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um
interjection
used
when
pausing
or
hesitating
while
speaking
,
often
to
think
of
what
to
say
next
•
The
nervous
male
student
said
,
'I
was
,
um
,
hoping
to
ask
a
question
.
'
The
nervous
male
student
said
,
'I
was
,
um
,
hoping
to
ask
a
question
.
'
•
During
the
meeting
,
the
female
manager
paused
and
said
,
'We
should
um
rethink
our
strategy
.
'
During
the
meeting
,
the
female
manager
paused
and
said
,
'We
should
um
rethink
our
strategy
.
'
Imitative
of
the
natural
sound
people
make
when
hesitating
in
speech
;
recorded
in
English
since
at
least
the
mid-19th
century
.
number
noun
a
word
,
symbol
,
or
figure
such
as
1
,
12
,
or
1
000
that
shows
how
many
things
there
are
or
what
place
something
has
in
a
list
•
Molly
wrote
the
number
5
on
the
whiteboard
.
Molly
wrote
the
number
5
on
the
whiteboard
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
count
up
to
the
number
ten
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
count
up
to
the
number
ten
.
From
Old
French
nombre
,
from
Latin
numerus
“
count
,
total
,
sum
”.
noun
a
set
of
digits
you
dial
to
call
a
particular
telephone
•
What
’
s
your
phone
number
?
What
’
s
your
phone
number
?
•
I
saved
her
number
in
my
contacts
.
I
saved
her
number
in
my
contacts
.
noun
one
of
the
separate
issues
of
a
magazine
,
newspaper
,
or
other
serial
publication
•
I
bought
the
April
number
of
the
science
magazine
.
I
bought
the
April
number
of
the
science
magazine
.
•
This
week
’
s
number
has
a
story
about
space
travel
.
This
week
’
s
number
has
a
story
about
space
travel
.
noun
a
song
,
dance
,
or
piece
of
music
performed
as
part
of
a
show
•
The
band
played
a
lively
jazz
number
.
The
band
played
a
lively
jazz
number
.
•
Her
solo
dance
number
wowed
the
audience
.
Her
solo
dance
number
wowed
the
audience
.
verb
-
number
,
numbering
,
numbers
,
numbered
to
give
a
list
of
things
their
own
numbers
in
order
•
Please
number
each
page
of
your
report
.
Please
number
each
page
of
your
report
.
•
The
seats
are
numbered
from
one
to
twenty
.
The
seats
are
numbered
from
one
to
twenty
.
verb
-
number
,
numbering
,
numbers
,
numbered
to
be
a
particular
total
in
amount
•
The
guests
numbered
over
a
hundred
.
The
guests
numbered
over
a
hundred
.
•
The
wildlife
in
the
park
numbers
about
fifty
species
.
The
wildlife
in
the
park
numbers
about
fifty
species
.
human
noun
a
person
;
any
member
of
the
species
Homo
sapiens
•
The
astronaut
looked
down
at
Earth
and
felt
proud
to
be
a
human
.
The
astronaut
looked
down
at
Earth
and
felt
proud
to
be
a
human
.
•
Dogs
and
cats
live
with
humans
in
many
homes
around
the
world
.
Dogs
and
cats
live
with
humans
in
many
homes
around
the
world
.
From
Latin
‘
humanus
’
meaning
‘
of
man
,
humane
,
cultivated
’.
adjective
connected
with
or
belonging
to
people
rather
than
animals
or
machines
•
The
study
focuses
on
human
behavior
in
large
cities
.
The
study
focuses
on
human
behavior
in
large
cities
.
•
Unlike
birds
,
human
babies
cannot
walk
right
after
birth
.
Unlike
birds
,
human
babies
cannot
walk
right
after
birth
.
adjective
showing
normal
feelings
,
weaknesses
,
or
kindness
typical
of
people
•
It's
human
to
make
mistakes
,
so
don't
be
too
hard
on
yourself
.
It's
human
to
make
mistakes
,
so
don't
be
too
hard
on
yourself
.
•
Seeing
the
orphaned
puppy
,
he
felt
a
very
human
urge
to
help
.
Seeing
the
orphaned
puppy
,
he
felt
a
very
human
urge
to
help
.
data
noun
-
datum
,
data
the
plural
form
of
datum
;
several
individual
pieces
of
information
considered
separately
•
These
data
reveal
that
younger
drivers
experience
fewer
accidents
at
night
.
These
data
reveal
that
younger
drivers
experience
fewer
accidents
at
night
.
•
All
survey
data
were
stored
in
a
spreadsheet
for
later
study
.
All
survey
data
were
stored
in
a
spreadsheet
for
later
study
.
Latin
plural
of
datum
,
meaning
‘
things
given
’.
Retained
as
a
plural
form
in
technical
and
academic
English
.
media
noun
-
medium
,
media
television
,
newspapers
,
radio
,
websites
,
and
other
channels
that
share
news
or
entertainment
with
large
numbers
of
people
•
Many
politicians
try
to
use
the
media
to
spread
their
messages
before
an
election
.
Many
politicians
try
to
use
the
media
to
spread
their
messages
before
an
election
.
•
The
media
quickly
reported
on
the
powerful
earthquake
,
helping
people
know
where
to
find
safety
.
The
media
quickly
reported
on
the
powerful
earthquake
,
helping
people
know
where
to
find
safety
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
plural
of
medium
,
meaning
‘
middle
’
or
‘
means
’.
In
the
20th
century
it
came
to
mean
the
collective
channels
of
mass
communication
.
noun
-
medium
,
media
materials
or
devices
like
USB
drives
,
CDs
,
and
hard
disks
on
which
information
can
be
stored
or
transferred
•
Always
back
up
your
photos
on
external
media
such
as
a
portable
hard
drive
.
Always
back
up
your
photos
on
external
media
such
as
a
portable
hard
drive
.
•
The
software
installer
is
available
on
physical
media
or
as
a
digital
download
.
The
software
installer
is
available
on
physical
media
or
as
a
digital
download
.
Extension
of
‘
medium
’
meaning
‘
material
that
holds
data
’.
Adopted
widely
with
the
rise
of
digital
computing
in
the
late
20th
century
.
noun
-
medium
,
media
nutrient
liquids
or
gels
used
in
laboratories
for
growing
bacteria
,
cells
,
or
plants
•
Scientists
placed
the
yeast
cells
in
growth
media
to
observe
their
reaction
to
sugar
.
Scientists
placed
the
yeast
cells
in
growth
media
to
observe
their
reaction
to
sugar
.
•
Different
plant
tissues
require
specific
culture
media
to
regenerate
successfully
.
Different
plant
tissues
require
specific
culture
media
to
regenerate
successfully
.
Scientific
plural
of
Latin
‘
medium
’,
referring
to
the
substance
in
which
organisms
live
or
grow
.
noun
-
medium
,
media
the
substances
or
materials
artists
use
to
create
their
work
,
such
as
oil
paint
,
charcoal
,
or
clay
•
Sculpture
and
watercolor
are
two
very
different
artistic
media
.
Sculpture
and
watercolor
are
two
very
different
artistic
media
.
•
The
exhibit
highlights
artists
who
mix
traditional
and
digital
media
.
The
exhibit
highlights
artists
who
mix
traditional
and
digital
media
.
Artistic
sense
from
plural
of
‘
medium
’,
recorded
in
English
since
the
late
19th
century
.
argument
noun
a
spoken
disagreement
,
often
angry
,
between
people
•
Maya
and
her
brother
had
a
loud
argument
about
who
should
wash
the
dishes
.
Maya
and
her
brother
had
a
loud
argument
about
who
should
wash
the
dishes
.
•
The
teammates
got
into
an
argument
in
the
locker
room
after
the
match
.
The
teammates
got
into
an
argument
in
the
locker
room
after
the
match
.
From
Latin
argumentum
“
evidence
,
proof
,
discourse
,”
from
arguere
“
to
make
clear
,
prove
.”
noun
a
reason
or
set
of
reasons
used
to
show
that
something
is
true
or
right
•
The
scientist
presented
a
strong
argument
for
cutting
plastic
use
in
the
lab
.
The
scientist
presented
a
strong
argument
for
cutting
plastic
use
in
the
lab
.
•
Her
main
argument
was
that
regular
exercise
improves
concentration
.
Her
main
argument
was
that
regular
exercise
improves
concentration
.
Same
Latin
root
as
sense
1
;
extended
in
Middle
English
to
mean
“
a
reason
offered
.”
noun
in
mathematics
,
logic
,
or
computing
,
a
value
or
piece
of
information
that
is
passed
to
a
function
,
command
,
or
operation
•
In
the
function
call
print
(
temperature
), “
temperature
”
is
the
argument
.
In
the
function
call
print
(
temperature
), “
temperature
”
is
the
argument
.
•
The
program
crashed
because
no
argument
was
supplied
to
the
command
.
The
program
crashed
because
no
argument
was
supplied
to
the
command
.
Adopted
in
19th-century
mathematics
and
early
computing
from
the
general
sense
“
something
offered
”
to
mean
“
value
supplied
to
a
function
.”
summer
noun
the
warmest
season
of
the
year
,
occurring
between
spring
and
autumn
•
The
children
can
’
t
wait
for
summer
vacation
to
begin
.
The
children
can
’
t
wait
for
summer
vacation
to
begin
.
•
In
summer
,
the
sun
stays
up
much
later
in
northern
countries
.
In
summer
,
the
sun
stays
up
much
later
in
northern
countries
.
Old
English
sumor
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*sumaraz
,
related
to
German
Sommer
and
Dutch
zomer
.
noun
a
single
year
of
a
person
’
s
age
,
expressed
poetically
or
in
literature
•
The
oak
has
stood
for
three
hundred
summers
and
still
grows
strong
.
The
oak
has
stood
for
three
hundred
summers
and
still
grows
strong
.
•
At
only
fifteen
summers
,
she
already
dreamed
of
seeing
the
world
.
At
only
fifteen
summers
,
she
already
dreamed
of
seeing
the
world
.
Same
origin
as
the
season
sense
;
using
“
summer
”
to
mean
“
year
”
dates
back
to
Middle
English
,
reflecting
the
passage
of
time
from
one
warm
season
to
the
next
.
verb
to
spend
the
summer
,
especially
in
a
particular
place
•
They
summer
in
a
small
coastal
town
every
year
to
escape
the
city
heat
.
They
summer
in
a
small
coastal
town
every
year
to
escape
the
city
heat
.
•
The
wealthy
family
summered
on
their
private
island
in
the
lake
.
The
wealthy
family
summered
on
their
private
island
in
the
lake
.
Verb
use
developed
in
the
16th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
“
to
pass
the
summer
(
somewhere
)”.
assume
verb
-
assume
,
assuming
,
assumes
,
assumed
to
accept
something
is
true
or
will
happen
,
often
without
proof
•
I
assume
you
have
finished
your
homework
.
I
assume
you
have
finished
your
homework
.
•
Don
’
t
assume
everything
you
read
online
is
true
.
Don
’
t
assume
everything
you
read
online
is
true
.
From
Latin
assumere
“
to
take
up
,
adopt
”,
from
ad-
“
toward
”
+
sumere
“
to
take
”.
verb
-
assume
,
assuming
,
assumes
,
assumed
to
take
on
a
duty
,
role
,
or
position
•
The
new
mayor
will
assume
office
next
week
.
The
new
mayor
will
assume
office
next
week
.
•
After
the
coach
fell
ill
,
Emma
assumed
his
responsibilities
.
After
the
coach
fell
ill
,
Emma
assumed
his
responsibilities
.
verb
-
assume
,
assuming
,
assumes
,
assumed
to
begin
to
have
a
particular
appearance
,
quality
,
or
form
•
At
dawn
the
sky
assumed
a
golden
glow
.
At
dawn
the
sky
assumed
a
golden
glow
.
•
Her
voice
assumed
a
serious
tone
.
Her
voice
assumed
a
serious
tone
.
verb
-
assume
,
assuming
,
assumes
,
assumed
to
pretend
to
have
a
particular
quality
or
identity
•
He
assumed
an
air
of
confidence
during
the
interview
.
He
assumed
an
air
of
confidence
during
the
interview
.
•
The
spy
assumed
the
identity
of
a
tourist
.
The
spy
assumed
the
identity
of
a
tourist
.
document
noun
a
piece
of
written
,
printed
,
or
digital
material
that
gives
information
or
serves
as
an
official
record
•
Please
bring
your
passport
and
the
document
that
proves
your
address
.
Please
bring
your
passport
and
the
document
that
proves
your
address
.
•
He
saved
the
report
as
a
PDF
document
on
his
laptop
.
He
saved
the
report
as
a
PDF
document
on
his
laptop
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
documentum
‘
lesson
,
proof
,
example
’,
from
docere
‘
to
teach
’.
verb
-
document
,
documenting
,
documents
,
documented
to
record
information
about
something
by
writing
,
photographing
,
or
collecting
evidence
•
Scientists
documented
the
bird
’
s
migration
patterns
over
ten
years
.
Scientists
documented
the
bird
’
s
migration
patterns
over
ten
years
.
•
Use
your
phone
to
document
any
damage
before
you
move
in
.
Use
your
phone
to
document
any
damage
before
you
move
in
.
From
the
noun
‘
document
’;
earliest
verbal
use
recorded
in
the
18th
century
.
consumer
noun
a
person
who
buys
and
uses
goods
or
services
•
The
average
consumer
checks
online
reviews
before
buying
a
product
.
The
average
consumer
checks
online
reviews
before
buying
a
product
.
•
Electric
cars
are
becoming
more
popular
as
consumers
look
for
greener
options
.
Electric
cars
are
becoming
more
popular
as
consumers
look
for
greener
options
.
From
Latin
‘
consumere
’
meaning
‘
to
use
up
,
eat
,
waste
’.
The
modern
sense
of
a
buyer
developed
in
the
18th
century
alongside
growing
markets
.
noun
an
animal
that
eats
other
living
things
for
energy
in
a
food
chain
•
In
a
food
chain
,
a
lion
is
a
consumer
because
it
eats
other
animals
.
In
a
food
chain
,
a
lion
is
a
consumer
because
it
eats
other
animals
.
•
Her
teacher
explained
that
herbivores
are
primary
consumers
in
an
ecosystem
.
Her
teacher
explained
that
herbivores
are
primary
consumers
in
an
ecosystem
.
adjective
connected
with
people
who
buy
and
use
goods
or
services
•
The
government
released
new
consumer
protection
laws
today
.
The
government
released
new
consumer
protection
laws
today
.
•
Sales
of
consumer
electronics
rose
sharply
this
year
.
Sales
of
consumer
electronics
rose
sharply
this
year
.
jump
verb
to
push
yourself
off
the
ground
and
into
the
air
,
usually
using
your
legs
•
The
frog
jumped
over
the
small
log
.
The
frog
jumped
over
the
small
log
.
•
During
recess
,
the
children
love
to
jump
on
the
trampoline
.
During
recess
,
the
children
love
to
jump
on
the
trampoline
.
Middle
English
‘
jumpe
’,
probably
of
imitative
origin
,
first
recorded
in
the
16th
century
meaning
‘
move
suddenly
’.
noun
an
act
of
pushing
yourself
off
the
ground
and
moving
through
the
air
•
Her
longest
jump
was
over
two
meters
.
Her
longest
jump
was
over
two
meters
.
•
The
final
jump
decided
the
winner
of
the
competition
.
The
final
jump
decided
the
winner
of
the
competition
.
verb
to
rise
or
increase
suddenly
and
by
a
large
amount
•
Gas
prices
jumped
overnight
after
the
storm
.
Gas
prices
jumped
overnight
after
the
storm
.
•
The
number
of
online
shoppers
jumped
during
the
holiday
season
.
The
number
of
online
shoppers
jumped
during
the
holiday
season
.
verb
to
move
suddenly
because
you
are
surprised
or
frightened
•
The
loud
bang
made
him
jump
.
The
loud
bang
made
him
jump
.
•
I
jumped
when
the
phone
rang
in
the
quiet
room
.
I
jumped
when
the
phone
rang
in
the
quiet
room
.
noun
a
sudden
large
increase
in
amount
,
number
,
or
level
•
There
was
a
big
jump
in
temperature
this
morning
.
There
was
a
big
jump
in
temperature
this
morning
.
•
The
company
saw
a
jump
in
profits
last
year
.
The
company
saw
a
jump
in
profits
last
year
.
verb
to
move
quickly
from
one
place
,
subject
,
or
position
to
another
without
following
the
usual
order
•
You
can
jump
to
page
50
to
see
the
answer
key
.
You
can
jump
to
page
50
to
see
the
answer
key
.
•
During
the
story
,
the
movie
suddenly
jumps
ten
years
into
the
future
.
During
the
story
,
the
movie
suddenly
jumps
ten
years
into
the
future
.
museum
noun
a
building
or
room
where
valuable
or
interesting
objects
of
art
,
history
,
science
,
or
culture
are
collected
and
shown
to
the
public
•
Our
class
visited
the
city
museum
to
see
the
dinosaur
skeletons
.
Our
class
visited
the
city
museum
to
see
the
dinosaur
skeletons
.
•
The
small
town
opened
a
new
maritime
museum
beside
the
harbor
.
The
small
town
opened
a
new
maritime
museum
beside
the
harbor
.
Late
15th
century
,
from
Latin
‘
museum
’,
originally
meaning
“
library
or
study
,”
from
Greek
‘
Mouseion
’ ‘
seat
of
the
Muses
,
place
of
study
’.
volume
noun
how
loud
a
sound
is
•
Could
you
turn
down
the
volume
?
The
baby
is
sleeping
.
Could
you
turn
down
the
volume
?
The
baby
is
sleeping
.
•
She
raised
the
volume
on
her
headphones
when
her
favorite
song
started
.
She
raised
the
volume
on
her
headphones
when
her
favorite
song
started
.
Extension
of
the
idea
of
‘
size
’
to
the
‘
size
’
of
sound
waves
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
one
book
in
a
series
or
set
•
I
finally
found
the
second
volume
of
the
fantasy
trilogy
at
the
library
.
I
finally
found
the
second
volume
of
the
fantasy
trilogy
at
the
library
.
•
The
encyclopedia
comes
in
twenty
volumes
lined
up
on
the
shelf
.
The
encyclopedia
comes
in
twenty
volumes
lined
up
on
the
shelf
.
From
the
earlier
meaning
‘
scroll
,
book
’;
printers
in
the
16th
century
began
numbering
separate
books
in
a
set
as
‘
Volume
I
,
II
,
III
’.
noun
the
amount
of
space
that
something
occupies
or
that
a
container
can
hold
,
measured
in
cubic
units
•
The
science
teacher
showed
that
the
volume
of
the
metal
block
was
exactly
250
cubic
centimeters
.
The
science
teacher
showed
that
the
volume
of
the
metal
block
was
exactly
250
cubic
centimeters
.
•
The
carpenter
calculated
the
volume
of
the
wooden
box
before
cutting
the
panels
.
The
carpenter
calculated
the
volume
of
the
wooden
box
before
cutting
the
panels
.
From
Latin
volumen
‘
roll
,
something
rolled
up
’,
later
‘
book
’,
then
broadened
to
mean
‘
bulk
,
size
’
and
finally
‘
amount
of
space
’.
circumstance
noun
the
conditions
or
facts
that
surround
and
influence
a
situation
•
Because
of
the
stormy
weather
circumstances
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
cancelled
.
Because
of
the
stormy
weather
circumstances
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
cancelled
.
•
She
kept
calm
,
even
under
difficult
circumstances
.
She
kept
calm
,
even
under
difficult
circumstances
.
noun
a
particular
fact
or
event
that
is
part
of
a
situation
,
especially
in
formal
use
•
Every
circumstance
of
the
accident
was
recorded
in
the
police
report
.
Every
circumstance
of
the
accident
was
recorded
in
the
police
report
.
•
The
court
will
consider
each
circumstance
before
making
a
decision
.
The
court
will
consider
each
circumstance
before
making
a
decision
.
circumstances
noun
someone
’
s
financial
situation
and
way
of
living
•
After
getting
a
promotion
,
his
circumstances
improved
greatly
.
After
getting
a
promotion
,
his
circumstances
improved
greatly
.
•
She
grew
up
in
humble
circumstances
and
worked
hard
to
succeed
.
She
grew
up
in
humble
circumstances
and
worked
hard
to
succeed
.
album
noun
a
collection
of
recorded
songs
or
pieces
of
music
that
are
released
together
as
one
body
of
work
•
Their
debut
album
sold
a
million
copies
in
the
first
week
.
Their
debut
album
sold
a
million
copies
in
the
first
week
.
•
I
like
listening
to
this
album
all
the
way
through
,
from
the
first
track
to
the
last
.
I
like
listening
to
this
album
all
the
way
through
,
from
the
first
track
to
the
last
.
Borrowed
in
the
17th
century
from
Latin
"
album
"
meaning
a
blank
tablet
;
adopted
by
the
music
industry
in
the
early
20th
century
when
sets
of
78-rpm
records
resembled
photo
albums
.
noun
a
book
or
digital
folder
with
blank
pages
or
slots
used
to
collect
and
display
photographs
,
stamps
,
or
other
keepsakes
•
We
made
a
photo
album
of
our
trip
to
Japan
.
We
made
a
photo
album
of
our
trip
to
Japan
.
•
He
keeps
all
his
childhood
stamps
in
a
thick
album
.
He
keeps
all
his
childhood
stamps
in
a
thick
album
.
From
Latin
"
album
"
meaning
a
blank
tablet
or
board
;
later
applied
in
the
17th
century
to
books
with
blank
pages
for
collecting
autographs
or
pictures
.
instrument
noun
a
device
that
produces
musical
sounds
when
it
is
played
•
Maya
practiced
the
instrument
every
evening
until
her
song
sounded
perfect
.
Maya
practiced
the
instrument
every
evening
until
her
song
sounded
perfect
.
•
The
school
bought
several
new
instruments
for
the
marching
band
.
The
school
bought
several
new
instruments
for
the
marching
band
.
noun
a
tool
or
piece
of
equipment
made
for
a
particular
delicate
or
scientific
task
•
The
surgeon
chose
a
fine
instrument
to
remove
the
tiny
splinter
.
The
surgeon
chose
a
fine
instrument
to
remove
the
tiny
splinter
.
•
Scientists
used
special
instruments
to
measure
the
volcano
’
s
gas
levels
.
Scientists
used
special
instruments
to
measure
the
volcano
’
s
gas
levels
.
noun
a
gauge
or
display
inside
a
vehicle
or
machine
that
shows
information
such
as
speed
,
temperature
,
or
pressure
•
The
pilot
checked
every
instrument
before
take-off
.
The
pilot
checked
every
instrument
before
take-off
.
•
A
warning
light
flashed
on
the
dashboard
instrument
when
the
engine
overheated
.
A
warning
light
flashed
on
the
dashboard
instrument
when
the
engine
overheated
.
noun
someone
or
something
that
serves
as
a
means
of
achieving
a
goal
or
causing
something
to
happen
•
Education
can
be
an
instrument
of
social
change
.
Education
can
be
an
instrument
of
social
change
.
•
The
detective
believed
fear
was
the
murderer
’
s
chief
instrument
.
The
detective
believed
fear
was
the
murderer
’
s
chief
instrument
.
noun
an
official
legal
or
financial
document
such
as
a
contract
,
bond
,
or
certificate
•
The
parties
signed
the
instrument
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
The
parties
signed
the
instrument
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
•
A
deed
is
an
instrument
that
transfers
ownership
of
property
.
A
deed
is
an
instrument
that
transfers
ownership
of
property
.
verb
-
instrument
,
instrumenting
,
instruments
,
instrumented
to
equip
something
with
measuring
devices
or
controls
•
Engineers
will
instrument
the
bridge
to
monitor
stress
during
the
test
.
Engineers
will
instrument
the
bridge
to
monitor
stress
during
the
test
.
•
The
research
team
instrumented
the
spacecraft
with
temperature
probes
.
The
research
team
instrumented
the
spacecraft
with
temperature
probes
.
numerous
adjective
existing
or
occurring
in
very
large
numbers
;
many
.
•
The
national
park
is
home
to
numerous
species
of
brightly
colored
birds
.
The
national
park
is
home
to
numerous
species
of
brightly
colored
birds
.
•
The
library
offers
numerous
resources
for
students
researching
ancient
history
.
The
library
offers
numerous
resources
for
students
researching
ancient
history
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
numerosus
’
meaning
‘
full
of
number
’,
from
‘
numerus
’ (‘
number
’).
column
noun
an
article
or
section
that
appears
regularly
in
a
newspaper
,
magazine
,
or
website
,
usually
written
by
the
same
person
and
focusing
on
a
particular
topic
•
Every
Monday
,
I
read
the
tech
column
to
learn
about
the
newest
gadgets
.
Every
Monday
,
I
read
the
tech
column
to
learn
about
the
newest
gadgets
.
•
Maria
was
thrilled
when
the
local
paper
invited
her
to
write
a
cooking
column
.
Maria
was
thrilled
when
the
local
paper
invited
her
to
write
a
cooking
column
.
Sense
evolved
in
early
19th-century
journalism
,
likening
the
vertical
block
of
print
to
an
architectural
column
.
noun
a
vertical
division
of
a
table
,
spreadsheet
,
or
printed
page
containing
data
or
text
that
is
arranged
beneath
one
another
•
Type
the
sales
numbers
in
the
first
column
of
the
spreadsheet
.
Type
the
sales
numbers
in
the
first
column
of
the
spreadsheet
.
•
The
teacher
drew
three
columns
on
the
board
labeled
pros
,
cons
,
and
questions
.
The
teacher
drew
three
columns
on
the
board
labeled
pros
,
cons
,
and
questions
.
Adopted
for
printing
in
the
17th
century
and
later
for
computer
tables
,
based
on
the
visual
similarity
to
standing
columns
.
noun
a
tall
,
usually
cylindrical
vertical
support
that
carries
the
weight
of
a
roof
,
arch
,
or
other
part
of
a
building
,
or
stands
alone
as
a
monument
•
The
ancient
temple
was
surrounded
by
marble
columns
that
shone
in
the
morning
light
.
The
ancient
temple
was
surrounded
by
marble
columns
that
shone
in
the
morning
light
.
•
A
young
woman
leaned
against
a
stone
column
while
waiting
for
her
friends
outside
the
museum
entrance
.
A
young
woman
leaned
against
a
stone
column
while
waiting
for
her
friends
outside
the
museum
entrance
.
From
Latin
columna
“
pillar
,
column
”.
noun
a
tall
,
narrow
mass
of
something
rising
into
the
air
,
such
as
smoke
,
water
,
or
dust
•
A
dark
column
of
smoke
rose
above
the
factory
after
the
power
surge
.
A
dark
column
of
smoke
rose
above
the
factory
after
the
power
surge
.
•
The
geyser
shot
a
shimmering
column
of
water
nearly
twenty
meters
high
.
The
geyser
shot
a
shimmering
column
of
water
nearly
twenty
meters
high
.
Metaphorical
use
recorded
since
the
18th
century
,
comparing
rising
smoke
to
an
upright
pillar
.
noun
a
line
of
people
,
vehicles
,
or
soldiers
arranged
one
behind
another
,
moving
or
standing
in
order
•
The
hikers
walked
in
a
single
column
along
the
narrow
mountain
path
.
The
hikers
walked
in
a
single
column
along
the
narrow
mountain
path
.
•
Soldiers
marched
in
a
tight
column
toward
the
parade
ground
.
Soldiers
marched
in
a
tight
column
toward
the
parade
ground
.
Military
sense
dates
from
the
16th
century
,
from
French
colonne
‘
troop
formation
’.
assumption
noun
Something
that
you
accept
as
true
or
certain
without
having
proof
.
•
Maria's
plan
was
based
on
the
assumption
that
the
train
would
arrive
on
time
.
Maria's
plan
was
based
on
the
assumption
that
the
train
would
arrive
on
time
.
•
It's
a
common
assumption
that
coffee
dehydrates
you
,
but
it's
not
entirely
true
.
It's
a
common
assumption
that
coffee
dehydrates
you
,
but
it's
not
entirely
true
.
From
Latin
assumptiō
(
a
taking
up
),
from
assumere
“
to
take
up
,
adopt
.”
noun
-
assumption
The
act
of
taking
on
a
role
,
responsibility
,
or
duty
.
•
After
the
election
,
everyone
watched
the
president's
formal
assumption
of
office
.
After
the
election
,
everyone
watched
the
president's
formal
assumption
of
office
.
•
His
assumption
of
new
responsibilities
meant
longer
hours
at
work
.
His
assumption
of
new
responsibilities
meant
longer
hours
at
work
.
Same
origin
as
sense
1
,
but
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
14th
century
meaning
“
taking
up
”.
noun
The
act
of
taking
something
for
oneself
,
especially
without
permission
or
right
.
•
The
knight's
assumption
of
the
enemy's
lands
angered
neighboring
lords
.
The
knight's
assumption
of
the
enemy's
lands
angered
neighboring
lords
.
•
Critics
condemned
the
corporation's
assumption
of
community
resources
.
Critics
condemned
the
corporation's
assumption
of
community
resources
.
Extended
from
Latin
sense
of
“
taking
up
”
to
signify
seizure
or
appropriation
in
Middle
English
.
Assumption
noun
-
Assumption
In
Roman
Catholic
belief
,
the
taking
of
the
Virgin
Mary
bodily
into
heaven
,
celebrated
on
15
August
.
•
Catholics
attend
mass
on
the
Feast
of
the
Assumption
every
15
August
.
Catholics
attend
mass
on
the
Feast
of
the
Assumption
every
15
August
.
•
A
painting
of
the
Assumption
hung
above
the
church
altar
.
A
painting
of
the
Assumption
hung
above
the
church
altar
.
Latin
assumptiō
“
a
taking
up
”;
the
religious
sense
dates
from
the
Middle
Ages
.
curriculum
noun
-
curriculum
,
curricula
the
complete
set
of
subjects
and
learning
experiences
offered
by
a
school
,
college
,
or
training
program
•
The
school
updated
its
curriculum
to
include
more
computer
science
classes
.
The
school
updated
its
curriculum
to
include
more
computer
science
classes
.
•
Before
the
semester
begins
,
the
professor
emails
the
students
a
detailed
curriculum
that
lists
every
lecture
topic
and
assignment
.
Before
the
semester
begins
,
the
professor
emails
the
students
a
detailed
curriculum
that
lists
every
lecture
topic
and
assignment
.
From
Latin
“
curriculum
”
meaning
“
a
running
,
course
,
career
,”
from
“
currere
” ‘
to
run
,’
originally
referring
to
a
course
of
study
as
a
“
running
”
through
subjects
.
stadium
noun
a
large
open
or
enclosed
structure
with
rows
of
seats
surrounding
a
field
or
stage
,
used
for
sports
events
,
concerts
,
or
other
big
gatherings
•
Crowds
of
fans
poured
into
the
newly
built
stadium
for
the
championship
match
.
Crowds
of
fans
poured
into
the
newly
built
stadium
for
the
championship
match
.
•
At
night
,
the
stadium
lights
glowed
like
a
beacon
over
the
city
skyline
.
At
night
,
the
stadium
lights
glowed
like
a
beacon
over
the
city
skyline
.
From
Latin
stadium
“
a
measure
of
length
,
racecourse
”,
later
extended
to
the
building
itself
.
noun
in
geometry
,
a
two-dimensional
shape
made
of
a
rectangle
with
semicircles
attached
to
its
shorter
sides
•
The
racetrack
had
the
shape
of
a
stadium
,
with
straight
sides
and
rounded
ends
.
The
racetrack
had
the
shape
of
a
stadium
,
with
straight
sides
and
rounded
ends
.
•
Architects
sometimes
use
the
stadium
form
when
designing
swimming
pools
.
Architects
sometimes
use
the
stadium
form
when
designing
swimming
pools
.
Named
by
analogy
to
the
running
track
of
an
ancient
stadium
,
which
shares
the
same
outline
.
noun
an
ancient
Greek
and
Roman
unit
of
length
,
roughly
185
metres
,
used
to
measure
distances
•
In
ancient
Greece
,
a
footrace
was
exactly
one
stadium
long
.
In
ancient
Greece
,
a
footrace
was
exactly
one
stadium
long
.
•
According
to
Strabo
,
the
city
walls
stretched
for
a
full
stadium
.
According
to
Strabo
,
the
city
walls
stretched
for
a
full
stadium
.
From
Latin
stadium
and
Greek
stadion
,
originally
the
length
of
the
race
in
an
ancient
footrace
,
later
treated
as
a
standard
measure
.
forum
noun
a
website
or
online
message
board
where
people
post
messages
and
have
discussions
about
shared
interests
•
I
asked
for
camera
advice
on
a
photography
forum
and
got
helpful
replies
.
I
asked
for
camera
advice
on
a
photography
forum
and
got
helpful
replies
.
•
The
gaming
forum
bans
spoilers
during
the
first
week
after
a
new
release
.
The
gaming
forum
bans
spoilers
during
the
first
week
after
a
new
release
.
Extension
of
the
earlier
sense
of
forum
as
a
place
for
discussion
,
transferred
to
cyberspace
in
the
late
20th
century
.
noun
a
meeting
or
event
where
people
come
together
to
discuss
a
particular
subject
and
exchange
ideas
•
The
town
council
organized
a
forum
to
hear
residents'
ideas
about
traffic
.
The
town
council
organized
a
forum
to
hear
residents'
ideas
about
traffic
.
•
At
the
regional
education
forum
,
teachers
from
many
schools
shared
new
classroom
strategies
.
At
the
regional
education
forum
,
teachers
from
many
schools
shared
new
classroom
strategies
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
forum
meaning
a
marketplace
or
public
square
;
later
broadened
to
any
place
for
discussion
.
noun
in
ancient
Rome
,
a
public
square
used
for
markets
,
political
speeches
,
and
important
meetings
•
Tourists
walked
across
the
ruins
of
the
Roman
forum
in
the
hot
summer
sun
.
Tourists
walked
across
the
ruins
of
the
Roman
forum
in
the
hot
summer
sun
.
•
Historians
say
the
forum
was
the
heart
of
public
life
in
ancient
Rome
.
Historians
say
the
forum
was
the
heart
of
public
life
in
ancient
Rome
.
Latin
forum
originally
referred
to
an
open
public
space
for
markets
and
civic
activities
in
Roman
towns
.
consume
verb
-
consume
,
consuming
,
consumes
,
consumed
to
eat
or
drink
something
•
After
the
marathon
,
the
runners
quickly
consumed
bottles
of
water
.
After
the
marathon
,
the
runners
quickly
consumed
bottles
of
water
.
•
At
breakfast
,
the
child
happily
consumed
a
stack
of
pancakes
.
At
breakfast
,
the
child
happily
consumed
a
stack
of
pancakes
.
From
Latin
consumere
“
to
use
up
,
eat
,
waste
,”
from
con-
“
completely
”
+
sumere
“
take
.”
verb
-
consume
,
consuming
,
consumes
,
consumed
to
use
time
,
energy
,
fuel
,
or
another
resource
so
there
is
less
of
it
left
•
Streaming
movies
can
consume
a
lot
of
data
on
your
phone
plan
.
Streaming
movies
can
consume
a
lot
of
data
on
your
phone
plan
.
•
The
repair
project
consumed
three
hours
of
our
afternoon
.
The
repair
project
consumed
three
hours
of
our
afternoon
.
Same
Latin
origin
as
Sense
1
;
extended
meaning
of
‘
use
up
’
developed
in
the
1400s
.
verb
-
consume
,
consuming
,
consumes
,
consumed
to
completely
fill
someone
’
s
mind
or
feelings
so
they
cannot
think
about
anything
else
•
He
was
consumed
with
guilt
after
lying
to
his
friend
.
He
was
consumed
with
guilt
after
lying
to
his
friend
.
•
Jealousy
consumed
her
whenever
she
saw
them
together
.
Jealousy
consumed
her
whenever
she
saw
them
together
.
Figurative
sense
appears
in
the
1600s
,
using
the
idea
of
being
‘
eaten
up
’
by
emotion
.
humanity
noun
-
humanity
all
human
beings
considered
as
a
group
•
Climate
change
is
a
challenge
that
threatens
all
of
humanity
.
Climate
change
is
a
challenge
that
threatens
all
of
humanity
.
•
Throughout
history
,
humanity
has
sought
to
explore
the
unknown
.
Throughout
history
,
humanity
has
sought
to
explore
the
unknown
.
From
Middle
English
‘
humanité
’,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
‘
humanitas
’
meaning
‘
mankind
,
kindness
’.
noun
-
humanity
kindness
and
compassion
toward
other
people
,
especially
those
who
are
suffering
•
The
nurse
showed
great
humanity
by
staying
with
the
patient
all
night
.
The
nurse
showed
great
humanity
by
staying
with
the
patient
all
night
.
•
Acts
of
humanity
can
brighten
even
the
darkest
day
.
Acts
of
humanity
can
brighten
even
the
darkest
day
.
Same
Latin
root
‘
humanitas
’;
sense
of
‘
kindness
’
attested
since
the
15th
century
.
noun
-
humanity
the
state
or
quality
of
being
human
,
including
human
nature
and
feelings
•
The
novel
explores
the
fragility
of
humanity
in
times
of
war
.
The
novel
explores
the
fragility
of
humanity
in
times
of
war
.
•
Robots
may
mimic
us
,
but
they
lack
true
humanity
.
Robots
may
mimic
us
,
but
they
lack
true
humanity
.
Extension
of
Latin
‘
humanitas
’
to
‘
human
nature
’
recorded
since
the
late
16th
century
.
humor
noun
-
humor
the
quality
in
ideas
,
speech
,
writing
,
or
situations
that
makes
people
laugh
or
feel
amused
•
The
movie's
clever
humor
kept
everyone
laughing
from
start
to
finish
.
The
movie's
clever
humor
kept
everyone
laughing
from
start
to
finish
.
•
The
comedian's
dry
humor
had
the
audience
in
stitches
all
night
.
The
comedian's
dry
humor
had
the
audience
in
stitches
all
night
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
humor
‘
moisture
,
fluid
’.
The
meaning
"
comic
quality
"
developed
in
the
16th–17th
centuries
from
the
old
medical
theory
that
a
balance
of
bodily
fluids
influenced
temperament
.
noun
a
person
’
s
temporary
mood
or
state
of
mind
•
She
woke
up
in
a
cheerful
humor
and
sang
while
making
breakfast
.
She
woke
up
in
a
cheerful
humor
and
sang
while
making
breakfast
.
•
The
coach
was
in
no
humor
to
hear
excuses
after
the
defeat
.
The
coach
was
in
no
humor
to
hear
excuses
after
the
defeat
.
verb
to
behave
or
agree
with
someone
’
s
wishes
in
order
to
please
them
or
keep
them
calm
•
She
decided
to
humor
her
grandfather
by
listening
to
the
same
story
again
.
She
decided
to
humor
her
grandfather
by
listening
to
the
same
story
again
.
•
The
babysitter
humored
the
toddler
by
pretending
his
toy
dinosaur
could
talk
.
The
babysitter
humored
the
toddler
by
pretending
his
toy
dinosaur
could
talk
.
humour
noun
-
humour
the
quality
in
something
that
makes
it
funny
or
entertaining
•
British
television
is
famous
for
its
dry
humour
.
British
television
is
famous
for
its
dry
humour
.
•
He
sprinkled
a
bit
of
dark
humour
into
the
otherwise
serious
novel
.
He
sprinkled
a
bit
of
dark
humour
into
the
otherwise
serious
novel
.
noun
a
person
’
s
temporary
emotional
state
or
frame
of
mind
•
The
captain
was
in
foul
humour
after
the
team
lost
.
The
captain
was
in
foul
humour
after
the
team
lost
.
•
Give
him
some
tea
first
;
he
’
s
not
in
the
right
humour
for
questions
.
Give
him
some
tea
first
;
he
’
s
not
in
the
right
humour
for
questions
.
verb
to
go
along
with
someone
’
s
wishes
or
ideas
to
keep
them
satisfied
or
calm
•
The
nurse
humoured
the
patient
by
laughing
at
his
old
jokes
.
The
nurse
humoured
the
patient
by
laughing
at
his
old
jokes
.
•
Parents
sometimes
humour
children
’
s
imaginary
friends
to
encourage
creativity
.
Parents
sometimes
humour
children
’
s
imaginary
friends
to
encourage
creativity
.
noun
(
archaic
)
each
of
the
four
bodily
fluids
once
thought
to
determine
human
health
and
temperament
:
blood
,
phlegm
,
yellow
bile
,
and
black
bile
•
Medieval
physicians
believed
an
excess
of
black
humour
caused
melancholy
.
Medieval
physicians
believed
an
excess
of
black
humour
caused
melancholy
.
•
Balancing
the
bodily
humours
was
once
the
goal
of
many
herbal
remedies
.
Balancing
the
bodily
humours
was
once
the
goal
of
many
herbal
remedies
.
From
Latin
humor
,
humorem
“
moisture
,
fluid
”,
taken
into
Middle
English
medical
theory
via
Old
French
.
swim
verb
-
swim
,
swimming
,
swims
,
swam
,
swum
to
move
through
water
,
or
another
liquid
,
by
making
movements
with
your
arms
,
legs
,
fins
,
or
whole
body
,
without
standing
on
the
bottom
•
On
a
hot
afternoon
,
several
teenagers
swim
happily
in
the
busy
community
pool
.
On
a
hot
afternoon
,
several
teenagers
swim
happily
in
the
busy
community
pool
.
•
Dolphins
swim
gracefully
beside
a
boat
as
tourists
watch
in
amazement
.
Dolphins
swim
gracefully
beside
a
boat
as
tourists
watch
in
amazement
.
Old
English
swymman
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
zwemmen
and
German
schwimmen
.
verb
-
swim
,
swimming
,
swims
,
swam
,
swum
(
of
your
head
,
eyes
,
or
surroundings
)
to
seem
to
spin
or
move
around
you
,
making
you
feel
dizzy
•
After
standing
up
too
quickly
,
the
room
began
to
swim
before
his
eyes
.
After
standing
up
too
quickly
,
the
room
began
to
swim
before
his
eyes
.
•
Her
head
started
to
swim
during
the
long
,
hot
train
ride
.
Her
head
started
to
swim
during
the
long
,
hot
train
ride
.
consumption
noun
the
act
of
using
,
eating
,
or
drinking
something
until
it
is
gone
•
The
country's
consumption
of
electricity
rises
sharply
during
summer
heatwaves
.
The
country's
consumption
of
electricity
rises
sharply
during
summer
heatwaves
.
•
Too
much
sugar
consumption
can
harm
your
teeth
.
Too
much
sugar
consumption
can
harm
your
teeth
.
From
Latin
consummātiōnem
“
using
up
,
completion
”,
later
used
in
English
for
the
act
of
using
goods
.
noun
the
amount
of
something
that
is
used
or
eaten
•
New
engines
cut
fuel
consumption
by
20
percent
.
New
engines
cut
fuel
consumption
by
20
percent
.
•
You
can
check
your
phone's
data
consumption
in
the
settings
menu
.
You
can
check
your
phone's
data
consumption
in
the
settings
menu
.
noun
(
dated
)
tuberculosis
,
a
serious
disease
that
mainly
affects
the
lungs
•
In
the
1800s
,
many
famous
poets
died
of
consumption
.
In
the
1800s
,
many
famous
poets
died
of
consumption
.
•
Modern
antibiotics
can
cure
consumption
,
now
called
tuberculosis
.
Modern
antibiotics
can
cure
consumption
,
now
called
tuberculosis
.
The
medical
sense
comes
from
the
idea
of
the
disease
"
consuming
"
the
body's
flesh
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
dumb
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
showing
a
lack
of
intelligence
or
good
judgment
•
It
was
a
dumb
idea
to
leave
the
keys
in
the
car
.
It
was
a
dumb
idea
to
leave
the
keys
in
the
car
.
•
Don
’
t
call
yourself
dumb
—
everyone
makes
mistakes
.
Don
’
t
call
yourself
dumb
—
everyone
makes
mistakes
.
Originally
‘
unable
to
speak
’,
this
figurative
extension
to
‘
stupid
’
emerged
in
the
19th
century
.
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
unable
to
speak
•
For
many
years
,
the
painter
was
dumb
after
an
illness
but
communicated
through
sign
language
.
For
many
years
,
the
painter
was
dumb
after
an
illness
but
communicated
through
sign
language
.
•
The
school
built
special
programs
to
support
dumb
students
in
the
classroom
.
The
school
built
special
programs
to
support
dumb
students
in
the
classroom
.
Old
English
‘
dumb
’
meaning
‘
silent
,
unable
to
speak
’,
related
to
German
‘
dumm
’.
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
temporarily
unable
or
unwilling
to
speak
because
of
shock
or
strong
emotion
•
She
was
struck
dumb
with
amazement
when
the
fireworks
filled
the
sky
.
She
was
struck
dumb
with
amazement
when
the
fireworks
filled
the
sky
.
•
The
shocking
news
rendered
him
dumb
for
several
seconds
.
The
shocking
news
rendered
him
dumb
for
several
seconds
.
This
figurative
sense
dates
back
to
Middle
English
,
using
‘
dumb
’
metaphorically
for
silence
.
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
(
of
a
device
)
not
equipped
with
independent
computing
power
or
processing
capability
•
A
basic
landline
phone
is
a
dumb
device
compared
to
a
smartphone
.
A
basic
landline
phone
is
a
dumb
device
compared
to
a
smartphone
.
•
The
factory
replaced
its
dumb
terminals
with
modern
computers
.
The
factory
replaced
its
dumb
terminals
with
modern
computers
.
Adopted
in
the
1960s
for
computer
equipment
that
could
only
send
or
receive
data
without
processing
it
.
dump
verb
to
put
something
down
quickly
and
carelessly
,
often
in
a
messy
pile
•
He
dumped
his
heavy
backpack
on
the
floor
as
soon
as
he
got
home
.
He
dumped
his
heavy
backpack
on
the
floor
as
soon
as
he
got
home
.
•
The
kids
dumped
all
the
toys
into
the
big
box
before
dinner
.
The
kids
dumped
all
the
toys
into
the
big
box
before
dinner
.
From
Middle
English
dumpen
,
probably
imitative
of
a
thudding
sound
.
verb
(
informal
)
to
end
a
romantic
relationship
with
someone
suddenly
•
After
three
years
together
,
Maya
dumped
her
boyfriend
.
After
three
years
together
,
Maya
dumped
her
boyfriend
.
•
He
felt
terrible
after
being
dumped
.
He
felt
terrible
after
being
dumped
.
noun
a
place
where
trash
or
unwanted
things
are
taken
and
left
•
The
old
sofa
is
going
to
the
dump
tomorrow
.
The
old
sofa
is
going
to
the
dump
tomorrow
.
•
Trucks
lined
up
outside
the
city
dump
.
Trucks
lined
up
outside
the
city
dump
.
noun
(
informal
)
a
very
messy
or
unpleasant
place
to
live
or
visit
•
His
bedroom
is
a
dump
—
clothes
everywhere
.
His
bedroom
is
a
dump
—
clothes
everywhere
.
•
Let's
find
another
cafe
;
this
place
is
a
real
dump
.
Let's
find
another
cafe
;
this
place
is
a
real
dump
.
verb
to
throw
away
waste
or
unwanted
things
,
often
in
large
amounts
or
in
the
wrong
place
•
The
factory
was
fined
for
dumping
chemicals
into
the
river
.
The
factory
was
fined
for
dumping
chemicals
into
the
river
.
•
People
sometimes
dump
old
furniture
on
the
side
of
the
road
.
People
sometimes
dump
old
furniture
on
the
side
of
the
road
.
verb
(
computing
)
to
copy
large
amounts
of
data
from
one
place
to
another
for
storage
or
analysis
•
The
programmer
dumped
the
entire
database
to
a
backup
file
.
The
programmer
dumped
the
entire
database
to
a
backup
file
.
•
When
the
app
crashed
,
it
automatically
created
a
memory
dump
.
When
the
app
crashed
,
it
automatically
created
a
memory
dump
.
summary
noun
-
summary
,
summaries
a
short
statement
that
presents
only
the
most
important
points
of
something
•
After
each
chapter
,
there
is
a
brief
summary
to
help
readers
remember
the
key
points
.
After
each
chapter
,
there
is
a
brief
summary
to
help
readers
remember
the
key
points
.
•
Could
you
give
me
a
quick
summary
of
what
happened
at
the
meeting
?
Could
you
give
me
a
quick
summary
of
what
happened
at
the
meeting
?
From
Latin
summa
‘
total
,
gist
’
+
-ary
.
adjective
done
quickly
and
without
the
usual
formal
procedures
•
The
judge
made
a
summary
decision
after
hearing
the
clear
evidence
.
The
judge
made
a
summary
decision
after
hearing
the
clear
evidence
.
•
The
airline
issued
a
summary
refund
to
all
affected
passengers
.
The
airline
issued
a
summary
refund
to
all
affected
passengers
.
Extended
from
the
noun
sense
,
influenced
by
legal
phrase
“
summary
judgment
”
meaning
‘
dispensed
with
full
trial
’.
rumor
noun
information
or
a
story
that
many
people
talk
about
but
that
has
not
been
proven
true
•
I
heard
a
strange
rumor
about
the
new
teacher
,
but
no
one
could
confirm
it
.
I
heard
a
strange
rumor
about
the
new
teacher
,
but
no
one
could
confirm
it
.
•
The
internet
can
spread
a
rumor
across
the
world
in
minutes
.
The
internet
can
spread
a
rumor
across
the
world
in
minutes
.
Middle
English
rumour
from
Anglo-French
,
from
Latin
rumor
meaning
"
noise
,
popular
report
".
verb
to
say
or
repeat
information
that
may
not
be
true
,
often
making
it
widely
known
•
Fans
rumor
that
the
director
is
planning
a
surprise
sequel
.
Fans
rumor
that
the
director
is
planning
a
surprise
sequel
.
•
Reporters
quickly
rumored
the
senator
’
s
unexpected
visit
to
the
hospital
.
Reporters
quickly
rumored
the
senator
’
s
unexpected
visit
to
the
hospital
.
Derived
from
the
noun
"
rumor
";
first
recorded
as
a
verb
in
1570s
.
rumour
noun
information
or
a
story
that
many
people
talk
about
but
that
has
not
been
proven
true
•
A
silly
rumour
about
the
singer
quitting
spread
through
the
fan
club
.
A
silly
rumour
about
the
singer
quitting
spread
through
the
fan
club
.
•
The
government
dismissed
the
rumour
as
completely
false
.
The
government
dismissed
the
rumour
as
completely
false
.
Middle
English
rumour
from
Anglo-French
,
from
Latin
rumor
meaning
"
noise
,
popular
report
".
verb
to
say
or
repeat
information
that
may
not
be
true
,
often
making
it
widely
known
•
Journalists
rumour
that
the
Prime
Minister
may
call
an
early
election
.
Journalists
rumour
that
the
Prime
Minister
may
call
an
early
election
.
•
Locals
rumoured
that
the
old
castle
is
haunted
.
Locals
rumoured
that
the
old
castle
is
haunted
.
Derived
from
the
noun
"
rumour
";
first
recorded
as
a
verb
in
the
late
16th
century
.
maximum
adjective
largest
or
greatest
possible
in
amount
,
size
,
degree
,
or
level
•
The
maximum
speed
limit
on
this
road
is
60
kilometers
per
hour
.
The
maximum
speed
limit
on
this
road
is
60
kilometers
per
hour
.
•
Fill
the
tank
only
to
the
maximum
level
marked
.
Fill
the
tank
only
to
the
maximum
level
marked
.
Mid-17th
century
:
from
Latin
maximum
,
neuter
of
maximus
‘
greatest
’.
noun
-
maximum
,
maxima
the
greatest
amount
,
level
,
or
number
that
is
possible
or
allowed
•
Yesterday
the
temperature
reached
a
maximum
of
35
degrees
Celsius
.
Yesterday
the
temperature
reached
a
maximum
of
35
degrees
Celsius
.
•
The
machine
stops
automatically
when
it
hits
its
safety
maximum
.
The
machine
stops
automatically
when
it
hits
its
safety
maximum
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
Latin
maximum
from
maximus
‘
greatest
’.
adverb
used
after
a
number
or
amount
to
mean
‘
at
most
’
•
You
can
stay
here
for
an
hour
maximum
.
You
can
stay
here
for
an
hour
maximum
.
•
We
will
need
thirty
minutes
maximum
to
finish
the
work
.
We
will
need
thirty
minutes
maximum
to
finish
the
work
.
Adverbial
use
developed
from
the
adjective
and
noun
senses
in
the
early
20th
century
.
costume
noun
a
set
of
clothes
worn
to
look
like
someone
or
something
else
at
a
party
,
parade
,
or
celebration
,
especially
on
Halloween
or
at
a
fancy-dress
event
•
Mia
wore
a
pirate
costume
to
the
Halloween
party
.
Mia
wore
a
pirate
costume
to
the
Halloween
party
.
•
His
superhero
costume
ripped
just
before
the
contest
.
His
superhero
costume
ripped
just
before
the
contest
.
noun
the
set
of
clothes
,
shoes
,
and
accessories
an
actor
,
dancer
,
or
other
performer
wears
to
show
a
particular
character
or
time
period
•
The
actor
tried
on
his
costume
before
stepping
on
stage
.
The
actor
tried
on
his
costume
before
stepping
on
stage
.
•
Each
dancer's
sparkling
costume
was
covered
in
silver
sequins
.
Each
dancer's
sparkling
costume
was
covered
in
silver
sequins
.
Borrowed
from
French
costume
in
the
18th
century
,
ultimately
from
Italian
costume
meaning
“
fashion
or
habit
.”
noun
the
traditional
style
of
dress
that
is
typical
of
a
particular
country
,
culture
,
or
historical
period
•
The
dancers
performed
in
bright
Hanbok
costume
during
the
festival
.
The
dancers
performed
in
bright
Hanbok
costume
during
the
festival
.
•
Paintings
from
18th-century
France
show
people
in
period
costume
.
Paintings
from
18th-century
France
show
people
in
period
costume
.
noun
(
informal
,
chiefly
British
)
a
swimming
suit
•
Don't
forget
your
costume
when
we
go
to
the
pool
.
Don't
forget
your
costume
when
we
go
to
the
pool
.
•
She
bought
a
new
striped
costume
for
the
beach
holiday
.
She
bought
a
new
striped
costume
for
the
beach
holiday
.
verb
-
costume
,
costuming
,
costumes
,
costumed
to
dress
someone
,
or
provide
clothes
,
especially
special
or
period
clothes
,
for
a
performance
or
event
•
The
designer
costumed
the
actors
in
elegant
Victorian
outfits
.
The
designer
costumed
the
actors
in
elegant
Victorian
outfits
.
•
For
the
school
play
,
parents
costume
their
children
as
animals
.
For
the
school
play
,
parents
costume
their
children
as
animals
.
minimum
noun
the
smallest
amount
,
number
,
or
level
that
is
possible
,
allowed
,
or
needed
•
You
need
a
minimum
of
eight
glasses
of
water
a
day
to
stay
healthy
.
You
need
a
minimum
of
eight
glasses
of
water
a
day
to
stay
healthy
.
•
The
company
requires
a
minimum
of
two
years'
experience
for
this
job
.
The
company
requires
a
minimum
of
two
years'
experience
for
this
job
.
From
Latin
minimus
meaning
“
smallest
.”
adjective
being
the
smallest
or
least
possible
in
amount
,
degree
,
or
size
•
He
bought
the
car
with
minimum
mileage
he
could
find
.
He
bought
the
car
with
minimum
mileage
he
could
find
.
•
The
hotel
room
had
only
the
minimum
furniture
—
a
bed
and
a
chair
.
The
hotel
room
had
only
the
minimum
furniture
—
a
bed
and
a
chair
.
Derived
from
the
noun
use
of
minimum
,
from
Latin
minimus
meaning
“
smallest
.”
noun
-
minimum
,
minima
in
mathematics
,
a
point
at
which
a
function
has
a
value
lower
than
or
equal
to
every
nearby
point
•
The
graph
shows
a
minimum
at
the
point
(
3
,
−2
).
The
graph
shows
a
minimum
at
the
point
(
3
,
−2
).
•
We
used
calculus
to
find
the
function's
global
minimum
.
We
used
calculus
to
find
the
function's
global
minimum
.
Adopted
into
mathematical
language
in
the
17th
century
from
Latin
minimus
“
smallest
.”
medium
adjective
neither
small
nor
large
;
in
the
middle
size
,
amount
,
or
level
•
I
’
d
like
a
medium
coffee
,
please
.
I
’
d
like
a
medium
coffee
,
please
.
•
She
bought
a
medium
T-shirt
because
the
small
was
too
tight
.
She
bought
a
medium
T-shirt
because
the
small
was
too
tight
.
From
Latin
medius
“
middle
”.
noun
a
material
or
method
an
artist
uses
to
create
art
•
Oil
paint
is
her
favorite
medium
for
portraits
.
Oil
paint
is
her
favorite
medium
for
portraits
.
•
The
sculpture
was
created
in
the
medium
of
bronze
.
The
sculpture
was
created
in
the
medium
of
bronze
.
Adopted
into
art
terminology
in
the
19th
century
from
Latin
medius
“
middle
”,
via
the
idea
of
a
means
or
channel
.
noun
-
medium
,
media
a
means
or
channel
for
giving
information
or
entertainment
to
many
people
•
Television
is
a
powerful
medium
for
spreading
news
.
Television
is
a
powerful
medium
for
spreading
news
.
•
Social
media
has
become
the
dominant
medium
among
teenagers
.
Social
media
has
become
the
dominant
medium
among
teenagers
.
Use
for
“
means
of
communication
”
became
common
in
the
20th
century
as
mass
communication
expanded
.
noun
a
person
who
claims
to
receive
messages
from
spirits
and
pass
them
to
the
living
•
They
visited
a
medium
to
try
to
contact
their
grandmother
.
They
visited
a
medium
to
try
to
contact
their
grandmother
.
•
The
medium
closed
her
eyes
and
spoke
in
a
soft
voice
.
The
medium
closed
her
eyes
and
spoke
in
a
soft
voice
.
Sense
of
“
person
who
conveys
messages
”
arose
in
the
19th
century
from
earlier
meaning
of
a
means
or
channel
.
noun
-
medium
,
media
a
substance
or
environment
through
which
something
grows
,
moves
,
or
is
carried
•
Agar
is
a
common
growth
medium
for
bacteria
in
labs
.
Agar
is
a
common
growth
medium
for
bacteria
in
labs
.
•
Water
is
an
excellent
medium
for
sound
waves
underwater
.
Water
is
an
excellent
medium
for
sound
waves
underwater
.
Scientific
use
developed
in
the
17th–18th
centuries
for
“
substance
in
which
processes
occur
”.
summit
noun
the
very
highest
point
of
a
mountain
or
hill
•
After
six
hours
of
climbing
,
the
hikers
reached
the
summit
just
in
time
to
watch
the
sunrise
.
After
six
hours
of
climbing
,
the
hikers
reached
the
summit
just
in
time
to
watch
the
sunrise
.
•
Snow
still
covered
the
summit
even
though
the
valley
below
was
blooming
with
flowers
.
Snow
still
covered
the
summit
even
though
the
valley
below
was
blooming
with
flowers
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
somete
,
variant
of
somite
,
from
sommet
‘
peak
’,
diminutive
of
som
‘
top
’,
from
Latin
summum
‘
highest
point
’.
noun
a
formal
meeting
of
leaders
or
top
officials
to
discuss
important
matters
•
Leaders
from
eight
countries
gathered
at
a
summit
to
discuss
climate
change
.
Leaders
from
eight
countries
gathered
at
a
summit
to
discuss
climate
change
.
•
The
trade
summit
resulted
in
a
historic
agreement
to
cut
tariffs
.
The
trade
summit
resulted
in
a
historic
agreement
to
cut
tariffs
.
Sense
of
‘
meeting
of
heads
of
government
’
originated
in
the
1950s
,
extending
the
idea
of
the
‘
highest
point
’
to
the
highest
level
of
negotiation
.
noun
the
highest
possible
level
of
achievement
or
success
•
Winning
the
Nobel
Prize
was
the
summit
of
her
scientific
career
.
Winning
the
Nobel
Prize
was
the
summit
of
her
scientific
career
.
•
The
athlete
reached
the
summit
of
his
sport
with
an
Olympic
gold
medal
.
The
athlete
reached
the
summit
of
his
sport
with
an
Olympic
gold
medal
.
verb
to
reach
the
summit
of
a
mountain
;
to
climb
to
the
highest
point
•
They
plan
to
summit
Mount
Kilimanjaro
next
summer
.
They
plan
to
summit
Mount
Kilimanjaro
next
summer
.
•
She
summited
the
peak
in
record
time
despite
strong
winds
.
She
summited
the
peak
in
record
time
despite
strong
winds
.
documentary
noun
-
documentary
,
documentaries
a
film
,
television
or
radio
programme
that
tells
the
facts
about
real
people
,
places
,
or
events
•
The
class
watched
a
documentary
about
endangered
tigers
.
The
class
watched
a
documentary
about
endangered
tigers
.
•
My
sister
is
making
a
documentary
on
street
artists
in
Berlin
.
My
sister
is
making
a
documentary
on
street
artists
in
Berlin
.
From
document
+
-ary
;
first
used
in
the
film
sense
in
the
1930s
.
adjective
consisting
of
or
based
on
written
records
,
photographs
,
or
other
documents
;
strictly
factual
•
The
lawyer
presented
documentary
evidence
to
support
her
case
.
The
lawyer
presented
documentary
evidence
to
support
her
case
.
•
Historians
value
letters
as
important
documentary
sources
.
Historians
value
letters
as
important
documentary
sources
.
Derived
from
document
+
-ary
in
the
sense
‘
consisting
of
documents
’ (
mid-19th
century
).
mummy
noun
-
mummy
,
mummies
a
child
’
s
informal
word
for
their
mother
•
The
toddler
clung
to
his
mummy
when
the
fireworks
boomed
overhead
.
The
toddler
clung
to
his
mummy
when
the
fireworks
boomed
overhead
.
•
“
Could
you
ask
your
mummy
if
you
can
stay
for
tea
?”
the
teacher
said
.
“
Could
you
ask
your
mummy
if
you
can
stay
for
tea
?”
the
teacher
said
.
Childish
alteration
of
“
mam
”
and
“
mama
,”
recorded
in
British
English
since
the
late
18th
century
.
bacteria
noun
-
bacterium
,
bacteria
the
plural
form
of
bacterium
:
tiny
single-celled
living
things
that
exist
almost
everywhere
,
some
helpful
and
some
harmful
•
Doctors
can
see
harmful
bacteria
under
a
microscope
.
Doctors
can
see
harmful
bacteria
under
a
microscope
.
•
Yogurt
contains
live
bacteria
that
are
good
for
digestion
.
Yogurt
contains
live
bacteria
that
are
good
for
digestion
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
‘
bacterium
’ (
plural
‘
bacteria
’),
originally
from
Greek
‘
bakterion
’
meaning
‘
small
staff
’
because
of
the
rod
shape
of
many
species
.
spectrum
noun
-
spectrum
,
spectra
a
band
of
colours
or
other
kinds
of
light
arranged
by
wavelength
,
such
as
the
colours
you
see
when
sunlight
passes
through
a
prism
•
A
rainbow
shows
the
visible
spectrum
of
sunlight
after
rain
.
A
rainbow
shows
the
visible
spectrum
of
sunlight
after
rain
.
•
In
science
class
,
the
teacher
shone
a
flashlight
through
a
glass
prism
,
and
the
wall
lit
up
with
a
colourful
spectrum
.
In
science
class
,
the
teacher
shone
a
flashlight
through
a
glass
prism
,
and
the
wall
lit
up
with
a
colourful
spectrum
.
mid-17th
century
:
from
Latin
specere
‘
to
look
’
→
spectrum
‘
image
,
apparition
’.
It
was
first
used
in
optics
to
describe
the
band
of
colours
given
by
a
prism
.
noun
-
spectrum
,
spectra
a
wide
and
continuous
range
of
different
but
related
ideas
,
qualities
,
or
things
between
two
extremes
•
The
students
held
opinions
across
the
political
spectrum
,
from
conservative
to
liberal
.
The
students
held
opinions
across
the
political
spectrum
,
from
conservative
to
liberal
.
•
The
summer
festival
features
a
broad
spectrum
of
music
,
including
jazz
,
rock
,
and
classical
.
The
summer
festival
features
a
broad
spectrum
of
music
,
including
jazz
,
rock
,
and
classical
.
figurative
use
recorded
since
the
late
19th
century
,
extending
the
physical
meaning
of
‘
spectrum
’
to
abstract
ranges
.
sum
noun
the
number
you
get
when
you
add
two
or
more
numbers
together
.
•
The
sum
of
5
and
7
is
12
.
The
sum
of
5
and
7
is
12
.
•
To
check
her
answer
,
Maya
wrote
each
step
and
double-checked
the
final
sum
.
To
check
her
answer
,
Maya
wrote
each
step
and
double-checked
the
final
sum
.
From
Latin
summa
meaning
“
total
,
whole
amount
”.
noun
a
particular
amount
of
money
.
•
He
inherited
a
large
sum
from
his
grandparents
.
He
inherited
a
large
sum
from
his
grandparents
.
•
The
museum
raised
the
required
sum
through
donations
.
The
museum
raised
the
required
sum
through
donations
.
noun
the
total
amount
formed
when
all
different
parts
are
considered
together
.
•
Success
is
often
the
sum
of
many
small
efforts
.
Success
is
often
the
sum
of
many
small
efforts
.
•
The
committee
’
s
decision
was
the
sum
of
hours
of
discussion
.
The
committee
’
s
decision
was
the
sum
of
hours
of
discussion
.
verb
-
sum
,
summing
,
sums
,
summed
to
add
several
numbers
to
find
their
total
.
•
Please
sum
these
figures
before
the
meeting
.
Please
sum
these
figures
before
the
meeting
.
•
The
spreadsheet
automatically
sums
the
values
in
each
column
.
The
spreadsheet
automatically
sums
the
values
in
each
column
.
sum up
verb
to
state
the
main
points
of
something
briefly
;
to
summarize
.
•
To
sum
up
,
the
project
finished
on
time
and
under
budget
.
To
sum up
,
the
project
finished
on
time
and
under
budget
.
•
The
professor
summed
up
the
lecture
in
three
clear
points
.
The
professor
summed up
the
lecture
in
three
clear
points
.
thumb
noun
the
short
,
thick
first
finger
on
your
hand
that
helps
you
grasp
things
•
The
baby
held
her
mother's
thumb
tightly
while
taking
her
first
steps
.
The
baby
held
her
mother's
thumb
tightly
while
taking
her
first
steps
.
•
He
accidentally
hit
his
thumb
with
a
hammer
while
fixing
the
chair
.
He
accidentally
hit
his
thumb
with
a
hammer
while
fixing
the
chair
.
Old
English
“
þūma
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*thumōn-
,
related
to
Proto-Indo-European
*tum-
(‘
to
swell
’),
reflecting
the
thumb
’
s
thick
shape
.
verb
to
quickly
turn
the
pages
of
a
book
,
magazine
,
or
stack
of
papers
with
your
thumb
to
look
through
them
briefly
•
While
waiting
for
the
train
,
Maya
thumbed through
a
travel
guide
to
plan
her
next
stop
.
While
waiting
for
the
train
,
Maya
thumbed through
a
travel
guide
to
plan
her
next
stop
.
•
The
detective
thumbed through
the
file
until
he
found
the
missing
photograph
.
The
detective
thumbed through
the
file
until
he
found
the
missing
photograph
.
verb
to
try
to
get
a
free
ride
in
a
passing
vehicle
by
standing
at
the
side
of
a
road
with
your
arm
out
and
thumb
raised
•
With
no
bus
money
,
Tom
stood
by
the
highway
and
thumbed a ride
to
the
next
town
.
With
no
bus
money
,
Tom
stood
by
the
highway
and
thumbed a ride
to
the
next
town
.
•
During
their
gap
year
,
the
two
friends
thumbed
across
Europe
,
meeting
generous
drivers
along
the
way
.
During
their
gap
year
,
the
two
friends
thumbed
across
Europe
,
meeting
generous
drivers
along
the
way
.
tumor
noun
a
mass
of
abnormal
tissue
that
grows
in
the
body
and
can
be
either
harmless
(
benign
)
or
dangerous
(
cancerous
)
•
The
surgeon
successfully
removed
the
tumor
from
his
liver
.
The
surgeon
successfully
removed
the
tumor
from
his
liver
.
•
An
MRI
scan
revealed
a
small
brain
tumor
pressing
on
her
optic
nerve
.
An
MRI
scan
revealed
a
small
brain
tumor
pressing
on
her
optic
nerve
.
Borrowed
into
modern
medical
Latin
from
Latin
tumor
“
swelling
,”
from
tumēre
“
to
swell
.”
noun
something
harmful
that
grows
within
an
organization
or
society
and
must
be
removed
before
it
causes
more
damage
•
Corruption
was
a
tumor
eating
away
at
the
city
government
.
Corruption
was
a
tumor
eating
away
at
the
city
government
.
•
Misinformation
can
spread
like
a
tumor
across
social
media
.
Misinformation
can
spread
like
a
tumor
across
social
media
.
tumour
noun
a
mass
of
abnormal
tissue
that
grows
in
the
body
and
can
be
either
harmless
(
benign
)
or
dangerous
(
cancerous
)
•
The
scan
showed
a
small
tumour
in
her
lung
.
The
scan
showed
a
small
tumour
in
her
lung
.
•
Benign
tumours
can
sometimes
be
left
alone
and
just
monitored
.
Benign
tumours
can
sometimes
be
left
alone
and
just
monitored
.
noun
something
harmful
that
grows
within
an
organisation
or
society
and
must
be
removed
before
it
causes
more
damage
•
The
scandal
was
a
tumour
rotting
the
reputation
of
the
charity
.
The
scandal
was
a
tumour
rotting
the
reputation
of
the
charity
.
•
Racism
acts
like
a
tumour
in
society
,
spreading
silently
if
ignored
.
Racism
acts
like
a
tumour
in
society
,
spreading
silently
if
ignored
.
pump
noun
a
machine
that
moves
liquid
or
gas
from
one
place
to
another
by
suction
or
pressure
•
The
farmer
repaired
the
old
pump
that
drew
water
from
his
well
.
The
farmer
repaired
the
old
pump
that
drew
water
from
his
well
.
•
Firefighters
connected
their
hoses
to
a
powerful
pump
to
control
the
blaze
.
Firefighters
connected
their
hoses
to
a
powerful
pump
to
control
the
blaze
.
Middle
English
pompe
,
from
Middle
Dutch
pomp
;
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
15th
century
.
verb
-
pump
,
pumping
,
pumps
,
pumped
to
force
liquid
,
gas
,
or
air
to
move
using
a
pump
,
or
to
move
something
repeatedly
up
and
down
•
They
used
a
generator
to
pump
water
out
of
the
flooded
basement
.
They
used
a
generator
to
pump
water
out
of
the
flooded
basement
.
•
She
pumped
air
into
her
bicycle
tire
before
the
race
.
She
pumped
air
into
her
bicycle
tire
before
the
race
.
From
noun
sense
‘
pump
’;
first
used
as
a
verb
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
a
woman
’
s
or
girl
’
s
smart
,
low-cut
shoe
with
a
medium
or
high
heel
•
She
chose
black
pumps
to
match
her
evening
dress
.
She
chose
black
pumps
to
match
her
evening
dress
.
•
The
shiny
red
pumps
added
a
bold
touch
to
her
outfit
.
The
shiny
red
pumps
added
a
bold
touch
to
her
outfit
.
Sense
developed
in
late
19th-century
American
English
,
probably
from
earlier
‘
pompe
’
meaning
slipper
.
noun
(
UK
)
a
light
,
flat
canvas
shoe
worn
especially
for
school
physical-education
classes
•
Students
are
required
to
bring
white
pumps
for
gym
lessons
.
Students
are
required
to
bring
white
pumps
for
gym
lessons
.
•
His
old
pumps
had
holes
in
the
soles
after
a
term
of
running
.
His
old
pumps
had
holes
in
the
soles
after
a
term
of
running
.
Shortened
from
‘
pumpshoes
’,
first
attested
in
British
English
early
20th
century
.
trauma
noun
a
serious
physical
injury
to
the
body
,
especially
one
caused
suddenly
by
an
accident
or
violence
•
The
cyclist
was
rushed
to
the
hospital
with
severe
head
trauma
.
The
cyclist
was
rushed
to
the
hospital
with
severe
head
trauma
.
•
Doctors
say
prompt
care
can
reduce
internal
trauma
after
a
high-speed
car
crash
.
Doctors
say
prompt
care
can
reduce
internal
trauma
after
a
high-speed
car
crash
.
Borrowed
in
the
late
17th
century
from
Greek
“
traûma
”
meaning
“
wound
.”
Originally
used
only
of
bodily
injuries
;
psychological
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
.
noun
a
deep
emotional
shock
or
distress
caused
by
a
frightening
or
painful
experience
,
which
may
have
long-lasting
effects
•
Years
after
the
earthquake
,
Maria
still
feels
trauma
when
the
ground
trembles
.
Years
after
the
earthquake
,
Maria
still
feels
trauma
when
the
ground
trembles
.
•
Speaking
with
a
counselor
helped
him
process
the
childhood
trauma
he
had
hidden
for
so
long
.
Speaking
with
a
counselor
helped
him
process
the
childhood
trauma
he
had
hidden
for
so
long
.
Borrowed
in
the
late
17th
century
from
Greek
“
traûma
”
meaning
“
wound
.”
The
sense
widened
in
the
19th
century
to
include
mental
wounds
as
well
as
physical
ones
.
stumble
verb
-
stumble
,
stumbling
,
stumbles
,
stumbled
to
hit
your
foot
against
something
and
almost
fall
while
you
are
walking
or
running
•
Walking
through
the
dark
attic
,
Lucy
stumbled
over
a
loose
board
and
dropped
her
flashlight
.
Walking
through
the
dark
attic
,
Lucy
stumbled
over
a
loose
board
and
dropped
her
flashlight
.
•
A
distracted
shopper
stumbled
on
the
supermarket
floor
when
his
shoelace
came
undone
.
A
distracted
shopper
stumbled
on
the
supermarket
floor
when
his
shoelace
came
undone
.
verb
-
stumble
,
stumbling
,
stumbles
,
stumbled
to
walk
or
move
in
an
unsteady
,
clumsy
way
,
as
if
you
are
about
to
fall
•
After
the
long
flight
,
Mia
stumbled
into
the
hotel
lobby
,
exhausted
and
half
asleep
.
After
the
long
flight
,
Mia
stumbled
into
the
hotel
lobby
,
exhausted
and
half
asleep
.
•
The
injured
football
player
stumbled
toward
the
bench
holding
his
ankle
.
The
injured
football
player
stumbled
toward
the
bench
holding
his
ankle
.
verb
-
stumble
,
stumbling
,
stumbles
,
stumbled
to
pause
,
hesitate
,
or
make
mistakes
while
speaking
,
reading
,
or
performing
something
•
Nervous
about
the
presentation
,
Daniel
stumbled
over
his
first
few
words
.
Nervous
about
the
presentation
,
Daniel
stumbled
over
his
first
few
words
.
•
She
stumbled
while
reading
the
unfamiliar
scientific
terms
aloud
.
She
stumbled
while
reading
the
unfamiliar
scientific
terms
aloud
.
verb
-
stumble
,
stumbling
,
stumbles
,
stumbled
to
find
or
meet
something
or
someone
by
chance
,
usually
expressed
as
“
stumble
on/upon/across
”
•
We
stumbled upon
a
tiny
café
hidden
in
a
back
alley
.
We
stumbled upon
a
tiny
café
hidden
in
a
back
alley
.
•
While
cleaning
the
attic
,
Sara
stumbled on
her
grandmother's
wartime
letters
.
While
cleaning
the
attic
,
Sara
stumbled on
her
grandmother's
wartime
letters
.
noun
a
small
trip
or
mistake
;
the
act
of
stumbling
•
Except
for
one
stumble
,
her
speech
was
flawless
.
Except
for
one
stumble
,
her
speech
was
flawless
.
•
His
slight
stumble
on
the
stairs
made
the
audience
gasp
.
His
slight
stumble
on
the
stairs
made
the
audience
gasp
.
momentum
noun
-
momentum
,
momenta
,
none
The
energy
or
force
that
keeps
an
event
,
idea
,
or
process
developing
or
moving
forward
.
•
After
the
surprise
victory
,
the
team
gained
enough
momentum
to
win
the
championship
.
After
the
surprise
victory
,
the
team
gained
enough
momentum
to
win
the
championship
.
•
The
charity
campaign
gathered
momentum
as
more
people
shared
it
online
.
The
charity
campaign
gathered
momentum
as
more
people
shared
it
online
.
Originally
a
scientific
term
,
the
figurative
sense
of
"
momentum
"
was
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
to
describe
growing
political
or
social
movements
.
noun
-
momentum
,
momenta
,
none
In
physics
,
the
quantity
of
motion
of
a
moving
object
,
equal
to
its
mass
multiplied
by
its
velocity
.
•
In
space
,
a
satellite
will
keep
its
momentum
unless
acted
upon
by
another
force
.
In
space
,
a
satellite
will
keep
its
momentum
unless
acted
upon
by
another
force
.
•
The
billiard
ball
lost
momentum
after
striking
the
cushion
and
rolled
to
a
gentle
stop
.
The
billiard
ball
lost
momentum
after
striking
the
cushion
and
rolled
to
a
gentle
stop
.
From
Latin
“
movēre
”
meaning
“
to
move
,”
through
the
Medieval
Latin
phrase
“
quantitas
motus
” (
quantity
of
motion
),
later
shortened
to
“
momentum
”
in
scientific
English
.
resume
verb
-
resume
,
resuming
,
resumes
,
resumed
to
start
something
again
after
it
has
stopped
for
a
short
time
•
After
a
brief
coffee
break
,
the
team
resumed
the
meeting
.
After
a
brief
coffee
break
,
the
team
resumed
the
meeting
.
•
The
concert
will
resume
once
the
technical
problem
is
fixed
.
The
concert
will
resume
once
the
technical
problem
is
fixed
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
"
resumer
",
from
Latin
"
resumere
"
meaning
"
take
up
again
" (
re-
‘
again
’
+
sumere
‘
take
’).
noun
a
short
written
summary
of
your
education
,
work
experience
,
and
skills
that
you
give
to
an
employer
•
He
included
volunteer
work
on
his
resume
to
impress
the
hiring
committee
.
He
included
volunteer
work
on
his
resume
to
impress
the
hiring
committee
.
•
Make
sure
your
resume
is
free
of
spelling
errors
.
Make
sure
your
resume
is
free
of
spelling
errors
.
Variant
spelling
of
“
résumé
”,
common
in
American
English
since
the
mid-20th
century
.
résumé
noun
a
short
written
summary
of
your
education
,
work
experience
,
and
skills
that
you
give
to
an
employer
•
Emma
printed
five
copies
of
her
résumé
before
the
job
fair
.
Emma
printed
five
copies
of
her
résumé
before
the
job
fair
.
•
A
strong
résumé
can
help
you
stand
out
from
other
candidates
.
A
strong
résumé
can
help
you
stand
out
from
other
candidates
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
early
19th
century
from
French
"
résumé
"
meaning
"
summary
",
from
past
participle
of
"
résumer
" ‘
to
summarize
’.
drum
noun
a
musical
instrument
consisting
of
a
hollow
body
with
a
stretched
skin
or
synthetic
head
that
makes
a
sound
when
struck
•
The
little
boy
tapped
his
new
drum
happily
in
the
living
room
.
The
little
boy
tapped
his
new
drum
happily
in
the
living
room
.
•
During
the
parade
,
the
marching
band
’
s
drum
kept
everyone
in
step
.
During
the
parade
,
the
marching
band
’
s
drum
kept
everyone
in
step
.
Old
English
“
drum
”
or
“
drumma
”,
probably
imitative
of
the
sound
produced
.
noun
a
large
round
metal
or
plastic
container
used
for
storing
or
transporting
liquids
or
bulk
materials
•
An
oil
drum
lay
rusting
behind
the
garage
.
An
oil
drum
lay
rusting
behind
the
garage
.
•
Workers
filled
the
chemical
drum
with
disinfectant
.
Workers
filled
the
chemical
drum
with
disinfectant
.
Extension
of
the
musical
instrument
’
s
shape
to
any
cylindrical
vessel
,
recorded
from
the
17th
century
.
verb
-
drum
,
drumming
,
drums
,
drummed
to
make
a
steady
beating
or
tapping
sound
by
hitting
a
surface
repeatedly
,
or
to
play
a
drum
•
Rain
drummed
on
the
roof
all
night
long
.
Rain
drummed
on
the
roof
all
night
long
.
•
He
sat
at
the
traffic
light
and
drummed
his
fingers
on
the
steering
wheel
.
He
sat
at
the
traffic
light
and
drummed
his
fingers
on
the
steering
wheel
.
Verbal
use
from
the
noun
,
recorded
since
the
16th
century
.
noun
the
cylindrical
part
of
a
machine
that
turns
around
a
central
axis
,
such
as
in
a
washing
machine
or
brake
system
•
Lint
can
build
up
inside
the
dryer
’
s
drum
.
Lint
can
build
up
inside
the
dryer
’
s
drum
.
•
The
washing
machine
’
s
drum
spins
faster
during
the
rinse
cycle
.
The
washing
machine
’
s
drum
spins
faster
during
the
rinse
cycle
.
Named
for
its
cylindrical
,
hollow
shape
which
resembles
a
musical
drum
.
verb
-
drum
,
drumming
,
drums
,
drummed
to
force
something
to
be
learned
or
accepted
by
repeating
it
many
times
•
The
coach
drummed
the
importance
of
practice
into
the
team
.
The
coach
drummed
the
importance
of
practice
into
the
team
.
•
Teachers
drummed
safety
rules
into
the
children
before
the
trip
.
Teachers
drummed
safety
rules
into
the
children
before
the
trip
.
Figurative
extension
from
the
idea
of
repeatedly
striking
a
drum
.
premium
adjective
of
higher
quality
and
price
than
what
is
usual
or
standard
•
Lisa
ordered
a
cup
of
premium
tea
that
was
imported
from
Japan
.
Lisa
ordered
a
cup
of
premium
tea
that
was
imported
from
Japan
.
•
The
car
comes
with
a
premium
sound
system
that
fills
the
cabin
with
rich
music
.
The
car
comes
with
a
premium
sound
system
that
fills
the
cabin
with
rich
music
.
noun
a
regular
payment
made
to
keep
an
insurance
policy
active
•
Tom
forgot
to
pay
his
car
insurance
premium
,
so
the
policy
was
suspended
.
Tom
forgot
to
pay
his
car
insurance
premium
,
so
the
policy
was
suspended
.
•
Benita
sets
aside
money
each
month
for
her
health-care
premium
.
Benita
sets
aside
money
each
month
for
her
health-care
premium
.
noun
an
extra
amount
of
money
paid
above
the
usual
price
,
often
because
something
is
scarce
or
special
•
During
the
holiday
rush
,
taxis
charge
a
night-time
premium
.
During
the
holiday
rush
,
taxis
charge
a
night-time
premium
.
•
Collectors
will
pay
a
premium
for
first-edition
books
in
perfect
condition
.
Collectors
will
pay
a
premium
for
first-edition
books
in
perfect
condition
.
noun
a
bonus
or
reward
paid
to
encourage
a
particular
action
or
to
reward
good
performance
•
The
company
offered
a
cash
premium
to
employees
who
suggested
cost-saving
ideas
.
The
company
offered
a
cash
premium
to
employees
who
suggested
cost-saving
ideas
.
•
Farmers
receive
a
small
premium
for
delivering
organic
milk
.
Farmers
receive
a
small
premium
for
delivering
organic
milk
.
noun
the
amount
by
which
the
price
of
a
financial
instrument
or
commodity
is
above
its
standard
or
face
value
•
The
bond
was
trading
at
a
five-percent
premium
over
its
face
value
.
The
bond
was
trading
at
a
five-percent
premium
over
its
face
value
.
•
Investors
sometimes
pay
a
hefty
premium
for
shares
of
fast-growing
companies
.
Investors
sometimes
pay
a
hefty
premium
for
shares
of
fast-growing
companies
.
from
Latin
praemium
“
reward
,
prize
,”
later
used
in
finance
and
insurance
to
mean
a
payment
added
to
a
basic
amount
sodium
noun
-
sodium
a
soft
silver-white
metallic
chemical
element
(
symbol
Na
)
that
reacts
quickly
with
water
and
is
found
in
common
salt
and
many
minerals
•
Pure
sodium
must
be
stored
in
oil
because
it
reacts
violently
with
water
.
Pure
sodium
must
be
stored
in
oil
because
it
reacts
violently
with
water
.
•
On
the
periodic
table
,
sodium
sits
just
below
lithium
in
Group
1
.
On
the
periodic
table
,
sodium
sits
just
below
lithium
in
Group
1
.
Early
19th
century
,
formed
from
soda
+
‑ium
on
the
pattern
of
element
names
;
the
symbol
Na
comes
from
modern
Latin
natrium
,
itself
from
Greek
nítron
‘
soda
’.
noun
-
sodium
the
amount
of
the
element
sodium
that
is
present
in
food
or
drink
,
often
discussed
when
talking
about
health
and
salt
intake
•
The
doctor
told
me
to
cut
back
on
sodium
to
lower
my
blood
pressure
.
The
doctor
told
me
to
cut
back
on
sodium
to
lower
my
blood
pressure
.
•
Canned
soups
are
often
loaded
with
sodium
.
Canned
soups
are
often
loaded
with
sodium
.
Use
extended
from
the
chemical
sense
to
describe
the
dietary
presence
of
the
element
,
first
appearing
in
nutrition
science
in
the
early
20th
century
.
columnist
noun
a
journalist
who
writes
a
regular
article
called
a
column
for
a
newspaper
,
magazine
,
or
website
,
often
giving
personal
opinions
on
a
particular
subject
•
The
local
newspaper
hired
a
young
columnist
to
write
about
city
events
.
The
local
newspaper
hired
a
young
columnist
to
write
about
city
events
.
•
As
a
tech
columnist
,
he
reviews
the
latest
gadgets
every
week
.
As
a
tech
columnist
,
he
reviews
the
latest
gadgets
every
week
.
early
20th
century
:
from
column
+
-ist
‘
a
person
who
practices
or
is
concerned
with
something
’.
monument
noun
a
statue
,
building
,
or
other
large
structure
built
to
honor
and
remember
a
famous
person
,
group
,
or
event
•
Tourists
lined
up
to
take
photos
of
the
monument
to
the
city's
founders
.
Tourists
lined
up
to
take
photos
of
the
monument
to
the
city's
founders
.
•
Every
year
,
veterans
gather
at
the
war
monument
to
lay
wreaths
.
Every
year
,
veterans
gather
at
the
war
monument
to
lay
wreaths
.
From
Latin
monumentum
“
reminder
,
memorial
,
monument
,”
from
monere
“
to
remind
.”
noun
a
building
,
place
,
or
natural
feature
that
is
officially
protected
because
of
its
historical
,
cultural
,
or
environmental
importance
•
The
ancient
temple
was
declared
a
national
monument
in
1985
.
The
ancient
temple
was
declared
a
national
monument
in
1985
.
•
Visitors
must
buy
a
ticket
before
entering
the
protected
monument
.
Visitors
must
buy
a
ticket
before
entering
the
protected
monument
.
noun
something
lasting
,
such
as
a
book
or
achievement
,
that
serves
as
a
permanent
reminder
of
a
person
,
idea
,
or
period
•
Her
groundbreaking
research
is
a
monument
to
human
curiosity
.
Her
groundbreaking
research
is
a
monument
to
human
curiosity
.
•
The
novel
remains
a
lasting
monument
to
the
struggles
of
that
era
.
The
novel
remains
a
lasting
monument
to
the
struggles
of
that
era
.
noun
a
fixed
stone
or
metal
marker
placed
by
surveyors
to
show
a
land
boundary
or
reference
point
•
The
property
line
is
marked
by
a
small
concrete
monument
at
the
corner
of
the
lot
.
The
property
line
is
marked
by
a
small
concrete
monument
at
the
corner
of
the
lot
.
•
Surveyors
set
a
bronze
monument
on
the
mountaintop
as
a
reference
point
.
Surveyors
set
a
bronze
monument
on
the
mountaintop
as
a
reference
point
.
quantum
noun
-
quantum
,
quanta
the
smallest
possible
unit
or
packet
of
a
physical
property
,
especially
energy
•
A
female
physics
teacher
explained
that
a
single
quantum
of
light
can
knock
an
electron
from
metal
.
A
female
physics
teacher
explained
that
a
single
quantum
of
light
can
knock
an
electron
from
metal
.
•
During
the
experiment
,
the
male
scientist
measured
each
quantum
of
energy
released
by
the
laser
.
During
the
experiment
,
the
male
scientist
measured
each
quantum
of
energy
released
by
the
laser
.
From
Latin
quāntum
,
neuter
of
quāntus
“
how
much
;
amount
”.
Adopted
in
early
20th-century
physics
for
discrete
units
of
energy
.
adjective
relating
to
the
behavior
of
matter
and
energy
at
atomic
and
subatomic
levels
•
Engineers
are
building
a
quantum
computer
that
can
solve
problems
much
faster
than
today
’
s
machines
.
Engineers
are
building
a
quantum
computer
that
can
solve
problems
much
faster
than
today
’
s
machines
.
•
The
professor
gave
a
simple
overview
of
quantum
encryption
to
her
students
.
The
professor
gave
a
simple
overview
of
quantum
encryption
to
her
students
.
Attributive
use
of
the
noun
in
modern
science
to
modify
terms
connected
with
quantum
mechanics
,
first
recorded
mid-20th
century
.
noun
-
quantum
,
quanta
a
fixed
or
specified
amount
of
something
•
The
judge
determined
the
quantum
of
damages
the
factory
must
pay
the
victims
.
The
judge
determined
the
quantum
of
damages
the
factory
must
pay
the
victims
.
•
Each
employee
received
a
higher
quantum
of
bonus
after
the
company
’
s
record
profits
.
Each
employee
received
a
higher
quantum
of
bonus
after
the
company
’
s
record
profits
.
Sense
extended
in
legal
and
business
English
from
the
Latin
original
to
mean
simply
“
how
much
”
or
“
amount
”.
presumably
adverb
used
to
show
that
you
think
something
is
very
likely
true
even
though
you
are
not
completely
certain
•
The
keys
aren't
on
the
table
;
presumably
you
left
them
in
the
car
.
The
keys
aren't
on
the
table
;
presumably
you
left
them
in
the
car
.
•
The
flight
is
delayed
,
so
presumably
the
thunderstorm
is
causing
problems
.
The
flight
is
delayed
,
so
presumably
the
thunderstorm
is
causing
problems
.