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but
conjunction
used
to
join
two
ideas
when
the
second
one
is
different
from
or
opposite
to
the
first
ā¢
I
wanted
to
go
swimming
,
but
it
started
to
rain
.
I
wanted
to
go
swimming
,
but
it
started
to
rain
.
ā¢
She
is
shy
,
but
very
friendly
once
you
know
her
.
She
is
shy
,
but
very
friendly
once
you
know
her
.
Old
English
ā
butan
ā
meaning
ā
outside
;
except
;
without
ā
which
over
time
developed
into
the
modern
contrasting
conjunction
.
conjunction
used
to
join
two
statements
and
show
that
the
second
one
contrasts
with
or
limits
the
first
ā¢
I
wanted
to
play
outside
,
but
it
was
raining
hard
.
I
wanted
to
play
outside
,
but
it
was
raining
hard
.
ā¢
She
studied
all
night
,
but
she
still
fell
asleep
in
class
.
She
studied
all
night
,
but
she
still
fell
asleep
in
class
.
Old
English
ā
butan
ā
meaning
ā
outside
,
without
,
except
,
unless
ā.
preposition
except
;
other
than
ā¢
Everyone
but
Lisa
was
singing
along
.
Everyone
but
Lisa
was
singing
along
.
ā¢
The
museum
is
open
daily
but
Monday
.
The
museum
is
open
daily
but
Monday
.
From
Old
English
ā
butan
,ā ā
outside
ā
or
ā
without
.ā
preposition
except
for
;
other
than
ā¢
Everyone
but
John
came
to
the
meeting
.
Everyone
but
John
came
to
the
meeting
.
ā¢
I
eat
all
vegetables
but
broccoli
.
I
eat
all
vegetables
but
broccoli
.
Derived
from
Old
English
ā
butan
ā
meaning
ā
outside
ā
or
ā
without
ā,
retaining
the
sense
of
exclusion
.
adverb
only
;
just
ā¢
It
ā
s
but
a
scratch
;
I
ā
ll
be
fine
.
It
ā
s
but
a
scratch
;
I
ā
ll
be
fine
.
ā¢
She
waited
but
a
minute
before
he
arrived
.
She
waited
but
a
minute
before
he
arrived
.
From
Middle
English
use
of
ā
but
ā
to
mean
ā
outside
the
main
count
ā,
leading
to
the
sense
of
ā
only
ā.
adverb
only
;
just
ā¢
It
was
but
a
scratch
on
the
car
door
.
It
was
but
a
scratch
on
the
car
door
.
ā¢
He
is
but
a
child
and
doesn
ā
t
understand
.
He
is
but
a
child
and
doesn
ā
t
understand
.
Derived
from
earlier
use
meaning
"
outside
of
"
that
narrowed
to
"
no
more
than
".
noun
an
objection
or
excuse
that
stops
something
from
happening
ā¢
Finish
your
homework
ā
no
buts
.
Finish
your
homework
ā
no
buts
.
ā¢
She
agreed
without
a
single
but
.
She
agreed
without
a
single
but
.
From
the
conjunction
sense
,
figuratively
extended
in
the
17th
century
to
mean
ā
objection
.ā
noun
a
reason
or
excuse
that
shows
you
do
not
agree
or
are
unwilling
to
do
something
ā¢
Stop
making
buts
and
finish
your
homework
.
Stop
making
buts
and
finish
your
homework
.
ā¢
He
accepted
the
plan
without
any
but
.
He
accepted
the
plan
without
any
but
.
Evolved
from
the
conjunction
ā
s
idea
of
opposition
,
turning
into
a
noun
meaning
ā
objection
ā
by
the
late
17th
century
.
about
preposition
concerning
or
relating
to
a
particular
subject
or
topic
ā¢
The
movie
is
about
a
brave
young
girl
who
explores
space
.
The
movie
is
about
a
brave
young
girl
who
explores
space
.
ā¢
We
had
a
long
discussion
about
climate
change
in
class
today
.
We
had
a
long
discussion
about
climate
change
in
class
today
.
Old
English
ā
abūtan
ā
from
ā
on
ā
+
ā
būtan
ā (
outside
).
Originally
ā
around
ā
or
ā
on
the
outside
of
ā,
later
developing
the
sense
of
ā
concerning
ā.
adverb
approximately
;
close
to
a
particular
number
or
amount
ā¢
It
ā
s
about
five
kilometers
from
here
to
the
beach
.
It
ā
s
about
five
kilometers
from
here
to
the
beach
.
ā¢
Dinner
should
be
ready
in
about
ten
minutes
.
Dinner
should
be
ready
in
about
ten
minutes
.
Extension
of
earlier
sense
ā
around
ā
to
give
the
idea
of
an
approximate
amount
or
time
by
the
late
Middle
English
period
.
preposition
on
the
subject
of
someone
or
something
;
concerning
ā¢
We
talked
about
our
holiday
plans
at
dinner
.
We
talked
about
our
holiday
plans
at
dinner
.
ā¢
The
book
is
about
a
young
girl's
adventure
in
Africa
.
The
book
is
about
a
young
girl's
adventure
in
Africa
.
adverb
used
before
a
number
or
quantity
to
mean
approximately
ā¢
It
costs
about
ten
dollars
.
It
costs
about
ten
dollars
.
ā¢
There
were
about
fifty
people
at
the
party
.
There
were
about
fifty
people
at
the
party
.
adverb
moving
here
and
there
in
many
places
or
in
different
directions
ā¢
Children
were
running
about
in
the
playground
.
Children
were
running
about
in
the
playground
.
ā¢
She
looked
about
nervously
,
searching
for
her
friend
.
She
looked
about
nervously
,
searching
for
her
friend
.
From
Old
English
ā
abūtan
ā
meaning
ā
around
on
the
outside
ā,
keeping
the
physical
sense
of
movement
or
position
.
adverb
in
different
places
or
directions
;
around
;
nearby
ā¢
Children
were
running
about
in
the
playground
.
Children
were
running
about
in
the
playground
.
ā¢
There
are
papers
lying
about
on
your
desk
.
There
are
papers
lying
about
on
your
desk
.
adverb
almost
ready
to
do
something
very
soon
,
usually
followed
by
"
to
"
and
a
verb
ā¢
I
was
about to
leave
when
the
phone
rang
.
I
was
about to
leave
when
the
phone
rang
.
ā¢
The
sky
is
dark
;
it
looks
like
it's
about to
rain
.
The
sky
is
dark
;
it
looks
like
it's
about to
rain
.
out
adverb
outside
or
away
from
the
inside
of
a
place
or
building
ā¢
The
cat
ran
out
when
I
opened
the
door
.
The
cat
ran
out
when
I
opened
the
door
.
ā¢
Let
ā
s
eat
out
tonight
instead
of
cooking
.
Let
ā
s
eat
out
tonight
instead
of
cooking
.
adverb
outside
;
away
from
the
inside
of
a
place
or
container
ā¢
After
school
,
Mia
ran
out
to
meet
her
friends
.
After
school
,
Mia
ran
out
to
meet
her
friends
.
ā¢
The
cat
jumped
out
when
I
opened
the
box
.
The
cat
jumped
out
when
I
opened
the
box
.
adjective
not
present
,
especially
away
from
home
,
work
,
or
a
meeting
ā¢
Mr
.
Wilson
is
out
at
the
moment
;
can
I
take
a
message
?
Mr
.
Wilson
is
out
at
the
moment
;
can
I
take
a
message
?
ā¢
The
children
stayed
out
until
dark
.
The
children
stayed
out
until
dark
.
adverb
available
for
people
to
see
,
read
,
or
buy
;
made
public
ā¢
The
new
movie
is
out
in
theaters
this
weekend
.
The
new
movie
is
out
in
theaters
this
weekend
.
ā¢
Has
the
exam
schedule
come
out
yet
?
Has
the
exam
schedule
come
out
yet
?
adjective
not
awake
or
conscious
;
sleeping
or
unconscious
ā¢
After
the
long
hike
,
he
was
out
on
the
couch
within
minutes
.
After
the
long
hike
,
he
was
out
on
the
couch
within
minutes
.
ā¢
The
boxer
was
knocked
out
in
the
second
round
.
The
boxer
was
knocked
out
in
the
second
round
.
adjective
not
working
,
lit
,
or
operating
ā¢
The
streetlights
were
out
after
the
storm
.
The
streetlights
were
out
after
the
storm
.
ā¢
One
candle
went
out
in
the
wind
.
One
candle
went
out
in
the
wind
.
noun
in
baseball
or
softball
,
a
play
that
removes
a
batter
or
runner
,
or
the
player
who
is
removed
ā¢
The
pitcher
recorded
three
quick
outs
in
the
first
inning
.
The
pitcher
recorded
three
quick
outs
in
the
first
inning
.
ā¢
With
two
outs
left
,
the
team
felt
the
pressure
.
With
two
outs
left
,
the
team
felt
the
pressure
.
verb
to
reveal
a
private
fact
about
someone
,
especially
their
sexual
orientation
,
without
their
permission
ā¢
The
magazine
article
outed
the
famous
singer
without
her
consent
.
The
magazine
article
outed
the
famous
singer
without
her
consent
.
ā¢
He
regretted
outing
his
classmate
during
the
debate
.
He
regretted
outing
his
classmate
during
the
debate
.
verb
to
reveal
someone
ā
s
private
secret
,
especially
that
the
person
is
gay
,
without
their
permission
ā¢
A
magazine
tried
to
out
the
actor
,
but
fans
defended
his
privacy
.
A
magazine
tried
to
out
the
actor
,
but
fans
defended
his
privacy
.
ā¢
She
was
afraid
her
classmates
would
out
her
to
her
parents
.
She
was
afraid
her
classmates
would
out
her
to
her
parents
.
put
verb
-
put
,
putting
,
puts
to
move
something
or
someone
into
a
particular
place
or
position
ā¢
Please
put
your
coat
on
the
hook
by
the
door
.
Please
put
your
coat
on
the
hook
by
the
door
.
ā¢
He
gently
put
the
sleeping
baby
in
the
crib
and
smiled
.
He
gently
put
the
sleeping
baby
in
the
crib
and
smiled
.
Old
English
ā
putian
ā,
meaning
ā
to
push
ā.
verb
-
put
,
putting
,
puts
to
cause
someone
or
something
to
be
in
a
particular
state
or
situation
ā¢
Her
calm
voice
put
the
nervous
puppy
at
ease
.
Her
calm
voice
put
the
nervous
puppy
at
ease
.
ā¢
The
heavy
rain
put
our
outdoor
concert
on
hold
.
The
heavy
rain
put
our
outdoor
concert
on
hold
.
Extension
of
sense
ā
place
ā
to
more
abstract
states
,
recorded
since
Middle
English
.
verb
-
put
,
putting
,
puts
to
express
something
in
words
,
especially
in
a
particular
way
ā¢
I
didn
ā
t
know
how
to
put
my
feelings
into
words
.
I
didn
ā
t
know
how
to
put
my
feelings
into
words
.
ā¢
He
put
it
politely
,
but
the
answer
was
still
no
.
He
put
it
politely
,
but
the
answer
was
still
no
.
Sense
evolved
in
16th
century
from
the
idea
of
ā
placing
ā
words
.
noun
a
financial
contract
that
gives
the
holder
the
right
,
but
not
the
obligation
,
to
sell
a
security
at
a
set
price
before
a
certain
date
ā¢
She
bought
a
put
to
protect
her
stock
gains
during
the
market
downturn
.
She
bought
a
put
to
protect
her
stock
gains
during
the
market
downturn
.
ā¢
A
put
becomes
more
valuable
when
the
underlying
share
price
falls
.
A
put
becomes
more
valuable
when
the
underlying
share
price
falls
.
Short
for
ā
put
option
ā,
first
recorded
in
U
.
S
.
financial
markets
in
the
19th
century
.
without
preposition
not
having
,
lacking
,
or
in
the
absence
of
something
ā¢
Maya
can
ā
t
imagine
her
morning
without
coffee
.
Maya
can
ā
t
imagine
her
morning
without
coffee
.
ā¢
The
kids
played
happily
on
the
beach
without
shoes
.
The
kids
played
happily
on
the
beach
without
shoes
.
conjunction
unless
;
if
not
ā¢
Without
you
study
harder
,
you
will
not
pass
.
Without
you
study
harder
,
you
will
not
pass
.
ā¢
No
plan
can
succeed
without
we
all
agree
on
it
.
No
plan
can
succeed
without
we
all
agree
on
it
.
adverb
outside
;
on
the
outside
or
outdoors
(
archaic
)
ā¢
The
castle
was
warm
within
,
but
bitterly
cold
without
.
The
castle
was
warm
within
,
but
bitterly
cold
without
.
ā¢
Stay
within
the
walls
after
dark
;
danger
lurks
without
.
Stay
within
the
walls
after
dark
;
danger
lurks
without
.
minute
noun
a
unit
of
time
equal
to
sixty
seconds
ā¢
Please
wait
a
minute
while
I
finish
this
email
.
Please
wait
a
minute
while
I
finish
this
email
.
ā¢
The
motorist
changed
the
tire
in
just
ten
minutes
.
The
motorist
changed
the
tire
in
just
ten
minutes
.
noun
an
official
written
record
of
what
is
said
and
decided
at
a
meeting
ā¢
The
secretary
typed
up
the
minutes
right
after
the
meeting
.
The
secretary
typed
up
the
minutes
right
after
the
meeting
.
ā¢
Could
you
send
me
yesterday
ā
s
minutes
before
lunch
?
Could
you
send
me
yesterday
ā
s
minutes
before
lunch
?
noun
a
unit
for
measuring
angles
equal
to
one
sixtieth
of
a
degree
ā¢
The
star
moved
half
a
minute
across
the
sky
in
one
night
.
The
star
moved
half
a
minute
across
the
sky
in
one
night
.
ā¢
Each
degree
is
divided
into
sixty
minutes
.
Each
degree
is
divided
into
sixty
minutes
.
verb
-
minute
,
minuting
,
minutes
,
minuted
to
write
down
the
main
points
of
what
is
said
or
decided
at
a
meeting
ā¢
Julia
minuted
every
discussion
during
the
workshop
.
Julia
minuted
every
discussion
during
the
workshop
.
ā¢
Please
minute
that
the
proposal
was
accepted
unanimously
.
Please
minute
that
the
proposal
was
accepted
unanimously
.
adjective
extremely
small
or
detailed
ā¢
The
scientist
studied
the
minute
cracks
under
a
microscope
.
The
scientist
studied
the
minute
cracks
under
a
microscope
.
ā¢
Only
minute
traces
of
the
chemical
were
found
.
Only
minute
traces
of
the
chemical
were
found
.
cut
verb
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
to
divide
something
into
pieces
using
a
knife
,
scissors
,
or
another
sharp
tool
ā¢
Using
a
sharp
knife
,
the
chef
cut
the
tomato
into
thin
slices
.
Using
a
sharp
knife
,
the
chef
cut
the
tomato
into
thin
slices
.
ā¢
Be
careful
when
you
cut
paper
with
scissors
so
you
don
ā
t
hurt
yourself
.
Be
careful
when
you
cut
paper
with
scissors
so
you
don
ā
t
hurt
yourself
.
Old
English
"
cyttan
"
meaning
ā
to
cut
or
slice
,ā
related
to
Old
Norse
ā
kutta
.ā
verb
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
to
use
something
sharp
to
divide
or
remove
part
of
something
ā¢
The
chef
carefully
cuts
the
carrots
into
thin
strips
.
The
chef
carefully
cuts
the
carrots
into
thin
strips
.
ā¢
Jenny
accidentally
cut
her
finger
while
opening
a
can
of
beans
.
Jenny
accidentally
cut
her
finger
while
opening
a
can
of
beans
.
Old
English
ā
cyttan
ā,
meaning
ā
to
cut
,
trim
,
shorten
ā,
of
Germanic
origin
.
noun
a
small
wound
made
by
something
sharp
that
breaks
the
skin
ā¢
He
had
a
small
cut
on
his
cheek
after
shaving
.
He
had
a
small
cut
on
his
cheek
after
shaving
.
ā¢
Clean
the
cut
with
water
before
putting
on
a
bandage
.
Clean
the
cut
with
water
before
putting
on
a
bandage
.
noun
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
a
small
wound
or
opening
in
the
skin
made
by
something
sharp
ā¢
She
cleaned
a
tiny
cut
on
her
finger
with
antiseptic
.
She
cleaned
a
tiny
cut
on
her
finger
with
antiseptic
.
ā¢
After
climbing
the
tree
,
he
noticed
a
cut
on
his
arm
.
After
climbing
the
tree
,
he
noticed
a
cut
on
his
arm
.
verb
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
to
make
something
smaller
in
amount
,
size
,
or
number
ā¢
The
store
cut
its
prices
by
50%
during
the
sale
.
The
store
cut
its
prices
by
50%
during
the
sale
.
ā¢
We
need
to
cut
the
amount
of
sugar
we
eat
every
day
.
We
need
to
cut
the
amount
of
sugar
we
eat
every
day
.
noun
an
amount
by
which
something
is
made
smaller
or
less
ā¢
The
company
announced
a
10%
cut
in
staff
.
The
company
announced
a
10%
cut
in
staff
.
ā¢
There
will
be
budget
cuts
to
save
money
.
There
will
be
budget
cuts
to
save
money
.
verb
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
to
make
something
smaller
in
amount
,
size
,
or
number
;
reduce
ā¢
The
company
plans
to
cut
its
carbon
emissions
by
half
within
five
years
.
The
company
plans
to
cut
its
carbon
emissions
by
half
within
five
years
.
ā¢
To
save
money
,
I
decided
to
cut
my
daily
coffee
purchases
.
To
save
money
,
I
decided
to
cut
my
daily
coffee
purchases
.
noun
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
a
reduction
in
amount
or
level
of
something
,
especially
money
or
resources
ā¢
The
government
announced
severe
cuts
to
public
transport
funding
.
The
government
announced
severe
cuts
to
public
transport
funding
.
ā¢
Employees
worry
that
more
job
cuts
are
coming
next
year
.
Employees
worry
that
more
job
cuts
are
coming
next
year
.
verb
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
to
stop
,
remove
,
or
disconnect
something
such
as
sound
,
power
,
or
text
ā¢
A
storm
cut
the
power
to
several
villages
.
A
storm
cut
the
power
to
several
villages
.
ā¢
ā
Could
you
cut
the
music
for
a
moment
?ā
Sarah
asked
.
ā
Could
you
cut
the
music
for
a
moment
?ā
Sarah
asked
.
noun
a
share
of
money
or
profit
that
someone
receives
ā¢
Each
player
got
a
fair
cut
of
the
prize
money
.
Each
player
got
a
fair
cut
of
the
prize
money
.
ā¢
The
manager
takes
a
small
cut
from
every
sale
.
The
manager
takes
a
small
cut
from
every
sale
.
verb
-
cut
,
cutting
,
cuts
to
remove
part
of
a
text
,
film
,
or
list
,
especially
during
editing
ā¢
The
editor
cut
the
final
paragraph
because
it
repeated
earlier
points
.
The
editor
cut
the
final
paragraph
because
it
repeated
earlier
points
.
ā¢
The
director
decided
to
cut
two
scenes
to
shorten
the
movie
.
The
director
decided
to
cut
two
scenes
to
shorten
the
movie
.
outside
preposition
on
or
to
the
outer
side
of
something
,
beyond
its
limits
ā¢
The
kids
waited
outside
the
bakery
for
it
to
open
.
The
kids
waited
outside
the
bakery
for
it
to
open
.
ā¢
Please
leave
your
muddy
boots
outside
the
front
door
.
Please
leave
your
muddy
boots
outside
the
front
door
.
adverb
in
or
to
the
open
air
;
not
indoors
ā¢
It
was
so
hot
that
we
ate
lunch
outside
on
the
patio
.
It
was
so
hot
that
we
ate
lunch
outside
on
the
patio
.
ā¢
The
children
love
playing
outside
after
school
.
The
children
love
playing
outside
after
school
.
noun
the
outer
part
,
surface
,
or
area
of
something
or
somewhere
ā¢
The
shed
looks
small
from
the
outside
,
but
it
has
plenty
of
space
inside
.
The
shed
looks
small
from
the
outside
,
but
it
has
plenty
of
space
inside
.
ā¢
Paint
on
the
outside
of
the
house
is
starting
to
peel
.
Paint
on
the
outside
of
the
house
is
starting
to
peel
.
adjective
located
on
or
relating
to
the
outer
side
,
surface
,
or
edge
of
something
ā¢
Use
the
outside
lane
if
you
plan
to
turn
right
soon
.
Use
the
outside
lane
if
you
plan
to
turn
right
soon
.
ā¢
She
wiped
the
outside
surface
of
the
window
until
it
sparkled
.
She
wiped
the
outside
surface
of
the
window
until
it
sparkled
.
preposition
not
in
or
beyond
the
limits
or
boundary
of
a
place
,
object
,
or
group
ā¢
The
children
waited
outside
the
classroom
until
the
bell
rang
.
The
children
waited
outside
the
classroom
until
the
bell
rang
.
ā¢
We
parked
our
bikes
outside
the
store
.
We
parked
our
bikes
outside
the
store
.
adverb
in
or
to
the
open
air
,
not
inside
a
building
or
other
enclosed
place
ā¢
It's
sunny
,
so
let's
eat
outside
.
It's
sunny
,
so
let's
eat
outside
.
ā¢
The
kids
are
playing
outside
in
the
snow
.
The
kids
are
playing
outside
in
the
snow
.
preposition
not
in
;
beyond
the
limits
or
confines
of
something
ā¢
She
stood
outside
the
classroom
waiting
for
her
friend
.
She
stood
outside
the
classroom
waiting
for
her
friend
.
ā¢
Keep
your
muddy
boots
outside
the
tent
.
Keep
your
muddy
boots
outside
the
tent
.
adjective
on
or
relating
to
the
outer
side
,
surface
,
or
area
of
something
ā¢
The
outside
walls
need
a
fresh
coat
of
paint
.
The
outside
walls
need
a
fresh
coat
of
paint
.
ā¢
He
put
the
ticket
in
the
outside
pocket
of
his
jacket
.
He
put
the
ticket
in
the
outside
pocket
of
his
jacket
.
noun
the
outer
side
or
surface
of
something
;
the
external
area
ā¢
From
the
outside
,
the
cottage
looked
tiny
.
From
the
outside
,
the
cottage
looked
tiny
.
ā¢
The
gift
box
was
plain
on
the
outside
but
beautiful
inside
.
The
gift
box
was
plain
on
the
outside
but
beautiful
inside
.
computer
noun
an
electronic
machine
that
can
store
,
process
,
and
display
information
following
a
set
of
instructions
ā¢
Lena
typed
her
homework
on
her
new
computer
.
Lena
typed
her
homework
on
her
new
computer
.
ā¢
At
the
library
,
a
boy
played
a
chess
game
on
the
public
computer
.
At
the
library
,
a
boy
played
a
chess
game
on
the
public
computer
.
formed
from
the
verb
ā
compute
ā
+
the
agent
suffix
ā
-er
ā;
first
used
for
people
who
perform
calculations
(
early
17th
c
.),
later
(
mid-20th
c
.)
for
electronic
machines
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
perform
mathematical
calculations
,
especially
before
electronic
machines
existed
ā¢
In
the
1940s
,
a
computer
worked
with
a
slide
rule
to
calculate
flight
paths
.
In
the
1940s
,
a
computer
worked
with
a
slide
rule
to
calculate
flight
paths
.
ā¢
Before
electronic
machines
existed
,
a
team
of
computers
checked
astronomical
tables
all
day
.
Before
electronic
machines
existed
,
a
team
of
computers
checked
astronomical
tables
all
day
.
earliest
use
(
1610s
)
referred
to
a
person
who
computes
;
the
electronic
sense
emerged
in
the
mid-20th
century
truth
noun
the
real
facts
about
a
situation
,
rather
than
guesses
,
lies
,
or
opinions
ā¢
We
finally
learned
the
truth
about
why
the
project
failed
.
We
finally
learned
the
truth
about
why
the
project
failed
.
ā¢
It's
hard
to
tell
the
truth
from
rumors
on
the
internet
.
It's
hard
to
tell
the
truth
from
rumors
on
the
internet
.
Old
English
trÄowþ
(
faith
,
fidelity
,
veracity
),
related
to
true
.
noun
a
true
statement
or
principle
that
people
accept
as
correct
ā¢
One
truth
we
all
know
is
that
the
sun
rises
in
the
east
.
One
truth
we
all
know
is
that
the
sun
rises
in
the
east
.
ā¢
Grandfather
loved
to
share
simple
truths
about
life
.
Grandfather
loved
to
share
simple
truths
about
life
.
noun
the
quality
of
being
honest
and
telling
things
as
they
really
are
ā¢
He
values
truth
above
all
else
in
his
friendships
.
He
values
truth
above
all
else
in
his
friendships
.
ā¢
The
witness
swore
to
tell
the
whole
truth
in
court
.
The
witness
swore
to
tell
the
whole
truth
in
court
.
author
noun
a
person
who
writes
books
,
stories
,
articles
,
or
other
texts
,
especially
as
a
job
ā¢
The
author
signed
copies
of
her
new
novel
at
the
bookstore
.
The
author
signed
copies
of
her
new
novel
at
the
bookstore
.
ā¢
Every
author
hopes
readers
will
love
their
stories
.
Every
author
hopes
readers
will
love
their
stories
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
ā
autour
,ā
from
Latin
ā
auctor
ā
meaning
ā
originator
,
promoter
,
maker
.ā
noun
someone
who
creates
or
is
responsible
for
an
idea
,
plan
,
rule
,
or
piece
of
work
ā¢
Scientists
praised
the
author
of
the
groundbreaking
theory
.
Scientists
praised
the
author
of
the
groundbreaking
theory
.
ā¢
She
is
considered
the
author
of
the
new
company
policy
.
She
is
considered
the
author
of
the
new
company
policy
.
verb
to
write
or
create
a
book
,
article
,
report
,
or
other
written
work
ā¢
She
authored
a
best-selling
biography
of
Nelson
Mandela
.
She
authored
a
best-selling
biography
of
Nelson
Mandela
.
ā¢
The
senator
authored
the
bill
to
improve
healthcare
.
The
senator
authored
the
bill
to
improve
healthcare
.
future
noun
the
time
that
will
come
after
the
present
moment
ā¢
Scientists
study
climate
change
to
protect
the
future
of
our
planet
.
Scientists
study
climate
change
to
protect
the
future
of
our
planet
.
ā¢
Instead
of
worrying
about
the
past
,
focus
on
the
future
.
Instead
of
worrying
about
the
past
,
focus
on
the
future
.
adjective
happening
,
existing
,
or
coming
after
the
present
time
ā¢
They
planted
trees
for
future
generations
.
They
planted
trees
for
future
generations
.
ā¢
Our
future
home
will
have
a
big
garden
.
Our
future
home
will
have
a
big
garden
.
noun
the
time
that
has
not
happened
yet
ā¢
Emma
likes
to
dream
about
what
the
future
might
look
like
.
Emma
likes
to
dream
about
what
the
future
might
look
like
.
ā¢
No
one
can
predict
the
future
with
complete
certainty
.
No
one
can
predict
the
future
with
complete
certainty
.
From
Latin
ā
futūrus
ā,
meaning
ā
about
to
be
ā.
noun
the
likely
course
of
someone
ā
s
life
or
something
ā
s
development
in
the
time
ahead
ā¢
The
coach
told
Mia
she
has
a
bright
future
in
basketball
.
The
coach
told
Mia
she
has
a
bright
future
in
basketball
.
ā¢
After
the
merger
,
the
company's
future
looked
uncertain
.
After
the
merger
,
the
company's
future
looked
uncertain
.
noun
the
verb
tense
used
to
talk
about
actions
or
events
that
have
not
happened
yet
ā¢
In
English
,
we
often
use
ā
will
ā
to
form
the
future
.
In
English
,
we
often
use
ā
will
ā
to
form
the
future
.
ā¢
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
change
the
sentence
into
the
future
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
change
the
sentence
into
the
future
.
adjective
belonging
to
a
time
that
comes
after
now
;
expected
or
intended
to
happen
ā¢
The
company
is
training
its
future
leaders
.
The
company
is
training
its
future
leaders
.
ā¢
These
students
are
the
school
ā
s
future
doctors
and
engineers
.
These
students
are
the
school
ā
s
future
doctors
and
engineers
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
of
future
,
used
attributively
since
the
15th
century
.
noun
the
verb
tense
used
to
talk
about
things
that
will
happen
after
now
ā¢
In
English
, "
will
go
"
is
in
the
future
.
In
English
, "
will
go
"
is
in
the
future
.
ā¢
French
has
more
than
one
future
,
including
the
simple
and
the
near
future
.
French
has
more
than
one
future
,
including
the
simple
and
the
near
future
.
Borrowed
into
grammar
terminology
from
Latin
ā
futūrum
tempus
ā,
literally
ā
time
about
to
be
ā.
south
noun
the
direction
that
is
opposite
north
on
a
map
or
compass
ā¢
The
compass
needle
points
south
when
we
turn
it
around
.
The
compass
needle
points
south
when
we
turn
it
around
.
ā¢
South
is
opposite
north
on
the
map
hanging
behind
the
teacher
.
South
is
opposite
north
on
the
map
hanging
behind
the
teacher
.
Old
English
ā
suư
,ā
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Old
Norse
ā
suưr
,ā
meaning
the
direction
of
the
sun
at
noon
.
noun
the
southern
part
or
area
of
a
country
,
region
,
or
place
ā¢
He
grew
up
in
the
south
of
France
,
near
the
Mediterranean
Sea
.
He
grew
up
in
the
south
of
France
,
near
the
Mediterranean
Sea
.
ā¢
Many
tourists
visit
the
south
of
the
island
for
its
white
beaches
.
Many
tourists
visit
the
south
of
the
island
for
its
white
beaches
.
adverb
toward
the
south
or
in
a
southern
direction
ā¢
The
hikers
continued
south
along
the
ridge
until
sunset
.
The
hikers
continued
south
along
the
ridge
until
sunset
.
ā¢
Drive
five
miles
south
and
you
ā
ll
reach
the
lake
.
Drive
five
miles
south
and
you
ā
ll
reach
the
lake
.
adjective
located
in
,
coming
from
,
or
facing
the
south
ā¢
The
south
coast
is
famous
for
its
cliffs
.
The
south
coast
is
famous
for
its
cliffs
.
ā¢
We
took
the
south
exit
off
the
highway
.
We
took
the
south
exit
off
the
highway
.
adverb
(
informal
)
used
after
verbs
like
ā
go
ā
or
ā
head
ā
to
mean
become
worse
,
fail
,
or
decrease
sharply
ā¢
Our
plans
went
south
after
the
sudden
rainstorm
.
Our
plans
went
south
after
the
sudden
rainstorm
.
ā¢
The
company
ā
s
profits
have
headed
south
for
three
consecutive
quarters
.
The
company
ā
s
profits
have
headed
south
for
three
consecutive
quarters
.
beautiful
adjective
pleasing
to
look
at
,
hear
,
or
experience
because
it
has
beauty
or
grace
.
ā¢
The
garden
looked
beautiful
after
the
spring
rain
.
The
garden
looked
beautiful
after
the
spring
rain
.
ā¢
She
wore
a
beautiful
red
dress
to
the
party
.
She
wore
a
beautiful
red
dress
to
the
party
.
From
Middle
English
beauteu
+
-ful
;
patterned
after
beauty
.
adjective
informal
:
excellent
,
very
good
,
or
highly
satisfying
.
ā¢
You
played
a
beautiful
game
out
there
!
You
played
a
beautiful
game
out
there
!
ā¢
That
was
a
beautiful
idea
ā
you
saved
us
hours
of
work
.
That
was
a
beautiful
idea
ā
you
saved
us
hours
of
work
.
authority
noun
-
authority
,
authorities
an
official
organization
or
group
of
people
that
has
the
power
to
enforce
rules
or
laws
ā¢
The
health
authority
issued
new
safety
guidelines
.
The
health
authority
issued
new
safety
guidelines
.
ā¢
Local
authorities
closed
the
park
because
of
flooding
.
Local
authorities
closed
the
park
because
of
flooding
.
Sense
developed
in
the
late
Middle
Ages
as
governments
formalized
bodies
with
specific
powers
.
noun
-
authority
,
authorities
the
power
or
right
to
direct
other
people
and
make
decisions
that
must
be
obeyed
ā¢
The
teacher
has
authority
over
the
classroom
.
The
teacher
has
authority
over
the
classroom
.
ā¢
During
the
storm
,
the
mayor
used
her
emergency
authority
to
close
the
roads
.
During
the
storm
,
the
mayor
used
her
emergency
authority
to
close
the
roads
.
Middle
English
auctorite
,
from
Old
French
auctoritƩ
,
from
Latin
auctoritas
ā
invention
,
advice
,
opinion
,
influence
ā,
from
auctor
ā
originator
,
promoter
ā.
noun
-
authority
,
authorities
a
person
who
is
accepted
as
an
expert
on
a
subject
ā¢
Dr
.
Chen
is
an
authority
on
marine
biology
.
Dr
.
Chen
is
an
authority
on
marine
biology
.
ā¢
The
book
is
considered
the
leading
authority
on
medieval
architecture
.
The
book
is
considered
the
leading
authority
on
medieval
architecture
.
Extended
from
the
idea
of
ā
power
ā
to
someone
whose
knowledge
carries
weight
and
commands
respect
.
absolutely
adverb
completely
or
totally
;
used
to
add
force
to
a
statement
,
quality
,
or
action
.
ā¢
The
view
from
the
mountain
was
absolutely
stunning
.
The
view
from
the
mountain
was
absolutely
stunning
.
ā¢
I
absolutely
forgot
about
our
meeting
ā
I'm
sorry
!
I
absolutely
forgot
about
our
meeting
ā
I'm
sorry
!
From
Latin
absolutus
(ā
free
,
unrestricted
ā),
via
Middle
French
and
Middle
English
,
meaning
ā
without
restriction
or
qualification
.ā
interjection
yes
;
certainly
;
used
to
show
strong
agreement
or
permission
.
ā¢
ā
Can
you
finish
the
report
by
Friday
?ā ā
Absolutely
!ā
ā
Can
you
finish
the
report
by
Friday
?ā ā
Absolutely
!ā
ā¢
ā
Are
you
coming
to
the
party
tonight
?ā ā
Absolutely
!ā
ā
Are
you
coming
to
the
party
tonight
?ā ā
Absolutely
!ā
Extension
of
the
adverb
ā
s
emphatic
use
into
a
standalone
response
,
first
recorded
in
conversational
English
in
the
late
19th
century
.
executive
noun
a
person
with
a
high-level
job
who
has
the
power
to
make
important
decisions
in
a
company
or
other
organization
ā¢
The
new
executive
met
with
the
marketing
team
to
outline
her
strategy
for
the
year
.
The
new
executive
met
with
the
marketing
team
to
outline
her
strategy
for
the
year
.
ā¢
After
twenty
years
with
the
company
,
Carlos
was
promoted
to
senior
executive
.
After
twenty
years
with
the
company
,
Carlos
was
promoted
to
senior
executive
.
From
Latin
ā
executivus
ā
meaning
ā
carrying
out
ā,
via
Middle
French
ā
exƩcutif
ā.
adjective
relating
to
people
or
things
that
have
high-level
authority
or
are
designed
for
people
in
high-level
positions
ā¢
She
booked
an
executive
suite
overlooking
the
ocean
for
the
conference
.
She
booked
an
executive
suite
overlooking
the
ocean
for
the
conference
.
ā¢
Only
top
managers
receive
access
to
the
executive
lounge
at
the
airport
.
Only
top
managers
receive
access
to
the
executive
lounge
at
the
airport
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
;
first
used
as
an
adjective
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
-
executive
the
branch
of
government
that
puts
laws
into
effect
and
runs
the
day-to-day
affairs
of
the
state
ā¢
In
the
United
States
,
the
executive
can
veto
laws
passed
by
Congress
.
In
the
United
States
,
the
executive
can
veto
laws
passed
by
Congress
.
ā¢
A
healthy
democracy
relies
on
balance
between
the
legislature
,
judiciary
,
and
the
executive
.
A
healthy
democracy
relies
on
balance
between
the
legislature
,
judiciary
,
and
the
executive
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
developed
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
governmental
power
that
ā
executes
ā
the
laws
.
institution
noun
a
large
and
important
organization
created
for
education
,
religion
,
finance
,
or
another
public
purpose
ā¢
Harvard
University
is
a
world-famous
institution
of
higher
learning
.
Harvard
University
is
a
world-famous
institution
of
higher
learning
.
ā¢
The
bank
hopes
to
become
the
leading
financial
institution
in
the
region
.
The
bank
hopes
to
become
the
leading
financial
institution
in
the
region
.
noun
an
established
custom
,
system
,
or
practice
that
is
accepted
as
an
important
part
of
society
ā¢
Many
people
believe
that
marriage
is
a
sacred
institution
.
Many
people
believe
that
marriage
is
a
sacred
institution
.
ā¢
The
institution
of
democracy
allows
citizens
to
choose
their
leaders
.
The
institution
of
democracy
allows
citizens
to
choose
their
leaders
.
noun
a
place
such
as
a
hospital
,
home
,
or
prison
where
people
who
need
special
care
or
supervision
live
ā¢
The
patient
was
moved
to
a
mental
health
institution
for
specialized
care
.
The
patient
was
moved
to
a
mental
health
institution
for
specialized
care
.
ā¢
He
spent
several
months
in
a
rehabilitation
institution
after
the
accident
.
He
spent
several
months
in
a
rehabilitation
institution
after
the
accident
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
has
been
part
of
a
place
or
activity
for
a
very
long
time
and
is
highly
respected
or
well-known
ā¢
At
ninety
,
the
baker
was
considered
a
local
institution
.
At
ninety
,
the
baker
was
considered
a
local
institution
.
ā¢
The
stadium's
giant
hot-dog
vendor
is
an
institution
for
hungry
fans
.
The
stadium's
giant
hot-dog
vendor
is
an
institution
for
hungry
fans
.
noun
the
act
of
starting
or
introducing
something
such
as
a
rule
,
system
,
or
policy
ā¢
The
institution
of
a
curfew
helped
calm
the
city
after
the
unrest
.
The
institution
of
a
curfew
helped
calm
the
city
after
the
unrest
.
ā¢
Parliament
debated
the
institution
of
new
environmental
laws
.
Parliament
debated
the
institution
of
new
environmental
laws
.
mouth
noun
the
opening
in
the
lower
part
of
the
face
that
people
and
many
animals
use
for
eating
,
speaking
,
breathing
,
and
showing
feelings
ā¢
The
baby
opened
his
mouth
wide
for
the
spoonful
of
applesauce
.
The
baby
opened
his
mouth
wide
for
the
spoonful
of
applesauce
.
ā¢
Please
cover
your
mouth
when
you
cough
.
Please
cover
your
mouth
when
you
cough
.
Old
English
ā
mūþ
ā,
from
Proto-Germanic
ā
*munthaz
ā,
related
to
German
ā
Mund
ā
and
Dutch
ā
mond
ā.
noun
the
opening
or
entrance
of
something
hollow
,
especially
the
place
where
a
river
flows
into
the
sea
or
the
open
end
of
a
cave
,
bottle
,
or
tunnel
ā¢
They
set
up
camp
near
the
mouth
of
the
cave
.
They
set
up
camp
near
the
mouth
of
the
cave
.
ā¢
The
delta
marks
the
mouth
of
the
Nile
River
.
The
delta
marks
the
mouth
of
the
Nile
River
.
verb
to
move
your
lips
to
form
words
without
making
any
sound
,
often
so
only
one
person
can
understand
ā¢
During
the
exam
,
she
silently
mouthed
the
answer
to
her
friend
.
During
the
exam
,
she
silently
mouthed
the
answer
to
her
friend
.
ā¢
He
mouthed
ā
thank
you
ā
across
the
noisy
room
.
He
mouthed
ā
thank
you
ā
across
the
noisy
room
.
solution
noun
a
way
of
fixing
a
problem
or
dealing
with
a
difficult
situation
ā¢
The
city
council
hopes
the
new
subway
line
will
be
a
long-term
solution
to
traffic
jams
.
The
city
council
hopes
the
new
subway
line
will
be
a
long-term
solution
to
traffic
jams
.
ā¢
Putting
the
computer
on
a
higher
shelf
proved
a
simple
solution
to
keep
it
away
from
the
toddler
.
Putting
the
computer
on
a
higher
shelf
proved
a
simple
solution
to
keep
it
away
from
the
toddler
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
ā
solutio
ā
meaning
ā
a
loosening
,
solving
ā.
noun
the
correct
answer
that
makes
a
puzzle
,
question
,
or
equation
work
ā¢
The
solution
to
3
Ć
x
=
12
is
4
.
The
solution
to
3
Ć
x
=
12
is
4
.
ā¢
After
hours
of
thinking
,
Leo
finally
wrote
the
correct
solution
in
his
crossword
puzzle
.
After
hours
of
thinking
,
Leo
finally
wrote
the
correct
solution
in
his
crossword
puzzle
.
Middle
English
,
borrowed
from
Latin
ā
solutio
ā, ā
a
solving
ā.
noun
a
liquid
in
which
one
substance
has
completely
dissolved
in
another
ā¢
The
nurse
cleaned
the
wound
with
a
mild
saline
solution
.
The
nurse
cleaned
the
wound
with
a
mild
saline
solution
.
ā¢
When
sugar
is
fully
dissolved
,
the
solution
becomes
transparent
.
When
sugar
is
fully
dissolved
,
the
solution
becomes
transparent
.
Adopted
into
scientific
language
in
the
17th
century
from
Latin
ā
solutio
ā,
the
act
of
dissolving
.
throughout
preposition
in
every
part
of
a
place
or
thing
ā¢
Colorful
lanterns
were
hung
throughout
the
courtyard
for
the
festival
.
Colorful
lanterns
were
hung
throughout
the
courtyard
for
the
festival
.
ā¢
The
smell
of
fresh
paint
lingered
throughout
the
house
.
The
smell
of
fresh
paint
lingered
throughout
the
house
.
preposition
during
the
whole
of
a
period
of
time
ā¢
She
worked
remotely
throughout
the
summer
.
She
worked
remotely
throughout
the
summer
.
ā¢
It
rained
throughout
the
night
.
It
rained
throughout
the
night
.
adverb
everywhere
;
in
every
part
ā¢
Laughter
could
be
heard
throughout
.
Laughter
could
be
heard
throughout
.
ā¢
Dust
lay
thick
throughout
.
Dust
lay
thick
throughout
.
adverb
for
the
entire
duration
;
all
the
time
ā¢
She
remained
optimistic
throughout
.
She
remained
optimistic
throughout
.
ā¢
The
baby
slept
soundly
throughout
.
The
baby
slept
soundly
throughout
.
shut
verb
-
shut
,
shutting
,
shuts
to
move
something
so
that
it
is
no
longer
open
ā¢
"
Please
shut
the
door
;
it
ā
s
getting
cold
."
"
Please
shut
the
door
;
it
ā
s
getting
cold
."
ā¢
The
store
shuts
at
9
p
.
m
.,
so
we
need
to
hurry
.
The
store
shuts
at
9
p
.
m
.,
so
we
need
to
hurry
.
Old
English
scyttan
ā
to
fasten
a
door
with
a
bolt
,ā
related
to
ā
shoot
,ā
originally
meaning
ā
push
a
bar
.ā
adjective
closed
;
not
open
ā¢
The
kitchen
window
is
shut
,
but
I
can
still
hear
the
traffic
.
The
kitchen
window
is
shut
,
but
I
can
still
hear
the
traffic
.
ā¢
Keep
the
gate
shut
so
the
dog
doesn
ā
t
run
out
.
Keep
the
gate
shut
so
the
dog
doesn
ā
t
run
out
.
Early
use
as
past
participle
of
the
verb
ā
shut
,ā
later
functioning
as
an
adjective
meaning
ā
closed
.ā
contribute
verb
-
contribute
,
contributing
,
contributes
,
contributed
to
give
money
,
time
,
ideas
,
or
other
help
toward
a
common
fund
,
project
,
or
cause
ā¢
Many
parents
contribute
money
to
the
school
ā
s
science
fair
every
year
.
Many
parents
contribute
money
to
the
school
ā
s
science
fair
every
year
.
ā¢
Each
team
member
contributed
ideas
during
the
brainstorming
session
.
Each
team
member
contributed
ideas
during
the
brainstorming
session
.
from
Latin
ā
contribuere
ā ā
con-
ā
together
ā
+
tribuere
ā
to
allot
,
pay
.ā
verb
-
contribute
,
contributing
,
contributes
,
contributed
to
be
one
of
the
causes
of
a
particular
result
ā¢
Heavy
traffic
can
contribute
to
air
pollution
in
big
cities
.
Heavy
traffic
can
contribute
to
air
pollution
in
big
cities
.
ā¢
Lack
of
sleep
contributed
to
her
poor
exam
performance
.
Lack
of
sleep
contributed
to
her
poor
exam
performance
.
verb
-
contribute
,
contributing
,
contributes
,
contributed
to
write
and
send
articles
,
stories
,
or
other
material
for
publication
ā¢
She
regularly
contributes
travel
articles
to
the
local
newspaper
.
She
regularly
contributes
travel
articles
to
the
local
newspaper
.
ā¢
Several
experts
contributed
chapters
to
the
medical
textbook
.
Several
experts
contributed
chapters
to
the
medical
textbook
.
southern
adjective
located
in
,
coming
from
,
or
connected
with
the
south
part
of
a
place
or
the
world
ā¢
Many
species
of
penguin
live
only
in
the
southern
oceans
near
Antarctica
.
Many
species
of
penguin
live
only
in
the
southern
oceans
near
Antarctica
.
ā¢
Tourists
flock
to
the
southern
coast
of
Spain
for
warm
sunshine
in
winter
.
Tourists
flock
to
the
southern
coast
of
Spain
for
warm
sunshine
in
winter
.
Old
English
suưerne
(
from
suư
ā
south
ā
+
-ern
).
Southern
adjective
relating
to
the
culture
,
people
,
or
traditions
of
the
southern
part
of
a
particular
country
,
especially
the
United
States
ā¢
She
spoke
with
a
gentle
Southern
accent
that
reminded
me
of
Georgia
.
She
spoke
with
a
gentle
Southern
accent
that
reminded
me
of
Georgia
.
ā¢
We
tasted
authentic
Southern
barbecue
at
a
roadside
diner
in
Alabama
.
We
tasted
authentic
Southern
barbecue
at
a
roadside
diner
in
Alabama
.
Capitalized
use
arose
to
denote
cultural
identity
of
the
southern
United
States
(
19th
c
.).
institute
noun
an
organization
established
for
a
particular
purpose
,
especially
education
,
research
,
or
professional
training
ā¢
She
studied
chemistry
at
the
institute
in
the
city
center
.
She
studied
chemistry
at
the
institute
in
the
city
center
.
ā¢
The
government
funded
a
new
institute
for
renewable
energy
research
.
The
government
funded
a
new
institute
for
renewable
energy
research
.
from
Latin
institutum
ā
something
established
ā,
from
instituere
ā
to
set
up
ā
verb
-
institute
,
instituting
,
institutes
,
instituted
to
start
something
such
as
a
system
,
rule
,
or
official
process
ā¢
The
company
plans
to
institute
a
more
flexible
working
schedule
next
year
.
The
company
plans
to
institute
a
more
flexible
working
schedule
next
year
.
ā¢
After
the
accident
,
the
city
council
instituted
new
safety
regulations
.
After
the
accident
,
the
city
council
instituted
new
safety
regulations
.
from
Latin
instituere
meaning
ā
to
set
up
,
put
in
place
ā
outcome
noun
the
final
result
of
an
action
,
event
,
or
situation
ā¢
After
months
of
training
,
the
final
race
outcome
surprised
everyone
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
final
race
outcome
surprised
everyone
.
ā¢
We
will
know
the
election
outcome
tonight
when
all
votes
are
counted
.
We
will
know
the
election
outcome
tonight
when
all
votes
are
counted
.
From
out
+
come
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
in
the
sense
ā
an
act
of
coming
out
ā.
The
modern
meaning
of
ā
result
ā
appeared
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
in
probability
or
science
,
one
possible
result
that
can
happen
in
an
experiment
,
test
,
or
event
ā¢
When
you
flip
a
coin
, "
heads
"
is
one
possible
outcome
.
When
you
flip
a
coin
, "
heads
"
is
one
possible
outcome
.
ā¢
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
list
all
six
outcomes
of
rolling
a
die
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
list
all
six
outcomes
of
rolling
a
die
.
youth
noun
the
period
of
life
when
a
person
is
young
,
especially
before
adulthood
ā¢
In
his
youth
,
my
grandfather
loved
climbing
mountains
.
In
his
youth
,
my
grandfather
loved
climbing
mountains
.
ā¢
She
spent
her
youth
in
a
quiet
seaside
village
.
She
spent
her
youth
in
a
quiet
seaside
village
.
Old
English
geoguth
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
jeugd
and
German
Jugend
.
noun
a
young
male
person
,
especially
a
teenager
or
someone
in
early
adulthood
ā¢
A
helpful
youth
carried
the
bags
up
the
stairs
.
A
helpful
youth
carried
the
bags
up
the
stairs
.
ā¢
The
police
questioned
a
local
youth
about
the
incident
.
The
police
questioned
a
local
youth
about
the
incident
.
noun
young
people
considered
together
as
a
group
,
especially
within
society
ā¢
The
festival
aims
to
inspire
local
youth
to
pursue
art
.
The
festival
aims
to
inspire
local
youth
to
pursue
art
.
ā¢
Unemployment
among
youth
has
decreased
this
year
.
Unemployment
among
youth
has
decreased
this
year
.
duty
noun
-
duty
,
duties
something
you
feel
you
must
do
because
of
law
,
your
job
,
or
moral
principles
ā¢
It's
a
soldier's
duty
to
protect
their
country
.
It's
a
soldier's
duty
to
protect
their
country
.
ā¢
She
felt
it
was
her
duty
to
tell
the
truth
,
even
if
it
hurt
.
She
felt
it
was
her
duty
to
tell
the
truth
,
even
if
it
hurt
.
noun
-
duty
,
duties
the
tasks
and
responsibilities
that
are
part
of
someone
ā
s
job
or
role
ā¢
One
of
the
receptionist's
duties
is
to
answer
the
phone
politely
.
One
of
the
receptionist's
duties
is
to
answer
the
phone
politely
.
ā¢
The
nurse
went
off
duty
at
six
o'clock
.
The
nurse
went
off
duty
at
six
o'clock
.
noun
-
duty
,
duties
a
tax
that
must
be
paid
on
goods
brought
into
or
sold
inside
a
country
ā¢
You
must
pay
import
duty
on
that
expensive
watch
.
You
must
pay
import
duty
on
that
expensive
watch
.
ā¢
Customs
officers
calculated
the
duty
before
releasing
the
goods
.
Customs
officers
calculated
the
duty
before
releasing
the
goods
.
beauty
noun
-
beauty
,
beauties
the
pleasing
quality
that
makes
someone
or
something
attractive
to
see
,
hear
,
or
think
about
ā¢
The
beauty
of
the
sunset
left
everyone
silent
.
The
beauty
of
the
sunset
left
everyone
silent
.
ā¢
He
stopped
to
admire
the
natural
beauty
of
the
mountain
valley
.
He
stopped
to
admire
the
natural
beauty
of
the
mountain
valley
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
beaute
,
from
Latin
bellus
ā
pretty
,
handsome
ā.
noun
-
beauty
,
beauties
a
person
,
especially
a
woman
,
who
is
very
attractive
ā¢
Everyone
turned
to
look
when
the
famous
beauty
entered
the
room
.
Everyone
turned
to
look
when
the
famous
beauty
entered
the
room
.
ā¢
Her
grandmother
was
considered
a
great
beauty
in
her
youth
.
Her
grandmother
was
considered
a
great
beauty
in
her
youth
.
noun
-
beauty
,
beauties
something
that
is
especially
good
,
impressive
,
or
well
made
ā¢
That
new
electric
guitar
is
a
real
beauty
.
That
new
electric
guitar
is
a
real
beauty
.
ā¢
The
mechanic
showed
me
an
old
car
engine
ā
what
a
beauty
it
was
!
The
mechanic
showed
me
an
old
car
engine
ā
what
a
beauty
it
was
!
interjection
used
to
express
pleasure
,
approval
,
or
excitement
,
similar
to
ā
great
!ā
ā¢
ā
Beauty
!ā
shouted
the
surfer
after
riding
a
perfect
wave
.
ā
Beauty
!ā
shouted
the
surfer
after
riding
a
perfect
wave
.
ā¢
ā
Beauty
,
mate
!
We
finished
the
project
early
,ā
said
Liam
.
ā
Beauty
,
mate
!
We
finished
the
project
early
,ā
said
Liam
.
constitution
noun
the
written
or
unwritten
set
of
fundamental
laws
and
principles
that
describes
how
a
country
,
state
,
or
organization
is
governed
ā¢
Law
students
compared
the
American
constitution
with
the
French
one
for
their
assignment
.
Law
students
compared
the
American
constitution
with
the
French
one
for
their
assignment
.
ā¢
After
independence
,
the
new
nation
drafted
a
constitution
to
protect
human
rights
.
After
independence
,
the
new
nation
drafted
a
constitution
to
protect
human
rights
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
constitutio
(
n-
) ā
settling
,
established
order
ā,
from
constituere
ā
set
up
ā.
noun
a
person
ā
s
general
state
of
physical
health
,
strength
,
and
vitality
ā¢
Despite
her
age
,
Grandma
still
has
a
strong
constitution
.
Despite
her
age
,
Grandma
still
has
a
strong
constitution
.
ā¢
The
doctor
said
his
weak
constitution
made
him
prone
to
colds
.
The
doctor
said
his
weak
constitution
made
him
prone
to
colds
.
Meaning
ā
physical
makeup
or
health
ā
appeared
in
the
early
17th
century
,
influenced
by
medical
Latin
uses
of
constitutio
ā
arrangement
of
the
body
ā.
noun
the
physical
makeup
,
structure
,
or
composition
of
something
ā¢
Scientists
studied
the
chemical
constitution
of
the
new
alloy
.
Scientists
studied
the
chemical
constitution
of
the
new
alloy
.
ā¢
The
committee
discussed
the
ideal
constitution
of
the
advisory
board
.
The
committee
discussed
the
ideal
constitution
of
the
advisory
board
.
Sense
of
ā
make-up
,
composition
ā
dates
to
the
17th
century
,
extended
figuratively
from
the
earlier
political
sense
.
contribution
noun
Something
such
as
money
,
help
,
or
ideas
that
you
willingly
give
to
a
person
,
group
,
or
cause
so
they
can
reach
a
goal
.
ā¢
Each
guest
put
a
small
contribution
into
the
charity
box
at
the
door
.
Each
guest
put
a
small
contribution
into
the
charity
box
at
the
door
.
ā¢
The
villagers
ā
joint
contribution
paid
for
a
new
well
in
the
dry
season
.
The
villagers
ā
joint
contribution
paid
for
a
new
well
in
the
dry
season
.
From
Latin
'contributio'
meaning
'a
bringing
together'
,
from
'contribuere'
(
'con-'
together
+
'tribuere'
give
).
noun
The
part
played
by
a
person
or
thing
in
producing
or
achieving
a
result
;
something
that
helps
to
make
something
happen
or
be
better
.
ā¢
Ada
Lovelace
ā
s
contribution
to
computing
laid
the
groundwork
for
modern
programming
.
Ada
Lovelace
ā
s
contribution
to
computing
laid
the
groundwork
for
modern
programming
.
ā¢
Regular
exercise
makes
a
huge
contribution
to
good
mental
health
.
Regular
exercise
makes
a
huge
contribution
to
good
mental
health
.
noun
A
piece
of
writing
,
artwork
,
or
other
material
that
someone
sends
to
be
published
or
included
in
a
collection
,
meeting
,
or
event
.
ā¢
Her
short
story
was
accepted
as
a
contribution
to
the
school
magazine
.
Her
short
story
was
accepted
as
a
contribution
to
the
school
magazine
.
ā¢
The
artist
ā
s
only
contribution
to
the
exhibition
was
a
vivid
watercolor
of
the
harbor
.
The
artist
ā
s
only
contribution
to
the
exhibition
was
a
vivid
watercolor
of
the
harbor
.
noun
A
regular
payment
you
must
make
to
a
government
or
official
fund
,
especially
for
social
security
,
pension
,
or
insurance
.
ā¢
Employees
ā
National
Insurance
contribution
rates
rose
this
year
.
Employees
ā
National
Insurance
contribution
rates
rose
this
year
.
ā¢
Her
pension
contribution
is
automatically
taken
from
her
salary
each
month
.
Her
pension
contribution
is
automatically
taken
from
her
salary
each
month
.
revolution
noun
a
sudden
and
complete
change
of
government
or
political
system
,
usually
brought
about
by
the
people
through
protest
,
rebellion
,
or
force
ā¢
The
French
revolution
of
1789
changed
the
course
of
European
history
.
The
French
revolution
of
1789
changed
the
course
of
European
history
.
ā¢
After
years
of
oppression
,
the
people
finally
staged
a
revolution
and
toppled
the
dictator
.
After
years
of
oppression
,
the
people
finally
staged
a
revolution
and
toppled
the
dictator
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
,
from
late
Latin
revolutio
(
n-
),
from
revolvere
ā
roll
back
,
turn
over
ā.
noun
a
very
great
and
fast
change
in
ideas
,
methods
,
or
technology
that
completely
transforms
a
field
or
way
of
life
ā¢
The
digital
revolution
transformed
how
we
communicate
.
The
digital
revolution
transformed
how
we
communicate
.
ā¢
Some
experts
say
that
artificial
intelligence
will
spark
the
next
revolution
in
medicine
.
Some
experts
say
that
artificial
intelligence
will
spark
the
next
revolution
in
medicine
.
noun
one
complete
orbit
that
a
planet
,
moon
,
or
other
object
makes
around
another
body
in
space
ā¢
The
Earth's
revolution
around
the
Sun
takes
about
365
days
.
The
Earth's
revolution
around
the
Sun
takes
about
365
days
.
ā¢
A
comet's
long
,
elliptical
revolution
can
take
hundreds
of
years
.
A
comet's
long
,
elliptical
revolution
can
take
hundreds
of
years
.
noun
one
complete
turn
of
an
object
around
its
own
center
or
axis
ā¢
The
engine
runs
at
3
,
000
revolutions
per
minute
.
The
engine
runs
at
3
,
000
revolutions
per
minute
.
ā¢
One
full
revolution
of
the
wheel
moves
the
bike
forward
by
two
meters
.
One
full
revolution
of
the
wheel
moves
the
bike
forward
by
two
meters
.
route
noun
a
road
,
path
,
or
course
that
you
follow
to
travel
from
one
place
to
another
ā¢
The
hiking
guide
showed
us
the
easiest
route
to
the
waterfall
.
The
hiking
guide
showed
us
the
easiest
route
to
the
waterfall
.
ā¢
Buses
on
this
route
leave
every
fifteen
minutes
.
Buses
on
this
route
leave
every
fifteen
minutes
.
Borrowed
from
French
"
route
",
from
Latin
"
rupta
(
via
)"
meaning
"
broken
(
way
)",
referring
to
a
cleared
road
.
noun
a
particular
way
of
achieving
or
doing
something
ā¢
Hard
work
is
often
the
surest
route
to
success
.
Hard
work
is
often
the
surest
route
to
success
.
ā¢
The
company
chose
the
digital
route
to
reach
younger
customers
.
The
company
chose
the
digital
route
to
reach
younger
customers
.
verb
-
route
,
routing
,
routes
,
routed
to
send
or
direct
something
along
a
particular
path
ā¢
The
operator
routed
my
call
to
the
technical
department
.
The
operator
routed
my
call
to
the
technical
department
.
ā¢
Emails
are
automatically
routed
through
the
spam
filter
.
Emails
are
automatically
routed
through
the
spam
filter
.
distribution
noun
the
act
or
process
of
delivering
or
handing
out
goods
or
resources
to
various
people
or
places
ā¢
The
charity
organized
the
distribution
of
blankets
to
the
earthquake
survivors
.
The
charity
organized
the
distribution
of
blankets
to
the
earthquake
survivors
.
ā¢
A
truck
arrives
every
morning
for
the
distribution
of
fresh
bread
to
local
shops
.
A
truck
arrives
every
morning
for
the
distribution
of
fresh
bread
to
local
shops
.
From
Latin
distributio
ā
division
,
arrangement
ā,
from
distribuere
ā
to
divide
,
share
out
ā.
noun
the
way
something
is
spread
or
shared
over
an
area
,
group
,
or
period
of
time
ā¢
Scientists
mapped
the
distribution
of
endangered
birds
across
the
islands
.
Scientists
mapped
the
distribution
of
endangered
birds
across
the
islands
.
ā¢
Income
distribution
varies
greatly
between
urban
and
rural
communities
.
Income
distribution
varies
greatly
between
urban
and
rural
communities
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
.
noun
in
mathematics
and
statistics
,
a
set
showing
all
the
possible
values
of
data
and
how
often
they
occur
ā¢
The
data
followed
a
normal
distribution
around
the
average
value
.
The
data
followed
a
normal
distribution
around
the
average
value
.
ā¢
Understanding
the
probability
distribution
helps
predict
future
sales
.
Understanding
the
probability
distribution
helps
predict
future
sales
.
Adopted
for
mathematical
use
in
the
late
19th
century
,
extending
the
general
sense
of
ā
arrangement
ā
to
numerical
values
.
button
noun
a
small
,
usually
round
object
that
you
push
through
a
hole
or
loop
to
fasten
clothes
or
pieces
of
cloth
together
ā¢
She
sewed
a
new
button
onto
her
coat
after
the
old
one
fell
off
.
She
sewed
a
new
button
onto
her
coat
after
the
old
one
fell
off
.
ā¢
The
baby
loved
playing
with
the
bright
red
buttons
on
his
father's
shirt
.
The
baby
loved
playing
with
the
bright
red
buttons
on
his
father's
shirt
.
Middle
English
botoun
,
from
Old
French
boton
(ā
bud
;
knob
ā).
noun
a
small
part
on
a
machine
or
device
that
you
press
to
make
it
start
,
stop
,
or
do
something
ā¢
Press
the
green
button
to
start
the
machine
.
Press
the
green
button
to
start
the
machine
.
ā¢
The
elevator's
emergency
button
is
bright
red
and
easy
to
see
.
The
elevator's
emergency
button
is
bright
red
and
easy
to
see
.
Transferred
sense
from
the
clothing
fastener
to
any
small
pressable
knob
(
late
19th
c
.).
verb
-
button
,
buttoning
,
buttons
,
buttoned
to
fasten
or
close
something
by
pushing
buttons
through
the
matching
holes
or
loops
ā¢
It's
cold
outside
,
so
button
your
coat
before
you
leave
.
It's
cold
outside
,
so
button
your
coat
before
you
leave
.
ā¢
She
buttoned
the
baby's
tiny
sweater
carefully
.
She
buttoned
the
baby's
tiny
sweater
carefully
.
From
the
noun
sense
of
the
clothing
fastener
,
recorded
as
a
verb
since
the
16th
century
.
noun
a
clickable
icon
on
a
computer
,
phone
,
or
website
screen
that
you
tap
or
click
to
perform
an
action
ā¢
Click
the
'Submit'
button
to
send
your
application
.
Click
the
'Submit'
button
to
send
your
application
.
ā¢
The
mute
button
on
my
phone's
screen
turns
the
microphone
off
.
The
mute
button
on
my
phone's
screen
turns
the
microphone
off
.
Extended
metaphor
from
physical
buttons
to
virtual
ones
with
the
rise
of
graphical
user
interfaces
in
the
1980s
.
prosecutor
noun
a
lawyer
who
works
for
the
government
in
a
criminal
case
and
tries
to
prove
that
the
person
on
trial
committed
the
crime
ā¢
The
prosecutor
showed
the
jury
photographs
of
the
crime
scene
.
The
prosecutor
showed
the
jury
photographs
of
the
crime
scene
.
ā¢
After
new
evidence
appeared
,
the
prosecutor
decided
to
drop
all
charges
.
After
new
evidence
appeared
,
the
prosecutor
decided
to
drop
all
charges
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
prÅscrÄ«ptor
and
later
Medieval
Latin
prÅsecÅ«tor
,
literally
ā
one
who
follows
up
(
a
legal
action
).ā
The
sense
of
a
state
lawyer
developed
in
English
in
the
17th
century
.
shout
verb
to
speak
or
call
out
in
a
very
loud
voice
so
that
people
far
away
or
in
a
noisy
place
can
hear
you
ā¢
Please
don
ā
t
shout
;
I
can
hear
you
perfectly
.
Please
don
ā
t
shout
;
I
can
hear
you
perfectly
.
ā¢
The
coach
shouted
instructions
across
the
windy
soccer
field
.
The
coach
shouted
instructions
across
the
windy
soccer
field
.
From
Middle
English
shouten
,
probably
of
imitative
origin
reflecting
a
loud
cry
.
noun
a
loud
cry
or
call
made
with
the
voice
ā¢
A
sudden
shout
came
from
the
crowd
as
the
fireworks
began
.
A
sudden
shout
came
from
the
crowd
as
the
fireworks
began
.
ā¢
We
heard
a
shout
for
help
echoing
through
the
forest
.
We
heard
a
shout
for
help
echoing
through
the
forest
.
noun
(
informal
)
an
occasion
when
it
is
your
turn
to
pay
for
a
round
of
drinks
for
everyone
in
a
group
ā¢
It
ā
s
my
shout
ā
what
will
you
have
?
It
ā
s
my
shout
ā
what
will
you
have
?
ā¢
They
take
turns
,
so
each
person
ā
s
shout
keeps
the
evening
fair
.
They
take
turns
,
so
each
person
ā
s
shout
keeps
the
evening
fair
.
Australian
usage
dating
from
the
late
19th
century
,
extended
from
the
sense
of
calling
out
to
the
bartender
.
verb
(
informal
)
to
pay
for
drinks
or
a
treat
for
everyone
in
a
group
ā¢
I
ā
ll
shout
dinner
tonight
because
you
helped
me
move
.
I
ā
ll
shout
dinner
tonight
because
you
helped
me
move
.
ā¢
Who
ā
s
going
to
shout
the
first
round
?
Who
ā
s
going
to
shout
the
first
round
?
resolution
noun
strong
decision
and
determination
to
keep
or
achieve
something
ā¢
At
the
start
of
the
year
,
Carla
made
a
resolution
to
read
one
book
every
month
.
At
the
start
of
the
year
,
Carla
made
a
resolution
to
read
one
book
every
month
.
ā¢
With
fierce
resolution
,
the
firefighter
climbed
the
ladder
toward
the
flames
.
With
fierce
resolution
,
the
firefighter
climbed
the
ladder
toward
the
flames
.
late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
resolutio
(
n-
),
from
resolvere
ā
loosen
,
release
ā.
noun
a
formal
statement
of
a
decision
agreed
on
by
a
meeting
,
committee
,
or
government
body
ā¢
The
city
council
passed
a
resolution
to
build
more
parks
.
The
city
council
passed
a
resolution
to
build
more
parks
.
ā¢
Shareholders
voted
on
a
resolution
to
appoint
a
new
CEO
.
Shareholders
voted
on
a
resolution
to
appoint
a
new
CEO
.
noun
the
act
of
finding
an
answer
or
ending
a
problem
,
dispute
,
or
conflict
ā¢
Both
sides
worked
toward
the
resolution
of
the
labor
strike
.
Both
sides
worked
toward
the
resolution
of
the
labor
strike
.
ā¢
The
mediator
guided
the
couple
toward
a
peaceful
resolution
.
The
mediator
guided
the
couple
toward
a
peaceful
resolution
.
noun
the
level
of
detail
and
sharpness
that
can
be
seen
in
an
image
,
screen
,
or
instrument
ā¢
This
camera
offers
high
resolution
even
in
low
light
.
This
camera
offers
high
resolution
even
in
low
light
.
ā¢
Please
send
the
logo
in
a
higher
resolution
file
.
Please
send
the
logo
in
a
higher
resolution
file
.
noun
in
music
,
the
movement
of
a
note
or
chord
from
tension
to
a
stable
,
consonant
sound
ā¢
The
tension
in
the
symphony
found
its
resolution
in
a
gentle
major
chord
.
The
tension
in
the
symphony
found
its
resolution
in
a
gentle
major
chord
.
ā¢
Listeners
waited
for
the
delayed
resolution
that
gives
the
piece
its
unique
flavor
.
Listeners
waited
for
the
delayed
resolution
that
gives
the
piece
its
unique
flavor
.
noun
in
chemistry
,
the
process
of
separating
a
mixture
,
especially
a
racemic
mixture
,
into
its
individual
components
ā¢
The
chemist
achieved
the
resolution
of
the
racemic
mixture
using
chiral
chromatography
.
The
chemist
achieved
the
resolution
of
the
racemic
mixture
using
chiral
chromatography
.
ā¢
Efficient
resolution
of
enantiomers
is
vital
in
drug
production
.
Efficient
resolution
of
enantiomers
is
vital
in
drug
production
.
boot out
verb
-
boot
out
,
booting
out
,
boots
out
,
booted
out
to
force
someone
to
leave
a
place
,
job
,
or
organization
ā¢
Security
booted
out
the
unruly
fan
after
he
threw
a
bottle
.
Security
booted out
the
unruly
fan
after
he
threw
a
bottle
.
ā¢
The
company
booted
out
two
employees
for
leaking
data
.
The
company
booted out
two
employees
for
leaking
data
.
Figurative
use
of
ā
boot
ā
as
a
forceful
kick
plus
particle
ā
out
ā,
first
recorded
early
20th
century
.
reputation
noun
the
general
opinion
that
people
have
about
someone
or
something
,
based
on
past
actions
or
behavior
ā¢
After
the
scandal
,
the
politician's
reputation
was
ruined
.
After
the
scandal
,
the
politician's
reputation
was
ruined
.
ā¢
The
company
worked
hard
to
build
a
positive
reputation
for
customer
service
.
The
company
worked
hard
to
build
a
positive
reputation
for
customer
service
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
reputatio
ā
consideration
ā,
from
reputare
ā
think
over
ā.
evolution
noun
-
evolution
the
slow
change
in
living
things
over
many
generations
that
can
eventually
create
new
species
ā¢
Scientists
study
the
evolution
of
birds
from
dinosaurs
.
Scientists
study
the
evolution
of
birds
from
dinosaurs
.
ā¢
Charles
Darwin
ā
s
book
explained
how
natural
selection
drives
evolution
.
Charles
Darwin
ā
s
book
explained
how
natural
selection
drives
evolution
.
from
Latin
evolutio
ā
unrolling
,
opening
,ā
later
used
in
biology
for
the
idea
of
organisms
unfolding
or
developing
over
time
noun
a
slow
and
steady
development
or
change
in
something
,
such
as
an
idea
,
product
,
or
situation
ā¢
The
rapid
evolution
of
smartphones
has
changed
the
way
we
communicate
.
The
rapid
evolution
of
smartphones
has
changed
the
way
we
communicate
.
ā¢
Her
cooking
skills
went
through
an
evolution
from
simple
dishes
to
gourmet
meals
.
Her
cooking
skills
went
through
an
evolution
from
simple
dishes
to
gourmet
meals
.
noun
a
planned
movement
or
series
of
movements
,
especially
by
soldiers
,
ships
,
or
aircraft
,
carried
out
for
practice
or
show
ā¢
The
troops
practiced
a
complicated
evolution
on
the
parade
ground
.
The
troops
practiced
a
complicated
evolution
on
the
parade
ground
.
ā¢
During
the
naval
display
,
the
ships
performed
a
synchronized
evolution
.
During
the
naval
display
,
the
ships
performed
a
synchronized
evolution
.
constitutional
noun
a
short
walk
taken
regularly
for
exercise
and
fresh
air
.
ā¢
Every
morning
,
the
elderly
man
took
his
constitutional
along
the
river
.
Every
morning
,
the
elderly
man
took
his
constitutional
along
the
river
.
ā¢
Would
you
like
to
join
me
for
a
quick
constitutional
before
lunch
?
Would
you
like
to
join
me
for
a
quick
constitutional
before
lunch
?
19th-century
humorous
use
of
the
adjective
to
mean
a
walk
that
benefits
one
ā
s
constitution
(
health
).
adjective
relating
to
or
allowed
by
a
country
ā
s
constitution
,
especially
its
basic
laws
and
citizens
ā
rights
.
ā¢
The
Supreme
Court
ruled
that
the
new
law
was
constitutional
.
The
Supreme
Court
ruled
that
the
new
law
was
constitutional
.
ā¢
Thousands
of
protesters
filled
the
central
square
,
chanting
for
constitutional
reforms
.
Thousands
of
protesters
filled
the
central
square
,
chanting
for
constitutional
reforms
.
From
constitution
+ā
-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
referring
to
the
nature
of
a
system
of
government
.
adjective
relating
to
a
person
ā
s
natural
physical
condition
and
health
.
ā¢
After
months
of
rest
,
his
constitutional
strength
improved
.
After
months
of
rest
,
his
constitutional
strength
improved
.
ā¢
Some
people
have
a
constitutional
resistance
to
cold
weather
.
Some
people
have
a
constitutional
resistance
to
cold
weather
.
Used
since
the
early
18th
century
to
describe
bodily
health
,
from
constitution
meaning
the
makeup
of
the
body
.
butter
noun
-
butter
a
pale
yellow
,
creamy
food
made
by
churning
cream
,
eaten
as
a
spread
or
used
in
cooking
ā¢
At
breakfast
,
Mia
spread
butter
on
her
toast
while
the
coffee
brewed
.
At
breakfast
,
Mia
spread
butter
on
her
toast
while
the
coffee
brewed
.
ā¢
The
recipe
says
to
melt
butter
in
a
pan
before
adding
the
onions
.
The
recipe
says
to
melt
butter
in
a
pan
before
adding
the
onions
.
Old
English
ā
butere
ā,
from
Latin
ā
butyrum
ā,
ultimately
from
Greek
ā
bouturon
ā
meaning
cow
cheese
.
verb
to
spread
butter
on
food
or
to
coat
something
with
butter
ā¢
She
carefully
buttered
each
slice
of
warm
bread
for
the
picnic
.
She
carefully
buttered
each
slice
of
warm
bread
for
the
picnic
.
ā¢
The
chef
buttered
the
sizzling
steak
to
give
it
a
rich
flavor
.
The
chef
buttered
the
sizzling
steak
to
give
it
a
rich
flavor
.
Verb
sense
comes
from
the
noun
,
first
recorded
in
late
Middle
English
.
cute
adjective
-
cute
,
cuter
,
cutest
attractive
in
a
pretty
,
charming
,
or
endearing
way
ā¢
The
puppy
looked
so
cute
in
its
tiny
sweater
.
The
puppy
looked
so
cute
in
its
tiny
sweater
.
ā¢
Maya
thought
the
handmade
snowman
was
cute
and
took
a
photo
.
Maya
thought
the
handmade
snowman
was
cute
and
took
a
photo
.
Shortened
from
acute
in
the
18th
century
,
shifting
from
ā
shrewd
ā
to
ā
attractive
ā
in
American
English
during
the
19th
century
.
adjective
-
cute
,
cuter
,
cutest
clever
or
tricky
in
a
way
that
can
seem
annoying
or
too
smart
ā¢
"
Don't
try
to
be
cute
,"
the
teacher
warned
when
the
boy
gave
a
sarcastic
answer
.
"
Don't
try
to
be
cute
,"
the
teacher
warned
when
the
boy
gave
a
sarcastic
answer
.
ā¢
He
got
into
trouble
for
a
cute
tax
trick
that
the
auditor
noticed
.
He
got
into
trouble
for
a
cute
tax
trick
that
the
auditor
noticed
.
From
earlier
sense
ā
shrewd
,
clever
,ā
itself
from
acute
;
over
time
the
negative
nuance
of
being
too
clever
developed
.
deputy
noun
-
deputy
,
deputies
a
person
who
is
officially
chosen
to
help
a
leader
and
to
act
for
them
when
they
are
not
present
ā¢
When
the
CEO
fell
ill
,
the
deputy
chaired
the
quarterly
meeting
.
When
the
CEO
fell
ill
,
the
deputy
chaired
the
quarterly
meeting
.
ā¢
The
school
principal
relied
on
her
deputy
to
handle
discipline
while
she
visited
other
classes
.
The
school
principal
relied
on
her
deputy
to
handle
discipline
while
she
visited
other
classes
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
"
deputƩ
",
past
participle
of
"
deputer
"
meaning
ā
to
assign
ā
or
ā
to
appoint
ā.
noun
-
deputy
,
deputies
a
police
officer
who
works
for
a
county
sheriff
and
has
the
authority
to
enforce
the
law
ā¢
A
deputy
pulled
over
the
speeding
car
on
the
rural
highway
.
A
deputy
pulled
over
the
speeding
car
on
the
rural
highway
.
ā¢
The
sheriff
and
his
deputy
questioned
witnesses
after
the
robbery
.
The
sheriff
and
his
deputy
questioned
witnesses
after
the
robbery
.
Sense
developed
in
American
English
in
the
19th
century
as
shorthand
for
ā
deputy
sheriff
.ā
noun
-
deputy
,
deputies
an
elected
representative
in
the
lower
house
of
parliament
in
some
countries
,
especially
in
Europe
ā¢
The
deputy
proposed
a
new
labor
law
during
the
parliamentary
session
.
The
deputy
proposed
a
new
labor
law
during
the
parliamentary
session
.
ā¢
After
the
election
,
he
celebrated
his
first
day
as
a
deputy
of
the
National
Assembly
.
After
the
election
,
he
celebrated
his
first
day
as
a
deputy
of
the
National
Assembly
.
Borrowed
from
French
"
dƩputƩ
",
referring
to
someone
sent
or
appointed
;
the
parliamentary
sense
dates
from
the
French
Revolution
.
routine
noun
a
usual
series
of
actions
that
you
do
in
the
same
order
,
often
every
day
ā¢
After
waking
up
,
Mia
followed
her
routine
of
brushing
her
teeth
and
making
coffee
.
After
waking
up
,
Mia
followed
her
routine
of
brushing
her
teeth
and
making
coffee
.
ā¢
Sticking
to
a
study
routine
helped
Daniel
pass
his
exams
.
Sticking
to
a
study
routine
helped
Daniel
pass
his
exams
.
From
French
routine
ā
habitual
course
of
action
ā,
from
route
ā
road
,
way
ā.
noun
a
planned
performance
in
dance
,
gymnastics
,
comedy
,
or
entertainment
ā¢
The
gymnast's
floor
routine
amazed
the
judges
.
The
gymnast's
floor
routine
amazed
the
judges
.
ā¢
During
the
parade
,
the
cheerleaders
performed
a
lively
routine
.
During
the
parade
,
the
cheerleaders
performed
a
lively
routine
.
adjective
happening
as
a
normal
part
of
something
and
not
special
or
unexpected
ā¢
The
mechanic
carried
out
a
routine
check
of
the
car's
brakes
.
The
mechanic
carried
out
a
routine
check
of
the
car's
brakes
.
ā¢
Doctors
discovered
the
problem
during
a
routine
medical
scan
.
Doctors
discovered
the
problem
during
a
routine
medical
scan
.
noun
a
small
part
of
a
computer
program
that
performs
a
specific
task
ā¢
This
routine
sorts
the
list
in
alphabetical
order
.
This
routine
sorts
the
list
in
alphabetical
order
.
ā¢
The
programmer
wrote
a
backup
routine
to
run
every
night
.
The
programmer
wrote
a
backup
routine
to
run
every
night
.
utility
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
basic
public
service
such
as
electricity
,
water
,
or
gas
that
people
need
for
everyday
life
ā¢
Our
rent
includes
all
utilities
,
so
we
don't
pay
extra
for
water
or
electricity
.
Our
rent
includes
all
utilities
,
so
we
don't
pay
extra
for
water
or
electricity
.
ā¢
Some
rural
areas
lack
reliable
utility
services
such
as
natural
gas
.
Some
rural
areas
lack
reliable
utility
services
such
as
natural
gas
.
noun
-
utility
the
quality
of
being
useful
or
practical
and
able
to
satisfy
a
need
ā¢
The
lightweight
design
adds
to
the
phone's
utility
for
travelers
.
The
lightweight
design
adds
to
the
phone's
utility
for
travelers
.
ā¢
She
questioned
the
utility
of
carrying
a
heavy
laptop
when
a
tablet
would
do
.
She
questioned
the
utility
of
carrying
a
heavy
laptop
when
a
tablet
would
do
.
From
Latin
utilitas
ā
use
,
advantage
ā,
from
utilis
ā
useful
ā.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
company
or
public
organization
that
supplies
electricity
,
water
,
gas
,
or
similar
services
ā¢
The
local
utility
announced
a
rate
increase
starting
next
month
.
The
local
utility
announced
a
rate
increase
starting
next
month
.
ā¢
Many
investors
see
a
utility
as
a
safe
long-term
stock
.
Many
investors
see
a
utility
as
a
safe
long-term
stock
.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
a
small
computer
program
that
performs
a
specific
helpful
task
ā¢
I
ran
a
disk-cleanup
utility
to
free
up
storage
space
.
I
ran
a
disk-cleanup
utility
to
free
up
storage
space
.
ā¢
The
antivirus
utility
updated
its
virus
definitions
overnight
.
The
antivirus
utility
updated
its
virus
definitions
overnight
.
noun
-
utility
,
utilities
(
sports
)
a
player
who
can
competently
play
several
different
positions
ā¢
The
coach
values
him
as
a
utility
because
he
can
cover
both
infield
and
outfield
.
The
coach
values
him
as
a
utility
because
he
can
cover
both
infield
and
outfield
.
ā¢
Every
football
team
needs
at
least
one
utility
on
the
bench
.
Every
football
team
needs
at
least
one
utility
on
the
bench
.
adjective
designed
for
practical
use
rather
than
for
decoration
or
luxury
ā¢
He
bought
a
pair
of
sturdy
utility
boots
for
hiking
.
He
bought
a
pair
of
sturdy
utility
boots
for
hiking
.
ā¢
The
building
includes
a
small
utility
room
with
shelves
and
a
washing
machine
.
The
building
includes
a
small
utility
room
with
shelves
and
a
washing
machine
.
noun
-
utility
in
economics
,
the
satisfaction
or
benefit
a
person
gains
from
using
a
good
or
service
ā¢
Economists
assume
that
consumers
try
to
maximize
their
utility
.
Economists
assume
that
consumers
try
to
maximize
their
utility
.
ā¢
The
study
measured
the
utility
people
receive
from
online
shopping
.
The
study
measured
the
utility
people
receive
from
online
shopping
.
nut
noun
a
hard-shelled
seed
or
fruit
that
people
or
animals
can
eat
ā¢
She
cracked
the
nut
with
a
small
hammer
to
taste
the
fresh
kernel
.
She
cracked
the
nut
with
a
small
hammer
to
taste
the
fresh
kernel
.
ā¢
During
the
hike
,
Tom
offered
me
a
handful
of
roasted
nuts
for
energy
.
During
the
hike
,
Tom
offered
me
a
handful
of
roasted
nuts
for
energy
.
Old
English
hnutu
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
noot
and
German
Nuss
.
noun
a
small
metal
block
with
a
hole
and
internal
threads
that
screws
onto
a
bolt
to
hold
things
together
ā¢
Tighten
the
bolt
and
nut
with
a
wrench
so
the
wheel
stays
in
place
.
Tighten
the
bolt
and
nut
with
a
wrench
so
the
wheel
stays
in
place
.
ā¢
The
mechanic
dropped
a
tiny
nut
and
had
to
search
for
it
under
the
car
.
The
mechanic
dropped
a
tiny
nut
and
had
to
search
for
it
under
the
car
.
Sense
extended
from
the
shape
resemblance
between
the
metal
piece
and
a
seed
nut
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
informal
:
a
person
who
is
extremely
enthusiastic
about
a
particular
subject
or
activity
ā¢
My
brother
is
a
real
guitar
nut
and
practices
every
day
.
My
brother
is
a
real
guitar
nut
and
practices
every
day
.
ā¢
As
a
history
nut
,
Emma
spends
weekends
visiting
old
castles
.
As
a
history
nut
,
Emma
spends
weekends
visiting
old
castles
.
Developed
from
the
idea
of
someone
being
"
cracked
"
like
a
nut
with
intense
interest
,
first
recorded
early
1900s
.
noun
informal
:
a
person
who
is
mentally
unstable
or
behaving
very
strangely
ā¢
People
thought
the
inventor
was
a
nut
until
his
machine
actually
worked
.
People
thought
the
inventor
was
a
nut
until
his
machine
actually
worked
.
ā¢
Don't
call
her
a
nut
just
because
her
ideas
are
unusual
.
Don't
call
her
a
nut
just
because
her
ideas
are
unusual
.
Extension
of
slang
sense
meaning
"
head
",
with
the
idea
that
something
is
wrong
inside
the
head
.
noun
UK
informal
:
someone
ā
s
head
ā¢
I
slipped
on
the
ice
and
banged
my
nut
on
the
pavement
.
I
slipped
on
the
ice
and
banged
my
nut
on
the
pavement
.
ā¢
Wear
a
helmet
to
protect
your
nut
when
cycling
.
Wear
a
helmet
to
protect
your
nut
when
cycling
.
From
the
resemblance
of
the
human
head
to
a
round
seed
nut
;
recorded
in
British
slang
since
the
1840s
.
verb
-
nut
,
nutting
,
nuts
,
nutted
UK
informal
:
to
hit
someone
with
your
head
ā¢
The
footballer
was
sent
off
for
trying
to
nut
his
opponent
.
The
footballer
was
sent
off
for
trying
to
nut
his
opponent
.
ā¢
If
you
nut
someone
in
a
fight
,
you
can
break
your
own
nose
.
If
you
nut
someone
in
a
fight
,
you
can
break
your
own
nose
.
Verb
use
came
from
slang
noun
sense
"
head
"
in
late
19th-century
British
street
speech
.
absolute
adjective
complete
or
total
,
with
nothing
missing
,
limited
,
or
reduced
.
ā¢
The
project
was
an
absolute
disaster
from
start
to
finish
.
The
project
was
an
absolute
disaster
from
start
to
finish
.
ā¢
She
felt
an
absolute
joy
when
she
saw
her
newborn
baby
.
She
felt
an
absolute
joy
when
she
saw
her
newborn
baby
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
absolutus
,
past
participle
of
absolvere
ā
to
set
free
,
complete
,
finish
.ā
adjective
not
limited
or
conditional
;
unconditional
and
unrestricted
.
ā¢
The
dictator
held
absolute
power
over
the
country
.
The
dictator
held
absolute
power
over
the
country
.
ā¢
Parents
are
expected
to
give
their
children
absolute
love
and
support
.
Parents
are
expected
to
give
their
children
absolute
love
and
support
.
adjective
measured
from
a
fixed
zero
point
on
a
scale
rather
than
in
relation
to
something
else
.
ā¢
Water
freezes
at
273
kelvins
on
the
absolute
temperature
scale
.
Water
freezes
at
273
kelvins
on
the
absolute
temperature
scale
.
ā¢
In
math
class
,
we
learned
about
the
absolute
value
of
negative
numbers
.
In
math
class
,
we
learned
about
the
absolute
value
of
negative
numbers
.
noun
something
that
is
perfect
,
ultimate
,
and
not
dependent
on
anything
else
for
its
existence
,
especially
in
philosophy
or
ethics
.
ā¢
Some
philosophers
debate
whether
the
absolute
can
ever
be
known
by
the
human
mind
.
Some
philosophers
debate
whether
the
absolute
can
ever
be
known
by
the
human
mind
.
ā¢
For
her
,
moral
truth
was
an
absolute
,
not
open
to
negotiation
.
For
her
,
moral
truth
was
an
absolute
,
not
open
to
negotiation
.
distribute
verb
-
distribute
,
distributing
,
distributes
,
distributed
to
give
or
hand
out
things
to
many
people
so
that
each
one
gets
a
share
ā¢
The
volunteers
distributed
hot
meals
to
flood
victims
.
The
volunteers
distributed
hot
meals
to
flood
victims
.
ā¢
The
teacher
distributes
the
worksheets
at
the
start
of
every
lesson
.
The
teacher
distributes
the
worksheets
at
the
start
of
every
lesson
.
From
Latin
distribuere
ā
to
divide
,
allot
ā,
from
dis-
ā
apart
ā
+
tribuere
ā
to
assign
ā.
verb
-
distribute
,
distributing
,
distributes
,
distributed
to
spread
something
over
an
area
or
among
things
so
that
it
covers
or
affects
them
fairly
evenly
ā¢
Please
distribute
the
sand
evenly
across
the
playground
.
Please
distribute
the
sand
evenly
across
the
playground
.
ā¢
The
weight
of
the
bridge
is
distributed
across
several
steel
cables
.
The
weight
of
the
bridge
is
distributed
across
several
steel
cables
.
verb
-
distribute
,
distributing
,
distributes
,
distributed
(
mathematics
)
to
multiply
a
number
by
each
term
inside
brackets
,
applying
the
distributive
property
ā¢
To
simplify
3
(
x
+
2
),
you
distribute
the
3
and
get
3x
+
6
.
To
simplify
3
(
x
+
2
),
you
distribute
the
3
and
get
3x
+
6
.
ā¢
Remember
to
distribute
the
negative
sign
across
the
brackets
.
Remember
to
distribute
the
negative
sign
across
the
brackets
.
buttocks
noun
the
two
rounded
,
fleshy
parts
at
the
back
of
the
hips
on
which
a
person
sits
ā¢
After
sitting
on
the
cold
stone
step
,
Maria
rubbed
her
buttocks
to
warm
them
up
.
After
sitting
on
the
cold
stone
step
,
Maria
rubbed
her
buttocks
to
warm
them
up
.
ā¢
The
toddler
slipped
on
the
grass
and
landed
on
his
buttocks
,
but
he
burst
into
giggles
.
The
toddler
slipped
on
the
grass
and
landed
on
his
buttocks
,
but
he
burst
into
giggles
.
lieutenant
noun
an
officer
of
middle
rank
in
the
army
,
navy
,
or
air
force
,
below
captain
ā¢
After
years
of
training
,
Maria
was
promoted
to
lieutenant
in
the
air
force
.
After
years
of
training
,
Maria
was
promoted
to
lieutenant
in
the
air
force
.
ā¢
The
lieutenant
ordered
her
platoon
to
take
cover
behind
the
rocks
.
The
lieutenant
ordered
her
platoon
to
take
cover
behind
the
rocks
.
from
Old
French
lieu
ā
place
ā
+
tenant
ā
holding
ā,
originally
meaning
ā
placeholder
ā
for
a
superior
officer
noun
someone
who
acts
as
the
assistant
or
second-in-command
to
a
leader
or
person
in
charge
ā¢
In
the
company
,
Sara
served
as
the
CEO
ā
s
trusted
lieutenant
,
organizing
every
major
project
.
In
the
company
,
Sara
served
as
the
CEO
ā
s
trusted
lieutenant
,
organizing
every
major
project
.
ā¢
The
crime
boss
sent
his
most
loyal
lieutenant
to
negotiate
the
deal
.
The
crime
boss
sent
his
most
loyal
lieutenant
to
negotiate
the
deal
.
figurative
extension
of
the
military
sense
,
referring
to
anyone
who
ā
holds
the
place
ā
of
a
leader
constitute
verb
-
constitute
,
constituting
,
constitutes
,
constituted
to
make
up
or
form
something
by
combining
parts
ā¢
Twelve
months
constitute
a
year
.
Twelve
months
constitute
a
year
.
ā¢
Women
now
constitute
a
large
share
of
the
nation
ā
s
workforce
.
Women
now
constitute
a
large
share
of
the
nation
ā
s
workforce
.
From
Latin
ā
constitūtus
,ā
past
participle
of
ā
constituere
ā
meaning
ā
to
set
up
,
establish
,
put
together
.ā
verb
-
constitute
,
constituting
,
constitutes
,
constituted
to
officially
create
or
set
up
a
group
,
body
,
or
authority
ā¢
The
government
will
constitute
a
panel
to
investigate
the
accident
.
The
government
will
constitute
a
panel
to
investigate
the
accident
.
ā¢
A
committee
was
constituted
to
review
the
policy
.
A
committee
was
constituted
to
review
the
policy
.
verb
-
constitute
,
constituting
,
constitutes
,
constituted
to
be
or
be
considered
as
something
;
amount
to
ā¢
Failing
to
pay
taxes
can
constitute
a
crime
.
Failing
to
pay
taxes
can
constitute
a
crime
.
ā¢
These
rumors
do
not
constitute
evidence
.
These
rumors
do
not
constitute
evidence
.
dispute
noun
a
serious
disagreement
or
argument
between
people
,
groups
,
or
countries
ā¢
The
neighbors
had
a
serious
dispute
over
the
property
line
.
The
neighbors
had
a
serious
dispute
over
the
property
line
.
ā¢
The
labor
union
threatened
to
strike
after
a
pay
dispute
with
the
company
.
The
labor
union
threatened
to
strike
after
a
pay
dispute
with
the
company
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
dispute
,
from
disputare
ā
discuss
,
dispute
ā
in
Latin
.
verb
-
dispute
,
disputing
,
disputes
,
disputed
to
question
,
challenge
,
or
argue
about
something
,
saying
it
is
wrong
or
should
not
be
accepted
ā¢
Ella
disputed
the
parking
ticket
,
showing
photos
of
an
empty
meter
.
Ella
disputed
the
parking
ticket
,
showing
photos
of
an
empty
meter
.
ā¢
The
scientist
politely
disputed
the
theory
during
the
conference
.
The
scientist
politely
disputed
the
theory
during
the
conference
.
From
Latin
disputare
meaning
ā
to
discuss
,
argue
ā.
auto
noun
a
car
;
an
automobile
ā¢
After
months
of
saving
,
Mia
finally
bought
a
shiny
red
auto
.
After
months
of
saving
,
Mia
finally
bought
a
shiny
red
auto
.
ā¢
We
packed
our
bags
and
drove
the
auto
to
the
coast
for
the
weekend
.
We
packed
our
bags
and
drove
the
auto
to
the
coast
for
the
weekend
.
Shortened
form
of
ā
automobile
,ā
first
recorded
in
American
English
in
the
early
1900s
.
adjective
working
by
itself
without
needing
human
control
;
automatic
ā¢
Switch
the
washing
machine
to
the
auto
cycle
before
you
leave
.
Switch
the
washing
machine
to
the
auto
cycle
before
you
leave
.
ā¢
The
camera
adjusts
its
exposure
automatically
in
auto
mode
.
The
camera
adjusts
its
exposure
automatically
in
auto
mode
.
Shortened
from
ā
automatic
,ā
influenced
by
technical
labeling
on
devices
from
the
mid-20th
century
onward
.
mutual
adjective
experienced
,
felt
,
or
done
by
each
of
two
or
more
people
or
groups
toward
the
other
or
others
ā¢
Their
mutual
respect
helped
them
work
together
smoothly
.
Their
mutual
respect
helped
them
work
together
smoothly
.
ā¢
The
two
countries
signed
a
treaty
of
mutual
defence
.
The
two
countries
signed
a
treaty
of
mutual
defence
.
From
Late
Latin
mutuus
ā
borrowed
,
reciprocal
ā
+
āal
.
adjective
shared
or
in
common
between
two
or
more
people
or
things
ā¢
Emma
introduced
me
to
a
mutual
friend
from
college
.
Emma
introduced
me
to
a
mutual
friend
from
college
.
ā¢
They
found
they
had
mutual
interests
in
hiking
and
photography
.
They
found
they
had
mutual
interests
in
hiking
and
photography
.
From
the
later
broadening
of
sense
1
,
first
recorded
in
early
18th-century
English
.
noun
a
financial
organization
such
as
a
building
society
or
insurance
company
that
is
owned
by
its
members
,
who
share
in
any
profits
ā¢
After
comparing
rates
,
she
moved
her
mortgage
to
a
mutual
for
better
customer
service
.
After
comparing
rates
,
she
moved
her
mortgage
to
a
mutual
for
better
customer
service
.
ā¢
Some
mutuals
converted
into
banks
during
the
1990s
.
Some
mutuals
converted
into
banks
during
the
1990s
.
Short
for
ā
mutual
society
,ā
first
attested
late
19th
century
in
British
English
.
automatically
adverb
without
any
human
control
or
effort
,
by
means
of
a
machine
,
program
,
or
built-in
mechanism
ā¢
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
ā¢
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
From
automatic
+ā
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
self-acting
machines
.
adverb
without
conscious
thought
,
because
of
habit
or
instinct
ā¢
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
ā¢
He
automatically
says
ā
thank
you
ā
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
He
automatically
says
ā
thank
you
ā
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
Extension
of
the
mechanical
sense
to
human
behavior
in
the
late
19th
century
,
describing
actions
done
ā
as
if
by
machinery
ā.
adverb
inevitably
or
by
necessary
rule
,
without
an
extra
decision
ā¢
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
ā¢
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
Legal
and
bureaucratic
writing
in
the
20th
century
adopted
the
adverb
to
mean
ā
as
a
matter
of
course
or
rule
ā.
gut
noun
the
stomach
or
belly
of
a
person
or
animal
,
especially
when
thought
of
as
a
single
tube
where
food
is
digested
ā¢
He
held
his
gut
after
eating
too
much
pizza
.
He
held
his
gut
after
eating
too
much
pizza
.
ā¢
The
doctor
gently
pressed
on
the
patient
ā
s
gut
to
check
for
pain
.
The
doctor
gently
pressed
on
the
patient
ā
s
gut
to
check
for
pain
.
Old
English
gutas
,
the
intestinal
organs
;
related
to
German
GedƤrm
.
Originally
plural
,
later
re-analysed
as
singular
.
noun
bravery
and
determination
that
make
someone
able
to
face
danger
,
fear
,
or
difficult
situations
ā¢
It
takes
real
gut
to
stand
up
to
a
bully
.
It
takes
real
gut
to
stand
up
to
a
bully
.
ā¢
She
showed
a
lot
of
gut
when
she
quit
her
secure
job
to
start
a
business
.
She
showed
a
lot
of
gut
when
she
quit
her
secure
job
to
start
a
business
.
Transferred
sense
from
the
idea
that
bravery
comes
from
deep
inside
one
ā
s
body
.
adjective
based
on
deep
,
instinctive
feelings
rather
than
careful
thought
ā¢
I
had
a
gut
feeling
that
we
were
making
the
wrong
choice
.
I
had
a
gut
feeling
that
we
were
making
the
wrong
choice
.
ā¢
His
gut
reaction
was
to
say
no
,
even
before
hearing
all
the
details
.
His
gut
reaction
was
to
say
no
,
even
before
hearing
all
the
details
.
Adjective
use
dates
from
the
1930s
,
from
the
noun
sense
of
emotions
felt
deep
in
the
stomach
.
verb
-
gut
,
gutting
,
guts
,
gutted
to
remove
the
internal
organs
of
an
animal
or
to
take
out
the
inside
parts
of
something
ā¢
The
fishermen
quickly
gutted
the
salmon
on
the
dock
.
The
fishermen
quickly
gutted
the
salmon
on
the
dock
.
ā¢
Workers
gutted
the
old
house
before
starting
the
renovation
.
Workers
gutted
the
old
house
before
starting
the
renovation
.
Old
English
guttian
ā
to
eviscerate
,ā
from
gut
(
noun
).
input
noun
information
,
numbers
,
or
commands
that
are
put
into
a
computer
,
machine
,
or
electronic
system
so
it
can
work
ā¢
She
clicked
the
mouse
and
entered
the
input
into
the
form
.
She
clicked
the
mouse
and
entered
the
input
into
the
form
.
ā¢
The
robot
stops
whenever
it
receives
the
wrong
input
.
The
robot
stops
whenever
it
receives
the
wrong
input
.
formed
in
English
in
the
1940s
from
the
prefix
in-
ā
into
ā
+
put
,
on
the
model
of
output
noun
-
input
ideas
,
opinions
,
or
advice
that
someone
contributes
to
help
make
a
decision
or
improve
something
ā¢
The
teacher
asked
every
student
for
their
input
on
the
project
topic
.
The
teacher
asked
every
student
for
their
input
on
the
project
topic
.
ā¢
Thank
you
for
your
helpful
input
during
the
meeting
.
Thank
you
for
your
helpful
input
during
the
meeting
.
metaphorically
extended
from
the
computing
sense
to
personal
contributions
in
the
1960s
verb
-
input
,
inputting
,
inputs
,
inputted
to
type
or
otherwise
put
information
,
numbers
,
or
commands
into
a
computer
or
other
device
ā¢
Please
input
your
password
to
continue
.
Please
input
your
password
to
continue
.
ā¢
She
input
the
survey
data
into
the
spreadsheet
.
She
input
the
survey
data
into
the
spreadsheet
.
verb
use
recorded
from
1946
,
back-formed
from
the
noun
noun
the
amount
of
energy
,
power
,
or
resources
that
go
into
a
machine
,
process
,
or
project
ā¢
The
factory
reduced
energy
input
by
upgrading
its
equipment
.
The
factory
reduced
energy
input
by
upgrading
its
equipment
.
ā¢
Crop
yield
depends
on
the
level
of
nutrient
input
.
Crop
yield
depends
on
the
level
of
nutrient
input
.
developed
as
a
technical
extension
of
the
basic
computing
sense
in
the
mid-20th
century
pollution
noun
-
pollution
harmful
substances
,
noise
,
or
other
forms
of
waste
that
make
air
,
water
,
or
land
dirty
or
unhealthy
ā¢
The
thick
smog
over
the
city
showed
how
bad
the
pollution
had
become
.
The
thick
smog
over
the
city
showed
how
bad
the
pollution
had
become
.
ā¢
Farmers
tested
the
soil
for
pollution
before
planting
their
crops
.
Farmers
tested
the
soil
for
pollution
before
planting
their
crops
.
from
Latin
polluere
ā
to
soil
,
defile
ā,
through
Old
French
pollution
and
Middle
English
pollution
noun
-
pollution
the
act
or
process
of
making
air
,
water
,
or
land
dirty
or
unhealthy
ā¢
The
pollution
of
the
river
began
when
the
factory
started
dumping
waste
.
The
pollution
of
the
river
began
when
the
factory
started
dumping
waste
.
ā¢
Strict
laws
aim
to
reduce
the
pollution
of
the
atmosphere
.
Strict
laws
aim
to
reduce
the
pollution
of
the
atmosphere
.
from
Latin
polluere
ā
to
soil
,
defile
ā,
through
Old
French
pollution
and
Middle
English
pollution
institutional
adjective
connected
with
or
relating
to
a
large
organization
such
as
a
bank
,
university
,
or
government
department
ā¢
Major
funds
attract
institutional
money
from
pension
schemes
.
Major
funds
attract
institutional
money
from
pension
schemes
.
ā¢
The
company
specializes
in
serving
institutional
clients
such
as
universities
.
The
company
specializes
in
serving
institutional
clients
such
as
universities
.
Derived
from
institution
+-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
.
adjective
having
the
plain
,
impersonal
quality
typical
of
places
like
hospitals
,
prisons
,
or
dormitories
ā¢
He
disliked
the
dull
,
institutional
beige
walls
of
the
hospital
ward
.
He
disliked
the
dull
,
institutional
beige
walls
of
the
hospital
ward
.
ā¢
The
food
tasted
bland
and
institutional
.
The
food
tasted
bland
and
institutional
.
From
the
sense
of
furnishings
or
conditions
typical
of
public
institutions
,
first
attested
late
19th
century
.
adjective
existing
as
part
of
the
structures
,
rules
,
or
culture
of
a
system
or
society
rather
than
coming
from
individual
people
ā¢
Campaigners
say
institutional
bias
keeps
many
women
out
of
leadership
roles
.
Campaigners
say
institutional
bias
keeps
many
women
out
of
leadership
roles
.
ā¢
They
filed
a
report
exposing
institutional
corruption
in
the
police
force
.
They
filed
a
report
exposing
institutional
corruption
in
the
police
force
.
Sense
extended
in
the
mid-20th
century
to
describe
entrenched
social
structures
.
execute
verb
-
execute
,
executing
,
executes
,
executed
to
carry
out
or
put
into
effect
something
that
has
been
planned
or
ordered
ā¢
The
engineers
carefully
executed
the
design
to
meet
safety
standards
.
The
engineers
carefully
executed
the
design
to
meet
safety
standards
.
ā¢
If
we
execute
this
marketing
strategy
well
,
sales
will
increase
.
If
we
execute
this
marketing
strategy
well
,
sales
will
increase
.
From
Latin
ā
exsequi
ā
meaning
ā
to
follow
out
,
accomplish
.ā
verb
-
execute
,
executing
,
executes
,
executed
to
make
a
computer
run
a
program
or
command
ā¢
Double-click
the
icon
to
execute
the
software
update
.
Double-click
the
icon
to
execute
the
software
update
.
ā¢
The
script
executes
automatically
when
the
server
restarts
.
The
script
executes
automatically
when
the
server
restarts
.
verb
-
execute
,
executing
,
executes
,
executed
to
perform
or
produce
something
,
especially
a
skillful
movement
or
artwork
,
with
precision
ā¢
The
dancer
executed
a
perfect
pirouette
on
stage
.
The
dancer
executed
a
perfect
pirouette
on
stage
.
ā¢
He
executed
the
painting
with
remarkable
detail
.
He
executed
the
painting
with
remarkable
detail
.
verb
-
execute
,
executing
,
executes
,
executed
to
kill
someone
officially
as
punishment
decided
by
a
court
ā¢
The
judge
sentenced
the
prisoner
to
be
executed
for
his
crimes
.
The
judge
sentenced
the
prisoner
to
be
executed
for
his
crimes
.
ā¢
Historically
,
people
were
executed
for
offenses
that
are
no
longer
considered
capital
crimes
.
Historically
,
people
were
executed
for
offenses
that
are
no
longer
considered
capital
crimes
.
verb
-
execute
,
executing
,
executes
,
executed
to
sign
a
legal
document
so
that
it
becomes
officially
valid
ā¢
Both
parties
must
execute
the
contract
before
work
can
begin
.
Both
parties
must
execute
the
contract
before
work
can
begin
.
ā¢
The
will
was
executed
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
The
will
was
executed
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
attribute
noun
a
quality
or
feature
that
is
typical
of
someone
or
something
ā¢
Honesty
is
an
attribute
that
all
leaders
should
have
.
Honesty
is
an
attribute
that
all
leaders
should
have
.
ā¢
Patience
is
an
important
attribute
when
teaching
young
children
.
Patience
is
an
important
attribute
when
teaching
young
children
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
attributus
,
past
participle
of
attribuere
ā
to
assign
ā.
verb
-
attribute
,
attributing
,
attributes
,
attributed
to
say
or
believe
that
something
is
caused
,
made
,
or
written
by
a
particular
person
or
thing
ā¢
She
attributes
her
success
to
hard
work
and
supportive
parents
.
She
attributes
her
success
to
hard
work
and
supportive
parents
.
ā¢
The
famous
painting
is
attributed
to
a
little-known
Italian
artist
.
The
famous
painting
is
attributed
to
a
little-known
Italian
artist
.
Same
Latin
root
as
the
noun
:
attributus
ā
assigned
ā.
noun
in
computing
,
a
piece
of
information
attached
to
a
file
or
element
that
gives
extra
details
about
it
ā¢
In
the
HTML
tag
,
the
'src'
attribute
tells
the
browser
where
to
find
the
image
.
In
the
HTML
tag
,
the
'src'
attribute
tells
the
browser
where
to
find
the
image
.
ā¢
The
file
ā
s
'created'
attribute
shows
the
date
it
was
made
.
The
file
ā
s
'created'
attribute
shows
the
date
it
was
made
.
Adopted
by
the
computing
field
in
the
1960sā70s
,
extending
the
general
sense
of
ā
quality
ā
to
digital
objects
.