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π
um
interjection
used
when
pausing
or
hesitating
while
speaking
,
often
to
think
of
what
to
say
next
β’
The
nervous
male
student
said
,
'I
was
,
um
,
hoping
to
ask
a
question
.
'
The
nervous
male
student
said
,
'I
was
,
um
,
hoping
to
ask
a
question
.
'
β’
During
the
meeting
,
the
female
manager
paused
and
said
,
'We
should
um
rethink
our
strategy
.
'
During
the
meeting
,
the
female
manager
paused
and
said
,
'We
should
um
rethink
our
strategy
.
'
Imitative
of
the
natural
sound
people
make
when
hesitating
in
speech
;
recorded
in
English
since
at
least
the
mid-19th
century
.
number
noun
a
word
,
symbol
,
or
figure
such
as
1
,
12
,
or
1
000
that
shows
how
many
things
there
are
or
what
place
something
has
in
a
list
β’
Molly
wrote
the
number
5
on
the
whiteboard
.
Molly
wrote
the
number
5
on
the
whiteboard
.
β’
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
count
up
to
the
number
ten
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
count
up
to
the
number
ten
.
From
Old
French
nombre
,
from
Latin
numerus
β
count
,
total
,
sum
β.
noun
a
set
of
digits
you
dial
to
call
a
particular
telephone
β’
What
β
s
your
phone
number
?
What
β
s
your
phone
number
?
β’
I
saved
her
number
in
my
contacts
.
I
saved
her
number
in
my
contacts
.
noun
one
of
the
separate
issues
of
a
magazine
,
newspaper
,
or
other
serial
publication
β’
I
bought
the
April
number
of
the
science
magazine
.
I
bought
the
April
number
of
the
science
magazine
.
β’
This
week
β
s
number
has
a
story
about
space
travel
.
This
week
β
s
number
has
a
story
about
space
travel
.
noun
a
song
,
dance
,
or
piece
of
music
performed
as
part
of
a
show
β’
The
band
played
a
lively
jazz
number
.
The
band
played
a
lively
jazz
number
.
β’
Her
solo
dance
number
wowed
the
audience
.
Her
solo
dance
number
wowed
the
audience
.
verb
-
number
,
numbering
,
numbers
,
numbered
to
give
a
list
of
things
their
own
numbers
in
order
β’
Please
number
each
page
of
your
report
.
Please
number
each
page
of
your
report
.
β’
The
seats
are
numbered
from
one
to
twenty
.
The
seats
are
numbered
from
one
to
twenty
.
verb
-
number
,
numbering
,
numbers
,
numbered
to
be
a
particular
total
in
amount
β’
The
guests
numbered
over
a
hundred
.
The
guests
numbered
over
a
hundred
.
β’
The
wildlife
in
the
park
numbers
about
fifty
species
.
The
wildlife
in
the
park
numbers
about
fifty
species
.
human
noun
a
person
;
any
member
of
the
species
Homo
sapiens
β’
The
astronaut
looked
down
at
Earth
and
felt
proud
to
be
a
human
.
The
astronaut
looked
down
at
Earth
and
felt
proud
to
be
a
human
.
β’
Dogs
and
cats
live
with
humans
in
many
homes
around
the
world
.
Dogs
and
cats
live
with
humans
in
many
homes
around
the
world
.
From
Latin
β
humanus
β
meaning
β
of
man
,
humane
,
cultivated
β.
noun
a
person
;
a
member
of
the
species
Homo
sapiens
.
β’
The
astronaut
was
the
first
human
to
set
foot
on
Mars
.
The
astronaut
was
the
first
human
to
set
foot
on
Mars
.
β’
Unlike
robots
,
a
human
can
feel
emotions
.
Unlike
robots
,
a
human
can
feel
emotions
.
From
Latin
humanus
meaning
β
of
man
,
human
β.
adjective
connected
with
or
belonging
to
people
rather
than
animals
or
machines
β’
The
study
focuses
on
human
behavior
in
large
cities
.
The
study
focuses
on
human
behavior
in
large
cities
.
β’
Unlike
birds
,
human
babies
cannot
walk
right
after
birth
.
Unlike
birds
,
human
babies
cannot
walk
right
after
birth
.
adjective
showing
normal
feelings
,
weaknesses
,
or
kindness
typical
of
people
β’
It's
human
to
make
mistakes
,
so
don't
be
too
hard
on
yourself
.
It's
human
to
make
mistakes
,
so
don't
be
too
hard
on
yourself
.
β’
Seeing
the
orphaned
puppy
,
he
felt
a
very
human
urge
to
help
.
Seeing
the
orphaned
puppy
,
he
felt
a
very
human
urge
to
help
.
adjective
relating
to
or
characteristic
of
people
rather
than
animals
,
machines
,
or
gods
.
β’
Studying
human
anatomy
helps
doctors
treat
diseases
.
Studying
human
anatomy
helps
doctors
treat
diseases
.
β’
Language
is
a
uniquely
human
ability
.
Language
is
a
uniquely
human
ability
.
Adjective
sense
recorded
since
the
14th
century
,
from
Latin
humanus
.
adjective
showing
normal
human
feelings
such
as
kindness
,
sympathy
,
or
imperfection
.
β’
It
was
human
of
her
to
forgive
the
mistake
.
It
was
human
of
her
to
forgive
the
mistake
.
β’
Feeling
nervous
before
a
speech
is
only
human
.
Feeling
nervous
before
a
speech
is
only
human
.
Extension
of
the
adjective
sense
to
moral
qualities
,
first
attested
16th
century
.
data
noun
-
datum
,
data
the
plural
form
of
datum
;
several
individual
pieces
of
information
considered
separately
β’
These
data
reveal
that
younger
drivers
experience
fewer
accidents
at
night
.
These
data
reveal
that
younger
drivers
experience
fewer
accidents
at
night
.
β’
All
survey
data
were
stored
in
a
spreadsheet
for
later
study
.
All
survey
data
were
stored
in
a
spreadsheet
for
later
study
.
Latin
plural
of
datum
,
meaning
β
things
given
β.
Retained
as
a
plural
form
in
technical
and
academic
English
.
media
noun
-
medium
,
media
television
,
newspapers
,
radio
,
websites
,
and
other
channels
that
share
news
or
entertainment
with
large
numbers
of
people
β’
Many
politicians
try
to
use
the
media
to
spread
their
messages
before
an
election
.
Many
politicians
try
to
use
the
media
to
spread
their
messages
before
an
election
.
β’
The
media
quickly
reported
on
the
powerful
earthquake
,
helping
people
know
where
to
find
safety
.
The
media
quickly
reported
on
the
powerful
earthquake
,
helping
people
know
where
to
find
safety
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
plural
of
medium
,
meaning
β
middle
β
or
β
means
β.
In
the
20th
century
it
came
to
mean
the
collective
channels
of
mass
communication
.
noun
-
medium
,
media
materials
or
devices
like
USB
drives
,
CDs
,
and
hard
disks
on
which
information
can
be
stored
or
transferred
β’
Always
back
up
your
photos
on
external
media
such
as
a
portable
hard
drive
.
Always
back
up
your
photos
on
external
media
such
as
a
portable
hard
drive
.
β’
The
software
installer
is
available
on
physical
media
or
as
a
digital
download
.
The
software
installer
is
available
on
physical
media
or
as
a
digital
download
.
Extension
of
β
medium
β
meaning
β
material
that
holds
data
β.
Adopted
widely
with
the
rise
of
digital
computing
in
the
late
20th
century
.
noun
-
medium
,
media
nutrient
liquids
or
gels
used
in
laboratories
for
growing
bacteria
,
cells
,
or
plants
β’
Scientists
placed
the
yeast
cells
in
growth
media
to
observe
their
reaction
to
sugar
.
Scientists
placed
the
yeast
cells
in
growth
media
to
observe
their
reaction
to
sugar
.
β’
Different
plant
tissues
require
specific
culture
media
to
regenerate
successfully
.
Different
plant
tissues
require
specific
culture
media
to
regenerate
successfully
.
Scientific
plural
of
Latin
β
medium
β,
referring
to
the
substance
in
which
organisms
live
or
grow
.
noun
-
medium
,
media
the
substances
or
materials
artists
use
to
create
their
work
,
such
as
oil
paint
,
charcoal
,
or
clay
β’
Sculpture
and
watercolor
are
two
very
different
artistic
media
.
Sculpture
and
watercolor
are
two
very
different
artistic
media
.
β’
The
exhibit
highlights
artists
who
mix
traditional
and
digital
media
.
The
exhibit
highlights
artists
who
mix
traditional
and
digital
media
.
Artistic
sense
from
plural
of
β
medium
β,
recorded
in
English
since
the
late
19th
century
.
argument
noun
a
spoken
disagreement
,
often
angry
,
between
people
β’
Maya
and
her
brother
had
a
loud
argument
about
who
should
wash
the
dishes
.
Maya
and
her
brother
had
a
loud
argument
about
who
should
wash
the
dishes
.
β’
The
teammates
got
into
an
argument
in
the
locker
room
after
the
match
.
The
teammates
got
into
an
argument
in
the
locker
room
after
the
match
.
From
Latin
argumentum
β
evidence
,
proof
,
discourse
,β
from
arguere
β
to
make
clear
,
prove
.β
noun
a
reason
or
set
of
reasons
used
to
show
that
something
is
true
or
right
β’
The
scientist
presented
a
strong
argument
for
cutting
plastic
use
in
the
lab
.
The
scientist
presented
a
strong
argument
for
cutting
plastic
use
in
the
lab
.
β’
Her
main
argument
was
that
regular
exercise
improves
concentration
.
Her
main
argument
was
that
regular
exercise
improves
concentration
.
Same
Latin
root
as
sense
1
;
extended
in
Middle
English
to
mean
β
a
reason
offered
.β
noun
in
mathematics
,
logic
,
or
computing
,
a
value
or
piece
of
information
that
is
passed
to
a
function
,
command
,
or
operation
β’
In
the
function
call
print
(
temperature
), β
temperature
β
is
the
argument
.
In
the
function
call
print
(
temperature
), β
temperature
β
is
the
argument
.
β’
The
program
crashed
because
no
argument
was
supplied
to
the
command
.
The
program
crashed
because
no
argument
was
supplied
to
the
command
.
Adopted
in
19th-century
mathematics
and
early
computing
from
the
general
sense
β
something
offered
β
to
mean
β
value
supplied
to
a
function
.β
summer
noun
the
warmest
season
of
the
year
,
occurring
between
spring
and
autumn
β’
The
children
can
β
t
wait
for
summer
vacation
to
begin
.
The
children
can
β
t
wait
for
summer
vacation
to
begin
.
β’
In
summer
,
the
sun
stays
up
much
later
in
northern
countries
.
In
summer
,
the
sun
stays
up
much
later
in
northern
countries
.
Old
English
sumor
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*sumaraz
,
related
to
German
Sommer
and
Dutch
zomer
.
noun
a
single
year
of
a
person
β
s
age
,
expressed
poetically
or
in
literature
β’
The
oak
has
stood
for
three
hundred
summers
and
still
grows
strong
.
The
oak
has
stood
for
three
hundred
summers
and
still
grows
strong
.
β’
At
only
fifteen
summers
,
she
already
dreamed
of
seeing
the
world
.
At
only
fifteen
summers
,
she
already
dreamed
of
seeing
the
world
.
Same
origin
as
the
season
sense
;
using
β
summer
β
to
mean
β
year
β
dates
back
to
Middle
English
,
reflecting
the
passage
of
time
from
one
warm
season
to
the
next
.
verb
to
spend
the
summer
,
especially
in
a
particular
place
β’
They
summer
in
a
small
coastal
town
every
year
to
escape
the
city
heat
.
They
summer
in
a
small
coastal
town
every
year
to
escape
the
city
heat
.
β’
The
wealthy
family
summered
on
their
private
island
in
the
lake
.
The
wealthy
family
summered
on
their
private
island
in
the
lake
.
Verb
use
developed
in
the
16th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
β
to
pass
the
summer
(
somewhere
)β.
assume
verb
-
assume
,
assuming
,
assumes
,
assumed
to
accept
something
is
true
or
will
happen
,
often
without
proof
β’
I
assume
you
have
finished
your
homework
.
I
assume
you
have
finished
your
homework
.
β’
Don
β
t
assume
everything
you
read
online
is
true
.
Don
β
t
assume
everything
you
read
online
is
true
.
From
Latin
assumere
β
to
take
up
,
adopt
β,
from
ad-
β
toward
β
+
sumere
β
to
take
β.
verb
-
assume
,
assuming
,
assumes
,
assumed
to
take
on
a
duty
,
role
,
or
position
β’
The
new
mayor
will
assume
office
next
week
.
The
new
mayor
will
assume
office
next
week
.
β’
After
the
coach
fell
ill
,
Emma
assumed
his
responsibilities
.
After
the
coach
fell
ill
,
Emma
assumed
his
responsibilities
.
verb
-
assume
,
assuming
,
assumes
,
assumed
to
begin
to
have
a
particular
appearance
,
quality
,
or
form
β’
At
dawn
the
sky
assumed
a
golden
glow
.
At
dawn
the
sky
assumed
a
golden
glow
.
β’
Her
voice
assumed
a
serious
tone
.
Her
voice
assumed
a
serious
tone
.
verb
-
assume
,
assuming
,
assumes
,
assumed
to
pretend
to
have
a
particular
quality
or
identity
β’
He
assumed
an
air
of
confidence
during
the
interview
.
He
assumed
an
air
of
confidence
during
the
interview
.
β’
The
spy
assumed
the
identity
of
a
tourist
.
The
spy
assumed
the
identity
of
a
tourist
.
document
noun
a
piece
of
written
,
printed
,
or
digital
material
that
gives
information
or
serves
as
an
official
record
β’
Please
bring
your
passport
and
the
document
that
proves
your
address
.
Please
bring
your
passport
and
the
document
that
proves
your
address
.
β’
He
saved
the
report
as
a
PDF
document
on
his
laptop
.
He
saved
the
report
as
a
PDF
document
on
his
laptop
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
documentum
β
lesson
,
proof
,
example
β,
from
docere
β
to
teach
β.
verb
-
document
,
documenting
,
documents
,
documented
to
record
information
about
something
by
writing
,
photographing
,
or
collecting
evidence
β’
Scientists
documented
the
bird
β
s
migration
patterns
over
ten
years
.
Scientists
documented
the
bird
β
s
migration
patterns
over
ten
years
.
β’
Use
your
phone
to
document
any
damage
before
you
move
in
.
Use
your
phone
to
document
any
damage
before
you
move
in
.
From
the
noun
β
document
β;
earliest
verbal
use
recorded
in
the
18th
century
.
consumer
noun
a
person
who
buys
and
uses
goods
or
services
β’
The
average
consumer
checks
online
reviews
before
buying
a
product
.
The
average
consumer
checks
online
reviews
before
buying
a
product
.
β’
Electric
cars
are
becoming
more
popular
as
consumers
look
for
greener
options
.
Electric
cars
are
becoming
more
popular
as
consumers
look
for
greener
options
.
From
Latin
β
consumere
β
meaning
β
to
use
up
,
eat
,
waste
β.
The
modern
sense
of
a
buyer
developed
in
the
18th
century
alongside
growing
markets
.
noun
an
animal
that
eats
other
living
things
for
energy
in
a
food
chain
β’
In
a
food
chain
,
a
lion
is
a
consumer
because
it
eats
other
animals
.
In
a
food
chain
,
a
lion
is
a
consumer
because
it
eats
other
animals
.
β’
Her
teacher
explained
that
herbivores
are
primary
consumers
in
an
ecosystem
.
Her
teacher
explained
that
herbivores
are
primary
consumers
in
an
ecosystem
.
adjective
connected
with
people
who
buy
and
use
goods
or
services
β’
The
government
released
new
consumer
protection
laws
today
.
The
government
released
new
consumer
protection
laws
today
.
β’
Sales
of
consumer
electronics
rose
sharply
this
year
.
Sales
of
consumer
electronics
rose
sharply
this
year
.
jump
verb
to
push
yourself
off
the
ground
and
into
the
air
,
usually
using
your
legs
β’
The
frog
jumped
over
the
small
log
.
The
frog
jumped
over
the
small
log
.
β’
During
recess
,
the
children
love
to
jump
on
the
trampoline
.
During
recess
,
the
children
love
to
jump
on
the
trampoline
.
Middle
English
β
jumpe
β,
probably
of
imitative
origin
,
first
recorded
in
the
16th
century
meaning
β
move
suddenly
β.
noun
an
act
of
pushing
yourself
off
the
ground
and
moving
through
the
air
β’
Her
longest
jump
was
over
two
meters
.
Her
longest
jump
was
over
two
meters
.
β’
The
final
jump
decided
the
winner
of
the
competition
.
The
final
jump
decided
the
winner
of
the
competition
.
verb
to
rise
or
increase
suddenly
and
by
a
large
amount
β’
Gas
prices
jumped
overnight
after
the
storm
.
Gas
prices
jumped
overnight
after
the
storm
.
β’
The
number
of
online
shoppers
jumped
during
the
holiday
season
.
The
number
of
online
shoppers
jumped
during
the
holiday
season
.
verb
to
move
suddenly
because
you
are
surprised
or
frightened
β’
The
loud
bang
made
him
jump
.
The
loud
bang
made
him
jump
.
β’
I
jumped
when
the
phone
rang
in
the
quiet
room
.
I
jumped
when
the
phone
rang
in
the
quiet
room
.
noun
a
sudden
large
increase
in
amount
,
number
,
or
level
β’
There
was
a
big
jump
in
temperature
this
morning
.
There
was
a
big
jump
in
temperature
this
morning
.
β’
The
company
saw
a
jump
in
profits
last
year
.
The
company
saw
a
jump
in
profits
last
year
.
verb
to
move
quickly
from
one
place
,
subject
,
or
position
to
another
without
following
the
usual
order
β’
You
can
jump
to
page
50
to
see
the
answer
key
.
You
can
jump
to
page
50
to
see
the
answer
key
.
β’
During
the
story
,
the
movie
suddenly
jumps
ten
years
into
the
future
.
During
the
story
,
the
movie
suddenly
jumps
ten
years
into
the
future
.
museum
noun
a
building
or
room
where
valuable
or
interesting
objects
of
art
,
history
,
science
,
or
culture
are
collected
and
shown
to
the
public
β’
Our
class
visited
the
city
museum
to
see
the
dinosaur
skeletons
.
Our
class
visited
the
city
museum
to
see
the
dinosaur
skeletons
.
β’
The
small
town
opened
a
new
maritime
museum
beside
the
harbor
.
The
small
town
opened
a
new
maritime
museum
beside
the
harbor
.
Late
15th
century
,
from
Latin
β
museum
β,
originally
meaning
β
library
or
study
,β
from
Greek
β
Mouseion
β β
seat
of
the
Muses
,
place
of
study
β.
volume
noun
how
loud
a
sound
is
β’
Could
you
turn
down
the
volume
?
The
baby
is
sleeping
.
Could
you
turn
down
the
volume
?
The
baby
is
sleeping
.
β’
She
raised
the
volume
on
her
headphones
when
her
favorite
song
started
.
She
raised
the
volume
on
her
headphones
when
her
favorite
song
started
.
Extension
of
the
idea
of
β
size
β
to
the
β
size
β
of
sound
waves
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
one
book
in
a
series
or
set
β’
I
finally
found
the
second
volume
of
the
fantasy
trilogy
at
the
library
.
I
finally
found
the
second
volume
of
the
fantasy
trilogy
at
the
library
.
β’
The
encyclopedia
comes
in
twenty
volumes
lined
up
on
the
shelf
.
The
encyclopedia
comes
in
twenty
volumes
lined
up
on
the
shelf
.
From
the
earlier
meaning
β
scroll
,
book
β;
printers
in
the
16th
century
began
numbering
separate
books
in
a
set
as
β
Volume
I
,
II
,
III
β.
noun
the
amount
of
space
that
something
occupies
or
that
a
container
can
hold
,
measured
in
cubic
units
β’
The
science
teacher
showed
that
the
volume
of
the
metal
block
was
exactly
250
cubic
centimeters
.
The
science
teacher
showed
that
the
volume
of
the
metal
block
was
exactly
250
cubic
centimeters
.
β’
The
carpenter
calculated
the
volume
of
the
wooden
box
before
cutting
the
panels
.
The
carpenter
calculated
the
volume
of
the
wooden
box
before
cutting
the
panels
.
From
Latin
volumen
β
roll
,
something
rolled
up
β,
later
β
book
β,
then
broadened
to
mean
β
bulk
,
size
β
and
finally
β
amount
of
space
β.
circumstance
noun
the
conditions
or
facts
that
surround
and
influence
a
situation
β’
Because
of
the
stormy
weather
circumstances
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
cancelled
.
Because
of
the
stormy
weather
circumstances
,
the
outdoor
concert
was
cancelled
.
β’
She
kept
calm
,
even
under
difficult
circumstances
.
She
kept
calm
,
even
under
difficult
circumstances
.
noun
a
particular
fact
or
event
that
is
part
of
a
situation
,
especially
in
formal
use
β’
Every
circumstance
of
the
accident
was
recorded
in
the
police
report
.
Every
circumstance
of
the
accident
was
recorded
in
the
police
report
.
β’
The
court
will
consider
each
circumstance
before
making
a
decision
.
The
court
will
consider
each
circumstance
before
making
a
decision
.
circumstances
noun
someone
β
s
financial
situation
and
way
of
living
β’
After
getting
a
promotion
,
his
circumstances
improved
greatly
.
After
getting
a
promotion
,
his
circumstances
improved
greatly
.
β’
She
grew
up
in
humble
circumstances
and
worked
hard
to
succeed
.
She
grew
up
in
humble
circumstances
and
worked
hard
to
succeed
.
album
noun
a
collection
of
recorded
songs
or
pieces
of
music
that
are
released
together
as
one
body
of
work
β’
Their
debut
album
sold
a
million
copies
in
the
first
week
.
Their
debut
album
sold
a
million
copies
in
the
first
week
.
β’
I
like
listening
to
this
album
all
the
way
through
,
from
the
first
track
to
the
last
.
I
like
listening
to
this
album
all
the
way
through
,
from
the
first
track
to
the
last
.
Borrowed
in
the
17th
century
from
Latin
"
album
"
meaning
a
blank
tablet
;
adopted
by
the
music
industry
in
the
early
20th
century
when
sets
of
78-rpm
records
resembled
photo
albums
.
noun
a
book
or
digital
folder
with
blank
pages
or
slots
used
to
collect
and
display
photographs
,
stamps
,
or
other
keepsakes
β’
We
made
a
photo
album
of
our
trip
to
Japan
.
We
made
a
photo
album
of
our
trip
to
Japan
.
β’
He
keeps
all
his
childhood
stamps
in
a
thick
album
.
He
keeps
all
his
childhood
stamps
in
a
thick
album
.
From
Latin
"
album
"
meaning
a
blank
tablet
or
board
;
later
applied
in
the
17th
century
to
books
with
blank
pages
for
collecting
autographs
or
pictures
.
instrument
noun
a
device
that
produces
musical
sounds
when
it
is
played
β’
Maya
practiced
the
instrument
every
evening
until
her
song
sounded
perfect
.
Maya
practiced
the
instrument
every
evening
until
her
song
sounded
perfect
.
β’
The
school
bought
several
new
instruments
for
the
marching
band
.
The
school
bought
several
new
instruments
for
the
marching
band
.
noun
a
tool
or
piece
of
equipment
made
for
a
particular
delicate
or
scientific
task
β’
The
surgeon
chose
a
fine
instrument
to
remove
the
tiny
splinter
.
The
surgeon
chose
a
fine
instrument
to
remove
the
tiny
splinter
.
β’
Scientists
used
special
instruments
to
measure
the
volcano
β
s
gas
levels
.
Scientists
used
special
instruments
to
measure
the
volcano
β
s
gas
levels
.
noun
a
gauge
or
display
inside
a
vehicle
or
machine
that
shows
information
such
as
speed
,
temperature
,
or
pressure
β’
The
pilot
checked
every
instrument
before
take-off
.
The
pilot
checked
every
instrument
before
take-off
.
β’
A
warning
light
flashed
on
the
dashboard
instrument
when
the
engine
overheated
.
A
warning
light
flashed
on
the
dashboard
instrument
when
the
engine
overheated
.
noun
someone
or
something
that
serves
as
a
means
of
achieving
a
goal
or
causing
something
to
happen
β’
Education
can
be
an
instrument
of
social
change
.
Education
can
be
an
instrument
of
social
change
.
β’
The
detective
believed
fear
was
the
murderer
β
s
chief
instrument
.
The
detective
believed
fear
was
the
murderer
β
s
chief
instrument
.
noun
an
official
legal
or
financial
document
such
as
a
contract
,
bond
,
or
certificate
β’
The
parties
signed
the
instrument
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
The
parties
signed
the
instrument
in
the
presence
of
two
witnesses
.
β’
A
deed
is
an
instrument
that
transfers
ownership
of
property
.
A
deed
is
an
instrument
that
transfers
ownership
of
property
.
verb
-
instrument
,
instrumenting
,
instruments
,
instrumented
to
equip
something
with
measuring
devices
or
controls
β’
Engineers
will
instrument
the
bridge
to
monitor
stress
during
the
test
.
Engineers
will
instrument
the
bridge
to
monitor
stress
during
the
test
.
β’
The
research
team
instrumented
the
spacecraft
with
temperature
probes
.
The
research
team
instrumented
the
spacecraft
with
temperature
probes
.
numerous
adjective
existing
or
occurring
in
very
large
numbers
;
many
.
β’
The
national
park
is
home
to
numerous
species
of
brightly
colored
birds
.
The
national
park
is
home
to
numerous
species
of
brightly
colored
birds
.
β’
The
library
offers
numerous
resources
for
students
researching
ancient
history
.
The
library
offers
numerous
resources
for
students
researching
ancient
history
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
β
numerosus
β
meaning
β
full
of
number
β,
from
β
numerus
β (β
number
β).
column
noun
an
article
or
section
that
appears
regularly
in
a
newspaper
,
magazine
,
or
website
,
usually
written
by
the
same
person
and
focusing
on
a
particular
topic
β’
Every
Monday
,
I
read
the
tech
column
to
learn
about
the
newest
gadgets
.
Every
Monday
,
I
read
the
tech
column
to
learn
about
the
newest
gadgets
.
β’
Maria
was
thrilled
when
the
local
paper
invited
her
to
write
a
cooking
column
.
Maria
was
thrilled
when
the
local
paper
invited
her
to
write
a
cooking
column
.
Sense
evolved
in
early
19th-century
journalism
,
likening
the
vertical
block
of
print
to
an
architectural
column
.
noun
a
vertical
division
of
a
table
,
spreadsheet
,
or
printed
page
containing
data
or
text
that
is
arranged
beneath
one
another
β’
Type
the
sales
numbers
in
the
first
column
of
the
spreadsheet
.
Type
the
sales
numbers
in
the
first
column
of
the
spreadsheet
.
β’
The
teacher
drew
three
columns
on
the
board
labeled
pros
,
cons
,
and
questions
.
The
teacher
drew
three
columns
on
the
board
labeled
pros
,
cons
,
and
questions
.
Adopted
for
printing
in
the
17th
century
and
later
for
computer
tables
,
based
on
the
visual
similarity
to
standing
columns
.
noun
a
tall
,
usually
cylindrical
vertical
support
that
carries
the
weight
of
a
roof
,
arch
,
or
other
part
of
a
building
,
or
stands
alone
as
a
monument
β’
The
ancient
temple
was
surrounded
by
marble
columns
that
shone
in
the
morning
light
.
The
ancient
temple
was
surrounded
by
marble
columns
that
shone
in
the
morning
light
.
β’
A
young
woman
leaned
against
a
stone
column
while
waiting
for
her
friends
outside
the
museum
entrance
.
A
young
woman
leaned
against
a
stone
column
while
waiting
for
her
friends
outside
the
museum
entrance
.
From
Latin
columna
β
pillar
,
column
β.
noun
a
tall
,
narrow
mass
of
something
rising
into
the
air
,
such
as
smoke
,
water
,
or
dust
β’
A
dark
column
of
smoke
rose
above
the
factory
after
the
power
surge
.
A
dark
column
of
smoke
rose
above
the
factory
after
the
power
surge
.
β’
The
geyser
shot
a
shimmering
column
of
water
nearly
twenty
meters
high
.
The
geyser
shot
a
shimmering
column
of
water
nearly
twenty
meters
high
.
Metaphorical
use
recorded
since
the
18th
century
,
comparing
rising
smoke
to
an
upright
pillar
.
noun
a
line
of
people
,
vehicles
,
or
soldiers
arranged
one
behind
another
,
moving
or
standing
in
order
β’
The
hikers
walked
in
a
single
column
along
the
narrow
mountain
path
.
The
hikers
walked
in
a
single
column
along
the
narrow
mountain
path
.
β’
Soldiers
marched
in
a
tight
column
toward
the
parade
ground
.
Soldiers
marched
in
a
tight
column
toward
the
parade
ground
.
Military
sense
dates
from
the
16th
century
,
from
French
colonne
β
troop
formation
β.
assumption
noun
Something
that
you
accept
as
true
or
certain
without
having
proof
.
β’
Maria's
plan
was
based
on
the
assumption
that
the
train
would
arrive
on
time
.
Maria's
plan
was
based
on
the
assumption
that
the
train
would
arrive
on
time
.
β’
It's
a
common
assumption
that
coffee
dehydrates
you
,
but
it's
not
entirely
true
.
It's
a
common
assumption
that
coffee
dehydrates
you
,
but
it's
not
entirely
true
.
From
Latin
assumptiΕ
(
a
taking
up
),
from
assumere
β
to
take
up
,
adopt
.β
noun
-
assumption
The
act
of
taking
on
a
role
,
responsibility
,
or
duty
.
β’
After
the
election
,
everyone
watched
the
president's
formal
assumption
of
office
.
After
the
election
,
everyone
watched
the
president's
formal
assumption
of
office
.
β’
His
assumption
of
new
responsibilities
meant
longer
hours
at
work
.
His
assumption
of
new
responsibilities
meant
longer
hours
at
work
.
Same
origin
as
sense
1
,
but
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
14th
century
meaning
β
taking
up
β.
noun
The
act
of
taking
something
for
oneself
,
especially
without
permission
or
right
.
β’
The
knight's
assumption
of
the
enemy's
lands
angered
neighboring
lords
.
The
knight's
assumption
of
the
enemy's
lands
angered
neighboring
lords
.
β’
Critics
condemned
the
corporation's
assumption
of
community
resources
.
Critics
condemned
the
corporation's
assumption
of
community
resources
.
Extended
from
Latin
sense
of
β
taking
up
β
to
signify
seizure
or
appropriation
in
Middle
English
.
Assumption
noun
-
Assumption
In
Roman
Catholic
belief
,
the
taking
of
the
Virgin
Mary
bodily
into
heaven
,
celebrated
on
15
August
.
β’
Catholics
attend
mass
on
the
Feast
of
the
Assumption
every
15
August
.
Catholics
attend
mass
on
the
Feast
of
the
Assumption
every
15
August
.
β’
A
painting
of
the
Assumption
hung
above
the
church
altar
.
A
painting
of
the
Assumption
hung
above
the
church
altar
.
Latin
assumptiΕ
β
a
taking
up
β;
the
religious
sense
dates
from
the
Middle
Ages
.
curriculum
noun
-
curriculum
,
curricula
the
complete
set
of
subjects
and
learning
experiences
offered
by
a
school
,
college
,
or
training
program
β’
The
school
updated
its
curriculum
to
include
more
computer
science
classes
.
The
school
updated
its
curriculum
to
include
more
computer
science
classes
.
β’
Before
the
semester
begins
,
the
professor
emails
the
students
a
detailed
curriculum
that
lists
every
lecture
topic
and
assignment
.
Before
the
semester
begins
,
the
professor
emails
the
students
a
detailed
curriculum
that
lists
every
lecture
topic
and
assignment
.
From
Latin
β
curriculum
β
meaning
β
a
running
,
course
,
career
,β
from
β
currere
β β
to
run
,β
originally
referring
to
a
course
of
study
as
a
β
running
β
through
subjects
.
stadium
noun
a
large
open
or
enclosed
structure
with
rows
of
seats
surrounding
a
field
or
stage
,
used
for
sports
events
,
concerts
,
or
other
big
gatherings
β’
Crowds
of
fans
poured
into
the
newly
built
stadium
for
the
championship
match
.
Crowds
of
fans
poured
into
the
newly
built
stadium
for
the
championship
match
.
β’
At
night
,
the
stadium
lights
glowed
like
a
beacon
over
the
city
skyline
.
At
night
,
the
stadium
lights
glowed
like
a
beacon
over
the
city
skyline
.
From
Latin
stadium
β
a
measure
of
length
,
racecourse
β,
later
extended
to
the
building
itself
.
noun
in
geometry
,
a
two-dimensional
shape
made
of
a
rectangle
with
semicircles
attached
to
its
shorter
sides
β’
The
racetrack
had
the
shape
of
a
stadium
,
with
straight
sides
and
rounded
ends
.
The
racetrack
had
the
shape
of
a
stadium
,
with
straight
sides
and
rounded
ends
.
β’
Architects
sometimes
use
the
stadium
form
when
designing
swimming
pools
.
Architects
sometimes
use
the
stadium
form
when
designing
swimming
pools
.
Named
by
analogy
to
the
running
track
of
an
ancient
stadium
,
which
shares
the
same
outline
.
noun
an
ancient
Greek
and
Roman
unit
of
length
,
roughly
185
metres
,
used
to
measure
distances
β’
In
ancient
Greece
,
a
footrace
was
exactly
one
stadium
long
.
In
ancient
Greece
,
a
footrace
was
exactly
one
stadium
long
.
β’
According
to
Strabo
,
the
city
walls
stretched
for
a
full
stadium
.
According
to
Strabo
,
the
city
walls
stretched
for
a
full
stadium
.
From
Latin
stadium
and
Greek
stadion
,
originally
the
length
of
the
race
in
an
ancient
footrace
,
later
treated
as
a
standard
measure
.
forum
noun
a
website
or
online
message
board
where
people
post
messages
and
have
discussions
about
shared
interests
β’
I
asked
for
camera
advice
on
a
photography
forum
and
got
helpful
replies
.
I
asked
for
camera
advice
on
a
photography
forum
and
got
helpful
replies
.
β’
The
gaming
forum
bans
spoilers
during
the
first
week
after
a
new
release
.
The
gaming
forum
bans
spoilers
during
the
first
week
after
a
new
release
.
Extension
of
the
earlier
sense
of
forum
as
a
place
for
discussion
,
transferred
to
cyberspace
in
the
late
20th
century
.
noun
a
meeting
or
event
where
people
come
together
to
discuss
a
particular
subject
and
exchange
ideas
β’
The
town
council
organized
a
forum
to
hear
residents'
ideas
about
traffic
.
The
town
council
organized
a
forum
to
hear
residents'
ideas
about
traffic
.
β’
At
the
regional
education
forum
,
teachers
from
many
schools
shared
new
classroom
strategies
.
At
the
regional
education
forum
,
teachers
from
many
schools
shared
new
classroom
strategies
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
forum
meaning
a
marketplace
or
public
square
;
later
broadened
to
any
place
for
discussion
.
noun
in
ancient
Rome
,
a
public
square
used
for
markets
,
political
speeches
,
and
important
meetings
β’
Tourists
walked
across
the
ruins
of
the
Roman
forum
in
the
hot
summer
sun
.
Tourists
walked
across
the
ruins
of
the
Roman
forum
in
the
hot
summer
sun
.
β’
Historians
say
the
forum
was
the
heart
of
public
life
in
ancient
Rome
.
Historians
say
the
forum
was
the
heart
of
public
life
in
ancient
Rome
.
Latin
forum
originally
referred
to
an
open
public
space
for
markets
and
civic
activities
in
Roman
towns
.
consume
verb
-
consume
,
consuming
,
consumes
,
consumed
to
eat
or
drink
something
β’
After
the
marathon
,
the
runners
quickly
consumed
bottles
of
water
.
After
the
marathon
,
the
runners
quickly
consumed
bottles
of
water
.
β’
At
breakfast
,
the
child
happily
consumed
a
stack
of
pancakes
.
At
breakfast
,
the
child
happily
consumed
a
stack
of
pancakes
.
From
Latin
consumere
β
to
use
up
,
eat
,
waste
,β
from
con-
β
completely
β
+
sumere
β
take
.β
verb
-
consume
,
consuming
,
consumes
,
consumed
to
use
time
,
energy
,
fuel
,
or
another
resource
so
there
is
less
of
it
left
β’
Streaming
movies
can
consume
a
lot
of
data
on
your
phone
plan
.
Streaming
movies
can
consume
a
lot
of
data
on
your
phone
plan
.
β’
The
repair
project
consumed
three
hours
of
our
afternoon
.
The
repair
project
consumed
three
hours
of
our
afternoon
.
Same
Latin
origin
as
Sense
1
;
extended
meaning
of
β
use
up
β
developed
in
the
1400s
.
verb
-
consume
,
consuming
,
consumes
,
consumed
to
completely
fill
someone
β
s
mind
or
feelings
so
they
cannot
think
about
anything
else
β’
He
was
consumed
with
guilt
after
lying
to
his
friend
.
He
was
consumed
with
guilt
after
lying
to
his
friend
.
β’
Jealousy
consumed
her
whenever
she
saw
them
together
.
Jealousy
consumed
her
whenever
she
saw
them
together
.
Figurative
sense
appears
in
the
1600s
,
using
the
idea
of
being
β
eaten
up
β
by
emotion
.
humanity
noun
-
humanity
all
human
beings
considered
as
a
group
β’
Climate
change
is
a
challenge
that
threatens
all
of
humanity
.
Climate
change
is
a
challenge
that
threatens
all
of
humanity
.
β’
Throughout
history
,
humanity
has
sought
to
explore
the
unknown
.
Throughout
history
,
humanity
has
sought
to
explore
the
unknown
.
From
Middle
English
β
humanitΓ©
β,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
β
humanitas
β
meaning
β
mankind
,
kindness
β.
noun
-
humanity
kindness
and
compassion
toward
other
people
,
especially
those
who
are
suffering
β’
The
nurse
showed
great
humanity
by
staying
with
the
patient
all
night
.
The
nurse
showed
great
humanity
by
staying
with
the
patient
all
night
.
β’
Acts
of
humanity
can
brighten
even
the
darkest
day
.
Acts
of
humanity
can
brighten
even
the
darkest
day
.
Same
Latin
root
β
humanitas
β;
sense
of
β
kindness
β
attested
since
the
15th
century
.
noun
-
humanity
the
state
or
quality
of
being
human
,
including
human
nature
and
feelings
β’
The
novel
explores
the
fragility
of
humanity
in
times
of
war
.
The
novel
explores
the
fragility
of
humanity
in
times
of
war
.
β’
Robots
may
mimic
us
,
but
they
lack
true
humanity
.
Robots
may
mimic
us
,
but
they
lack
true
humanity
.
Extension
of
Latin
β
humanitas
β
to
β
human
nature
β
recorded
since
the
late
16th
century
.
humor
noun
-
humor
the
quality
in
ideas
,
speech
,
writing
,
or
situations
that
makes
people
laugh
or
feel
amused
β’
The
movie's
clever
humor
kept
everyone
laughing
from
start
to
finish
.
The
movie's
clever
humor
kept
everyone
laughing
from
start
to
finish
.
β’
The
comedian's
dry
humor
had
the
audience
in
stitches
all
night
.
The
comedian's
dry
humor
had
the
audience
in
stitches
all
night
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
humor
β
moisture
,
fluid
β.
The
meaning
"
comic
quality
"
developed
in
the
16thβ17th
centuries
from
the
old
medical
theory
that
a
balance
of
bodily
fluids
influenced
temperament
.
noun
a
person
β
s
temporary
mood
or
state
of
mind
β’
She
woke
up
in
a
cheerful
humor
and
sang
while
making
breakfast
.
She
woke
up
in
a
cheerful
humor
and
sang
while
making
breakfast
.
β’
The
coach
was
in
no
humor
to
hear
excuses
after
the
defeat
.
The
coach
was
in
no
humor
to
hear
excuses
after
the
defeat
.
verb
to
behave
or
agree
with
someone
β
s
wishes
in
order
to
please
them
or
keep
them
calm
β’
She
decided
to
humor
her
grandfather
by
listening
to
the
same
story
again
.
She
decided
to
humor
her
grandfather
by
listening
to
the
same
story
again
.
β’
The
babysitter
humored
the
toddler
by
pretending
his
toy
dinosaur
could
talk
.
The
babysitter
humored
the
toddler
by
pretending
his
toy
dinosaur
could
talk
.
humour
noun
-
humour
the
quality
in
something
that
makes
it
funny
or
entertaining
β’
British
television
is
famous
for
its
dry
humour
.
British
television
is
famous
for
its
dry
humour
.
β’
He
sprinkled
a
bit
of
dark
humour
into
the
otherwise
serious
novel
.
He
sprinkled
a
bit
of
dark
humour
into
the
otherwise
serious
novel
.
noun
a
person
β
s
temporary
emotional
state
or
frame
of
mind
β’
The
captain
was
in
foul
humour
after
the
team
lost
.
The
captain
was
in
foul
humour
after
the
team
lost
.
β’
Give
him
some
tea
first
;
he
β
s
not
in
the
right
humour
for
questions
.
Give
him
some
tea
first
;
he
β
s
not
in
the
right
humour
for
questions
.
verb
to
go
along
with
someone
β
s
wishes
or
ideas
to
keep
them
satisfied
or
calm
β’
The
nurse
humoured
the
patient
by
laughing
at
his
old
jokes
.
The
nurse
humoured
the
patient
by
laughing
at
his
old
jokes
.
β’
Parents
sometimes
humour
children
β
s
imaginary
friends
to
encourage
creativity
.
Parents
sometimes
humour
children
β
s
imaginary
friends
to
encourage
creativity
.
noun
(
archaic
)
each
of
the
four
bodily
fluids
once
thought
to
determine
human
health
and
temperament
:
blood
,
phlegm
,
yellow
bile
,
and
black
bile
β’
Medieval
physicians
believed
an
excess
of
black
humour
caused
melancholy
.
Medieval
physicians
believed
an
excess
of
black
humour
caused
melancholy
.
β’
Balancing
the
bodily
humours
was
once
the
goal
of
many
herbal
remedies
.
Balancing
the
bodily
humours
was
once
the
goal
of
many
herbal
remedies
.
From
Latin
humor
,
humorem
β
moisture
,
fluid
β,
taken
into
Middle
English
medical
theory
via
Old
French
.
swim
verb
-
swim
,
swimming
,
swims
,
swam
,
swum
to
move
through
water
,
or
another
liquid
,
by
making
movements
with
your
arms
,
legs
,
fins
,
or
whole
body
,
without
standing
on
the
bottom
β’
On
a
hot
afternoon
,
several
teenagers
swim
happily
in
the
busy
community
pool
.
On
a
hot
afternoon
,
several
teenagers
swim
happily
in
the
busy
community
pool
.
β’
Dolphins
swim
gracefully
beside
a
boat
as
tourists
watch
in
amazement
.
Dolphins
swim
gracefully
beside
a
boat
as
tourists
watch
in
amazement
.
Old
English
swymman
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
zwemmen
and
German
schwimmen
.
verb
-
swim
,
swimming
,
swims
,
swam
,
swum
(
of
your
head
,
eyes
,
or
surroundings
)
to
seem
to
spin
or
move
around
you
,
making
you
feel
dizzy
β’
After
standing
up
too
quickly
,
the
room
began
to
swim
before
his
eyes
.
After
standing
up
too
quickly
,
the
room
began
to
swim
before
his
eyes
.
β’
Her
head
started
to
swim
during
the
long
,
hot
train
ride
.
Her
head
started
to
swim
during
the
long
,
hot
train
ride
.
consumption
noun
the
act
of
using
,
eating
,
or
drinking
something
until
it
is
gone
β’
The
country's
consumption
of
electricity
rises
sharply
during
summer
heatwaves
.
The
country's
consumption
of
electricity
rises
sharply
during
summer
heatwaves
.
β’
Too
much
sugar
consumption
can
harm
your
teeth
.
Too
much
sugar
consumption
can
harm
your
teeth
.
From
Latin
consummΔtiΕnem
β
using
up
,
completion
β,
later
used
in
English
for
the
act
of
using
goods
.
noun
the
amount
of
something
that
is
used
or
eaten
β’
New
engines
cut
fuel
consumption
by
20
percent
.
New
engines
cut
fuel
consumption
by
20
percent
.
β’
You
can
check
your
phone's
data
consumption
in
the
settings
menu
.
You
can
check
your
phone's
data
consumption
in
the
settings
menu
.
noun
(
dated
)
tuberculosis
,
a
serious
disease
that
mainly
affects
the
lungs
β’
In
the
1800s
,
many
famous
poets
died
of
consumption
.
In
the
1800s
,
many
famous
poets
died
of
consumption
.
β’
Modern
antibiotics
can
cure
consumption
,
now
called
tuberculosis
.
Modern
antibiotics
can
cure
consumption
,
now
called
tuberculosis
.
The
medical
sense
comes
from
the
idea
of
the
disease
"
consuming
"
the
body's
flesh
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
dumb
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
showing
a
lack
of
intelligence
or
good
judgment
β’
It
was
a
dumb
idea
to
leave
the
keys
in
the
car
.
It
was
a
dumb
idea
to
leave
the
keys
in
the
car
.
β’
Don
β
t
call
yourself
dumb
β
everyone
makes
mistakes
.
Don
β
t
call
yourself
dumb
β
everyone
makes
mistakes
.
Originally
β
unable
to
speak
β,
this
figurative
extension
to
β
stupid
β
emerged
in
the
19th
century
.
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
unable
to
speak
β’
For
many
years
,
the
painter
was
dumb
after
an
illness
but
communicated
through
sign
language
.
For
many
years
,
the
painter
was
dumb
after
an
illness
but
communicated
through
sign
language
.
β’
The
school
built
special
programs
to
support
dumb
students
in
the
classroom
.
The
school
built
special
programs
to
support
dumb
students
in
the
classroom
.
Old
English
β
dumb
β
meaning
β
silent
,
unable
to
speak
β,
related
to
German
β
dumm
β.
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
temporarily
unable
or
unwilling
to
speak
because
of
shock
or
strong
emotion
β’
She
was
struck
dumb
with
amazement
when
the
fireworks
filled
the
sky
.
She
was
struck
dumb
with
amazement
when
the
fireworks
filled
the
sky
.
β’
The
shocking
news
rendered
him
dumb
for
several
seconds
.
The
shocking
news
rendered
him
dumb
for
several
seconds
.
This
figurative
sense
dates
back
to
Middle
English
,
using
β
dumb
β
metaphorically
for
silence
.
adjective
-
dumb
,
dumber
,
dumbest
(
of
a
device
)
not
equipped
with
independent
computing
power
or
processing
capability
β’
A
basic
landline
phone
is
a
dumb
device
compared
to
a
smartphone
.
A
basic
landline
phone
is
a
dumb
device
compared
to
a
smartphone
.
β’
The
factory
replaced
its
dumb
terminals
with
modern
computers
.
The
factory
replaced
its
dumb
terminals
with
modern
computers
.
Adopted
in
the
1960s
for
computer
equipment
that
could
only
send
or
receive
data
without
processing
it
.
dump
verb
to
put
something
down
quickly
and
carelessly
,
often
in
a
messy
pile
β’
He
dumped
his
heavy
backpack
on
the
floor
as
soon
as
he
got
home
.
He
dumped
his
heavy
backpack
on
the
floor
as
soon
as
he
got
home
.
β’
The
kids
dumped
all
the
toys
into
the
big
box
before
dinner
.
The
kids
dumped
all
the
toys
into
the
big
box
before
dinner
.
From
Middle
English
dumpen
,
probably
imitative
of
a
thudding
sound
.
verb
(
informal
)
to
end
a
romantic
relationship
with
someone
suddenly
β’
After
three
years
together
,
Maya
dumped
her
boyfriend
.
After
three
years
together
,
Maya
dumped
her
boyfriend
.
β’
He
felt
terrible
after
being
dumped
.
He
felt
terrible
after
being
dumped
.
noun
a
place
where
trash
or
unwanted
things
are
taken
and
left
β’
The
old
sofa
is
going
to
the
dump
tomorrow
.
The
old
sofa
is
going
to
the
dump
tomorrow
.
β’
Trucks
lined
up
outside
the
city
dump
.
Trucks
lined
up
outside
the
city
dump
.
noun
(
informal
)
a
very
messy
or
unpleasant
place
to
live
or
visit
β’
His
bedroom
is
a
dump
β
clothes
everywhere
.
His
bedroom
is
a
dump
β
clothes
everywhere
.
β’
Let's
find
another
cafe
;
this
place
is
a
real
dump
.
Let's
find
another
cafe
;
this
place
is
a
real
dump
.
verb
to
throw
away
waste
or
unwanted
things
,
often
in
large
amounts
or
in
the
wrong
place
β’
The
factory
was
fined
for
dumping
chemicals
into
the
river
.
The
factory
was
fined
for
dumping
chemicals
into
the
river
.
β’
People
sometimes
dump
old
furniture
on
the
side
of
the
road
.
People
sometimes
dump
old
furniture
on
the
side
of
the
road
.
verb
(
computing
)
to
copy
large
amounts
of
data
from
one
place
to
another
for
storage
or
analysis
β’
The
programmer
dumped
the
entire
database
to
a
backup
file
.
The
programmer
dumped
the
entire
database
to
a
backup
file
.
β’
When
the
app
crashed
,
it
automatically
created
a
memory
dump
.
When
the
app
crashed
,
it
automatically
created
a
memory
dump
.
summary
noun
-
summary
,
summaries
a
short
statement
that
presents
only
the
most
important
points
of
something
β’
After
each
chapter
,
there
is
a
brief
summary
to
help
readers
remember
the
key
points
.
After
each
chapter
,
there
is
a
brief
summary
to
help
readers
remember
the
key
points
.
β’
Could
you
give
me
a
quick
summary
of
what
happened
at
the
meeting
?
Could
you
give
me
a
quick
summary
of
what
happened
at
the
meeting
?
From
Latin
summa
β
total
,
gist
β
+
-ary
.
adjective
done
quickly
and
without
the
usual
formal
procedures
β’
The
judge
made
a
summary
decision
after
hearing
the
clear
evidence
.
The
judge
made
a
summary
decision
after
hearing
the
clear
evidence
.
β’
The
airline
issued
a
summary
refund
to
all
affected
passengers
.
The
airline
issued
a
summary
refund
to
all
affected
passengers
.
Extended
from
the
noun
sense
,
influenced
by
legal
phrase
β
summary
judgment
β
meaning
β
dispensed
with
full
trial
β.
rumor
noun
information
or
a
story
that
many
people
talk
about
but
that
has
not
been
proven
true
β’
I
heard
a
strange
rumor
about
the
new
teacher
,
but
no
one
could
confirm
it
.
I
heard
a
strange
rumor
about
the
new
teacher
,
but
no
one
could
confirm
it
.
β’
The
internet
can
spread
a
rumor
across
the
world
in
minutes
.
The
internet
can
spread
a
rumor
across
the
world
in
minutes
.
Middle
English
rumour
from
Anglo-French
,
from
Latin
rumor
meaning
"
noise
,
popular
report
".
verb
to
say
or
repeat
information
that
may
not
be
true
,
often
making
it
widely
known
β’
Fans
rumor
that
the
director
is
planning
a
surprise
sequel
.
Fans
rumor
that
the
director
is
planning
a
surprise
sequel
.
β’
Reporters
quickly
rumored
the
senator
β
s
unexpected
visit
to
the
hospital
.
Reporters
quickly
rumored
the
senator
β
s
unexpected
visit
to
the
hospital
.
Derived
from
the
noun
"
rumor
";
first
recorded
as
a
verb
in
1570s
.
rumour
noun
information
or
a
story
that
many
people
talk
about
but
that
has
not
been
proven
true
β’
A
silly
rumour
about
the
singer
quitting
spread
through
the
fan
club
.
A
silly
rumour
about
the
singer
quitting
spread
through
the
fan
club
.
β’
The
government
dismissed
the
rumour
as
completely
false
.
The
government
dismissed
the
rumour
as
completely
false
.
Middle
English
rumour
from
Anglo-French
,
from
Latin
rumor
meaning
"
noise
,
popular
report
".
verb
to
say
or
repeat
information
that
may
not
be
true
,
often
making
it
widely
known
β’
Journalists
rumour
that
the
Prime
Minister
may
call
an
early
election
.
Journalists
rumour
that
the
Prime
Minister
may
call
an
early
election
.
β’
Locals
rumoured
that
the
old
castle
is
haunted
.
Locals
rumoured
that
the
old
castle
is
haunted
.
Derived
from
the
noun
"
rumour
";
first
recorded
as
a
verb
in
the
late
16th
century
.
maximum
adjective
largest
or
greatest
possible
in
amount
,
size
,
degree
,
or
level
β’
The
maximum
speed
limit
on
this
road
is
60
kilometers
per
hour
.
The
maximum
speed
limit
on
this
road
is
60
kilometers
per
hour
.
β’
Fill
the
tank
only
to
the
maximum
level
marked
.
Fill
the
tank
only
to
the
maximum
level
marked
.
Mid-17th
century
:
from
Latin
maximum
,
neuter
of
maximus
β
greatest
β.
noun
-
maximum
,
maxima
the
greatest
amount
,
level
,
or
number
that
is
possible
or
allowed
β’
Yesterday
the
temperature
reached
a
maximum
of
35
degrees
Celsius
.
Yesterday
the
temperature
reached
a
maximum
of
35
degrees
Celsius
.
β’
The
machine
stops
automatically
when
it
hits
its
safety
maximum
.
The
machine
stops
automatically
when
it
hits
its
safety
maximum
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
Latin
maximum
from
maximus
β
greatest
β.
adverb
used
after
a
number
or
amount
to
mean
β
at
most
β
β’
You
can
stay
here
for
an
hour
maximum
.
You
can
stay
here
for
an
hour
maximum
.
β’
We
will
need
thirty
minutes
maximum
to
finish
the
work
.
We
will
need
thirty
minutes
maximum
to
finish
the
work
.
Adverbial
use
developed
from
the
adjective
and
noun
senses
in
the
early
20th
century
.
costume
noun
a
set
of
clothes
worn
to
look
like
someone
or
something
else
at
a
party
,
parade
,
or
celebration
,
especially
on
Halloween
or
at
a
fancy-dress
event
β’
Mia
wore
a
pirate
costume
to
the
Halloween
party
.
Mia
wore
a
pirate
costume
to
the
Halloween
party
.
β’
His
superhero
costume
ripped
just
before
the
contest
.
His
superhero
costume
ripped
just
before
the
contest
.
noun
the
set
of
clothes
,
shoes
,
and
accessories
an
actor
,
dancer
,
or
other
performer
wears
to
show
a
particular
character
or
time
period
β’
The
actor
tried
on
his
costume
before
stepping
on
stage
.
The
actor
tried
on
his
costume
before
stepping
on
stage
.
β’
Each
dancer's
sparkling
costume
was
covered
in
silver
sequins
.
Each
dancer's
sparkling
costume
was
covered
in
silver
sequins
.
Borrowed
from
French
costume
in
the
18th
century
,
ultimately
from
Italian
costume
meaning
β
fashion
or
habit
.β
noun
the
traditional
style
of
dress
that
is
typical
of
a
particular
country
,
culture
,
or
historical
period
β’
The
dancers
performed
in
bright
Hanbok
costume
during
the
festival
.
The
dancers
performed
in
bright
Hanbok
costume
during
the
festival
.
β’
Paintings
from
18th-century
France
show
people
in
period
costume
.
Paintings
from
18th-century
France
show
people
in
period
costume
.
noun
(
informal
,
chiefly
British
)
a
swimming
suit
β’
Don't
forget
your
costume
when
we
go
to
the
pool
.
Don't
forget
your
costume
when
we
go
to
the
pool
.
β’
She
bought
a
new
striped
costume
for
the
beach
holiday
.
She
bought
a
new
striped
costume
for
the
beach
holiday
.
verb
-
costume
,
costuming
,
costumes
,
costumed
to
dress
someone
,
or
provide
clothes
,
especially
special
or
period
clothes
,
for
a
performance
or
event
β’
The
designer
costumed
the
actors
in
elegant
Victorian
outfits
.
The
designer
costumed
the
actors
in
elegant
Victorian
outfits
.
β’
For
the
school
play
,
parents
costume
their
children
as
animals
.
For
the
school
play
,
parents
costume
their
children
as
animals
.
minimum
noun
the
smallest
amount
,
number
,
or
level
that
is
possible
,
allowed
,
or
needed
β’
You
need
a
minimum
of
eight
glasses
of
water
a
day
to
stay
healthy
.
You
need
a
minimum
of
eight
glasses
of
water
a
day
to
stay
healthy
.
β’
The
company
requires
a
minimum
of
two
years'
experience
for
this
job
.
The
company
requires
a
minimum
of
two
years'
experience
for
this
job
.
From
Latin
minimus
meaning
β
smallest
.β
adjective
being
the
smallest
or
least
possible
in
amount
,
degree
,
or
size
β’
He
bought
the
car
with
minimum
mileage
he
could
find
.
He
bought
the
car
with
minimum
mileage
he
could
find
.
β’
The
hotel
room
had
only
the
minimum
furniture
β
a
bed
and
a
chair
.
The
hotel
room
had
only
the
minimum
furniture
β
a
bed
and
a
chair
.
Derived
from
the
noun
use
of
minimum
,
from
Latin
minimus
meaning
β
smallest
.β
noun
-
minimum
,
minima
in
mathematics
,
a
point
at
which
a
function
has
a
value
lower
than
or
equal
to
every
nearby
point
β’
The
graph
shows
a
minimum
at
the
point
(
3
,
β2
).
The
graph
shows
a
minimum
at
the
point
(
3
,
β2
).
β’
We
used
calculus
to
find
the
function's
global
minimum
.
We
used
calculus
to
find
the
function's
global
minimum
.
Adopted
into
mathematical
language
in
the
17th
century
from
Latin
minimus
β
smallest
.β
medium
adjective
neither
small
nor
large
;
in
the
middle
size
,
amount
,
or
level
β’
I
β
d
like
a
medium
coffee
,
please
.
I
β
d
like
a
medium
coffee
,
please
.
β’
She
bought
a
medium
T-shirt
because
the
small
was
too
tight
.
She
bought
a
medium
T-shirt
because
the
small
was
too
tight
.
From
Latin
medius
β
middle
β.
noun
a
material
or
method
an
artist
uses
to
create
art
β’
Oil
paint
is
her
favorite
medium
for
portraits
.
Oil
paint
is
her
favorite
medium
for
portraits
.
β’
The
sculpture
was
created
in
the
medium
of
bronze
.
The
sculpture
was
created
in
the
medium
of
bronze
.
Adopted
into
art
terminology
in
the
19th
century
from
Latin
medius
β
middle
β,
via
the
idea
of
a
means
or
channel
.
noun
-
medium
,
media
a
means
or
channel
for
giving
information
or
entertainment
to
many
people
β’
Television
is
a
powerful
medium
for
spreading
news
.
Television
is
a
powerful
medium
for
spreading
news
.
β’
Social
media
has
become
the
dominant
medium
among
teenagers
.
Social
media
has
become
the
dominant
medium
among
teenagers
.
Use
for
β
means
of
communication
β
became
common
in
the
20th
century
as
mass
communication
expanded
.
noun
a
person
who
claims
to
receive
messages
from
spirits
and
pass
them
to
the
living
β’
They
visited
a
medium
to
try
to
contact
their
grandmother
.
They
visited
a
medium
to
try
to
contact
their
grandmother
.
β’
The
medium
closed
her
eyes
and
spoke
in
a
soft
voice
.
The
medium
closed
her
eyes
and
spoke
in
a
soft
voice
.
Sense
of
β
person
who
conveys
messages
β
arose
in
the
19th
century
from
earlier
meaning
of
a
means
or
channel
.
noun
-
medium
,
media
a
substance
or
environment
through
which
something
grows
,
moves
,
or
is
carried
β’
Agar
is
a
common
growth
medium
for
bacteria
in
labs
.
Agar
is
a
common
growth
medium
for
bacteria
in
labs
.
β’
Water
is
an
excellent
medium
for
sound
waves
underwater
.
Water
is
an
excellent
medium
for
sound
waves
underwater
.
Scientific
use
developed
in
the
17thβ18th
centuries
for
β
substance
in
which
processes
occur
β.
summit
noun
the
very
highest
point
of
a
mountain
or
hill
β’
After
six
hours
of
climbing
,
the
hikers
reached
the
summit
just
in
time
to
watch
the
sunrise
.
After
six
hours
of
climbing
,
the
hikers
reached
the
summit
just
in
time
to
watch
the
sunrise
.
β’
Snow
still
covered
the
summit
even
though
the
valley
below
was
blooming
with
flowers
.
Snow
still
covered
the
summit
even
though
the
valley
below
was
blooming
with
flowers
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
somete
,
variant
of
somite
,
from
sommet
β
peak
β,
diminutive
of
som
β
top
β,
from
Latin
summum
β
highest
point
β.
noun
a
formal
meeting
of
leaders
or
top
officials
to
discuss
important
matters
β’
Leaders
from
eight
countries
gathered
at
a
summit
to
discuss
climate
change
.
Leaders
from
eight
countries
gathered
at
a
summit
to
discuss
climate
change
.
β’
The
trade
summit
resulted
in
a
historic
agreement
to
cut
tariffs
.
The
trade
summit
resulted
in
a
historic
agreement
to
cut
tariffs
.
Sense
of
β
meeting
of
heads
of
government
β
originated
in
the
1950s
,
extending
the
idea
of
the
β
highest
point
β
to
the
highest
level
of
negotiation
.
noun
the
highest
possible
level
of
achievement
or
success
β’
Winning
the
Nobel
Prize
was
the
summit
of
her
scientific
career
.
Winning
the
Nobel
Prize
was
the
summit
of
her
scientific
career
.
β’
The
athlete
reached
the
summit
of
his
sport
with
an
Olympic
gold
medal
.
The
athlete
reached
the
summit
of
his
sport
with
an
Olympic
gold
medal
.
verb
to
reach
the
summit
of
a
mountain
;
to
climb
to
the
highest
point
β’
They
plan
to
summit
Mount
Kilimanjaro
next
summer
.
They
plan
to
summit
Mount
Kilimanjaro
next
summer
.
β’
She
summited
the
peak
in
record
time
despite
strong
winds
.
She
summited
the
peak
in
record
time
despite
strong
winds
.