.),
later
(
mid-20th
c
.)
for
electronic
machines
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
perform
mathematical
calculations
,
especially
before
electronic
machines
existed
•
In
the
1940s
,
a
computer
worked
with
a
slide
rule
to
calculate
flight
paths
.
In
the
1940s
,
a
computer
worked
with
a
slide
rule
to
calculate
flight
paths
.
•
Before
electronic
machines
existed
,
a
team
of
computers
checked
astronomical
tables
all
day
.
Before
electronic
machines
existed
,
a
team
of
computers
checked
astronomical
tables
all
day
.
earliest
use
(
1610s
)
referred
to
a
person
who
computes
;
the
electronic
sense
emerged
in
the
mid-20th
century
truth
noun
the
real
facts
about
a
situation
,
rather
than
guesses
,
lies
,
or
opinions
•
We
finally
learned
the
truth
about
why
the
project
failed
.
We
finally
learned
the
truth
about
why
the
project
failed
.
•
It's
hard
to
tell
the
truth
from
rumors
on
the
internet
.
It's
hard
to
tell
the
truth
from
rumors
on
the
internet
.
Old
English
trēowþ
(
faith
,
fidelity
,
veracity
),
related
to
true
.
noun
a
true
statement
or
principle
that
people
accept
as
correct
•
One
truth
we
all
know
is
that
the
sun
rises
in
the
east
.
One
truth
we
all
know
is
that
the
sun
rises
in
the
east
.
•
Grandfather
loved
to
share
simple
truths
about
life
.
Grandfather
loved
to
share
simple
truths
about
life
.
noun
the
quality
of
being
honest
and
telling
things
as
they
really
are
•
He
values
truth
above
all
else
in
his
friendships
.
He
values
truth
above
all
else
in
his
friendships
.
•
The
witness
swore
to
tell
the
whole
truth
in
court
.
The
witness
swore
to
tell
the
whole
truth
in
court
.
author
noun
a
person
who
writes
books
,
stories
,
articles
,
or
other
texts
,
especially
as
a
job
•
The
author
signed
copies
of
her
new
novel
at
the
bookstore
.
The
author
signed
copies
of
her
new
novel
at
the
bookstore
.
•
Every
author
hopes
readers
will
love
their
stories
.
Every
author
hopes
readers
will
love
their
stories
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
“
autour
,”
from
Latin
“
auctor
”
meaning
“
originator
,
promoter
,
maker
.”
noun
someone
who
creates
or
is
responsible
for
an
idea
,
plan
,
rule
,
or
piece
of
work
•
Scientists
praised
the
author
of
the
groundbreaking
theory
.
Scientists
praised
the
author
of
the
groundbreaking
theory
.
•
She
is
considered
the
author
of
the
new
company
policy
.
She
is
considered
the
author
of
the
new
company
policy
.
verb
to
write
or
create
a
book
,
article
,
report
,
or
other
written
work
•
She
authored
a
best-selling
biography
of
Nelson
Mandela
.
She
authored
a
best-selling
biography
of
Nelson
Mandela
.
•
The
senator
authored
the
bill
to
improve
healthcare
.
The
senator
authored
the
bill
to
improve
healthcare
.
south
noun
the
direction
that
is
opposite
north
on
a
map
or
compass
•
The
compass
needle
points
south
when
we
turn
it
around
.
The
compass
needle
points
south
when
we
turn
it
around
.
•
South
is
opposite
north
on
the
map
hanging
behind
the
teacher
.
South
is
opposite
north
on
the
map
hanging
behind
the
teacher
.
Old
English
“
suð
,”
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Old
Norse
“
suðr
,”
meaning
the
direction
of
the
sun
at
noon
.
noun
the
southern
part
or
area
of
a
country
,
region
,
or
place
•
He
grew
up
in
the
south
of
France
,
near
the
Mediterranean
Sea
.
He
grew
up
in
the
south
of
France
,
near
the
Mediterranean
Sea
.
•
Many
tourists
visit
the
south
of
the
island
for
its
white
beaches
.
Many
tourists
visit
the
south
of
the
island
for
its
white
beaches
.
adverb
toward
the
south
or
in
a
southern
direction
•
The
hikers
continued
south
along
the
ridge
until
sunset
.
The
hikers
continued
south
along
the
ridge
until
sunset
.
•
Drive
five
miles
south
and
you
’
ll
reach
the
lake
.
Drive
five
miles
south
and
you
’
ll
reach
the
lake
.
adjective
located
in
,
coming
from
,
or
facing
the
south
•
The
south
coast
is
famous
for
its
cliffs
.
The
south
coast
is
famous
for
its
cliffs
.
•
We
took
the
south
exit
off
the
highway
.
We
took
the
south
exit
off
the
highway
.
adverb
(
informal
)
used
after
verbs
like
“
go
”
or
“
head
”
to
mean
become
worse
,
fail
,
or
decrease
sharply
•
Our
plans
went
south
after
the
sudden
rainstorm
.
Our
plans
went
south
after
the
sudden
rainstorm
.
•
The
company
’
s
profits
have
headed
south
for
three
consecutive
quarters
.
The
company
’
s
profits
have
headed
south
for
three
consecutive
quarters
.
beautiful
adjective
pleasing
to
look
at
,
hear
,
or
experience
because
it
has
beauty
or
grace
.
•
The
garden
looked
beautiful
after
the
spring
rain
.
The
garden
looked
beautiful
after
the
spring
rain
.
•
She
wore
a
beautiful
red
dress
to
the
party
.
She
wore
a
beautiful
red
dress
to
the
party
.
From
Middle
English
beauteu
+
-ful
;
patterned
after
beauty
.
adjective
informal
:
excellent
,
very
good
,
or
highly
satisfying
.
•
You
played
a
beautiful
game
out
there
!
You
played
a
beautiful
game
out
there
!
•
That
was
a
beautiful
idea
—
you
saved
us
hours
of
work
.
That
was
a
beautiful
idea
—
you
saved
us
hours
of
work
.
authority
noun
-
authority
,
authorities
an
official
organization
or
group
of
people
that
has
the
power
to
enforce
rules
or
laws
•
The
health
authority
issued
new
safety
guidelines
.
The
health
authority
issued
new
safety
guidelines
.
•
Local
authorities
closed
the
park
because
of
flooding
.
Local
authorities
closed
the
park
because
of
flooding
.
Sense
developed
in
the
late
Middle
Ages
as
governments
formalized
bodies
with
specific
powers
.
noun
-
authority
,
authorities
the
power
or
right
to
direct
other
people
and
make
decisions
that
must
be
obeyed
•
The
teacher
has
authority
over
the
classroom
.
The
teacher
has
authority
over
the
classroom
.
•
During
the
storm
,
the
mayor
used
her
emergency
authority
to
close
the
roads
.
During
the
storm
,
the
mayor
used
her
emergency
authority
to
close
the
roads
.
Middle
English
auctorite
,
from
Old
French
auctorité
,
from
Latin
auctoritas
‘
invention
,
advice
,
opinion
,
influence
’,
from
auctor
‘
originator
,
promoter
’.
noun
-
authority
,
authorities
a
person
who
is
accepted
as
an
expert
on
a
subject
•
Dr
.
Chen
is
an
authority
on
marine
biology
.
Dr
.
Chen
is
an
authority
on
marine
biology
.
•
The
book
is
considered
the
leading
authority
on
medieval
architecture
.
The
book
is
considered
the
leading
authority
on
medieval
architecture
.
Extended
from
the
idea
of
‘
power
’
to
someone
whose
knowledge
carries
weight
and
commands
respect
.
absolutely
adverb
completely
or
totally
;
used
to
add
force
to
a
statement
,
quality
,
or
action
.
•
The
view
from
the
mountain
was
absolutely
stunning
.
The
view
from
the
mountain
was
absolutely
stunning
.
•
I
absolutely
forgot
about
our
meeting
—
I'm
sorry
!
I
absolutely
forgot
about
our
meeting
—
I'm
sorry
!
From
Latin
absolutus
(“
free
,
unrestricted
”),
via
Middle
French
and
Middle
English
,
meaning
“
without
restriction
or
qualification
.”
interjection
yes
;
certainly
;
used
to
show
strong
agreement
or
permission
.
•
“
Can
you
finish
the
report
by
Friday
?” “
Absolutely
!”
“
Can
you
finish
the
report
by
Friday
?” “
Absolutely
!”
•
“
Are
you
coming
to
the
party
tonight
?” “
Absolutely
!”
“
Are
you
coming
to
the
party
tonight
?” “
Absolutely
!”
Extension
of
the
adverb
’
s
emphatic
use
into
a
standalone
response
,
first
recorded
in
conversational
English
in
the
late
19th
century
.
executive
noun
a
person
with
a
high-level
job
who
has
the
power
to
make
important
decisions
in
a
company
or
other
organization
•
The
new
executive
met
with
the
marketing
team
to
outline
her
strategy
for
the
year
.
The
new
executive
met
with
the
marketing
team
to
outline
her
strategy
for
the
year
.
•
After
twenty
years
with
the
company
,
Carlos
was
promoted
to
senior
executive
.
After
twenty
years
with
the
company
,
Carlos
was
promoted
to
senior
executive
.
From
Latin
‘
executivus
’
meaning
‘
carrying
out
’,
via
Middle
French
‘
exécutif
’.
adjective
relating
to
people
or
things
that
have
high-level
authority
or
are
designed
for
people
in
high-level
positions
•
She
booked
an
executive
suite
overlooking
the
ocean
for
the
conference
.
She
booked
an
executive
suite
overlooking
the
ocean
for
the
conference
.
•
Only
top
managers
receive
access
to
the
executive
lounge
at
the
airport
.
Only
top
managers
receive
access
to
the
executive
lounge
at
the
airport
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
;
first
used
as
an
adjective
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
-
executive
the
branch
of
government
that
puts
laws
into
effect
and
runs
the
day-to-day
affairs
of
the
state
•
In
the
United
States
,
the
executive
can
veto
laws
passed
by
Congress
.
In
the
United
States
,
the
executive
can
veto
laws
passed
by
Congress
.
•
A
healthy
democracy
relies
on
balance
between
the
legislature
,
judiciary
,
and
the
executive
.
A
healthy
democracy
relies
on
balance
between
the
legislature
,
judiciary
,
and
the
executive
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
developed
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
governmental
power
that
‘
executes
’
the
laws
.
institution
noun
a
large
and
important
organization
created
for
education
,
religion
,
finance
,
or
another
public
purpose
•
Harvard
University
is
a
world-famous
institution
of
higher
learning
.
Harvard
University
is
a
world-famous
institution
of
higher
learning
.
•
The
bank
hopes
to
become
the
leading
financial
institution
in
the
region
.
The
bank
hopes
to
become
the
leading
financial
institution
in
the
region
.
noun
an
established
custom
,
system
,
or
practice
that
is
accepted
as
an
important
part
of
society
•
Many
people
believe
that
marriage
is
a
sacred
institution
.
Many
people
believe
that
marriage
is
a
sacred
institution
.
•
The
institution
of
democracy
allows
citizens
to
choose
their
leaders
.
The
institution
of
democracy
allows
citizens
to
choose
their
leaders
.
noun
a
place
such
as
a
hospital
,
home
,
or
prison
where
people
who
need
special
care
or
supervision
live
•
The
patient
was
moved
to
a
mental
health
institution
for
specialized
care
.
The
patient
was
moved
to
a
mental
health
institution
for
specialized
care
.
•
He
spent
several
months
in
a
rehabilitation
institution
after
the
accident
.
He
spent
several
months
in
a
rehabilitation
institution
after
the
accident
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
has
been
part
of
a
place
or
activity
for
a
very
long
time
and
is
highly
respected
or
well-known
•
At
ninety
,
the
baker
was
considered
a
local
institution
.
At
ninety
,
the
baker
was
considered
a
local
institution
.
•
The
stadium's
giant
hot-dog
vendor
is
an
institution
for
hungry
fans
.
The
stadium's
giant
hot-dog
vendor
is
an
institution
for
hungry
fans
.
noun
the
act
of
starting
or
introducing
something
such
as
a
rule
,
system
,
or
policy
•
The
institution
of
a
curfew
helped
calm
the
city
after
the
unrest
.
The
institution
of
a
curfew
helped
calm
the
city
after
the
unrest
.
•
Parliament
debated
the
institution
of
new
environmental
laws
.
Parliament
debated
the
institution
of
new
environmental
laws
.
mouth
noun
the
opening
in
the
lower
part
of
the
face
that
people
and
many
animals
use
for
eating
,
speaking
,
breathing
,
and
showing
feelings
•
The
baby
opened
his
mouth
wide
for
the
spoonful
of
applesauce
.
The
baby
opened
his
mouth
wide
for
the
spoonful
of
applesauce
.
•
Please
cover
your
mouth
when
you
cough
.
Please
cover
your
mouth
when
you
cough
.
Old
English
“
mūþ
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
“
*munthaz
”,
related
to
German
“
Mund
”
and
Dutch
“
mond
”.
noun
the
opening
or
entrance
of
something
hollow
,
especially
the
place
where
a
river
flows
into
the
sea
or
the
open
end
of
a
cave
,
bottle
,
or
tunnel
•
They
set
up
camp
near
the
mouth
of
the
cave
.
They
set
up
camp
near
the
mouth
of
the
cave
.
•
The
delta
marks
the
mouth
of
the
Nile
River
.
The
delta
marks
the
mouth
of
the
Nile
River
.
verb
to
move
your
lips
to
form
words
without
making
any
sound
,
often
so
only
one
person
can
understand
•
During
the
exam
,
she
silently
mouthed
the
answer
to
her
friend
.
During
the
exam
,
she
silently
mouthed
the
answer
to
her
friend
.
•
He
mouthed
“
thank
you
”
across
the
noisy
room
.
He
mouthed
“
thank
you
”
across
the
noisy
room
.
solution
noun
a
way
of
fixing
a
problem
or
dealing
with
a
difficult
situation
•
The
city
council
hopes
the
new
subway
line
will
be
a
long-term
solution
to
traffic
jams
.
The
city
council
hopes
the
new
subway
line
will
be
a
long-term
solution
to
traffic
jams
.
•
Putting
the
computer
on
a
higher
shelf
proved
a
simple
solution
to
keep
it
away
from
the
toddler
.
Putting
the
computer
on
a
higher
shelf
proved
a
simple
solution
to
keep
it
away
from
the
toddler
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
solutio
’
meaning
‘
a
loosening
,
solving
’.
noun
the
correct
answer
that
makes
a
puzzle
,
question
,
or
equation
work
•
The
solution
to
3
×
x
=
12
is
4
.
The
solution
to
3
×
x
=
12
is
4
.
•
After
hours
of
thinking
,
Leo
finally
wrote
the
correct
solution
in
his
crossword
puzzle
.
After
hours
of
thinking
,
Leo
finally
wrote
the
correct
solution
in
his
crossword
puzzle
.
Middle
English
,
borrowed
from
Latin
‘
solutio
’, ‘
a
solving
’.
noun
a
liquid
in
which
one
substance
has
completely
dissolved
in
another
•
The
nurse
cleaned
the
wound
with
a
mild
saline
solution
.
The
nurse
cleaned
the
wound
with
a
mild
saline
solution
.
•
When
sugar
is
fully
dissolved
,
the
solution
becomes
transparent
.
When
sugar
is
fully
dissolved
,
the
solution
becomes
transparent
.
Adopted
into
scientific
language
in
the
17th
century
from
Latin
‘
solutio
’,
the
act
of
dissolving
.
throughout
preposition
in
every
part
of
a
place
or
thing
•
Colorful
lanterns
were
hung
throughout
the
courtyard
for
the
festival
.
Colorful
lanterns
were
hung
throughout
the
courtyard
for
the
festival
.
•
The
smell
of
fresh
paint
lingered
throughout
the
house
.
The
smell
of
fresh
paint
lingered
throughout
the
house
.
preposition
during
the
whole
of
a
period
of
time
•
She
worked
remotely
throughout
the
summer
.
She
worked
remotely
throughout
the
summer
.
•
It
rained
throughout
the
night
.
It
rained
throughout
the
night
.
adverb
everywhere
;
in
every
part
•
Laughter
could
be
heard
throughout
.
Laughter
could
be
heard
throughout
.
•
Dust
lay
thick
throughout
.
Dust
lay
thick
throughout
.
adverb
for
the
entire
duration
;
all
the
time
•
She
remained
optimistic
throughout
.
She
remained
optimistic
throughout
.
•
The
baby
slept
soundly
throughout
.
The
baby
slept
soundly
throughout
.
shut
verb
-
shut
,
shutting
,
shuts
to
move
something
so
that
it
is
no
longer
open
•
"
Please
shut
the
door
;
it
’
s
getting
cold
."
"
Please
shut
the
door
;
it
’
s
getting
cold
."
•
The
store
shuts
at
9
p
.
m
.,
so
we
need
to
hurry
.
The
store
shuts
at
9
p
.
m
.,
so
we
need
to
hurry
.
Old
English
scyttan
“
to
fasten
a
door
with
a
bolt
,”
related
to
“
shoot
,”
originally
meaning
“
push
a
bar
.”
adjective
closed
;
not
open
•
The
kitchen
window
is
shut
,
but
I
can
still
hear
the
traffic
.
The
kitchen
window
is
shut
,
but
I
can
still
hear
the
traffic
.
•
Keep
the
gate
shut
so
the
dog
doesn
’
t
run
out
.
Keep
the
gate
shut
so
the
dog
doesn
’
t
run
out
.
Early
use
as
past
participle
of
the
verb
“
shut
,”
later
functioning
as
an
adjective
meaning
“
closed
.”
contribute
verb
-
contribute
,
contributing
,
contributes
,
contributed
to
give
money
,
time
,
ideas
,
or
other
help
toward
a
common
fund
,
project
,
or
cause
•
Many
parents
contribute
money
to
the
school
’
s
science
fair
every
year
.
Many
parents
contribute
money
to
the
school
’
s
science
fair
every
year
.
•
Each
team
member
contributed
ideas
during
the
brainstorming
session
.
Each
team
member
contributed
ideas
during
the
brainstorming
session
.
from
Latin
‘
contribuere
’ —
con-
“
together
”
+
tribuere
“
to
allot
,
pay
.”
verb
-
contribute
,
contributing
,
contributes
,
contributed
to
be
one
of
the
causes
of
a
particular
result
•
Heavy
traffic
can
contribute
to
air
pollution
in
big
cities
.
Heavy
traffic
can
contribute
to
air
pollution
in
big
cities
.
•
Lack
of
sleep
contributed
to
her
poor
exam
performance
.
Lack
of
sleep
contributed
to
her
poor
exam
performance
.
verb
-
contribute
,
contributing
,
contributes
,
contributed
to
write
and
send
articles
,
stories
,
or
other
material
for
publication
•
She
regularly
contributes
travel
articles
to
the
local
newspaper
.
She
regularly
contributes
travel
articles
to
the
local
newspaper
.
•
Several
experts
contributed
chapters
to
the
medical
textbook
.
Several
experts
contributed
chapters
to
the
medical
textbook
.
future
noun
the
time
that
will
come
after
the
present
moment
•
Scientists
study
climate
change
to
protect
the
future
of
our
planet
.
Scientists
study
climate
change
to
protect
the
future
of
our
planet
.
•
Instead
of
worrying
about
the
past
,
focus
on
the
future
.
Instead
of
worrying
about
the
past
,
focus
on
the
future
.
adjective
happening
,
existing
,
or
coming
after
the
present
time
•
They
planted
trees
for
future
generations
.
They
planted
trees
for
future
generations
.
•
Our
future
home
will
have
a
big
garden
.
Our
future
home
will
have
a
big
garden
.
noun
the
likely
course
of
someone
’
s
life
or
something
’
s
development
in
the
time
ahead
•
The
coach
told
Mia
she
has
a
bright
future
in
basketball
.
The
coach
told
Mia
she
has
a
bright
future
in
basketball
.
•
After
the
merger
,
the
company's
future
looked
uncertain
.
After
the
merger
,
the
company's
future
looked
uncertain
.
noun
the
verb
tense
used
to
talk
about
actions
or
events
that
have
not
happened
yet
•
In
English
,
we
often
use
“
will
”
to
form
the
future
.
In
English
,
we
often
use
“
will
”
to
form
the
future
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
change
the
sentence
into
the
future
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
change
the
sentence
into
the
future
.
southern
adjective
located
in
,
coming
from
,
or
connected
with
the
south
part
of
a
place
or
the
world
•
Many
species
of
penguin
live
only
in
the
southern
oceans
near
Antarctica
.
Many
species
of
penguin
live
only
in
the
southern
oceans
near
Antarctica
.
•
Tourists
flock
to
the
southern
coast
of
Spain
for
warm
sunshine
in
winter
.
Tourists
flock
to
the
southern
coast
of
Spain
for
warm
sunshine
in
winter
.
Old
English
suðerne
(
from
suð
“
south
”
+
-ern
).
Southern
adjective
relating
to
the
culture
,
people
,
or
traditions
of
the
southern
part
of
a
particular
country
,
especially
the
United
States
•
She
spoke
with
a
gentle
Southern
accent
that
reminded
me
of
Georgia
.
She
spoke
with
a
gentle
Southern
accent
that
reminded
me
of
Georgia
.
•
We
tasted
authentic
Southern
barbecue
at
a
roadside
diner
in
Alabama
.
We
tasted
authentic
Southern
barbecue
at
a
roadside
diner
in
Alabama
.
Capitalized
use
arose
to
denote
cultural
identity
of
the
southern
United
States
(
19th
c
.).
institute
noun
an
organization
established
for
a
particular
purpose
,
especially
education
,
research
,
or
professional
training
•
She
studied
chemistry
at
the
institute
in
the
city
center
.
She
studied
chemistry
at
the
institute
in
the
city
center
.
•
The
government
funded
a
new
institute
for
renewable
energy
research
.
The
government
funded
a
new
institute
for
renewable
energy
research
.
from
Latin
institutum
“
something
established
”,
from
instituere
“
to
set
up
”
verb
-
institute
,
instituting
,
institutes
,
instituted
to
start
something
such
as
a
system
,
rule
,
or
official
process
•
The
company
plans
to
institute
a
more
flexible
working
schedule
next
year
.
The
company
plans
to
institute
a
more
flexible
working
schedule
next
year
.
•
After
the
accident
,
the
city
council
instituted
new
safety
regulations
.
After
the
accident
,
the
city
council
instituted
new
safety
regulations
.
from
Latin
instituere
meaning
“
to
set
up
,
put
in
place
”
outcome
noun
the
final
result
of
an
action
,
event
,
or
situation
•
After
months
of
training
,
the
final
race
outcome
surprised
everyone
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
final
race
outcome
surprised
everyone
.
•
We
will
know
the
election
outcome
tonight
when
all
votes
are
counted
.
We
will
know
the
election
outcome
tonight
when
all
votes
are
counted
.
From
out
+
come
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
in
the
sense
‘
an
act
of
coming
out
’.
The
modern
meaning
of
‘
result
’
appeared
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
in
probability
or
science
,
one
possible
result
that
can
happen
in
an
experiment
,
test
,
or
event
•
When
you
flip
a
coin
, "
heads
"
is
one
possible
outcome
.
When
you
flip
a
coin
, "
heads
"
is
one
possible
outcome
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
list
all
six
outcomes
of
rolling
a
die
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
list
all
six
outcomes
of
rolling
a
die
.
youth
noun
the
period
of
life
when
a
person
is
young
,
especially
before
adulthood
•
In
his
youth
,
my
grandfather
loved
climbing
mountains
.
In
his
youth
,
my
grandfather
loved
climbing
mountains
.
•
She
spent
her
youth
in
a
quiet
seaside
village
.
She
spent
her
youth
in
a
quiet
seaside
village
.
Old
English
geoguth
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
jeugd
and
German
Jugend
.
noun
a
young
male
person
,
especially
a
teenager
or
someone
in
early
adulthood
•
A
helpful
youth
carried
the
bags
up
the
stairs
.
A
helpful
youth
carried
the
bags
up
the
stairs
.
•
The
police
questioned
a
local
youth
about
the
incident
.
The
police
questioned
a
local
youth
about
the
incident
.
noun
young
people
considered
together
as
a
group
,
especially
within
society
•
The
festival
aims
to
inspire
local
youth
to
pursue
art
.
The
festival
aims
to
inspire
local
youth
to
pursue
art
.
•
Unemployment
among
youth
has
decreased
this
year
.
Unemployment
among
youth
has
decreased
this
year
.
duty
noun
-
duty
,
duties
something
you
feel
you
must
do
because
of
law
,
your
job
,
or
moral
principles
•
It's
a
soldier's
duty
to
protect
their
country
.
It's
a
soldier's
duty
to
protect
their
country
.
•
She
felt
it
was
her
duty
to
tell
the
truth
,
even
if
it
hurt
.
She
felt
it
was
her
duty
to
tell
the
truth
,
even
if
it
hurt
.
noun
-
duty
,
duties
the
tasks
and
responsibilities
that
are
part
of
someone
’
s
job
or
role
•
One
of
the
receptionist's
duties
is
to
answer
the
phone
politely
.
One
of
the
receptionist's
duties
is
to
answer
the
phone
politely
.
•
The
nurse
went
off
duty
at
six
o'clock
.
The
nurse
went
off
duty
at
six
o'clock
.
noun
-
duty
,
duties
a
tax
that
must
be
paid
on
goods
brought
into
or
sold
inside
a
country
•
You
must
pay
import
duty
on
that
expensive
watch
.
You
must
pay
import
duty
on
that
expensive
watch
.
•
Customs
officers
calculated
the
duty
before
releasing
the
goods
.
Customs
officers
calculated
the
duty
before
releasing
the
goods
.
beauty
noun
-
beauty
,
beauties
the
pleasing
quality
that
makes
someone
or
something
attractive
to
see
,
hear
,
or
think
about
•
The
beauty
of
the
sunset
left
everyone
silent
.
The
beauty
of
the
sunset
left
everyone
silent
.
•
He
stopped
to
admire
the
natural
beauty
of
the
mountain
valley
.
He
stopped
to
admire
the
natural
beauty
of
the
mountain
valley
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
beaute
,
from
Latin
bellus
‘
pretty
,
handsome
’.
noun
-
beauty
,
beauties
a
person
,
especially
a
woman
,
who
is
very
attractive
•
Everyone
turned
to
look
when
the
famous
beauty
entered
the
room
.
Everyone
turned
to
look
when
the
famous
beauty
entered
the
room
.
•
Her
grandmother
was
considered
a
great
beauty
in
her
youth
.
Her
grandmother
was
considered
a
great
beauty
in
her
youth
.
noun
-
beauty
,
beauties
something
that
is
especially
good
,
impressive
,
or
well
made
•
That
new
electric
guitar
is
a
real
beauty
.
That
new
electric
guitar
is
a
real
beauty
.
•
The
mechanic
showed
me
an
old
car
engine
—
what
a
beauty
it
was
!
The
mechanic
showed
me
an
old
car
engine
—
what
a
beauty
it
was
!
interjection
used
to
express
pleasure
,
approval
,
or
excitement
,
similar
to
“
great
!”
•
“
Beauty
!”
shouted
the
surfer
after
riding
a
perfect
wave
.
“
Beauty
!”
shouted
the
surfer
after
riding
a
perfect
wave
.
•
“
Beauty
,
mate
!
We
finished
the
project
early
,”
said
Liam
.
“
Beauty
,
mate
!
We
finished
the
project
early
,”
said
Liam
.
constitution
noun
the
written
or
unwritten
set
of
fundamental
laws
and
principles
that
describes
how
a
country
,
state
,
or
organization
is
governed
•
Law
students
compared
the
American
constitution
with
the
French
one
for
their
assignment
.
Law
students
compared
the
American
constitution
with
the
French
one
for
their
assignment
.
•
After
independence
,
the
new
nation
drafted
a
constitution
to
protect
human
rights
.
After
independence
,
the
new
nation
drafted
a
constitution
to
protect
human
rights
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
constitutio
(
n-
) ‘
settling
,
established
order
’,
from
constituere
‘
set
up
’.
noun
a
person
’
s
general
state
of
physical
health
,
strength
,
and
vitality
•
Despite
her
age
,
Grandma
still
has
a
strong
constitution
.
Despite
her
age
,
Grandma
still
has
a
strong
constitution
.
•
The
doctor
said
his
weak
constitution
made
him
prone
to
colds
.
The
doctor
said
his
weak
constitution
made
him
prone
to
colds
.
Meaning
“
physical
makeup
or
health
”
appeared
in
the
early
17th
century
,
influenced
by
medical
Latin
uses
of
constitutio
‘
arrangement
of
the
body
’.
noun
the
physical
makeup
,
structure
,
or
composition
of
something
•
Scientists
studied
the
chemical
constitution
of
the
new
alloy
.
Scientists
studied
the
chemical
constitution
of
the
new
alloy
.
•
The
committee
discussed
the
ideal
constitution
of
the
advisory
board
.
The
committee
discussed
the
ideal
constitution
of
the
advisory
board
.
Sense
of
“
make-up
,
composition
”
dates
to
the
17th
century
,
extended
figuratively
from
the
earlier
political
sense
.
contribution
noun
Something
such
as
money
,
help
,
or
ideas
that
you
willingly
give
to
a
person
,
group
,
or
cause
so
they
can
reach
a
goal
.
•
Each
guest
put
a
small
contribution
into
the
charity
box
at
the
door
.
Each
guest
put
a
small
contribution
into
the
charity
box
at
the
door
.
•
The
villagers
’
joint
contribution
paid
for
a
new
well
in
the
dry
season
.
The
villagers
’
joint
contribution
paid
for
a
new
well
in
the
dry
season
.
From
Latin
'contributio'
meaning
'a
bringing
together'
,
from
'contribuere'
(
'con-'
together
+
'tribuere'
give
).
noun
The
part
played
by
a
person
or
thing
in
producing
or
achieving
a
result
;
something
that
helps
to
make
something
happen
or
be
better
.
•
Ada
Lovelace
’
s
contribution
to
computing
laid
the
groundwork
for
modern
programming
.
Ada
Lovelace
’
s
contribution
to
computing
laid
the
groundwork
for
modern
programming
.
•
Regular
exercise
makes
a
huge
contribution
to
good
mental
health
.
Regular
exercise
makes
a
huge
contribution
to
good
mental
health
.
noun
A
piece
of
writing
,
artwork
,
or
other
material
that
someone
sends
to
be
published
or
included
in
a
collection
,
meeting
,
or
event
.
•
Her
short
story
was
accepted
as
a
contribution
to
the
school
magazine
.
Her
short
story
was
accepted
as
a
contribution
to
the
school
magazine
.
•
The
artist
’
s
only
contribution
to
the
exhibition
was
a
vivid
watercolor
of
the
harbor
.
The
artist
’
s
only
contribution
to
the
exhibition
was
a
vivid
watercolor
of
the
harbor
.
noun
A
regular
payment
you
must
make
to
a
government
or
official
fund
,
especially
for
social
security
,
pension
,
or
insurance
.
•
Employees
’
National
Insurance
contribution
rates
rose
this
year
.
Employees
’
National
Insurance
contribution
rates
rose
this
year
.
•
Her
pension
contribution
is
automatically
taken
from
her
salary
each
month
.
Her
pension
contribution
is
automatically
taken
from
her
salary
each
month
.
revolution
noun
a
sudden
and
complete
change
of
government
or
political
system
,
usually
brought
about
by
the
people
through
protest
,
rebellion
,
or
force
•
The
French
revolution
of
1789
changed
the
course
of
European
history
.
The
French
revolution
of
1789
changed
the
course
of
European
history
.
•
After
years
of
oppression
,
the
people
finally
staged
a
revolution
and
toppled
the
dictator
.
After
years
of
oppression
,
the
people
finally
staged
a
revolution
and
toppled
the
dictator
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
,
from
late
Latin
revolutio
(
n-
),
from
revolvere
‘
roll
back
,
turn
over
’.
noun
a
very
great
and
fast
change
in
ideas
,
methods
,
or
technology
that
completely
transforms
a
field
or
way
of
life
•
The
digital
revolution
transformed
how
we
communicate
.
The
digital
revolution
transformed
how
we
communicate
.
•
Some
experts
say
that
artificial
intelligence
will
spark
the
next
revolution
in
medicine
.
Some
experts
say
that
artificial
intelligence
will
spark
the
next
revolution
in
medicine
.
noun
one
complete
orbit
that
a
planet
,
moon
,
or
other
object
makes
around
another
body
in
space
•
The
Earth's
revolution
around
the
Sun
takes
about
365
days
.
The
Earth's
revolution
around
the
Sun
takes
about
365
days
.
•
A
comet's
long
,
elliptical
revolution
can
take
hundreds
of
years
.
A
comet's
long
,
elliptical
revolution
can
take
hundreds
of
years
.
noun
one
complete
turn
of
an
object
around
its
own
center
or
axis
•
The
engine
runs
at
3
,
000
revolutions
per
minute
.
The
engine
runs
at
3
,
000
revolutions
per
minute
.
•
One
full
revolution
of
the
wheel
moves
the
bike
forward
by
two
meters
.
One
full
revolution
of
the
wheel
moves
the
bike
forward
by
two
meters
.
route
noun
a
road
,
path
,
or
course
that
you
follow
to
travel
from
one
place
to
another
•
The
hiking
guide
showed
us
the
easiest
route
to
the
waterfall
.
The
hiking
guide
showed
us
the
easiest
route
to
the
waterfall
.
•
Buses
on
this
route
leave
every
fifteen
minutes
.
Buses
on
this
route
leave
every
fifteen
minutes
.
Borrowed
from
French
"
route
",
from
Latin
"
rupta
(
via
)"
meaning
"
broken
(
way
)",
referring
to
a
cleared
road
.
noun
a
particular
way
of
achieving
or
doing
something
•
Hard
work
is
often
the
surest
route
to
success
.
Hard
work
is
often
the
surest
route
to
success
.
•
The
company
chose
the
digital
route
to
reach
younger
customers
.
The
company
chose
the
digital
route
to
reach
younger
customers
.
verb
-
route
,
routing
,
routes
,
routed
to
send
or
direct
something
along
a
particular
path
•
The
operator
routed
my
call
to
the
technical
department
.
The
operator
routed
my
call
to
the
technical
department
.
•
Emails
are
automatically
routed
through
the
spam
filter
.
Emails
are
automatically
routed
through
the
spam
filter
.
distribution
noun
the
act
or
process
of
delivering
or
handing
out
goods
or
resources
to
various
people
or
places
•
The
charity
organized
the
distribution
of
blankets
to
the
earthquake
survivors
.
The
charity
organized
the
distribution
of
blankets
to
the
earthquake
survivors
.
•
A
truck
arrives
every
morning
for
the
distribution
of
fresh
bread
to
local
shops
.
A
truck
arrives
every
morning
for
the
distribution
of
fresh
bread
to
local
shops
.
From
Latin
distributio
“
division
,
arrangement
”,
from
distribuere
“
to
divide
,
share
out
”.
noun
the
way
something
is
spread
or
shared
over
an
area
,
group
,
or
period
of
time
•
Scientists
mapped
the
distribution
of
endangered
birds
across
the
islands
.
Scientists
mapped
the
distribution
of
endangered
birds
across
the
islands
.
•
Income
distribution
varies
greatly
between
urban
and
rural
communities
.
Income
distribution
varies
greatly
between
urban
and
rural
communities
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
.
noun
in
mathematics
and
statistics
,
a
set
showing
all
the
possible
values
of
data
and
how
often
they
occur
•
The
data
followed
a
normal
distribution
around
the
average
value
.
The
data
followed
a
normal
distribution
around
the
average
value
.
•
Understanding
the
probability
distribution
helps
predict
future
sales
.
Understanding
the
probability
distribution
helps
predict
future
sales
.
Adopted
for
mathematical
use
in
the
late
19th
century
,
extending
the
general
sense
of
“
arrangement
”
to
numerical
values
.
button
noun
a
small
,
usually
round
object
that
you
push
through
a
hole
or
loop
to
fasten
clothes
or
pieces
of
cloth
together
•
She
sewed
a
new
button
onto
her
coat
after
the
old
one
fell
off
.
She
sewed
a
new
button
onto
her
coat
after
the
old
one
fell
off
.
•
The
baby
loved
playing
with
the
bright
red
buttons
on
his
father's
shirt
.
The
baby
loved
playing
with
the
bright
red
buttons
on
his
father's
shirt
.
Middle
English
botoun
,
from
Old
French
boton
(“
bud
;
knob
”).
noun
a
small
part
on
a
machine
or
device
that
you
press
to
make
it
start
,
stop
,
or
do
something
•
Press
the
green
button
to
start
the
machine
.
Press
the
green
button
to
start
the
machine
.
•
The
elevator's
emergency
button
is
bright
red
and
easy
to
see
.
The
elevator's
emergency
button
is
bright
red
and
easy
to
see
.
Transferred
sense
from
the
clothing
fastener
to
any
small
pressable
knob
(
late
19th
c
.).
verb
-
button
,
buttoning
,
buttons
,
buttoned
to
fasten
or
close
something
by
pushing
buttons
through
the
matching
holes
or
loops
•
It's
cold
outside
,
so
button
your
coat
before
you
leave
.
It's
cold
outside
,
so
button
your
coat
before
you
leave
.
•
She
buttoned
the
baby's
tiny
sweater
carefully
.
She
buttoned
the
baby's
tiny
sweater
carefully
.
From
the
noun
sense
of
the
clothing
fastener
,
recorded
as
a
verb
since
the
16th
century
.
noun
a
clickable
icon
on
a
computer
,
phone
,
or
website
screen
that
you
tap
or
click
to
perform
an
action
•
Click
the
'Submit'
button
to
send
your
application
.
Click
the
'Submit'
button
to
send
your
application
.
•
The
mute
button
on
my
phone's
screen
turns
the
microphone
off
.
The
mute
button
on
my
phone's
screen
turns
the
microphone
off
.
Extended
metaphor
from
physical
buttons
to
virtual
ones
with
the
rise
of
graphical
user
interfaces
in
the
1980s
.
prosecutor
noun
a
lawyer
who
works
for
the
government
in
a
criminal
case
and
tries
to
prove
that
the
person
on
trial
committed
the
crime
•
The
prosecutor
showed
the
jury
photographs
of
the
crime
scene
.
The
prosecutor
showed
the
jury
photographs
of
the
crime
scene
.
•
After
new
evidence
appeared
,
the
prosecutor
decided
to
drop
all
charges
.
After
new
evidence
appeared
,
the
prosecutor
decided
to
drop
all
charges
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
prōscrīptor
and
later
Medieval
Latin
prōsecūtor
,
literally
“
one
who
follows
up
(
a
legal
action
).”
The
sense
of
a
state
lawyer
developed
in
English
in
the
17th
century
.
shout
verb
to
speak
or
call
out
in
a
very
loud
voice
so
that
people
far
away
or
in
a
noisy
place
can
hear
you
•
The
coach
shouted
instructions
across
the
windy
soccer
field
.
The
coach
shouted
instructions
across
the
windy
soccer
field
.
•
She
leaned
out
the
window
and
shouted
her
friend
’
s
name
.
She
leaned
out
the
window
and
shouted
her
friend
’
s
name
.
From
Middle
English
shouten
,
probably
of
imitative
origin
reflecting
a
loud
cry
.
noun
a
loud
cry
or
call
made
with
the
voice
•
A
sudden
shout
came
from
the
crowd
as
the
fireworks
began
.
A
sudden
shout
came
from
the
crowd
as
the
fireworks
began
.
•
We
heard
a
shout
for
help
echoing
through
the
forest
.
We
heard
a
shout
for
help
echoing
through
the
forest
.
noun
(
informal
)
an
occasion
when
it
is
your
turn
to
pay
for
a
round
of
drinks
for
everyone
in
a
group
•
It
’
s
my
shout
—
what
will
you
have
?
It
’
s
my
shout
—
what
will
you
have
?
•
They
take
turns
,
so
each
person
’
s
shout
keeps
the
evening
fair
.
They
take
turns
,
so
each
person
’
s
shout
keeps
the
evening
fair
.
Australian
usage
dating
from
the
late
19th
century
,
extended
from
the
sense
of
calling
out
to
the
bartender
.
verb
(
informal
)
to
pay
for
drinks
or
a
treat
for
everyone
in
a
group
•
I
’
ll
shout
dinner
tonight
because
you
helped
me
move
.
I
’
ll
shout
dinner
tonight
because
you
helped
me
move
.
•
Who
’
s
going
to
shout
the
first
round
?
Who
’
s
going
to
shout
the
first
round
?
resolution
noun
strong
decision
and
determination
to
keep
or
achieve
something
•
At
the
start
of
the
year
,
Carla
made
a
resolution
to
read
one
book
every
month
.
At
the
start
of
the
year
,
Carla
made
a
resolution
to
read
one
book
every
month
.
•
With
fierce
resolution
,
the
firefighter
climbed
the
ladder
toward
the
flames
.
With
fierce
resolution
,
the
firefighter
climbed
the
ladder
toward
the
flames
.
late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
resolutio
(
n-
),
from
resolvere
‘
loosen
,
release
’.
noun
a
formal
statement
of
a
decision
agreed
on
by
a
meeting
,
committee
,
or
government
body
•
The
city
council
passed
a
resolution
to
build
more
parks
.
The
city
council
passed
a
resolution
to
build
more
parks
.
•
Shareholders
voted
on
a
resolution
to
appoint
a
new
CEO
.
Shareholders
voted
on
a
resolution
to
appoint
a
new
CEO
.
noun
the
act
of
finding
an
answer
or
ending
a
problem
,
dispute
,
or
conflict
•
Both
sides
worked
toward
the
resolution
of
the
labor
strike
.
Both
sides
worked
toward
the
resolution
of
the
labor
strike
.
•
The
mediator
guided
the
couple
toward
a
peaceful
resolution
.
The
mediator
guided
the
couple
toward
a
peaceful
resolution
.
noun
the
level
of
detail
and
sharpness
that
can
be
seen
in
an
image
,
screen
,
or
instrument
•
This
camera
offers
high
resolution
even
in
low
light
.
This
camera
offers
high
resolution
even
in
low
light
.
•
Please
send
the
logo
in
a
higher
resolution
file
.
Please
send
the
logo
in
a
higher
resolution
file
.
noun
in
music
,
the
movement
of
a
note
or
chord
from
tension
to
a
stable
,
consonant
sound
•
The
tension
in
the
symphony
found
its
resolution
in
a
gentle
major
chord
.
The
tension
in
the
symphony
found
its
resolution
in
a
gentle
major
chord
.
•
Listeners
waited
for
the
delayed
resolution
that
gives
the
piece
its
unique
flavor
.
Listeners
waited
for
the
delayed
resolution
that
gives
the
piece
its
unique
flavor
.
noun
in
chemistry
,
the
process
of
separating
a
mixture
,
especially
a
racemic
mixture
,
into
its
individual
components
•
The
chemist
achieved
the
resolution
of
the
racemic
mixture
using
chiral
chromatography
.
The
chemist
achieved
the
resolution
of
the
racemic
mixture
using
chiral
chromatography
.
•
Efficient
resolution
of
enantiomers
is
vital
in
drug
production
.
Efficient
resolution
of
enantiomers
is
vital
in
drug
production
.
boot out
verb
-
boot
out
,
booting
out
,
boots
out
,
booted
out
to
force
someone
to
leave
a
place
,
job
,
or
organization
•
Security
booted
out
the
unruly
fan
after
he
threw
a
bottle
.
Security
booted out
the
unruly
fan
after
he
threw
a
bottle
.
•
The
company
booted
out
two
employees
for
leaking
data
.
The
company
booted out
two
employees
for
leaking
data
.
Figurative
use
of
“
boot
”
as
a
forceful
kick
plus
particle
“
out
”,
first
recorded
early
20th
century
.
reputation
noun
the
general
opinion
that
people
have
about
someone
or
something
,
based
on
past
actions
or
behavior
•
After
the
scandal
,
the
politician's
reputation
was
ruined
.
After
the
scandal
,
the
politician's
reputation
was
ruined
.
•
The
company
worked
hard
to
build
a
positive
reputation
for
customer
service
.
The
company
worked
hard
to
build
a
positive
reputation
for
customer
service
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
reputatio
‘
consideration
’,
from
reputare
‘
think
over
’.
evolution
noun
-
evolution
the
slow
change
in
living
things
over
many
generations
that
can
eventually
create
new
species
•
Scientists
study
the
evolution
of
birds
from
dinosaurs
.
Scientists
study
the
evolution
of
birds
from
dinosaurs
.
•
Charles
Darwin
’
s
book
explained
how
natural
selection
drives
evolution
.
Charles
Darwin
’
s
book
explained
how
natural
selection
drives
evolution
.
from
Latin
evolutio
“
unrolling
,
opening
,”
later
used
in
biology
for
the
idea
of
organisms
unfolding
or
developing
over
time
noun
a
slow
and
steady
development
or
change
in
something
,
such
as
an
idea
,
product
,
or
situation
•
The
rapid
evolution
of
smartphones
has
changed
the
way
we
communicate
.
The
rapid
evolution
of
smartphones
has
changed
the
way
we
communicate
.
•
Her
cooking
skills
went
through
an
evolution
from
simple
dishes
to
gourmet
meals
.
Her
cooking
skills
went
through
an
evolution
from
simple
dishes
to
gourmet
meals
.
noun
a
planned
movement
or
series
of
movements
,
especially
by
soldiers
,
ships
,
or
aircraft
,
carried
out
for
practice
or
show
•
The
troops
practiced
a
complicated
evolution
on
the
parade
ground
.
The
troops
practiced
a
complicated
evolution
on
the
parade
ground
.
•
During
the
naval
display
,
the
ships
performed
a
synchronized
evolution
.
During
the
naval
display
,
the
ships
performed
a
synchronized
evolution
.
constitutional
noun
a
short
walk
taken
regularly
for
exercise
and
fresh
air
.
•
Every
morning
,
the
elderly
man
took
his
constitutional
along
the
river
.
Every
morning
,
the
elderly
man
took
his
constitutional
along
the
river
.
•
Would
you
like
to
join
me
for
a
quick
constitutional
before
lunch
?
Would
you
like
to
join
me
for
a
quick
constitutional
before
lunch
?
19th-century
humorous
use
of
the
adjective
to
mean
a
walk
that
benefits
one
’
s
constitution
(
health
).
adjective
relating
to
or
allowed
by
a
country
’
s
constitution
,
especially
its
basic
laws
and
citizens
’
rights
.
•
The
Supreme
Court
ruled
that
the
new
law
was
constitutional
.
The
Supreme
Court
ruled
that
the
new
law
was
constitutional
.
•
Thousands
of
protesters
filled
the
central
square
,
chanting
for
constitutional
reforms
.
Thousands
of
protesters
filled
the
central
square
,
chanting
for
constitutional
reforms
.
From
constitution
+
-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
referring
to
the
nature
of
a
system
of
government
.
adjective
relating
to
a
person
’
s
natural
physical
condition
and
health
.
•
After
months
of
rest
,
his
constitutional
strength
improved
.
After
months
of
rest
,
his
constitutional
strength
improved
.
•
Some
people
have
a
constitutional
resistance
to
cold
weather
.
Some
people
have
a
constitutional
resistance
to
cold
weather
.
Used
since
the
early
18th
century
to
describe
bodily
health
,
from
constitution
meaning
the
makeup
of
the
body
.
butter
noun
-
butter
a
pale
yellow
,
creamy
food
made
by
churning
cream
,
eaten
as
a
spread
or
used
in
cooking
•
At
breakfast
,
Mia
spread
butter
on
her
toast
while
the
coffee
brewed
.
At
breakfast
,
Mia
spread
butter
on
her
toast
while
the
coffee
brewed
.
•
The
recipe
says
to
melt
butter
in
a
pan
before
adding
the
onions
.
The
recipe
says
to
melt
butter
in
a
pan
before
adding
the
onions
.
Old
English
“
butere
”,
from
Latin
“
butyrum
”,
ultimately
from
Greek
“
bouturon
”
meaning
cow
cheese
.
verb
to
spread
butter
on
food
or
to
coat
something
with
butter
•
She
carefully
buttered
each
slice
of
warm
bread
for
the
picnic
.
She
carefully
buttered
each
slice
of
warm
bread
for
the
picnic
.
•
The
chef
buttered
the
sizzling
steak
to
give
it
a
rich
flavor
.
The
chef
buttered
the
sizzling
steak
to
give
it
a
rich
flavor
.
Verb
sense
comes
from
the
noun
,
first
recorded
in
late
Middle
English
.
cute
adjective
-
cute
,
cuter
,
cutest
attractive
in
a
pretty
,
charming
,
or
endearing
way
•
The
puppy
looked
so
cute
in
its
tiny
sweater
.
The
puppy
looked
so
cute
in
its
tiny
sweater
.
•
Maya
thought
the
handmade
snowman
was
cute
and
took
a
photo
.
Maya
thought
the
handmade
snowman
was
cute
and
took
a
photo
.
Shortened
from
acute
in
the
18th
century
,
shifting
from
“
shrewd
”
to
“
attractive
”
in
American
English
during
the
19th
century
.
adjective
-
cute
,
cuter
,
cutest
clever
or
tricky
in
a
way
that
can
seem
annoying
or
too
smart
•
"
Don't
try
to
be
cute
,"
the
teacher
warned
when
the
boy
gave
a
sarcastic
answer
.
"
Don't
try
to
be
cute
,"
the
teacher
warned
when
the
boy
gave
a
sarcastic
answer
.
•
He
got
into
trouble
for
a
cute
tax
trick
that
the
auditor
noticed
.
He
got
into
trouble
for
a
cute
tax
trick
that
the
auditor
noticed
.
From
earlier
sense
“
shrewd
,
clever
,”
itself
from
acute
;
over
time
the
negative
nuance
of
being
too
clever
developed
.
deputy
noun
-
deputy
,
deputies
a
person
who
is
officially
chosen
to
help
a
leader
and
to
act
for
them
when
they
are
not
present
•
When
the
CEO
fell
ill
,
the
deputy
chaired
the
quarterly
meeting
.
When
the
CEO
fell
ill
,
the
deputy
chaired
the
quarterly
meeting
.
•
The
school
principal
relied
on
her
deputy
to
handle
discipline
while
she
visited
other
classes
.
The
school
principal
relied
on
her
deputy
to
handle
discipline
while
she
visited
other
classes
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
"
deputé
",
past
participle
of
"
deputer
"
meaning
‘
to
assign
’
or
‘
to
appoint
’.
noun
-
deputy
,
deputies
a
police
officer
who
works
for
a
county
sheriff
and
has
the
authority
to
enforce
the
law
•
A
deputy
pulled
over
the
speeding
car
on
the
rural
highway
.
A
deputy
pulled
over
the
speeding
car
on
the
rural
highway
.
•
The
sheriff
and
his
deputy
questioned
witnesses
after
the
robbery
.
The
sheriff
and
his
deputy
questioned
witnesses
after
the
robbery
.
Sense
developed
in
American
English
in
the
19th
century
as
shorthand
for
“
deputy
sheriff
.”
noun
-
deputy
,
deputies
an
elected
representative
in
the
lower
house
of
parliament
in
some
countries
,
especially
in
Europe
•
The
deputy
proposed
a
new
labor
law
during
the
parliamentary
session
.
The
deputy
proposed
a
new
labor
law
during
the
parliamentary
session
.
•
After
the
election
,
he
celebrated
his
first
day
as
a
deputy
of
the
National
Assembly
.
After
the
election
,
he
celebrated
his
first
day
as
a
deputy
of
the
National
Assembly
.
Borrowed
from
French
"
député
",
referring
to
someone
sent
or
appointed
;
the
parliamentary
sense
dates
from
the
French
Revolution
.
routine
noun
a
usual
series
of
actions
that
you
do
in
the
same
order
,
often
every
day
•
After
waking
up
,
Mia
followed
her
routine
of
brushing
her
teeth
and
making
coffee
.
After
waking
up
,
Mia
followed
her
routine
of
brushing
her
teeth
and
making
coffee
.
•
Sticking
to
a
study
routine
helped
Daniel
pass
his
exams
.
Sticking
to
a
study
routine
helped
Daniel
pass
his
exams
.
From
French
routine
“
habitual
course
of
action
”,
from
route
“
road
,
way
”.
noun
a
planned
performance
in
dance
,
gymnastics
,
comedy
,
or
entertainment
•
The
gymnast's
floor
routine
amazed
the
judges
.
The
gymnast's
floor
routine
amazed
the
judges
.
•
During
the
parade
,
the
cheerleaders
performed
a
lively
routine
.
During
the
parade
,
the
cheerleaders
performed
a
lively
routine
.
adjective
happening
as
a
normal
part
of
something
and
not
special
or
unexpected
•
The
mechanic
carried
out
a
routine
check
of
the
car's
brakes
.
The
mechanic
carried
out
a
routine
check
of
the
car's
brakes
.
•
Doctors
discovered
the
problem
during
a
routine
medical
scan
.
Doctors
discovered
the
problem
during
a
routine
medical
scan
.
noun
a
small
part
of
a
computer
program
that
performs
a
specific
task
•
This
routine
sorts
the
list
in
alphabetical
order
.
This
routine
sorts
the
list
in
alphabetical
order
.
•
The
programmer
wrote
a
backup
routine
to
run
every
night
.
The
programmer
wrote
a
backup
routine
to
run
every
night
.
utility
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
basic
public
service
such
as
electricity
,
water
,
or
gas
that
people
need
for
everyday
life
•
Our
rent
includes
all
utilities
,
so
we
don't
pay
extra
for
water
or
electricity
.
Our
rent
includes
all
utilities
,
so
we
don't
pay
extra
for
water
or
electricity
.
•
Some
rural
areas
lack
reliable
utility
services
such
as
natural
gas
.
Some
rural
areas
lack
reliable
utility
services
such
as
natural
gas
.
noun
-
utility
the
quality
of
being
useful
or
practical
and
able
to
satisfy
a
need
•
The
lightweight
design
adds
to
the
phone's
utility
for
travelers
.
The
lightweight
design
adds
to
the
phone's
utility
for
travelers
.
•
She
questioned
the
utility
of
carrying
a
heavy
laptop
when
a
tablet
would
do
.
She
questioned
the
utility
of
carrying
a
heavy
laptop
when
a
tablet
would
do
.
From
Latin
utilitas
“
use
,
advantage
”,
from
utilis
“
useful
”.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
company
or
public
organization
that
supplies
electricity
,
water
,
gas
,
or
similar
services
•
The
local
utility
announced
a
rate
increase
starting
next
month
.
The
local
utility
announced
a
rate
increase
starting
next
month
.
•
Many
investors
see
a
utility
as
a
safe
long-term
stock
.
Many
investors
see
a
utility
as
a
safe
long-term
stock
.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
small
computer
program
that
performs
a
specific
helpful
task
•
I
ran
a
disk-cleanup
utility
to
free
up
storage
space
.
I
ran
a
disk-cleanup
utility
to
free
up
storage
space
.
•
The
antivirus
utility
updated
its
virus
definitions
overnight
.
The
antivirus
utility
updated
its
virus
definitions
overnight
.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
(
sports
)
a
player
who
can
competently
play
several
different
positions
•
The
coach
values
him
as
a
utility
because
he
can
cover
both
infield
and
outfield
.
The
coach
values
him
as
a
utility
because
he
can
cover
both
infield
and
outfield
.
•
Every
football
team
needs
at
least
one
utility
on
the
bench
.
Every
football
team
needs
at
least
one
utility
on
the
bench
.
adjective
designed
for
practical
use
rather
than
for
decoration
or
luxury
•
He
bought
a
pair
of
sturdy
utility
boots
for
hiking
.
He
bought
a
pair
of
sturdy
utility
boots
for
hiking
.
•
The
building
includes
a
small
utility
room
with
shelves
and
a
washing
machine
.
The
building
includes
a
small
utility
room
with
shelves
and
a
washing
machine
.
noun
-
utility
in
economics
,
the
satisfaction
or
benefit
a
person
gains
from
using
a
good
or
service
•
Economists
assume
that
consumers
try
to
maximize
their
utility
.
Economists
assume
that
consumers
try
to
maximize
their
utility
.
•
The
study
measured
the
utility
people
receive
from
online
shopping
.
The
study
measured
the
utility
people
receive
from
online
shopping
.
nut
noun
a
hard-shelled
seed
or
fruit
that
people
or
animals
can
eat
•
She
cracked
the
nut
with
a
small
hammer
to
taste
the
fresh
kernel
.
She
cracked
the
nut
with
a
small
hammer
to
taste
the
fresh
kernel
.
•
During
the
hike
,
Tom
offered
me
a
handful
of
roasted
nuts
for
energy
.
During
the
hike
,
Tom
offered
me
a
handful
of
roasted
nuts
for
energy
.
Old
English
hnutu
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
noot
and
German
Nuss
.
noun
a
small
metal
block
with
a
hole
and
internal
threads
that
screws
onto
a
bolt
to
hold
things
together
•
Tighten
the
bolt
and
nut
with
a
wrench
so
the
wheel
stays
in
place
.
Tighten
the
bolt
and
nut
with
a
wrench
so
the
wheel
stays
in
place
.
•
The
mechanic
dropped
a
tiny
nut
and
had
to
search
for
it
under
the
car
.
The
mechanic
dropped
a
tiny
nut
and
had
to
search
for
it
under
the
car
.
Sense
extended
from
the
shape
resemblance
between
the
metal
piece
and
a
seed
nut
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
informal
:
a
person
who
is
extremely
enthusiastic
about
a
particular
subject
or
activity
•
My
brother
is
a
real
guitar
nut
and
practices
every
day
.
My
brother
is
a
real
guitar
nut
and
practices
every
day
.
•
As
a
history
nut
,
Emma
spends
weekends
visiting
old
castles
.
As
a
history
nut
,
Emma
spends
weekends
visiting
old
castles
.
Developed
from
the
idea
of
someone
being
"
cracked
"
like
a
nut
with
intense
interest
,
first
recorded
early
1900s
.
noun
informal
:
a
person
who
is
mentally
unstable
or
behaving
very
strangely
•
People
thought
the
inventor
was
a
nut
until
his
machine
actually
worked
.
People
thought
the
inventor
was
a
nut
until
his
machine
actually
worked
.
•
Don't
call
her
a
nut
just
because
her
ideas
are
unusual
.
Don't
call
her
a
nut
just
because
her
ideas
are
unusual
.
Extension
of
slang
sense
meaning
"
head
",
with
the
idea
that
something
is
wrong
inside
the
head
.
noun
UK
informal
:
someone
’
s
head
•
I
slipped
on
the
ice
and
banged
my
nut
on
the
pavement
.
I
slipped
on
the
ice
and
banged
my
nut
on
the
pavement
.
•
Wear
a
helmet
to
protect
your
nut
when
cycling
.
Wear
a
helmet
to
protect
your
nut
when
cycling
.
From
the
resemblance
of
the
human
head
to
a
round
seed
nut
;
recorded
in
British
slang
since
the
1840s
.
verb
-
nut
,
nutting
,
nuts
,
nutted
UK
informal
:
to
hit
someone
with
your
head
•
The
footballer
was
sent
off
for
trying
to
nut
his
opponent
.
The
footballer
was
sent
off
for
trying
to
nut
his
opponent
.
•
If
you
nut
someone
in
a
fight
,
you
can
break
your
own
nose
.
If
you
nut
someone
in
a
fight
,
you
can
break
your
own
nose
.
Verb
use
came
from
slang
noun
sense
"
head
"
in
late
19th-century
British
street
speech
.
absolute
adjective
complete
or
total
,
with
nothing
missing
,
limited
,
or
reduced
.
•
The
project
was
an
absolute
disaster
from
start
to
finish
.
The
project
was
an
absolute
disaster
from
start
to
finish
.
•
She
felt
an
absolute
joy
when
she
saw
her
newborn
baby
.
She
felt
an
absolute
joy
when
she
saw
her
newborn
baby
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
absolutus
,
past
participle
of
absolvere
“
to
set
free
,
complete
,
finish
.”
adjective
not
limited
or
conditional
;
unconditional
and
unrestricted
.
•
The
dictator
held
absolute
power
over
the
country
.
The
dictator
held
absolute
power
over
the
country
.
•
Parents
are
expected
to
give
their
children
absolute
love
and
support
.
Parents
are
expected
to
give
their
children
absolute
love
and
support
.
adjective
measured
from
a
fixed
zero
point
on
a
scale
rather
than
in
relation
to
something
else
.
•
Water
freezes
at
273
kelvins
on
the
absolute
temperature
scale
.
Water
freezes
at
273
kelvins
on
the
absolute
temperature
scale
.
•
In
math
class
,
we
learned
about
the
absolute
value
of
negative
numbers
.
In
math
class
,
we
learned
about
the
absolute
value
of
negative
numbers
.
noun
something
that
is
perfect
,
ultimate
,
and
not
dependent
on
anything
else
for
its
existence
,
especially
in
philosophy
or
ethics
.
•
Some
philosophers
debate
whether
the
absolute
can
ever
be
known
by
the
human
mind
.
Some
philosophers
debate
whether
the
absolute
can
ever
be
known
by
the
human
mind
.
•
For
her
,
moral
truth
was
an
absolute
,
not
open
to
negotiation
.
For
her
,
moral
truth
was
an
absolute
,
not
open
to
negotiation
.
distribute
verb
-
distribute
,
distributing
,
distributes
,
distributed
to
give
or
hand
out
things
to
many
people
so
that
each
one
gets
a
share
•
The
volunteers
distributed
hot
meals
to
flood
victims
.
The
volunteers
distributed
hot
meals
to
flood
victims
.
•
The
teacher
distributes
the
worksheets
at
the
start
of
every
lesson
.
The
teacher
distributes
the
worksheets
at
the
start
of
every
lesson
.
From
Latin
distribuere
“
to
divide
,
allot
”,
from
dis-
“
apart
”
+
tribuere
“
to
assign
”.
verb
-
distribute
,
distributing
,
distributes
,
distributed
to
spread
something
over
an
area
or
among
things
so
that
it
covers
or
affects
them
fairly
evenly
•
Please
distribute
the
sand
evenly
across
the
playground
.
Please
distribute
the
sand
evenly
across
the
playground
.
•
The
weight
of
the
bridge
is
distributed
across
several
steel
cables
.
The
weight
of
the
bridge
is
distributed
across
several
steel
cables
.
verb
-
distribute
,
distributing
,
distributes
,
distributed
(
mathematics
)
to
multiply
a
number
by
each
term
inside
brackets
,
applying
the
distributive
property
•
To
simplify
3
(
x
+
2
),
you
distribute
the
3
and
get
3x
+
6
.
To
simplify
3
(
x
+
2
),
you
distribute
the
3
and
get
3x
+
6
.
•
Remember
to
distribute
the
negative
sign
across
the
brackets
.
Remember
to
distribute
the
negative
sign
across
the
brackets
.
buttocks
noun
the
two
rounded
,
fleshy
parts
at
the
back
of
the
hips
on
which
a
person
sits
•
The
toddler
slipped
on
the
grass
and
landed
on
his
buttocks
,
but
he
burst
into
giggles
.
The
toddler
slipped
on
the
grass
and
landed
on
his
buttocks
,
but
he
burst
into
giggles
.
•
The
physiotherapist
showed
Ben
exercises
to
strengthen
the
muscles
in
his
buttocks
and
thighs
.
The
physiotherapist
showed
Ben
exercises
to
strengthen
the
muscles
in
his
buttocks
and
thighs
.
lieutenant
noun
an
officer
of
middle
rank
in
the
army
,
navy
,
or
air
force
,
below
captain
•
After
years
of
training
,
Maria
was
promoted
to
lieutenant
in
the
air
force
.
After
years
of
training
,
Maria
was
promoted
to
lieutenant
in
the
air
force
.
•
The
lieutenant
ordered
her
platoon
to
take
cover
behind
the
rocks
.
The
lieutenant
ordered
her
platoon
to
take
cover
behind
the
rocks
.
from
Old
French
lieu
‘
place
’
+
tenant
‘
holding
’,
originally
meaning
‘
placeholder
’
for
a
superior
officer
noun
someone
who
acts
as
the
assistant
or
second-in-command
to
a
leader
or
person
in
charge
•
In
the
company
,
Sara
served
as
the
CEO
’
s
trusted
lieutenant
,
organizing
every
major
project
.
In
the
company
,
Sara
served
as
the
CEO
’
s
trusted
lieutenant
,
organizing
every
major
project
.
•
The
crime
boss
sent
his
most
loyal
lieutenant
to
negotiate
the
deal
.
The
crime
boss
sent
his
most
loyal
lieutenant
to
negotiate
the
deal
.
figurative
extension
of
the
military
sense
,
referring
to
anyone
who
‘
holds
the
place
’
of
a
leader
constitute
verb
-
constitute
,
constituting
,
constitutes
,
constituted
to
make
up
or
form
something
by
combining
parts
•
Twelve
months
constitute
a
year
.
Twelve
months
constitute
a
year
.
•
Women
now
constitute
a
large
share
of
the
nation
’
s
workforce
.
Women
now
constitute
a
large
share
of
the
nation
’
s
workforce
.
From
Latin
“
constitūtus
,”
past
participle
of
“
constituere
”
meaning
“
to
set
up
,
establish
,
put
together
.”
verb
-
constitute
,
constituting
,
constitutes
,
constituted
to
officially
create
or
set
up
a
group
,
body
,
or
authority
•
The
government
will
constitute
a
panel
to
investigate
the
accident
.
The
government
will
constitute
a
panel
to
investigate
the
accident
.
•
A
committee
was
constituted
to
review
the
policy
.
A
committee
was
constituted
to
review
the
policy
.
verb
-
constitute
,
constituting
,
constitutes
,
constituted
to
be
or
be
considered
as
something
;
amount
to
•
Failing
to
pay
taxes
can
constitute
a
crime
.
Failing
to
pay
taxes
can
constitute
a
crime
.
•
These
rumors
do
not
constitute
evidence
.
These
rumors
do
not
constitute
evidence
.
dispute
noun
a
serious
disagreement
or
argument
between
people
,
groups
,
or
countries
•
The
neighbors
had
a
serious
dispute
over
the
property
line
.
The
neighbors
had
a
serious
dispute
over
the
property
line
.
•
The
labor
union
threatened
to
strike
after
a
pay
dispute
with
the
company
.
The
labor
union
threatened
to
strike
after
a
pay
dispute
with
the
company
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
dispute
,
from
disputare
‘
discuss
,
dispute
’
in
Latin
.
verb
-
dispute
,
disputing
,
disputes
,
disputed
to
question
,
challenge
,
or
argue
about
something
,
saying
it
is
wrong
or
should
not
be
accepted
•
Ella
disputed
the
parking
ticket
,
showing
photos
of
an
empty
meter
.
Ella
disputed
the
parking
ticket
,
showing
photos
of
an
empty
meter
.
•
The
scientist
politely
disputed
the
theory
during
the
conference
.
The
scientist
politely
disputed
the
theory
during
the
conference
.
From
Latin
disputare
meaning
‘
to
discuss
,
argue
’.
auto
noun
a
car
;
an
automobile
•
After
months
of
saving
,
Mia
finally
bought
a
shiny
red
auto
.
After
months
of
saving
,
Mia
finally
bought
a
shiny
red
auto
.
•
We
packed
our
bags
and
drove
the
auto
to
the
coast
for
the
weekend
.
We
packed
our
bags
and
drove
the
auto
to
the
coast
for
the
weekend
.
Shortened
form
of
“
automobile
,”
first
recorded
in
American
English
in
the
early
1900s
.
adjective
working
by
itself
without
needing
human
control
;
automatic
•
Switch
the
washing
machine
to
the
auto
cycle
before
you
leave
.
Switch
the
washing
machine
to
the
auto
cycle
before
you
leave
.
•
The
camera
adjusts
its
exposure
automatically
in
auto
mode
.
The
camera
adjusts
its
exposure
automatically
in
auto
mode
.
Shortened
from
“
automatic
,”
influenced
by
technical
labeling
on
devices
from
the
mid-20th
century
onward
.
mutual
adjective
experienced
,
felt
,
or
done
by
each
of
two
or
more
people
or
groups
toward
the
other
or
others
•
Their
mutual
respect
helped
them
work
together
smoothly
.
Their
mutual
respect
helped
them
work
together
smoothly
.
•
The
two
countries
signed
a
treaty
of
mutual
defence
.
The
two
countries
signed
a
treaty
of
mutual
defence
.
From
Late
Latin
mutuus
“
borrowed
,
reciprocal
”
+
‑al
.
adjective
shared
or
in
common
between
two
or
more
people
or
things
•
Emma
introduced
me
to
a
mutual
friend
from
college
.
Emma
introduced
me
to
a
mutual
friend
from
college
.
•
They
found
they
had
mutual
interests
in
hiking
and
photography
.
They
found
they
had
mutual
interests
in
hiking
and
photography
.
From
the
later
broadening
of
sense
1
,
first
recorded
in
early
18th-century
English
.
noun
a
financial
organization
such
as
a
building
society
or
insurance
company
that
is
owned
by
its
members
,
who
share
in
any
profits
•
After
comparing
rates
,
she
moved
her
mortgage
to
a
mutual
for
better
customer
service
.
After
comparing
rates
,
she
moved
her
mortgage
to
a
mutual
for
better
customer
service
.
•
Some
mutuals
converted
into
banks
during
the
1990s
.
Some
mutuals
converted
into
banks
during
the
1990s
.
Short
for
“
mutual
society
,”
first
attested
late
19th
century
in
British
English
.
automatically
adverb
without
any
human
control
or
effort
,
by
means
of
a
machine
,
program
,
or
built-in
mechanism
•
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
•
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
From
automatic
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
self-acting
machines
.
adverb
without
conscious
thought
,
because
of
habit
or
instinct
•
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
•
He
automatically
says
“
thank
you
”
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
He
automatically
says
“
thank
you
”
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
Extension
of
the
mechanical
sense
to
human
behavior
in
the
late
19th
century
,
describing
actions
done
‘
as
if
by
machinery
’.
adverb
inevitably
or
by
necessary
rule
,
without
an
extra
decision
•
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
•
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
Legal
and
bureaucratic
writing
in
the
20th
century
adopted
the
adverb
to
mean
‘
as
a
matter
of
course
or
rule
’.
gut
noun
the
stomach
or
belly
of
a
person
or
animal
,
especially
when
thought
of
as
a
single
tube
where
food
is
digested
•
He
held
his
gut
after
eating
too
much
pizza
.
He
held
his
gut
after
eating
too
much
pizza
.
•
The
doctor
gently
pressed
on
the
patient
’
s
gut
to
check
for
pain
.
The
doctor
gently
pressed
on
the
patient
’
s
gut
to
check
for
pain
.
Old
English
gutas
,
the
intestinal
organs
;
related
to
German
Gedärm
.
Originally
plural
,
later
re-analysed
as
singular
.
noun
bravery
and
determination
that
make
someone
able
to
face
danger
,
fear
,
or
difficult
situations
•
It
takes
real
gut
to
stand
up
to
a
bully
.
It
takes
real
gut
to
stand
up
to
a
bully
.
•
She
showed
a
lot
of
gut
when
she
quit
her
secure
job
to
start
a
business
.
She
showed
a
lot
of
gut
when
she
quit
her
secure
job
to
start
a
business
.
Transferred
sense
from
the
idea
that
bravery
comes
from
deep
inside
one
’
s
body
.
adjective
based
on
deep
,
instinctive
feelings
rather
than
careful
thought
•
I
had
a
gut
feeling
that
we
were
making
the
wrong
choice
.
I
had
a
gut
feeling
that
we
were
making
the
wrong
choice
.
•
His
gut
reaction
was
to
say
no
,
even
before
hearing
all
the
details
.
His
gut
reaction
was
to
say
no
,
even
before
hearing
all
the
details
.
Adjective
use
dates
from
the
1930s
,
from
the
noun
sense
of
emotions
felt
deep
in
the
stomach
.
verb
-
gut
,
gutting
,
guts
,
gutted
to
remove
the
internal
organs
of
an
animal
or
to
take
out
the
inside
parts
of
something
•
The
fishermen
quickly
gutted
the
salmon
on
the
dock
.
The
fishermen
quickly
gutted
the
salmon
on
the
dock
.
•
Workers
gutted
the
old
house
before
starting
the
renovation
.
Workers
gutted
the
old
house
before
starting
the
renovation
.
Old
English
guttian
“
to
eviscerate
,”
from
gut
(
noun
).
input
noun
information
,
numbers
,
or
commands
that
are
put
into
a
computer
,
machine
,
or
electronic
system
so
it
can
work
•
She
clicked
the
mouse
and
entered
the
input
into
the
form
.
She
clicked
the
mouse
and
entered
the
input
into
the
form
.
•
The
robot
stops
whenever
it
receives
the
wrong
input
.
The
robot
stops
whenever
it
receives
the
wrong
input
.
formed
in
English
in
the
1940s
from
the
prefix
in-
“
into
”
+
put
,
on
the
model
of
output
noun
-
input
ideas
,
opinions
,
or
advice
that
someone
contributes
to
help
make
a
decision
or
improve
something
•
The
teacher
asked
every
student
for
their
input
on
the
project
topic
.
The
teacher
asked
every
student
for
their
input
on
the
project
topic
.
•
Thank
you
for
your
helpful
input
during
the
meeting
.
Thank
you
for
your
helpful
input
during
the
meeting
.
metaphorically
extended
from
the
computing
sense
to
personal
contributions
in
the
1960s
verb
-
input
,
inputting
,
inputs
,
inputted
to
type
or
otherwise
put
information
,
numbers
,
or
commands
into
a
computer
or
other
device
•
Please
input
your
password
to
continue
.
Please
input
your
password
to
continue
.
•
She
input
the
survey
data
into
the
spreadsheet
.
She
input
the
survey
data
into
the
spreadsheet
.
verb
use
recorded
from
1946
,
back-formed
from
the
noun
noun
the
amount
of
energy
,
power
,
or
resources
that
go
into
a
machine
,
process
,
or
project
•
The
factory
reduced
energy
input
by
upgrading
its
equipment
.
The
factory
reduced
energy
input
by
upgrading
its
equipment
.
•
Crop
yield
depends
on
the
level
of
nutrient
input
.
Crop
yield
depends
on
the
level
of
nutrient
input
.
developed
as
a
technical
extension
of
the
basic
computing
sense
in
the
mid-20th
century
pollution
noun
-
pollution
harmful
substances
,
noise
,
or
other
forms
of
waste
that
make
air
,
water
,
or
land
dirty
or
unhealthy
•
The
thick
smog
over
the
city
showed
how
bad
the
pollution
had
become
.
The
thick
smog
over
the
city
showed
how
bad
the
pollution
had
become
.
•
Farmers
tested
the
soil
for
pollution
before
planting
their
crops
.
Farmers
tested
the
soil
for
pollution
before
planting
their
crops
.
from
Latin
polluere
‘
to
soil
,
defile
’,
through
Old
French
pollution
and
Middle
English
pollution
noun
-
pollution
the
act
or
process
of
making
air
,
water
,
or
land
dirty
or
unhealthy
•
The
pollution
of
the
river
began
when
the
factory
started
dumping
waste
.
The
pollution
of
the
river
began
when
the
factory
started
dumping
waste
.
•
Strict
laws
aim
to
reduce
the
pollution
of
the
atmosphere
.
Strict
laws
aim
to
reduce
the
pollution
of
the
atmosphere
.
from
Latin
polluere
‘
to
soil
,
defile
’,
through
Old
French
pollution
and
Middle
English
pollution
institutional
adjective
connected
with
or
relating
to
a
large
organization
such
as
a
bank
,
university
,
or
government
department
•
Major
funds
attract
institutional
money
from
pension
schemes
.
Major
funds
attract
institutional
money
from
pension
schemes
.
•
The
company
specializes
in
serving
institutional
clients
such
as
universities
.
The
company
specializes
in
serving
institutional
clients
such
as
universities
.
Derived
from
institution
+-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
.
adjective
having
the
plain
,
impersonal
quality
typical
of
places
like
hospitals
,
prisons
,
or
dormitories
•
He
disliked
the
dull
,
institutional
beige
walls
of
the
hospital
ward
.
He
disliked
the
dull
,
institutional
beige
walls
of
the
hospital
ward
.
•
The
food
tasted
bland
and
institutional
.
The
food
tasted
bland
and
institutional
.
From
the
sense
of
furnishings
or
conditions
typical
of
public
institutions
,
first
attested
late
19th
century
.
adjective
existing
as
part
of
the
structures
,
rules
,
or
culture
of
a
system
or
society
rather
than
coming
from
individual
people
•
Campaigners
say
institutional
bias
keeps
many
women
out
of
leadership
roles
.
Campaigners
say
institutional
bias
keeps
many
women
out
of
leadership
roles
.
•
They
filed
a
report
exposing
institutional
corruption
in
the
police
force
.
They
filed
a
report
exposing
institutional
corruption
in
the
police
force
.
Sense
extended
in
the
mid-20th
century
to
describe
entrenched
social
structures
.
execute
verb
-
execute
,
executing
,
executes
,
executed
to
carry
out
or
put
into
effect
something
that
has
been
planned
or
ordered
•
The
engineers
carefully
executed
the
design
to
meet
safety
standards
.
The
engineers
carefully
executed
the
design
to
meet
safety
standards
.
•
If
we
execute
this
marketing
strategy
well
,
sales
will
increase
.
If
we
execute
this
marketing
strategy
well
,
sales
will
increase
.
From
Latin
“
exsequi
”
meaning
“
to
follow
out
,
accomplish
.”
verb
-
execute
,
executing
,
executes
,
executed
to
make
a
computer
run
a
program
or
command
•
Double-click
the
icon
to
execute
the
software
update
.
Double-click
the
icon
to
execute
the
software
update
.
•
The
script
executes
automatically
when
the
server
restarts
.
The
script
executes
automatically
when
the
server
restarts
.
verb
-
execute
,
executing
,
executes
,
executed
to
perform
or
produce
something
,
especially
a
skillful
movement
or
artwork
,
with
precision
•
The
dancer
executed
a
perfect
pirouette
on
stage
.
The
dancer
executed
a
perfect
pirouette
on
stage
.
•
He
executed
the
painting
with
remarkable
detail
.
He
executed
the
painting
with
remarkable
detail
.
verb
-
execute
,
executing
,
executes
,
executed
to
kill
someone
officially
as
punishment
decided
by
a
court
•
The
judge
sentenced
the
prisoner
to
be
executed
for
his
crimes
.
The
judge
sentenced
the
prisoner
to
be
executed
for
his
crimes
.
•
Historically
,
people
were
executed
for
offenses
that
are
no
longer
considered
capital
crimes
.
Historically
,
people
were
executed
for
offenses
that
are
no
longer
considered
capital
crimes
.
verb
-
execute
,
executing
,
executes
,
executed
to
sign
a
legal
document
so
that
it
becomes
officially
valid
•
Both
parties
must
execute
the
contract
before
work
can
begin
.
Both
parties
must
execute
the
contract
before
work
can
begin
.
•
The
will
was
executed
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
The
will
was
executed
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
attribute
noun
a
quality
or
feature
that
is
typical
of
someone
or
something
•
Honesty
is
an
attribute
that
all
leaders
should
have
.
Honesty
is
an
attribute
that
all
leaders
should
have
.
•
Patience
is
an
important
attribute
when
teaching
young
children
.
Patience
is
an
important
attribute
when
teaching
young
children
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
attributus
,
past
participle
of
attribuere
“
to
assign
”.
verb
-
attribute
,
attributing
,
attributes
,
attributed
to
say
or
believe
that
something
is
caused
,
made
,
or
written
by
a
particular
person
or
thing
•
She
attributes
her
success
to
hard
work
and
supportive
parents
.
She
attributes
her
success
to
hard
work
and
supportive
parents
.
•
The
famous
painting
is
attributed
to
a
little-known
Italian
artist
.
The
famous
painting
is
attributed
to
a
little-known
Italian
artist
.
Same
Latin
root
as
the
noun
:
attributus
“
assigned
”.
noun
in
computing
,
a
piece
of
information
attached
to
a
file
or
element
that
gives
extra
details
about
it
•
In
the
HTML
tag
,
the
'src'
attribute
tells
the
browser
where
to
find
the
image
.
In
the
HTML
tag
,
the
'src'
attribute
tells
the
browser
where
to
find
the
image
.
•
The
file
’
s
'created'
attribute
shows
the
date
it
was
made
.
The
file
’
s
'created'
attribute
shows
the
date
it
was
made
.
Adopted
by
the
computing
field
in
the
1960s–70s
,
extending
the
general
sense
of
“
quality
”
to
digital
objects
.
prosecution
noun
the
official
process
of
bringing
someone
accused
of
a
crime
to
court
and
trying
to
prove
they
are
guilty
•
Successful
prosecution
of
the
crime
depended
on
reliable
eyewitnesses
.
Successful
prosecution
of
the
crime
depended
on
reliable
eyewitnesses
.
•
The
detective
gathered
fresh
evidence
for
the
prosecution
.
The
detective
gathered
fresh
evidence
for
the
prosecution
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
prosecutio
‘
continuation
,
pursuit
’,
from
prosequi
‘
pursue
’
noun
the
lawyers
who
act
for
the
state
and
try
to
prove
in
court
that
someone
is
guilty
of
a
crime
•
The
prosecution
called
its
first
witness
to
the
stand
.
The
prosecution
called
its
first
witness
to
the
stand
.
•
During
cross-examination
,
the
defense
tried
to
undermine
the
prosecution
.
During
cross-examination
,
the
defense
tried
to
undermine
the
prosecution
.
noun
the
act
of
actively
pursuing
or
carrying
out
a
plan
,
project
,
or
activity
until
it
is
completed
•
The
city
allocated
extra
funds
for
the
prosecution
of
the
new
housing
project
.
The
city
allocated
extra
funds
for
the
prosecution
of
the
new
housing
project
.
•
Weather
conditions
slowed
the
prosecution
of
the
mountain
rescue
.
Weather
conditions
slowed
the
prosecution
of
the
mountain
rescue
.
butt
noun
the
part
of
the
body
that
you
sit
on
;
your
bottom
•
Max
slipped
on
the
ice
and
landed
right
on
his
butt
.
Max
slipped
on
the
ice
and
landed
right
on
his
butt
.
•
After
hours
of
driving
,
my
butt
was
numb
.
After
hours
of
driving
,
my
butt
was
numb
.
From
Middle
English
butte
,
probably
from
Old
French
but
"
target
,
end
";
over
time
the
sense
shifted
to
mean
the
rear
end
of
something
,
eventually
a
person
’
s
backside
.
noun
the
small
,
burned
end
of
a
cigarette
or
cigar
that
remains
after
most
of
it
has
been
smoked
•
He
flicked
the
cigarette
butt
into
the
ashtray
.
He
flicked
the
cigarette
butt
into
the
ashtray
.
•
Please
don
’
t
drop
your
butts
on
the
sidewalk
.
Please
don
’
t
drop
your
butts
on
the
sidewalk
.
Extension
of
earlier
sense
“
end
or
remainder
of
something
.”
Recorded
in
this
meaning
since
the
late
19th
century
,
after
cigarettes
became
common
.
verb
-
butt
,
butting
,
butts
,
butted
to
hit
,
push
,
or
knock
something
or
someone
with
the
head
or
horns
•
The
angry
goat
butted
the
fence
with
its
horns
.
The
angry
goat
butted
the
fence
with
its
horns
.
•
The
players
accidentally
butted
heads
going
for
the
ball
.
The
players
accidentally
butted
heads
going
for
the
ball
.
Old
English
buttian
“
to
thrust
with
horns
,”
related
to
Old
Norse
bauta
“
to
strike
,”
surviving
through
Middle
English
as
“
butten
.”
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
is
the
target
of
jokes
,
criticism
,
or
ridicule
•
His
wild
theories
made
him
the
butt
of
late-night
comedy
shows
.
His
wild
theories
made
him
the
butt
of
late-night
comedy
shows
.
•
Jenny
hated
being
the
butt
of
her
classmates
’
jokes
.
Jenny
hated
being
the
butt
of
her
classmates
’
jokes
.
From
the
sense
“
target
”
used
in
archery
;
first
recorded
figuratively
for
a
person
in
the
early
17th
century
.
noun
a
mound
,
board
,
or
other
structure
used
as
a
target
for
shooting
arrows
or
bullets
•
The
archers
stood
thirty
meters
from
the
butt
.
The
archers
stood
thirty
meters
from
the
butt
.
•
Soldiers
practiced
firing
at
the
rifle
butts
all
afternoon
.
Soldiers
practiced
firing
at
the
rifle
butts
all
afternoon
.
Early
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
but
“
target
;
end
,”
later
specialized
to
mean
the
target
structure
itself
.
noun
a
carpentry
joint
made
by
placing
the
square
ends
of
two
pieces
of
wood
together
•
The
frame
was
assembled
with
simple
butt
joints
.
The
frame
was
assembled
with
simple
butt
joints
.
•
A
butt
joint
is
weaker
than
a
dovetail
joint
.
A
butt
joint
is
weaker
than
a
dovetail
joint
.
Specialized
use
of
“
butt
”
meaning
“
end
”
in
carpentry
and
engineering
,
attested
since
the
18th
century
.
noun
a
large
wooden
cask
for
storing
beer
,
wine
,
or
other
liquids
,
traditionally
holding
about
126
gallons
(
475
liters
)
•
The
sherry
was
aged
in
an
oak
butt
for
ten
years
.
The
sherry
was
aged
in
an
oak
butt
for
ten
years
.
•
A
single
butt
of
port
could
supply
an
entire
tavern
.
A
single
butt
of
port
could
supply
an
entire
tavern
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
butte
"
mound
,
target
,”
later
applied
to
large
barrels
because
of
their
bulky
ends
.
scout
noun
a
boy
or
girl
who
is
a
member
of
the
Scout
Association
,
wearing
a
uniform
and
learning
practical
skills
and
teamwork
•
Every
Tuesday
evening
the
scout
troop
meets
to
practice
knot-tying
.
Every
Tuesday
evening
the
scout
troop
meets
to
practice
knot-tying
.
•
The
young
scout
proudly
sewed
a
new
badge
onto
her
sash
.
The
young
scout
proudly
sewed
a
new
badge
onto
her
sash
.
noun
a
person
,
especially
a
soldier
,
who
is
sent
ahead
to
gather
information
about
an
enemy
or
unfamiliar
place
•
The
scout
crawled
to
the
hilltop
to
observe
the
enemy
camp
through
his
binoculars
.
The
scout
crawled
to
the
hilltop
to
observe
the
enemy
camp
through
his
binoculars
.
•
Our
patrol
waited
for
the
scout
to
return
with
news
of
the
safest
route
.
Our
patrol
waited
for
the
scout
to
return
with
news
of
the
safest
route
.
From
Old
French
escouter
“
to
listen
”,
later
meaning
a
listener
sent
ahead
(
15th
c
.).
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
find
talented
people
for
sports
teams
,
music
companies
,
or
other
organizations
•
The
baseball
scout
timed
the
pitcher
’
s
throws
with
a
radar
gun
.
The
baseball
scout
timed
the
pitcher
’
s
throws
with
a
radar
gun
.
•
A
talent
scout
discovered
the
singer
while
she
was
performing
at
a
small
café
.
A
talent
scout
discovered
the
singer
while
she
was
performing
at
a
small
café
.
verb
to
look
carefully
in
different
places
in
order
to
find
information
or
discover
something
•
We
spent
the
afternoon
scouting
the
coastline
for
a
good
spot
to
surf
.
We
spent
the
afternoon
scouting
the
coastline
for
a
good
spot
to
surf
.
•
She
scouted
local
cafés
before
choosing
the
perfect
one
for
her
art
exhibition
.
She
scouted
local
cafés
before
choosing
the
perfect
one
for
her
art
exhibition
.
scout out
verb
-
scout
out
,
scouting
out
,
scouts
out
,
scouted
out
to
find
or
check
something
by
making
a
careful
search
first
•
Let
’
s
scout
out
a
quiet
restaurant
before
mum
’
s
birthday
.
Let
’
s
scout out
a
quiet
restaurant
before
mum
’
s
birthday
.
•
The
director
scouted
out
filming
locations
in
the
desert
.
The
director
scouted out
filming
locations
in
the
desert
.
utilize
verb
-
utilize
,
utilizing
,
utilizes
,
utilized
to
use
something
effectively
for
a
particular
purpose
•
The
company
plans
to
utilize
solar
energy
to
power
its
factories
.
The
company
plans
to
utilize
solar
energy
to
power
its
factories
.
•
Students
can
utilize
the
online
library
to
access
scholarly
articles
for
their
research
.
Students
can
utilize
the
online
library
to
access
scholarly
articles
for
their
research
.
Early
19th
century
:
from
French
utiliser
,
from
Italian
utilizzare
,
from
Latin
utilis
‘
useful
’.
statute
noun
A
formal
written
law
passed
by
a
national
or
regional
legislature
.
•
The
new
statute
bans
smoking
in
all
restaurants
across
the
country
.
The
new
statute
bans
smoking
in
all
restaurants
across
the
country
.
•
Under
this
statute
,
employers
must
provide
safety
equipment
to
every
worker
.
Under
this
statute
,
employers
must
provide
safety
equipment
to
every
worker
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
‘
statut
’,
from
late
Latin
‘
statūtum
’
meaning
‘
law
,
decree
’,
from
Latin
‘
statūere
’ ‘
to
set
up
,
establish
’.
noun
An
official
written
rule
that
governs
the
internal
affairs
of
an
organization
,
institution
,
or
university
.
•
According
to
the
university
’
s
statute
,
students
must
attend
at
least
80%
of
their
classes
.
According
to
the
university
’
s
statute
,
students
must
attend
at
least
80%
of
their
classes
.
•
The
club
changed
its
statute
to
allow
remote
members
to
vote
online
.
The
club
changed
its
statute
to
allow
remote
members
to
vote
online
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
:
from
Latin
‘
statūtum
’
meaning
‘
something
set
up
’.
output
noun
the
amount
of
something
that
is
produced
by
a
person
,
machine
,
factory
,
or
country
•
The
factory
increased
its
output
after
installing
new
machines
.
The
factory
increased
its
output
after
installing
new
machines
.
•
Farmer
Lee
measures
the
output
of
his
apple
orchard
each
season
.
Farmer
Lee
measures
the
output
of
his
apple
orchard
each
season
.
from
out
+
put
,
first
used
in
the
1800s
for
industrial
production
noun
information
or
results
that
a
computer
or
electronic
device
produces
and
shows
,
prints
,
or
sends
•
The
screen
displays
the
output
of
the
program
in
bright
green
text
.
The
screen
displays
the
output
of
the
program
in
bright
green
text
.
•
If
the
printer
runs
out
of
ink
,
the
output
will
be
faint
and
blurry
.
If
the
printer
runs
out
of
ink
,
the
output
will
be
faint
and
blurry
.
extended
in
the
1950s
to
computing
for
data
produced
by
machines
noun
-
output
the
amount
of
electrical
power
or
energy
that
a
machine
or
device
delivers
•
This
generator
has
an
output
of
5
,
000
watts
.
This
generator
has
an
output
of
5
,
000
watts
.
•
Lowering
the
volume
reduces
the
amplifier's
output
.
Lowering
the
volume
reduces
the
amplifier's
output
.
adopted
in
technical
fields
in
the
early
1900s
for
electrical
power
produced
verb
-
output
,
outputting
,
outputs
,
outputted
to
produce
something
,
especially
information
or
power
,
and
send
it
out
•
The
software
quickly
outputs
a
full
report
.
The
software
quickly
outputs
a
full
report
.
•
When
pressed
,
the
smart
speaker
outputs
clear
audio
.
When
pressed
,
the
smart
speaker
outputs
clear
audio
.
verb
use
developed
from
the
noun
in
the
early
1900s
,
especially
in
technical
contexts
outlet
noun
an
electrical
socket
in
a
wall
or
floor
that
supplies
power
to
plug-in
devices
•
She
plugged
her
phone
charger
into
the
wall
outlet
before
going
to
bed
.
She
plugged
her
phone
charger
into
the
wall
outlet
before
going
to
bed
.
•
Every
seat
on
the
train
has
a
power
outlet
for
laptops
.
Every
seat
on
the
train
has
a
power
outlet
for
laptops
.
noun
a
hole
,
pipe
,
or
other
opening
where
a
liquid
,
gas
,
or
other
substance
can
flow
out
•
Water
rushed
through
the
outlet
at
the
base
of
the
dam
.
Water
rushed
through
the
outlet
at
the
base
of
the
dam
.
•
The
technician
cleared
the
air
outlet
on
the
dryer
so
clothes
would
dry
faster
.
The
technician
cleared
the
air
outlet
on
the
dryer
so
clothes
would
dry
faster
.
From
out
+
let
,
literally
“
let
out
.”
Originally
meant
a
means
of
escape
or
release
(
17th
c
.).
noun
a
shop
,
often
one
of
many
,
that
sells
goods
directly
to
customers
,
especially
at
lower
prices
than
usual
•
We
bought
new
shoes
at
the
factory
outlet
for
half
the
normal
price
.
We
bought
new
shoes
at
the
factory
outlet
for
half
the
normal
price
.
•
This
brand
has
over
two
hundred
outlets
across
the
country
.
This
brand
has
over
two
hundred
outlets
across
the
country
.
noun
a
way
for
someone
to
express
strong
feelings
,
energy
,
or
creativity
•
Painting
became
an
outlet
for
her
stress
after
work
.
Painting
became
an
outlet
for
her
stress
after
work
.
•
Jogging
every
morning
gives
him
an
outlet
for
his
excess
energy
.
Jogging
every
morning
gives
him
an
outlet
for
his
excess
energy
.
noun
a
newspaper
,
website
,
television
channel
,
or
other
organization
that
provides
news
or
information
to
the
public
•
Several
media
outlets
reported
the
story
within
minutes
.
Several
media
outlets
reported
the
story
within
minutes
.
•
The
online
outlet
launched
a
podcast
to
reach
younger
audiences
.
The
online
outlet
launched
a
podcast
to
reach
younger
audiences
.
outstanding
adjective
extremely
good
or
impressive
•
The
pianist
gave
an
outstanding
performance
that
left
the
audience
in
awe
.
The
pianist
gave
an
outstanding
performance
that
left
the
audience
in
awe
.
•
Jenna
received
an
award
for
her
outstanding
volunteer
work
at
the
shelter
.
Jenna
received
an
award
for
her
outstanding
volunteer
work
at
the
shelter
.
adjective
waiting
to
be
dealt
with
,
paid
,
or
settled
•
I
still
have
three
outstanding
bills
to
pay
before
the
end
of
the
month
.
I
still
have
three
outstanding
bills
to
pay
before
the
end
of
the
month
.
•
The
detective
kept
a
list
of
outstanding
cases
pinned
to
the
corkboard
.
The
detective
kept
a
list
of
outstanding
cases
pinned
to
the
corkboard
.
southwest
noun
The
direction
exactly
halfway
between
south
and
west
,
at
an
angle
of
225°
on
a
compass
.
•
The
sun
set
in
the
southwest
behind
the
mountains
.
The
sun
set
in
the
southwest
behind
the
mountains
.
•
Sail
ten
miles
to
the
southwest
to
reach
the
island
.
Sail
ten
miles
to
the
southwest
to
reach
the
island
.
Old
English
‘
sūð-west
’,
from
‘
sūð
’ (
south
)
+
‘
west
’.
adjective
Located
in
,
coming
from
,
or
facing
the
direction
between
south
and
west
.
•
They
moved
to
a
southwest
suburb
of
the
city
.
They
moved
to
a
southwest
suburb
of
the
city
.
•
The
southwest
corner
of
the
garden
gets
the
most
sun
.
The
southwest
corner
of
the
garden
gets
the
most
sun
.
Formed
by
combining
south
+
west
as
an
adjective
phrase
,
later
solidified
into
one
word
.
adverb
In
or
toward
the
direction
between
south
and
west
.
•
The
flock
of
birds
flew
southwest
for
the
winter
.
The
flock
of
birds
flew
southwest
for
the
winter
.
•
We
continued
southwest
across
the
desert
.
We
continued
southwest
across
the
desert
.
Adverbial
use
of
the
compass
point
name
‘
southwest
’.
Southwest
noun
-
Southwest
The
southwestern
part
of
a
country
,
region
,
or
area
,
often
written
with
a
capital
letter
and
used
with
‘
the
’.
•
Many
retirees
like
the
warm
climate
of
the
Southwest
.
Many
retirees
like
the
warm
climate
of
the
Southwest
.
•
Drought
has
affected
farms
across
the
Southwest
.
Drought
has
affected
farms
across
the
Southwest
.
Extension
of
the
compass
term
to
label
the
area
lying
in
that
quarter
.
outer
adjective
-
outer
,
outermost
situated
on
or
forming
the
outside
part
of
something
•
She
kept
her
keys
in
the
outer
pocket
of
her
backpack
.
She
kept
her
keys
in
the
outer
pocket
of
her
backpack
.
•
A
turtle
’
s
outer
shell
protects
its
soft
body
.
A
turtle
’
s
outer
shell
protects
its
soft
body
.
From
Middle
English
,
comparative
form
of
the
adjective
'out'
,
meaning
more
out
or
farther
outside
.
adjective
-
outer
,
outermost
farther
from
the
center
of
something
•
Park
your
bike
on
the
outer
ring
of
the
parking
lot
.
Park
your
bike
on
the
outer
ring
of
the
parking
lot
.
•
The
outer
lanes
of
the
track
are
for
slower
runners
.
The
outer
lanes
of
the
track
are
for
slower
runners
.
Same
comparative
origin
as
the
main
sense
,
extended
to
talk
about
distance
from
a
center
,
especially
in
geometry
and
everyday
spatial
descriptions
.
adjective
-
outer
,
outermost
relating
to
or
located
in
space
beyond
the
Earth
’
s
atmosphere
•
Scientists
dream
of
traveling
to
outer
space
.
Scientists
dream
of
traveling
to
outer
space
.
•
The
telescope
can
observe
outer
planets
like
Neptune
.
The
telescope
can
observe
outer
planets
like
Neptune
.
Adopted
for
astronomical
use
in
the
late
19th
century
to
describe
space
beyond
Earth
,
especially
in
terms
like
“
outer
space
”
and
“
outer
planet
.”
outfit
noun
A
set
of
clothes
worn
together
for
a
particular
occasion
or
purpose
.
•
She
chose
a
stylish
outfit
for
the
wedding
.
She
chose
a
stylish
outfit
for
the
wedding
.
•
His
bright
jogging
outfit
makes
him
easy
to
spot
at
night
.
His
bright
jogging
outfit
makes
him
easy
to
spot
at
night
.
noun
A
group
of
people
working
together
as
an
organization
,
especially
a
business
,
military
unit
,
or
criminal
gang
.
•
The
software
outfit
released
a
new
app
last
week
.
The
software
outfit
released
a
new
app
last
week
.
•
A
small
criminal
outfit
controlled
the
neighborhood
in
the
1920s
.
A
small
criminal
outfit
controlled
the
neighborhood
in
the
1920s
.
verb
-
outfit
,
outfitting
,
outfits
,
outfitted
To
supply
someone
or
something
with
the
clothes
,
equipment
,
or
tools
needed
for
a
particular
purpose
.
•
The
sponsor
outfitted
the
team
with
new
uniforms
.
The
sponsor
outfitted
the
team
with
new
uniforms
.
•
They
outfitted
the
cabin
with
solar
panels
before
winter
arrived
.
They
outfitted
the
cabin
with
solar
panels
before
winter
arrived
.
execution
noun
the
act
of
carrying
out
a
plan
,
order
,
or
task
•
Precise
execution
of
the
rescue
plan
saved
everyone
on
the
sinking
ship
.
Precise
execution
of
the
rescue
plan
saved
everyone
on
the
sinking
ship
.
•
Good
project
management
focuses
on
both
planning
and
flawless
execution
.
Good
project
management
focuses
on
both
planning
and
flawless
execution
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
executio
‘
carrying
out
’.
noun
the
act
of
putting
someone
to
death
legally
as
punishment
for
a
serious
crime
•
The
court
scheduled
the
prisoner's
execution
for
the
following
month
.
The
court
scheduled
the
prisoner's
execution
for
the
following
month
.
•
Many
activists
protest
against
the
execution
of
convicted
criminals
.
Many
activists
protest
against
the
execution
of
convicted
criminals
.
Same
origin
as
general
sense
,
but
specialized
for
legal
killing
in
the
15th
century
.
noun
the
style
or
quality
with
which
something
is
performed
or
made
•
Critics
praised
the
painting
for
its
bold
concept
and
flawless
execution
.
Critics
praised
the
painting
for
its
bold
concept
and
flawless
execution
.
•
The
gymnast
’
s
routine
was
difficult
,
but
her
execution
lacked
precision
.
The
gymnast
’
s
routine
was
difficult
,
but
her
execution
lacked
precision
.
Sense
extended
in
the
17th
century
to
describe
how
something
is
carried
out
artistically
.
noun
the
process
by
which
a
computer
runs
a
program
or
command
•
During
execution
,
the
software
checks
each
line
for
errors
.
During
execution
,
the
software
checks
each
line
for
errors
.
•
A
bug
caused
the
program
’
s
execution
to
stop
unexpectedly
.
A
bug
caused
the
program
’
s
execution
to
stop
unexpectedly
.
Adopted
in
computing
in
the
mid-20th
century
,
when
programs
were
said
to
be
‘
executed
’
by
machines
.
noun
the
legal
process
of
enforcing
a
court
judgment
or
order
•
The
creditor
requested
the
execution
of
the
judgment
against
the
debtor
’
s
assets
.
The
creditor
requested
the
execution
of
the
judgment
against
the
debtor
’
s
assets
.
•
Without
proper
execution
,
a
favorable
verdict
may
remain
unenforced
.
Without
proper
execution
,
a
favorable
verdict
may
remain
unenforced
.
Legal
sense
dates
to
the
15th
century
,
referring
to
carrying
out
the
decision
of
a
court
.
revolutionary
adjective
bringing
about
or
involving
a
sudden
,
dramatic
,
and
important
change
;
completely
new
and
different
from
what
existed
before
•
The
company
unveiled
a
revolutionary
smartphone
with
a
foldable
screen
.
The
company
unveiled
a
revolutionary
smartphone
with
a
foldable
screen
.
•
Scientists
announced
a
revolutionary
therapy
that
could
cure
a
rare
disease
.
Scientists
announced
a
revolutionary
therapy
that
could
cure
a
rare
disease
.
Derived
from
revolution
+
-ary
,
first
used
in
English
in
the
late
18th
century
to
describe
things
connected
with
the
French
Revolution
and
later
any
major
change
.
noun
-
revolutionary
,
revolutionaries
a
person
who
supports
,
plans
,
or
takes
part
in
a
political
revolution
•
Che
Guevara
is
remembered
as
a
revolutionary
who
fought
for
social
justice
.
Che
Guevara
is
remembered
as
a
revolutionary
who
fought
for
social
justice
.
•
The
government
arrested
the
young
revolutionary
after
the
protest
.
The
government
arrested
the
young
revolutionary
after
the
protest
.
Noun
use
began
in
the
early
19th
century
to
label
people
involved
in
or
advocating
revolution
.
adjective
relating
to
or
supporting
a
political
revolution
•
The
rebels
spread
revolutionary
pamphlets
calling
for
independence
.
The
rebels
spread
revolutionary
pamphlets
calling
for
independence
.
•
She
sang
old
revolutionary
songs
that
roused
the
crowd
.
She
sang
old
revolutionary
songs
that
roused
the
crowd
.
The
political
sense
grew
out
of
its
association
with
the
French
and
later
other
political
revolutions
during
the
late
18th
and
19th
centuries
.
shuttle
noun
a
vehicle
,
usually
a
bus
,
van
,
or
train
,
that
makes
frequent
short
trips
back
and
forth
between
two
fixed
places
,
especially
to
carry
passengers
•
We
caught
the
free
shuttle
from
the
hotel
to
the
airport
.
We
caught
the
free
shuttle
from
the
hotel
to
the
airport
.
•
A
blue
shuttle
pulls
up
every
fifteen
minutes
outside
the
terminal
.
A
blue
shuttle
pulls
up
every
fifteen
minutes
outside
the
terminal
.
from
Middle
English
shitel
,
meaning
“
device
that
moves
back
and
forth
,”
later
applied
to
vehicles
that
do
the
same
action
noun
an
informal
,
shortened
name
for
a
shuttlecock
,
the
feathered
or
plastic
projectile
hit
back
and
forth
in
badminton
•
Sam
picked
up
the
fallen
shuttle
and
served
again
.
Sam
picked
up
the
fallen
shuttle
and
served
again
.
•
The
plastic
shuttle
is
more
durable
than
the
feathered
one
.
The
plastic
shuttle
is
more
durable
than
the
feathered
one
.
shortened
from
“
shuttlecock
,”
first
recorded
in
the
19th
century
noun
a
reusable
spacecraft
that
carries
astronauts
or
cargo
between
Earth
and
space
and
returns
to
be
used
again
•
The
crew
boarded
the
shuttle
at
dawn
for
its
journey
to
the
International
Space
Station
.
The
crew
boarded
the
shuttle
at
dawn
for
its
journey
to
the
International
Space
Station
.
•
During
re-entry
,
the
heat
shields
protected
the
shuttle
from
extreme
temperatures
.
During
re-entry
,
the
heat
shields
protected
the
shuttle
from
extreme
temperatures
.
extension
of
the
weaving
sense
:
like
a
loom
’
s
shuttle
,
the
craft
travels
back
and
forth
between
two
points
—
Earth
and
orbit
verb
-
shuttle
,
shuttling
,
shuttles
,
shuttled
to
move
or
transport
someone
or
something
back
and
forth
between
two
places
repeatedly
•
Volunteers
used
their
cars
to
shuttle
supplies
between
the
warehouse
and
the
shelter
.
Volunteers
used
their
cars
to
shuttle
supplies
between
the
warehouse
and
the
shelter
.
•
All
day
,
taxis
shuttled
tourists
from
the
port
to
the
ancient
ruins
.
All
day
,
taxis
shuttled
tourists
from
the
port
to
the
ancient
ruins
.
verb
sense
developed
from
the
noun
:
like
the
loom
tool
,
the
action
involves
repeated
back-and-forth
movement
noun
a
small
boat-shaped
tool
that
carries
the
weft
thread
back
and
forth
through
the
warp
threads
on
a
loom
•
The
weaver
slid
the
wooden
shuttle
smoothly
across
the
loom
.
The
weaver
slid
the
wooden
shuttle
smoothly
across
the
loom
.
•
If
the
shuttle
is
too
heavy
,
the
fabric
may
distort
.
If
the
shuttle
is
too
heavy
,
the
fabric
may
distort
.
Old
English
scytel
“
dart
,
arrow
,”
later
applied
to
a
weaving
tool
that
shoots
thread
through
the
loom
contributor
noun
a
person
who
gives
money
,
time
,
or
other
help
to
support
a
cause
,
project
,
or
organization
•
Local
businesses
acted
as
generous
contributors
to
the
town
’
s
new
library
.
Local
businesses
acted
as
generous
contributors
to
the
town
’
s
new
library
.
•
The
online
fundraiser
quickly
reached
its
goal
after
hundreds
of
small
contributors
gave
five
dollars
each
.
The
online
fundraiser
quickly
reached
its
goal
after
hundreds
of
small
contributors
gave
five
dollars
each
.
from
Latin
‘
contribut-
’
meaning
‘
added
together
’,
via
the
verb
‘
contribute
’
+
the
agent
suffix
‘
-or
’
noun
a
person
who
writes
articles
,
photographs
,
or
other
content
for
a
newspaper
,
magazine
,
website
,
or
broadcast
,
often
without
being
a
full-time
staff
member
•
She
became
a
regular
contributor
to
the
science
section
of
the
newspaper
.
She
became
a
regular
contributor
to
the
science
section
of
the
newspaper
.
•
The
magazine
pays
each
freelance
contributor
per
published
photograph
.
The
magazine
pays
each
freelance
contributor
per
published
photograph
.
derived
from
the
sense
of
‘
contribute
’
meaning
‘
to
supply
written
material
’
in
the
late
19th
century
noun
something
that
helps
to
cause
a
particular
result
or
situation
•
Stress
is
a
key
contributor
to
many
health
problems
.
Stress
is
a
key
contributor
to
many
health
problems
.
•
Air
pollution
is
a
major
contributor
to
climate
change
.
Air
pollution
is
a
major
contributor
to
climate
change
.
extended
figurative
use
from
the
idea
of
a
person
‘
contributing
’,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-20th
century
nutrition
noun
-
nutrition
the
process
of
eating
food
and
using
what
it
contains
so
the
body
can
grow
,
stay
healthy
,
and
have
energy
•
Good
nutrition
helps
children
grow
strong
and
energetic
.
Good
nutrition
helps
children
grow
strong
and
energetic
.
•
After
the
surgery
,
the
doctor
stressed
that
proper
nutrition
would
speed
up
her
recovery
.
After
the
surgery
,
the
doctor
stressed
that
proper
nutrition
would
speed
up
her
recovery
.
From
Latin
nutrītiō
(“
nourishment
,
upbringing
”),
from
nutrīre
(“
to
nourish
”).
noun
-
nutrition
the
substances
in
food
that
living
things
need
to
stay
alive
and
healthy
•
Spinach
is
rich
in
nutrition
and
can
boost
your
iron
levels
.
Spinach
is
rich
in
nutrition
and
can
boost
your
iron
levels
.
•
The
soil
in
that
region
is
low
in
nutrition
,
so
farmers
must
add
fertilizer
.
The
soil
in
that
region
is
low
in
nutrition
,
so
farmers
must
add
fertilizer
.
noun
-
nutrition
the
scientific
study
of
food
and
how
it
affects
health
•
She
decided
to
major
in
nutrition
at
university
.
She
decided
to
major
in
nutrition
at
university
.
•
A
degree
in
nutrition
can
lead
to
a
career
as
a
dietitian
.
A
degree
in
nutrition
can
lead
to
a
career
as
a
dietitian
.
southeast
noun
the
direction
exactly
halfway
between
south
and
east
,
at
an
angle
of
135°
from
due
north
•
The
sun
rose
in
the
southeast
on
that
winter
morning
.
The
sun
rose
in
the
southeast
on
that
winter
morning
.
•
From
the
city
center
,
the
airport
lies
about
ten
kilometers
to
the
southeast
.
From
the
city
center
,
the
airport
lies
about
ten
kilometers
to
the
southeast
.
Old
English
“
sūþ-ēast
,”
a
compound
of
“
south
”
+
“
east
.”
authorize
verb
-
authorize
,
authorizing
,
authorizes
,
authorized
to
give
official
permission
for
something
to
happen
or
be
done
•
The
city
council
authorized
the
construction
of
a
new
playground
in
the
neighborhood
.
The
city
council
authorized
the
construction
of
a
new
playground
in
the
neighborhood
.
•
The
bank
has
authorized
the
loan
after
reviewing
all
the
paperwork
.
The
bank
has
authorized
the
loan
after
reviewing
all
the
paperwork
.
From
Middle
French
autoriser
,
from
Medieval
Latin
auctorizare
,
ultimately
from
Latin
auctor
meaning
“
author
,
creator
,
authority
”.
verb
-
authorize
,
authorizing
,
authorizes
,
authorized
to
give
someone
the
legal
power
or
official
right
to
do
something
•
I
authorized
my
accountant
to
access
all
of
my
financial
records
.
I
authorized
my
accountant
to
access
all
of
my
financial
records
.
•
Parents
must
authorize
their
children
’
s
participation
in
the
field
trip
.
Parents
must
authorize
their
children
’
s
participation
in
the
field
trip
.
Same
origin
as
other
sense
:
from
Latin
auctor
through
French
autoriser
.
authorise
verb
-
authorise
,
authorising
,
authorises
,
authorised
to
give
official
permission
for
something
to
happen
or
be
done
•
The
planning
committee
authorised
the
demolition
of
the
old
warehouse
.
The
planning
committee
authorised
the
demolition
of
the
old
warehouse
.
•
The
minister
authorised
emergency
aid
for
the
flooded
region
.
The
minister
authorised
emergency
aid
for
the
flooded
region
.
Spelling
variant
influenced
by
British-preferred
‑ise
ending
.
verb
-
authorise
,
authorising
,
authorises
,
authorised
to
give
someone
the
legal
power
or
official
right
to
do
something
•
The
manager
authorised
her
assistant
to
sign
the
delivery
receipts
.
The
manager
authorised
her
assistant
to
sign
the
delivery
receipts
.
•
Doctors
are
authorised
to
prescribe
the
medication
only
after
thorough
tests
.
Doctors
are
authorised
to
prescribe
the
medication
only
after
thorough
tests
.
Same
as
US
sense
but
British
spelling
.
neutral
adjective
not
supporting
or
favoring
either
side
in
a
disagreement
,
competition
,
or
war
•
During
the
debate
,
the
moderator
stayed
neutral
and
let
each
side
speak
freely
.
During
the
debate
,
the
moderator
stayed
neutral
and
let
each
side
speak
freely
.
•
Teachers
should
remain
neutral
when
mediating
arguments
between
students
.
Teachers
should
remain
neutral
when
mediating
arguments
between
students
.
adjective
having
a
pale
,
subdued
color
that
does
not
draw
attention
and
matches
many
other
colors
•
She
painted
the
bedroom
walls
a
neutral
gray
so
any
decoration
would
match
.
She
painted
the
bedroom
walls
a
neutral
gray
so
any
decoration
would
match
.
•
His
neutral
suit
was
perfect
for
both
work
and
weddings
.
His
neutral
suit
was
perfect
for
both
work
and
weddings
.
adjective
describing
the
gear
position
in
a
vehicle
in
which
the
engine
is
disconnected
from
the
wheels
•
Coasting
downhill
in
neutral
can
be
dangerous
because
you
lose
engine
braking
.
Coasting
downhill
in
neutral
can
be
dangerous
because
you
lose
engine
braking
.
•
She
shifted
into
neutral
at
the
red
light
to
save
fuel
.
She
shifted
into
neutral
at
the
red
light
to
save
fuel
.
noun
a
person
,
group
,
or
country
that
does
not
take
sides
in
a
dispute
,
war
,
or
competition
•
As
a
neutral
,
the
referee
had
to
make
an
unbiased
decision
.
As
a
neutral
,
the
referee
had
to
make
an
unbiased
decision
.
•
During
the
negotiations
,
a
neutral
helped
the
two
companies
reach
an
agreement
.
During
the
negotiations
,
a
neutral
helped
the
two
companies
reach
an
agreement
.
noun
the
position
of
a
vehicle
’
s
gearbox
in
which
no
gear
is
engaged
•
He
found
neutral
and
let
the
engine
idle
.
He
found
neutral
and
let
the
engine
idle
.
•
Always
check
that
the
tractor
is
in
neutral
before
starting
it
.
Always
check
that
the
tractor
is
in
neutral
before
starting
it
.
noun
a
pale
or
subdued
color
such
as
beige
,
gray
,
or
cream
that
easily
combines
with
other
colors
•
The
living
room
is
decorated
in
soft
neutrals
that
create
a
calm
atmosphere
.
The
living
room
is
decorated
in
soft
neutrals
that
create
a
calm
atmosphere
.
•
He
paired
his
bright
tie
with
a
neutral
like
charcoal
gray
.
He
paired
his
bright
tie
with
a
neutral
like
charcoal
gray
.
adjective
having
no
overall
electric
charge
or
being
chemically
neither
acidic
nor
basic
•
Pure
water
is
considered
neutral
with
a
pH
of
seven
.
Pure
water
is
considered
neutral
with
a
pH
of
seven
.
•
A
neutron
is
an
electrically
neutral
particle
found
in
the
atomic
nucleus
.
A
neutron
is
an
electrically
neutral
particle
found
in
the
atomic
nucleus
.
outlook
noun
the
way
someone
thinks
and
feels
about
life
or
about
a
particular
subject
•
After
traveling
the
world
,
her
outlook
on
life
became
much
more
positive
.
After
traveling
the
world
,
her
outlook
on
life
became
much
more
positive
.
•
Despite
the
setback
,
he
kept
a
hopeful
outlook
and
continued
studying
for
the
exam
.
Despite
the
setback
,
he
kept
a
hopeful
outlook
and
continued
studying
for
the
exam
.
outline
noun
the
line
or
shape
that
shows
the
outer
edge
of
something
,
often
seen
as
a
simple
silhouette
•
From
the
beach
,
we
could
see
the
dark
outline
of
the
island
against
the
dawn
sky
.
From
the
beach
,
we
could
see
the
dark
outline
of
the
island
against
the
dawn
sky
.
•
The
architect
traced
the
building's
outline
onto
the
blueprint
.
The
architect
traced
the
building's
outline
onto
the
blueprint
.
noun
a
short
plan
or
description
that
lists
only
the
main
ideas
or
parts
of
something
•
The
teacher
handed
out
a
clear
outline
of
the
semester
project
.
The
teacher
handed
out
a
clear
outline
of
the
semester
project
.
•
Before
writing
the
essay
,
Mia
sketched
an
outline
of
her
main
points
.
Before
writing
the
essay
,
Mia
sketched
an
outline
of
her
main
points
.
verb
-
outline
,
outlining
,
outlines
,
outlined
to
draw
or
mark
the
outer
edge
of
something
•
I
used
a
pencil
to
outline
the
star
before
filling
it
with
color
.
I
used
a
pencil
to
outline
the
star
before
filling
it
with
color
.
•
Streetlights
outline
the
winding
road
at
night
.
Streetlights
outline
the
winding
road
at
night
.
verb
-
outline
,
outlining
,
outlines
,
outlined
to
give
only
the
main
ideas
or
points
of
something
without
full
detail
•
Could
you
outline
the
report
in
a
few
sentences
?
Could
you
outline
the
report
in
a
few
sentences
?
•
At
the
meeting
,
the
manager
outlined
the
new
safety
rules
.
At
the
meeting
,
the
manager
outlined
the
new
safety
rules
.
peanut
noun
an
oval
,
edible
seed
that
grows
in
a
thin
,
brittle
shell
underground
and
is
eaten
roasted
,
salted
,
or
used
to
make
oil
and
butter
•
He
cracked
open
a
peanut
and
shared
it
with
his
friend
.
He
cracked
open
a
peanut
and
shared
it
with
his
friend
.
•
The
recipe
calls
for
a
cup
of
chopped
peanuts
.
The
recipe
calls
for
a
cup
of
chopped
peanuts
.
From
Spanish
‘
piñate
’
or
from
Nahuatl
‘
tlālcacahuatl
’,
meaning
‘
cacao
of
the
earth
’,
entering
English
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
(
informal
)
a
small
child
,
especially
one
regarded
with
affection
•
Come
here
,
peanut
,
it's
time
for
bed
.
Come
here
,
peanut
,
it's
time
for
bed
.
•
The
coach
encouraged
the
little
peanut
on
the
team
after
he
missed
the
ball
.
The
coach
encouraged
the
little
peanut
on
the
team
after
he
missed
the
ball
.
From
the
idea
of
something
small
and
cute
like
the
nut
;
popularized
in
American
English
mid-20th
century
as
a
term
of
endearment
for
children
.
peanuts
noun
a
very
small
amount
of
money
,
especially
one
that
is
unfairly
low
•
They
paid
him
peanuts
for
working
overtime
all
weekend
.
They
paid
him
peanuts
for
working
overtime
all
weekend
.
•
Compared
to
city
rents
,
the
cost
of
living
here
is
peanuts
.
Compared
to
city
rents
,
the
cost
of
living
here
is
peanuts
.
Figurative
extension
of
the
small
size
and
low
cost
of
the
nut
,
first
recorded
in
American
English
in
the
early
1900s
.
Dutch
noun
-
Dutch
The
West
Germanic
language
spoken
in
the
Netherlands
and
parts
of
Belgium
and
Suriname
.
•
She
practiced
her
Dutch
every
evening
before
moving
to
Rotterdam
.
She
practiced
her
Dutch
every
evening
before
moving
to
Rotterdam
.
•
The
course
promises
to
teach
basic
Dutch
in
ten
weeks
.
The
course
promises
to
teach
basic
Dutch
in
ten
weeks
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
;
first
recorded
as
the
name
of
the
language
in
English
in
the
14th
century
.
adjective
Relating
to
the
Netherlands
,
its
people
,
or
its
language
.
•
He
decorated
his
house
with
bright
Dutch
tulips
.
He
decorated
his
house
with
bright
Dutch
tulips
.
•
The
museum
holds
a
famous
collection
of
Dutch
paintings
.
The
museum
holds
a
famous
collection
of
Dutch
paintings
.
From
Middle
Dutch
Duytsch
,
meaning
‘
of
the
people
’,
later
narrowed
to
refer
specifically
to
the
Netherlands
.
noun
The
people
of
the
Netherlands
considered
as
a
nation
or
ethnic
group
.
•
The
Dutch
are
known
for
their
love
of
cycling
.
The
Dutch
are
known
for
their
love
of
cycling
.
•
In
17th-century
trade
,
the
Dutch
competed
fiercely
with
the
English
.
In
17th-century
trade
,
the
Dutch
competed
fiercely
with
the
English
.
From
the
same
root
as
the
adjective
;
used
since
Old
English
to
refer
to
Germanic
peoples
,
later
restricted
to
the
inhabitants
of
the
Netherlands
.
consecutive
adjective
happening
one
after
another
in
the
correct
order
without
any
gaps
or
interruptions
•
After
three
consecutive
days
of
rain
,
the
sun
finally
appeared
.
After
three
consecutive
days
of
rain
,
the
sun
finally
appeared
.
•
The
athlete
won
five
consecutive
matches
and
celebrated
with
her
team
.
The
athlete
won
five
consecutive
matches
and
celebrated
with
her
team
.
From
Latin
consecutivus
,
from
consequi
“
to
follow
closely
”.
workout
noun
a
period
of
physical
exercise
,
especially
one
that
is
planned
and
done
regularly
to
keep
fit
•
After
a
long
day
at
the
office
,
Maria
went
for
a
quick
30-minute
workout
at
the
gym
.
After
a
long
day
at
the
office
,
Maria
went
for
a
quick
30-minute
workout
at
the
gym
.
•
The
coach
designed
a
special
morning
workout
to
improve
the
players'
speed
.
The
coach
designed
a
special
morning
workout
to
improve
the
players'
speed
.
From
the
phrasal
verb
“
work
out
,”
first
recorded
in
1909
in
the
sense
of
physical
training
becoming
a
noun
.
noun
an
occasion
when
something
is
used
or
tested
thoroughly
to
see
how
well
it
works
•
The
engineer
gave
the
prototype
a
tough
workout
to
make
sure
it
could
handle
extreme
temperatures
.
The
engineer
gave
the
prototype
a
tough
workout
to
make
sure
it
could
handle
extreme
temperatures
.
•
My
new
hiking
boots
had
their
first
real
workout
on
the
rocky
mountain
trail
.
My
new
hiking
boots
had
their
first
real
workout
on
the
rocky
mountain
trail
.
Extension
of
the
physical-exercise
sense
to
any
thorough
test
or
exercise
for
objects
or
abilities
,
attested
from
mid-20th
century
.
debut
noun
the
first
public
appearance
,
performance
,
or
introduction
of
a
person
,
product
,
or
idea
•
The
young
actor
received
a
standing
ovation
at
his
debut
on
Broadway
.
The
young
actor
received
a
standing
ovation
at
his
debut
on
Broadway
.
•
Crowds
gathered
at
the
auto
show
for
the
debut
of
the
company's
sleek
new
electric
car
.
Crowds
gathered
at
the
auto
show
for
the
debut
of
the
company's
sleek
new
electric
car
.
From
French
“
début
”,
meaning
“
a
first
appearance
”,
from
the
verb
“
débuter
” (“
to
lead
off
,
begin
”).
verb
to
appear
or
be
introduced
to
the
public
for
the
first
time
•
The
band
will
debut
its
new
song
on
the
radio
tonight
.
The
band
will
debut
its
new
song
on
the
radio
tonight
.
•
She
debuted
as
a
director
with
an
emotional
documentary
about
climate
change
.
She
debuted
as
a
director
with
an
emotional
documentary
about
climate
change
.
Borrowed
from
French
“
débuter
”
meaning
“
to
lead
off
,
begin
”,
related
to
Old
French
“
but
”
meaning
“
aim
,
goal
”.
outdoor
adjective
happening
,
done
,
or
used
outside
in
the
open
air
.
•
The
children
spent
the
afternoon
playing
an
outdoor
game
in
the
park
.
The
children
spent
the
afternoon
playing
an
outdoor
game
in
the
park
.
•
We
bought
an
outdoor
table
so
we
can
eat
dinner
on
the
balcony
during
summer
.
We
bought
an
outdoor
table
so
we
can
eat
dinner
on
the
balcony
during
summer
.
From
out
+
door
,
originally
describing
something
situated
or
occurring
outside
the
door
of
a
building
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
18th
century
.
automatic
adjective
able
to
work
by
itself
without
people
needing
to
start
,
stop
,
or
guide
it
•
The
doors
of
the
supermarket
slide
open
as
the
customer
approaches
because
they
are
automatic
.
The
doors
of
the
supermarket
slide
open
as
the
customer
approaches
because
they
are
automatic
.
•
Dave
set
an
automatic
timer
to
water
his
plants
while
he
was
on
vacation
.
Dave
set
an
automatic
timer
to
water
his
plants
while
he
was
on
vacation
.
From
Greek
‘
automatos
’
meaning
‘
self-moving
’,
through
Latin
‘
automaticus
’
and
French
‘
automatique
’.
adjective
happening
or
done
without
conscious
thought
because
it
is
a
habit
or
body
reflex
•
Saying
“
thank
you
”
was
so
automatic
that
she
barely
realized
she
’
d
spoken
.
Saying
“
thank
you
”
was
so
automatic
that
she
barely
realized
she
’
d
spoken
.
•
His
automatic
reaction
was
to
duck
when
he
heard
the
loud
bang
.
His
automatic
reaction
was
to
duck
when
he
heard
the
loud
bang
.
noun
a
car
that
changes
gears
by
itself
,
without
the
driver
using
a
clutch
pedal
•
She
prefers
driving
an
automatic
because
it
is
easier
in
heavy
traffic
.
She
prefers
driving
an
automatic
because
it
is
easier
in
heavy
traffic
.
•
Learning
on
an
automatic
can
be
simpler
for
new
drivers
.
Learning
on
an
automatic
can
be
simpler
for
new
drivers
.
adjective
certain
to
happen
or
be
given
,
without
extra
effort
or
decision
•
Finishing
top
of
the
league
gives
the
team
an
automatic
place
in
the
playoffs
.
Finishing
top
of
the
league
gives
the
team
an
automatic
place
in
the
playoffs
.
•
Children
of
employees
have
an
automatic
right
to
join
the
club
.
Children
of
employees
have
an
automatic
right
to
join
the
club
.
noun
a
gun
that
keeps
firing
bullets
as
long
as
the
trigger
is
held
down
•
The
soldier
carried
an
automatic
during
the
training
exercise
.
The
soldier
carried
an
automatic
during
the
training
exercise
.
•
Owning
an
automatic
is
illegal
in
many
countries
.
Owning
an
automatic
is
illegal
in
many
countries
.
brutal
adjective
extremely
violent
,
cruel
,
and
showing
no
pity
•
The
dictator
ordered
a
brutal
crackdown
on
peaceful
protesters
.
The
dictator
ordered
a
brutal
crackdown
on
peaceful
protesters
.
•
The
documentary
reveals
the
brutal
reality
of
civil
war
.
The
documentary
reveals
the
brutal
reality
of
civil
war
.
From
Middle
French
brutal
(“
heavy
,
stupid
;
cruel
”),
from
Latin
brutus
(“
heavy
,
dull
,
insensitive
”).
adjective
very
hard
,
unpleasant
,
or
demanding
to
experience
•
The
hikers
faced
a
brutal
climb
through
deep
snow
.
The
hikers
faced
a
brutal
climb
through
deep
snow
.
•
Final
exams
week
can
be
brutal
for
college
students
.
Final
exams
week
can
be
brutal
for
college
students
.
adjective
(
slang
)
extremely
good
,
impressive
,
or
exciting
•
That
new
action
movie
was
absolutely
brutal
!
That
new
action
movie
was
absolutely
brutal
!
•
Your
guitar
solo
sounded
brutal
last
night
.
Your
guitar
solo
sounded
brutal
last
night
.
adjective
painfully
direct
or
frank
in
a
way
that
may
hurt
feelings
•
To
be
brutal
,
your
proposal
just
isn't
ready
yet
.
To
be
brutal
,
your
proposal
just
isn't
ready
yet
.
•
Her
review
of
my
book
was
brutal
but
fair
.
Her
review
of
my
book
was
brutal
but
fair
.