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AIDS
noun
-
AIDS
a
serious
disease
caused
by
the
HIV
virus
that
slowly
destroys
the
body
’
s
ability
to
fight
infections
•
Doctors
around
the
world
are
researching
new
treatments
for
AIDS
.
Doctors
around
the
world
are
researching
new
treatments
for
AIDS
.
•
Public
health
campaigns
teach
people
how
to
prevent
AIDS
.
Public
health
campaigns
teach
people
how
to
prevent
AIDS
.
1980s
:
acronym
from
acquired
immune
deficiency
syndrome
.
say
verb
-
say
,
saying
,
says
,
said
to
speak
words
so
that
other
people
can
hear
and
understand
them
•
Please
say
your
name
clearly
.
Please
say
your
name
clearly
.
•
The
students
stood
up
to
say
the
pledge
together
.
The
students
stood
up
to
say
the
pledge
together
.
verb
-
say
,
saying
,
says
,
said
to
contain
or
show
written
or
printed
words
that
give
information
•
The
sign
on
the
door
says
"
Closed
."
The
sign
on
the
door
says
"
Closed
."
•
What
does
the
map
say
about
nearby
cafés
?
What
does
the
map
say
about
nearby
cafés
?
verb
-
say
,
saying
,
says
,
said
to
give
an
opinion
or
estimate
•
I'd
say
this
cake
needs
five
more
minutes
in
the
oven
.
I'd
say
this
cake
needs
five
more
minutes
in
the
oven
.
•
What
would
you
say
is
the
best
time
to
visit
Paris
?
What
would
you
say
is
the
best
time
to
visit
Paris
?
again
adverb
one
more
time
;
once
more
•
Could
you
say
that
again
?
I
didn't
hear
you
.
Could
you
say
that
again
?
I
didn't
hear
you
.
•
After
losing
his
keys
,
Tom
searched
the
house
again
from
top
to
bottom
.
After
losing
his
keys
,
Tom
searched
the
house
again
from
top
to
bottom
.
Old
English
“
ongean
”
meaning
“
opposite
,
towards
,
back
”,
later
evolving
to
the
sense
of
repeating
an
action
.
adverb
used
to
add
a
further
point
or
introduce
a
contrast
•
Again
,
we
should
check
the
budget
before
approving
the
trip
.
Again
,
we
should
check
the
budget
before
approving
the
trip
.
•
She
might
accept
the
offer
;
again
,
she
could
refuse
if
the
pay
is
too
low
.
She
might
accept
the
offer
;
again
,
she
could
refuse
if
the
pay
is
too
low
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
extending
to
discourse-marking
use
in
Middle
English
.
wait
verb
-
wait
,
waiting
,
waits
,
waited
to
stay
where
you
are
or
not
do
something
until
a
later
time
or
until
something
happens
•
Please
wait
in
the
lobby
until
your
name
is
called
.
Please
wait
in
the
lobby
until
your
name
is
called
.
•
We
decided
to
wait
until
the
rain
stopped
before
leaving
.
We
decided
to
wait
until
the
rain
stopped
before
leaving
.
From
Old
Northern
French
waitier
,
Old
French
gaitier
"
to
watch
";
related
to
Old
High
German
wahten
"
to
watch
".
noun
a
period
of
time
when
you
have
to
stay
where
you
are
or
do
nothing
until
something
happens
•
After
a
long
wait
,
the
bus
finally
arrived
.
After
a
long
wait
,
the
bus
finally
arrived
.
•
There
was
a
short
wait
before
the
show
started
.
There
was
a
short
wait
before
the
show
started
.
From
the
verb
“
wait
,”
first
used
as
a
noun
in
the
14th
century
.
against
preposition
touching
,
leaning
on
,
or
pushing
on
something
•
She
leaned
against
the
old
oak
tree
to
catch
her
breath
.
She
leaned
against
the
old
oak
tree
to
catch
her
breath
.
•
Put
the
ladder
against
the
wall
before
you
climb
.
Put
the
ladder
against
the
wall
before
you
climb
.
preposition
in
opposition
to
someone
or
something
•
Most
of
the
students
voted
against
the
plan
to
shorten
lunch
break
.
Most
of
the
students
voted
against
the
plan
to
shorten
lunch
break
.
•
The
whole
town
protested
against
the
factory's
pollution
.
The
whole
town
protested
against
the
factory's
pollution
.
preposition
to
protect
or
guard
from
something
harmful
or
unwanted
•
Wear
a
helmet
to
protect
against
head
injuries
.
Wear
a
helmet
to
protect
against
head
injuries
.
•
The
vaccine
works
against
the
disease
.
The
vaccine
works
against
the
disease
.
preposition
in
contrast
with
a
different
background
or
standard
•
The
red
flowers
looked
bright
against
the
green
grass
.
The
red
flowers
looked
bright
against
the
green
grass
.
•
Her
optimism
shone
against
the
gloomy
news
.
Her
optimism
shone
against
the
gloomy
news
.
pay
verb
-
pay
,
paying
,
pays
,
paid
to
give
money
for
something
you
buy
or
use
•
At
the
bakery
,
Lena
paid
for
a
loaf
of
bread
before
leaving
.
At
the
bakery
,
Lena
paid
for
a
loaf
of
bread
before
leaving
.
•
You
can
pay
with
cash
or
credit
card
at
the
counter
.
You
can
pay
with
cash
or
credit
card
at
the
counter
.
From
Old
French
payer
“
to
satisfy
,
pay
”,
from
Latin
pacare
“
to
appease
,
make
peace
”,
related
to
pax
“
peace
”.
verb
-
pay
,
paying
,
pays
,
paid
to
give
wages
or
salary
to
someone
for
work
•
The
company
pays
its
employees
every
Friday
.
The
company
pays
its
employees
every
Friday
.
•
Farmers
need
to
pay
seasonal
workers
fairly
.
Farmers
need
to
pay
seasonal
workers
fairly
.
verb
-
pay
,
paying
,
pays
,
paid
to
give
money
to
someone
for
goods
,
services
,
work
,
or
a
debt
•
After
finishing
lunch
,
Maria
paid
the
waiter
and
left
.
After
finishing
lunch
,
Maria
paid
the
waiter
and
left
.
•
We
always
pay
the
electricity
bill
before
the
due
date
.
We
always
pay
the
electricity
bill
before
the
due
date
.
Old
French
paier
,
from
Latin
pacare
“
to
pacify
,
satisfy
,
settle
”.
verb
-
pay
,
paying
,
pays
,
paid
to
be
profitable
,
worthwhile
,
or
bring
a
good
result
•
It
pays
to
read
the
instructions
before
starting
.
It
pays
to
read
the
instructions
before
starting
.
•
Hard
work
pays
in
the
long
run
.
Hard
work
pays
in
the
long
run
.
verb
-
pay
,
paying
,
pays
,
paid
to
be
worth
the
effort
or
bring
a
good
result
•
It
pays
to
check
your
work
before
sending
it
.
It
pays
to
check
your
work
before
sending
it
.
•
Studying
a
little
every
day
pays
in
the
long
run
.
Studying
a
little
every
day
pays
in
the
long
run
.
verb
-
pay
,
paying
,
pays
,
paid
to
suffer
or
be
punished
because
of
something
wrong
you
did
•
He
knew
he
would
pay
for
his
lies
sooner
or
later
.
He
knew
he
would
pay
for
his
lies
sooner
or
later
.
•
The
company
had
to
pay
for
ignoring
safety
rules
.
The
company
had
to
pay
for
ignoring
safety
rules
.
verb
-
pay
,
paying
,
pays
,
paid
to
give
or
direct
something
like
attention
,
respect
,
or
a
visit
to
someone
or
something
•
Please
pay
attention
to
the
safety
instructions
.
Please
pay
attention
to
the
safety
instructions
.
•
She
always
pays
respect
to
her
grandparents
by
visiting
every
weekend
.
She
always
pays
respect
to
her
grandparents
by
visiting
every
weekend
.
remain
verb
to
stay
in
the
same
place
or
keep
the
same
state
without
leaving
or
changing
•
After
the
fire
alarm
,
everyone
evacuated
the
building
,
but
the
security
guard
remained
inside
to
check
every
floor
.
After
the
fire
alarm
,
everyone
evacuated
the
building
,
but
the
security
guard
remained
inside
to
check
every
floor
.
•
It's
important
to
remain
calm
during
an
emergency
.
It's
important
to
remain
calm
during
an
emergency
.
Middle
English
remainen
,
from
Old
French
remaindre
,
from
Latin
remanēre
"
to
stay
back
" (
re-
"
back
"
+
manēre
"
to
stay
").
verb
to
be
left
after
other
things
or
people
have
gone
,
been
used
,
or
been
removed
•
Only
two
slices
of
pizza
remain
in
the
box
after
the
party
.
Only
two
slices
of
pizza
remain
in
the
box
after
the
party
.
•
When
the
tide
went
out
,
little
pools
of
water
remained
among
the
rocks
.
When
the
tide
went
out
,
little
pools
of
water
remained
among
the
rocks
.
verb
to
still
need
to
be
done
,
decided
,
or
discovered
•
It
remains
to
be
seen
whether
the
team
will
reach
the
final
.
It
remains
to
be
seen
whether
the
team
will
reach
the
final
.
•
Much
work
remains
before
the
bridge
can
be
opened
to
traffic
.
Much
work
remains
before
the
bridge
can
be
opened
to
traffic
.
raise
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
lift
something
or
someone
to
a
higher
position
•
The
firefighter
raised
the
baby
out
of
the
window
to
safety
.
The
firefighter
raised
the
baby
out
of
the
window
to
safety
.
•
Please
raise
your
hand
if
you
know
the
answer
.
Please
raise
your
hand
if
you
know
the
answer
.
Old
French
‘
reis
’
and
Latin
‘
rasus
’,
past
participle
of
‘
radere
’
meaning
‘
scrape
,
shave
’;
later
broadened
to
the
idea
of
lifting
something
up
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
increase
the
amount
,
level
,
or
strength
of
something
•
The
bank
decided
to
raise
interest
rates
this
month
.
The
bank
decided
to
raise
interest
rates
this
month
.
•
Eating
too
much
salt
can
raise
your
blood
pressure
.
Eating
too
much
salt
can
raise
your
blood
pressure
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
bring
up
and
care
for
a
child
until
they
are
an
adult
•
My
grandparents
raised
me
on
a
small
farm
.
My
grandparents
raised
me
on
a
small
farm
.
•
They
want
to
raise
their
children
in
the
countryside
.
They
want
to
raise
their
children
in
the
countryside
.
noun
an
increase
in
the
amount
of
money
you
earn
for
your
work
•
After
her
appraisal
,
she
got
a
five-percent
raise
.
After
her
appraisal
,
she
got
a
five-percent
raise
.
•
If
I
don't
get
a
raise
,
I
might
look
for
another
job
.
If
I
don't
get
a
raise
,
I
might
look
for
another
job
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
collect
money
or
resources
for
a
purpose
•
The
concert
raised
over
a
million
dollars
for
charity
.
The
concert
raised
over
a
million
dollars
for
charity
.
•
We
are
baking
cookies
to
raise
funds
for
the
class
trip
.
We
are
baking
cookies
to
raise
funds
for
the
class
trip
.
verb
-
raise
,
raising
,
raises
,
raised
to
bring
a
subject
,
idea
,
or
question
forward
for
discussion
•
May
I
raise
a
question
about
the
schedule
?
May
I
raise
a
question
about
the
schedule
?
•
He
raised
the
issue
during
the
meeting
.
He
raised
the
issue
during
the
meeting
.
air
noun
-
air
the
mixture
of
gases
around
Earth
that
people
,
animals
,
and
plants
breathe
•
The
mountain
air
felt
cool
and
fresh
against
her
face
.
The
mountain
air
felt
cool
and
fresh
against
her
face
.
•
Open
the
window
to
let
some
air
into
the
room
.
Open
the
window
to
let
some
air
into
the
room
.
From
Old
French
air
,
from
Latin
āēr
,
from
Ancient
Greek
ἀήρ
(
aḗr
)
meaning
“
atmosphere
,
sky
.”
noun
-
air
the
open
space
above
the
ground
or
around
objects
,
especially
seen
as
the
place
where
things
can
fly
or
float
•
The
kite
soared
high
in
the
air
.
The
kite
soared
high
in
the
air
.
•
Birds
filled
the
air
above
the
lake
at
dawn
.
Birds
filled
the
air
above
the
lake
at
dawn
.
verb
-
air
,
airing
,
airs
,
aired
to
let
fresh
air
move
through
something
so
that
it
becomes
dry
,
cool
,
or
smells
better
•
She
hung
the
blankets
outside
to
air
them
in
the
sun
.
She
hung
the
blankets
outside
to
air
them
in
the
sun
.
•
Remember
to
air
the
kitchen
after
frying
fish
.
Remember
to
air
the
kitchen
after
frying
fish
.
noun
a
particular
feeling
,
mood
,
or
quality
that
seems
to
surround
a
person
,
place
,
or
situation
•
The
library
had
an
air
of
quiet
concentration
.
The
library
had
an
air
of
quiet
concentration
.
•
She
walked
in
with
an
air
of
confidence
.
She
walked
in
with
an
air
of
confidence
.
verb
-
air
,
airing
,
airs
,
aired
to
broadcast
a
program
on
radio
,
television
,
or
the
internet
•
The
station
will
air
the
interview
at
6
p
.
m
.
The
station
will
air
the
interview
at
6
p
.
m
.
•
Our
favorite
show
airs
every
Friday
night
.
Our
favorite
show
airs
every
Friday
night
.
verb
-
air
,
airing
,
airs
,
aired
to
express
opinions
,
complaints
,
or
ideas
publicly
•
She
felt
comfortable
enough
to
air
her
concerns
at
the
meeting
.
She
felt
comfortable
enough
to
air
her
concerns
at
the
meeting
.
•
Citizens
gathered
to
air
their
views
on
the
new
law
.
Citizens
gathered
to
air
their
views
on
the
new
law
.
explain
verb
to
make
the
meaning
,
facts
,
or
details
of
something
clear
so
that
someone
understands
•
The
teacher
explained
the
new
rule
to
the
class
until
everyone
understood
.
The
teacher
explained
the
new
rule
to
the
class
until
everyone
understood
.
•
Could
you
explain
how
this
app
works
to
me
?
Could
you
explain
how
this
app
works
to
me
?
From
Latin
‘
explanare
’
meaning
‘
to
make
level
’
or
‘
make
clear
’,
from
‘
ex-
’ (
out
)
+
‘
planus
’ (
flat
,
clear
).
verb
to
be
or
give
the
reason
for
why
something
happens
or
exists
•
The
broken
fuse
explains
why
the
lights
went
out
last
night
.
The
broken
fuse
explains
why
the
lights
went
out
last
night
.
•
Thick
fog
explained
the
driver
’
s
slow
speed
on
the
highway
.
Thick
fog
explained
the
driver
’
s
slow
speed
on
the
highway
.
Same
Latin
root
as
primary
sense
;
the
idea
of
‘
making
clear
’
extended
to
‘
making
the
cause
clear
’.
claim
verb
to
say
that
something
is
true
,
often
without
giving
proof
•
Sara
claimed
she
had
seen
a
shooting
star
over
the
city
last
night
.
Sara
claimed
she
had
seen
a
shooting
star
over
the
city
last
night
.
•
The
company
claims
its
new
battery
can
last
for
24
hours
without
charging
.
The
company
claims
its
new
battery
can
last
for
24
hours
without
charging
.
verb
to
ask
officially
for
money
,
property
,
or
a
right
that
you
believe
belongs
to
you
•
After
her
suitcase
went
missing
,
Julia
claimed
compensation
from
the
airline
.
After
her
suitcase
went
missing
,
Julia
claimed
compensation
from
the
airline
.
•
Residents
can
claim
a
tax
refund
by
filling
out
this
form
.
Residents
can
claim
a
tax
refund
by
filling
out
this
form
.
noun
a
statement
that
something
is
true
,
often
without
evidence
•
Her
claim
that
the
painting
was
a
fake
shocked
the
gallery
.
Her
claim
that
the
painting
was
a
fake
shocked
the
gallery
.
•
Scientists
investigated
the
bold
claim
about
faster-than-light
travel
.
Scientists
investigated
the
bold
claim
about
faster-than-light
travel
.
noun
an
official
request
or
right
to
receive
money
,
property
,
or
another
benefit
•
They
filed
a
claim
with
their
insurance
company
after
the
flood
.
They
filed
a
claim
with
their
insurance
company
after
the
flood
.
•
The
miner
asserted
his
claim
to
the
land
.
The
miner
asserted
his
claim
to
the
land
.
verb
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
to
say
that
something
is
true
,
often
without
giving
proof
•
The
scientist
claimed
he
had
discovered
a
new
planet
.
The
scientist
claimed
he
had
discovered
a
new
planet
.
•
Olivia
claims
she
speaks
five
languages
fluently
.
Olivia
claims
she
speaks
five
languages
fluently
.
From
Old
French
"
clamer
",
from
Latin
"
clamare
"
meaning
"
to
cry
out
".
verb
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
to
demand
or
take
something
because
you
believe
it
belongs
to
you
•
When
the
train
arrived
,
passengers
rushed
to
claim
their
luggage
.
When
the
train
arrived
,
passengers
rushed
to
claim
their
luggage
.
•
He
claimed
the
empty
seat
by
putting
his
coat
on
it
.
He
claimed
the
empty
seat
by
putting
his
coat
on
it
.
verb
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
to
ask
an
organization
,
especially
an
insurance
company
or
the
government
,
to
pay
you
money
you
believe
you
are
owed
•
After
the
storm
,
neighbors
claimed
compensation
for
roof
damage
.
After
the
storm
,
neighbors
claimed
compensation
for
roof
damage
.
•
You
can
claim
a
refund
if
the
event
is
canceled
.
You
can
claim
a
refund
if
the
event
is
canceled
.
noun
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
a
statement
that
something
is
true
,
often
one
that
other
people
might
not
agree
with
or
believe
•
His
claim
that
the
earth
is
flat
made
everyone
laugh
.
His
claim
that
the
earth
is
flat
made
everyone
laugh
.
•
The
newspaper
investigated
the
politician's
claims
about
taxes
.
The
newspaper
investigated
the
politician's
claims
about
taxes
.
noun
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
a
request
for
money
or
property
that
you
believe
you
have
a
right
to
,
especially
from
an
insurance
company
or
the
government
•
She
filed
an
insurance
claim
after
the
car
crash
.
She
filed
an
insurance
claim
after
the
car
crash
.
•
Miners
staked
a
gold
claim
in
the
valley
.
Miners
staked
a
gold
claim
in
the
valley
.
verb
to
cause
the
loss
of
something
,
especially
people's
lives
•
The
sudden
storm
claimed
three
lives
along
the
coast
.
The
sudden
storm
claimed
three
lives
along
the
coast
.
•
The
disease
has
claimed
thousands
of
victims
worldwide
.
The
disease
has
claimed
thousands
of
victims
worldwide
.
verb
-
claim
,
claiming
,
claims
,
claimed
(
of
something
bad
)
to
cause
someone
’
s
death
or
the
loss
of
something
valuable
•
The
illness
claimed
thousands
of
lives
last
year
.
The
illness
claimed
thousands
of
lives
last
year
.
•
The
avalanche
claimed
two
experienced
climbers
.
The
avalanche
claimed
two
experienced
climbers
.
pain
noun
-
pain
the
feeling
of
hurt
,
soreness
,
or
discomfort
in
your
body
•
Emma
felt
a
sharp
pain
in
her
ankle
after
jumping
off
the
swing
.
Emma
felt
a
sharp
pain
in
her
ankle
after
jumping
off
the
swing
.
•
The
dentist
gave
me
medicine
to
reduce
the
pain
during
the
procedure
.
The
dentist
gave
me
medicine
to
reduce
the
pain
during
the
procedure
.
noun
-
pain
a
feeling
of
deep
sadness
or
emotional
hurt
•
The
breakup
caused
her
a
lot
of
emotional
pain
.
The
breakup
caused
her
a
lot
of
emotional
pain
.
•
He
tried
to
hide
his
pain
behind
a
forced
smile
.
He
tried
to
hide
his
pain
behind
a
forced
smile
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
is
very
annoying
or
difficult
•
My
little
brother
can
be
a
real
pain
when
I'm
trying
to
study
.
My
little
brother
can
be
a
real
pain
when
I'm
trying
to
study
.
•
Carrying
this
old
laptop
everywhere
is
a
pain
.
Carrying
this
old
laptop
everywhere
is
a
pain
.
verb
-
pain
,
paining
,
pains
,
pained
to
make
someone
feel
physical
hurt
or
emotional
sadness
•
It
pains
me
to
see
you
argue
like
this
.
It
pains
me
to
see
you
argue
like
this
.
•
Her
old
injury
still
pains
her
when
the
weather
turns
cold
.
Her
old
injury
still
pains
her
when
the
weather
turns
cold
.
brain
noun
-
brain
,
braining
,
brains
,
brained
,
brainy
,
brainier
,
brainiest
the
soft
pinkish-gray
organ
inside
the
skull
that
controls
thought
,
feelings
,
and
movement
•
The
doctor
showed
us
a
scan
of
the
patient's
brain
.
The
doctor
showed
us
a
scan
of
the
patient's
brain
.
•
Wearing
a
helmet
protects
your
brain
during
sports
like
cycling
or
skateboarding
.
Wearing
a
helmet
protects
your
brain
during
sports
like
cycling
or
skateboarding
.
Old
English
brægen
(
singular
and
plural
),
related
to
Old
High
German
bregan
,
meaning
‘
brain
’.
noun
-
brain
,
braining
,
brains
,
brained
,
brainy
,
brainier
,
brainiest
the
ability
to
think
,
reason
,
and
learn
;
intellect
•
You
’
ll
solve
the
puzzle
if
you
just
use
your
brain
.
You
’
ll
solve
the
puzzle
if
you
just
use
your
brain
.
•
Chess
champions
need
a
sharp
brain
to
plan
many
moves
ahead
.
Chess
champions
need
a
sharp
brain
to
plan
many
moves
ahead
.
noun
-
brain
,
braining
,
brains
,
brained
,
brainy
,
brainier
,
brainiest
a
person
who
is
very
intelligent
or
the
main
planner
behind
an
idea
or
organization
•
Mia
is
the
brain
behind
the
new
phone
app
our
company
is
launching
.
Mia
is
the
brain
behind
the
new
phone
app
our
company
is
launching
.
•
The
detective
suspected
that
the
pickpocket
was
not
the
real
brain
of
the
operation
.
The
detective
suspected
that
the
pickpocket
was
not
the
real
brain
of
the
operation
.
verb
-
brain
,
braining
,
brains
,
brained
,
brainy
,
brainier
,
brainiest
to
hit
someone
or
something
on
the
head
very
hard
,
causing
serious
injury
•
In
the
comic
,
the
caveman
threatens
to
brain
anyone
who
tries
to
steal
his
food
.
In
the
comic
,
the
caveman
threatens
to
brain
anyone
who
tries
to
steal
his
food
.
•
She
nearly
brained
herself
on
the
low
ceiling
beam
.
She
nearly
brained
herself
on
the
low
ceiling
beam
.
From
the
noun
sense
‘
brain
’;
first
recorded
14th
century
meaning
‘
to
smash
the
skull
’.
lay
verb
-
lay
,
laying
,
lays
,
laid
to
put
something
down
carefully
in
a
flat
or
resting
position
•
"
Please
lay
the
picnic
blanket
on
the
grass
,"
she
said
.
"
Please
lay
the
picnic
blanket
on
the
grass
,"
she
said
.
•
The
mason
laid
each
red
brick
perfectly
straight
along
the
garden
wall
.
The
mason
laid
each
red
brick
perfectly
straight
along
the
garden
wall
.
verb
-
lay
,
laying
,
lays
,
laid
for
a
bird
,
reptile
,
or
insect
to
produce
an
egg
outside
its
body
•
Every
morning
,
the
hen
lays
a
warm
brown
egg
in
the
nest
.
Every
morning
,
the
hen
lays
a
warm
brown
egg
in
the
nest
.
•
The
farmer
counted
how
many
eggs
the
geese
had
laid
overnight
.
The
farmer
counted
how
many
eggs
the
geese
had
laid
overnight
.
available
adjective
able
to
be
used
,
obtained
,
or
reached
because
it
is
present
and
not
already
taken
•
“
Is
this
seat
available
or
is
someone
sitting
here
?”
“
Is
this
seat
available
or
is
someone
sitting
here
?”
•
The
app
shows
which
hotel
rooms
are
available
tonight
.
The
app
shows
which
hotel
rooms
are
available
tonight
.
adjective
free
to
do
something
because
you
are
not
busy
•
Are
you
available
for
a
meeting
at
3
p
.
m
.?
Are
you
available
for
a
meeting
at
3
p
.
m
.?
•
I'm
sorry
,
the
doctor
isn't
available
right
now
.
I'm
sorry
,
the
doctor
isn't
available
right
now
.
adjective
not
currently
in
a
romantic
relationship
and
open
to
dating
•
He
asked
if
she
was
available
,
but
she
said
she
was
already
seeing
someone
.
He
asked
if
she
was
available
,
but
she
said
she
was
already
seeing
someone
.
•
All
his
friends
are
married
,
but
he's
still
available
.
All
his
friends
are
married
,
but
he's
still
available
.
fail
verb
to
not
succeed
in
achieving
something
or
doing
what
is
expected
or
required
•
After
months
of
practice
,
the
team
still
failed
to
win
the
championship
.
After
months
of
practice
,
the
team
still
failed
to
win
the
championship
.
•
If
you
forget
to
water
the
plant
,
it
will
fail
to
grow
and
its
leaves
will
turn
brown
.
If
you
forget
to
water
the
plant
,
it
will
fail
to
grow
and
its
leaves
will
turn
brown
.
From
Old
French
‘
faillir
’ “
be
lacking
,
not
succeed
,”
from
Latin
‘
fallere
’ “
to
deceive
,
disappoint
.”
noun
an
act
or
example
of
something
going
wrong
or
being
very
unsuccessful
,
especially
in
an
obvious
or
embarrassing
way
•
The
selfie
where
the
camera
lens
was
covered
by
her
finger
was
a
complete
fail
.
The
selfie
where
the
camera
lens
was
covered
by
her
finger
was
a
complete
fail
.
•
Social
media
users
love
sharing
cooking
fails
where
the
cake
collapses
in
the
oven
.
Social
media
users
love
sharing
cooking
fails
where
the
cake
collapses
in
the
oven
.
noun
a
mark
or
grade
that
shows
a
student
has
not
reached
the
minimum
standard
to
pass
a
test
or
course
•
Scoring
below
50
percent
is
an
automatic
fail
in
this
class
.
Scoring
below
50
percent
is
an
automatic
fail
in
this
class
.
•
Jacob
’
s
final
exam
was
marked
as
a
fail
,
so
he
has
to
retake
the
course
.
Jacob
’
s
final
exam
was
marked
as
a
fail
,
so
he
has
to
retake
the
course
.
interjection
used
to
show
that
someone
or
something
has
done
something
very
badly
or
unsuccessfully
•
You
posted
the
wrong
link
to
the
tickets
—
Fail
!
You
posted
the
wrong
link
to
the
tickets
—
Fail
!
•
He
tried
to
juggle
three
eggs
and
dropped
them
all
—
Fail
!
He
tried
to
juggle
three
eggs
and
dropped
them
all
—
Fail
!
hair
noun
-
hair
the
fine
,
thread-like
strands
that
grow
from
the
skin
of
humans
and
many
animals
•
She
brushed
her
hair
until
it
looked
smooth
and
shiny
.
She
brushed
her
hair
until
it
looked
smooth
and
shiny
.
•
The
dog
’
s
shedding
hair
covered
the
couch
after
it
took
a
nap
.
The
dog
’
s
shedding
hair
covered
the
couch
after
it
took
a
nap
.
Old
English
hǣr
,
related
to
German
Haar
and
Dutch
haar
.
noun
a
single
strand
of
hair
•
I
found
a
long
hair
in
my
soup
and
sent
it
back
.
I
found
a
long
hair
in
my
soup
and
sent
it
back
.
•
There
are
a
few
gray
hairs
starting
to
show
in
his
beard
.
There
are
a
few
gray
hairs
starting
to
show
in
his
beard
.
certain
adjective
sure
or
confident
about
something
,
with
no
doubt
•
Maya
was
certain
she
had
locked
the
front
door
.
Maya
was
certain
she
had
locked
the
front
door
.
•
The
coach
sounded
certain
that
the
team
would
win
the
match
.
The
coach
sounded
certain
that
the
team
would
win
the
match
.
from
Old
French
certain
,
from
Latin
certus
“
fixed
,
sure
”.
adjective
sure
to
happen
;
inevitable
•
With
dark
clouds
like
those
,
rain
is
almost
certain
.
With
dark
clouds
like
those
,
rain
is
almost
certain
.
•
Failure
is
certain
if
we
do
not
plan
ahead
.
Failure
is
certain
if
we
do
not
plan
ahead
.
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
refer
to
a
particular
person
or
thing
without
naming
them
•
A
certain
student
left
her
notebook
in
the
library
.
A
certain
student
left
her
notebook
in
the
library
.
•
They
met
again
by
certain
chance
in
Paris
.
They
met
again
by
certain
chance
in
Paris
.
pronoun
some
but
not
all
of
a
particular
group
that
has
been
mentioned
•
Certain
of
the
cookies
were
already
gone
.
Certain
of
the
cookies
were
already
gone
.
•
Certain
of
his
friends
knew
the
secret
.
Certain
of
his
friends
knew
the
secret
.
training
noun
-
training
the
process
of
learning
or
practising
skills
so
that
you
can
do
a
job
,
sport
,
or
activity
better
•
After
weeks
of
training
,
Maya
could
finally
swim
a
full
lap
without
stopping
.
After
weeks
of
training
,
Maya
could
finally
swim
a
full
lap
without
stopping
.
•
The
soldiers
undergo
tough
training
before
they
are
sent
on
missions
.
The
soldiers
undergo
tough
training
before
they
are
sent
on
missions
.
noun
a
course
,
class
,
or
organised
session
where
people
are
taught
skills
or
knowledge
•
Our
company
will
hold
a
safety
training
on
Monday
morning
.
Our
company
will
hold
a
safety
training
on
Monday
morning
.
•
She
signed
up
for
a
computer
training
to
learn
programming
basics
.
She
signed
up
for
a
computer
training
to
learn
programming
basics
.
verb
present
participle
of
train
:
teaching
,
coaching
,
or
practising
to
develop
skills
or
physical
fitness
•
The
coach
is
training
the
team
for
the
championship
.
The
coach
is
training
the
team
for
the
championship
.
•
Sara
is
training
to
become
a
nurse
.
Sara
is
training
to
become
a
nurse
.
main
adjective
more
important
,
larger
,
or
more
powerful
than
anything
or
anyone
else
in
the
same
group
•
The
main
road
into
the
city
is
closed
today
.
The
main
road
into
the
city
is
closed
today
.
•
Chocolate
was
the
main
ingredient
in
the
cake
.
Chocolate
was
the
main
ingredient
in
the
cake
.
From
Old
English
mægen
(
strength
,
power
),
later
sense
shift
to
“
chief
,
principal
”
in
Middle
English
.
noun
a
large
public
pipe
or
cable
that
carries
water
,
gas
,
electricity
,
or
sewage
to
many
buildings
•
A
leak
in
the
water
main
flooded
the
street
.
A
leak
in
the
water
main
flooded
the
street
.
•
Workers
are
laying
a
new
gas
main
under
the
sidewalk
.
Workers
are
laying
a
new
gas
main
under
the
sidewalk
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
sense
of
“
main
”
meaning
“
chief
,
principal
,”
applied
to
the
chief
pipe
or
cable
in
a
system
(
19th
c
.).
adverb
very
;
extremely
(
dialect
)
•
I'm
main
glad
to
see
ye
safe
and
sound
.
I'm
main
glad
to
see
ye
safe
and
sound
.
•
The
winter
was
main
cold
up
in
the
hills
.
The
winter
was
main
cold
up
in
the
hills
.
Scots
and
Northern
English
dialect
form
of
“
mighty
”,
influenced
by
earlier
noun
sense
of
strength
.
detail
noun
a
small
piece
of
information
about
something
•
The
reporter
asked
the
police
officer
for
more
details
about
the
crash
.
The
reporter
asked
the
police
officer
for
more
details
about
the
crash
.
•
Please
send
me
every
detail
of
the
plan
by
tonight
.
Please
send
me
every
detail
of
the
plan
by
tonight
.
Late
Middle
English
from
French
détail
,
from
détailler
‘
cut
up
’,
based
on
tail
‘
cut
’
certainly
adverb
without
any
doubt
;
definitely
•
He
will
certainly
pass
the
exam
if
he
keeps
studying
this
hard
.
He
will
certainly
pass
the
exam
if
he
keeps
studying
this
hard
.
•
There
is
certainly
enough
cake
for
everyone
at
the
party
.
There
is
certainly
enough
cake
for
everyone
at
the
party
.
From
Middle
English
certeinli
,
from
Old
French
certeinement
,
from
Latin
certus
(“
sure
,
settled
”)
+
-ly
.
interjection
used
to
say
“
yes
”
in
a
polite
or
emphatic
way
,
especially
when
agreeing
to
a
request
•
"
Could
you
forward
me
the
email
?" — "
Certainly
!"
"
Could
you
forward
me
the
email
?" — "
Certainly
!"
•
The
waiter
said
, "
Certainly
,
right
away
,"
when
the
customer
asked
for
more
water
.
The
waiter
said
, "
Certainly
,
right
away
,"
when
the
customer
asked
for
more
water
.
Same
origin
as
the
adverb
sense
,
developing
a
standalone
affirmative
use
in
polite
speech
during
the
18th–19th
centuries
.
campaign
noun
a
planned
series
of
actions
and
events
designed
to
achieve
a
particular
political
,
social
,
or
commercial
goal
•
The
senator
launched
her
re-election
campaign
in
the
city
square
.
The
senator
launched
her
re-election
campaign
in
the
city
square
.
•
The
charity
’
s
holiday
campaign
raised
thousands
of
dollars
for
homeless
families
.
The
charity
’
s
holiday
campaign
raised
thousands
of
dollars
for
homeless
families
.
Early
17th
century
,
from
French
‘
campagne
’,
from
Italian
‘
campagna
’,
from
Late
Latin
‘
campania
’
meaning
‘
open
country
’,
originally
referring
to
military
operations
carried
out
in
the
field
.
noun
a
series
of
connected
military
operations
fought
in
a
particular
area
or
during
a
particular
period
•
During
the
summer
campaign
,
the
army
pushed
deep
into
the
desert
.
During
the
summer
campaign
,
the
army
pushed
deep
into
the
desert
.
•
The
general
planned
a
bold
campaign
to
capture
the
port
city
.
The
general
planned
a
bold
campaign
to
capture
the
port
city
.
verb
to
take
part
in
organized
activities
aimed
at
persuading
people
or
bringing
about
change
•
Environmental
groups
campaign
hard
for
cleaner
rivers
.
Environmental
groups
campaign
hard
for
cleaner
rivers
.
•
She
has
been
campaigning
for
equal
pay
since
college
.
She
has
been
campaigning
for
equal
pay
since
college
.
noun
a
linked
series
of
missions
or
adventures
forming
a
continuous
story
in
a
video
game
,
board
game
,
or
role-playing
game
•
We
finished
the
co-op
campaign
of
the
game
in
one
weekend
.
We
finished
the
co-op
campaign
of
the
game
in
one
weekend
.
•
The
role-playing
group
began
a
new
fantasy
campaign
set
on
a
distant
planet
.
The
role-playing
group
began
a
new
fantasy
campaign
set
on
a
distant
planet
.
lie
verb
-
lie
,
lying
,
lies
,
lay
,
lain
to
be
in
or
move
into
a
flat
,
resting
position
on
a
surface
•
The
baby
is
lying
on
the
blanket
,
smiling
up
at
his
mother
.
The
baby
is
lying
on
the
blanket
,
smiling
up
at
his
mother
.
•
After
the
hike
,
we
lay
on
the
grass
and
watched
the
clouds
.
After
the
hike
,
we
lay
on
the
grass
and
watched
the
clouds
.
Old
English
licgan
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Dutch
liggen
and
German
liegen
.
verb
-
lie
,
lying
,
lies
,
lay
,
lain
to
be
in
a
flat
or
resting
position
on
a
surface
•
After
the
long
hike
,
Sarah
wanted
to
lie
on
the
grass
and
look
at
the
sky
.
After
the
long
hike
,
Sarah
wanted
to
lie
on
the
grass
and
look
at
the
sky
.
•
A
cat
likes
to
lie
under
the
sunny
window
all
afternoon
.
A
cat
likes
to
lie
under
the
sunny
window
all
afternoon
.
maintain
verb
to
keep
something
in
good
working
order
or
in
the
same
physical
condition
through
regular
care
and
repair
•
Every
spring
,
Mia
carefully
maintains
her
bicycle
so
it
rides
smoothly
all
year
.
Every
spring
,
Mia
carefully
maintains
her
bicycle
so
it
rides
smoothly
all
year
.
•
The
janitor
maintains
the
building's
heating
system
to
prevent
breakdowns
.
The
janitor
maintains
the
building's
heating
system
to
prevent
breakdowns
.
From
Middle
English
mainteinen
,
from
Old
French
maintenir
,
from
Latin
manutenēre
“
to
hold
in
the
hand
,
keep
”,
from
manus
“
hand
”
+
tenēre
“
to
hold
”.
verb
to
continue
to
have
or
keep
at
the
same
level
,
rate
,
or
condition
•
The
school
strives
to
maintain
high
academic
standards
.
The
school
strives
to
maintain
high
academic
standards
.
•
Athletes
must
maintain
a
healthy
diet
to
perform
well
.
Athletes
must
maintain
a
healthy
diet
to
perform
well
.
verb
to
state
something
strongly
as
a
fact
;
to
assert
or
claim
•
The
scientist
maintains
that
climate
change
is
accelerating
.
The
scientist
maintains
that
climate
change
is
accelerating
.
•
She
firmly
maintained
her
innocence
throughout
the
trial
.
She
firmly
maintained
her
innocence
throughout
the
trial
.
verb
to
provide
for
the
living
expenses
of
someone
;
to
support
financially
•
He
works
two
jobs
to
maintain
his
family
.
He
works
two
jobs
to
maintain
his
family
.
•
The
scholarship
will
help
her
maintain
herself
while
studying
abroad
.
The
scholarship
will
help
her
maintain
herself
while
studying
abroad
.
contain
verb
-
contain
,
containing
,
contains
,
contained
to
have
something
inside
or
include
something
as
part
of
a
whole
•
This
bottle
contains
a
liter
of
water
.
This
bottle
contains
a
liter
of
water
.
•
Her
speech
contained
several
jokes
that
made
the
audience
laugh
.
Her
speech
contained
several
jokes
that
made
the
audience
laugh
.
From
Latin
continēre
meaning
‘
to
hold
together
’ (
con-
‘
together
’
+
tenere
‘
to
hold
’).
verb
-
contain
,
containing
,
contains
,
contained
to
stop
something
harmful
or
dangerous
from
spreading
or
getting
worse
•
Firefighters
worked
through
the
night
to
contain
the
forest
fire
.
Firefighters
worked
through
the
night
to
contain
the
forest
fire
.
•
The
government
introduced
strict
measures
to
contain
the
spread
of
the
virus
.
The
government
introduced
strict
measures
to
contain
the
spread
of
the
virus
.
verb
-
contain
,
containing
,
contains
,
contained
to
keep
strong
feelings
under
control
so
they
are
not
shown
•
She
could
hardly
contain
her
excitement
when
she
saw
the
puppy
.
She
could
hardly
contain
her
excitement
when
she
saw
the
puppy
.
•
He
bit
his
lip
to
contain
his
anger
.
He
bit
his
lip
to
contain
his
anger
.
mountain
noun
a
very
high
piece
of
land
that
rises
far
above
the
surrounding
area
,
often
with
steep
sides
and
a
pointed
or
rounded
top
•
We
climbed
the
mountain
and
watched
the
sunrise
from
the
top
.
We
climbed
the
mountain
and
watched
the
sunrise
from
the
top
.
•
Snow
covered
the
mountain
all
year
round
.
Snow
covered
the
mountain
all
year
round
.
From
Old
French
montagne
,
from
Latin
montānea
,
meaning
“
mountainous
region
,”
derived
from
mōns
“
mountain
”.
noun
a
very
large
pile
or
great
amount
of
something
•
I
have
a
mountain
of
homework
to
finish
tonight
.
I
have
a
mountain
of
homework
to
finish
tonight
.
•
There
was
a
mountain
of
dirty
dishes
in
the
sink
.
There
was
a
mountain
of
dirty
dishes
in
the
sink
.
faith
noun
-
faith
strong
belief
and
trust
in
a
god
or
in
the
teachings
of
a
religion
•
Maria
crosses
herself
before
meals
as
a
sign
of
her
faith
.
Maria
crosses
herself
before
meals
as
a
sign
of
her
faith
.
•
Despite
the
hardships
,
the
villagers
’
faith
never
wavered
.
Despite
the
hardships
,
the
villagers
’
faith
never
wavered
.
noun
-
faith
complete
trust
or
confidence
that
someone
or
something
will
do
what
you
expect
•
I
have
faith
in
you
—
you
can
finish
this
race
.
I
have
faith
in
you
—
you
can
finish
this
race
.
•
The
children
put
their
faith
in
the
rope
bridge
and
stepped
onto
it
.
The
children
put
their
faith
in
the
rope
bridge
and
stepped
onto
it
.
noun
a
particular
religion
or
religious
system
•
People
of
many
faiths
gathered
for
the
ceremony
.
People
of
many
faiths
gathered
for
the
ceremony
.
•
Buddhism
is
the
dominant
faith
in
that
region
.
Buddhism
is
the
dominant
faith
in
that
region
.
chair
noun
a
piece
of
furniture
made
for
one
person
to
sit
on
,
usually
with
a
back
and
four
legs
.
•
Maria
pulled
out
a
chair
and
invited
me
to
sit
.
Maria
pulled
out
a
chair
and
invited
me
to
sit
.
•
The
old
rocking
chair
creaked
softly
on
the
porch
at
sunset
.
The
old
rocking
chair
creaked
softly
on
the
porch
at
sunset
.
Middle
English
chaere
,
from
Old
French
chaiere
,
from
Latin
cathedra
‘
seat
’.
noun
the
person
who
leads
a
meeting
,
committee
,
or
organization
and
keeps
order
.
•
Ms
.
Lee
was
elected
chair
of
the
student
council
.
Ms
.
Lee
was
elected
chair
of
the
student
council
.
•
The
chair
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o
’
clock
.
The
chair
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o
’
clock
.
Transferred
sense
from
‘
seat
’
to
the
person
occupying
the
seat
of
authority
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
to
lead
or
preside
over
a
meeting
,
committee
,
or
organization
.
•
Tomorrow
,
Olivia
will
chair
the
annual
budget
meeting
.
Tomorrow
,
Olivia
will
chair
the
annual
budget
meeting
.
•
He
has
chaired
the
committee
for
over
five
years
.
He
has
chaired
the
committee
for
over
five
years
.
Verbal
use
recorded
since
the
early
19th
century
,
from
the
noun
‘
chair
’
meaning
the
seat
of
authority
.
noun
(
the
chair
)
the
electric
chair
used
for
executing
prisoners
sentenced
to
death
.
•
The
prisoner
was
sentenced
to
the
chair
in
1950
.
The
prisoner
was
sentenced
to
the
chair
in
1950
.
•
Debates
over
the
use
of
the
chair
continue
to
divide
lawmakers
.
Debates
over
the
use
of
the
chair
continue
to
divide
lawmakers
.
Shortened
from
‘
electric
chair
’,
first
used
in
the
late
19th
century
when
electricity
was
introduced
for
capital
punishment
.
noun
a
permanent
professorship
at
a
university
,
often
in
a
specific
subject
.
•
Dr
.
Ahmed
holds
the
chair
of
Physics
at
the
university
.
Dr
.
Ahmed
holds
the
chair
of
Physics
at
the
university
.
•
The
endowment
funded
a
new
chair
in
environmental
law
.
The
endowment
funded
a
new
chair
in
environmental
law
.
From
the
sense
of
an
official
seat
,
extended
in
the
18th
century
to
mean
an
established
professorship
.
afraid
adjective
feeling
fear
or
worry
because
something
seems
dangerous
,
painful
,
or
unpleasant
•
The
little
boy
felt
afraid
when
the
thunder
rumbled
overhead
.
The
little
boy
felt
afraid
when
the
thunder
rumbled
overhead
.
•
Maria
was
afraid
of
dogs
after
one
barked
at
her
.
Maria
was
afraid
of
dogs
after
one
barked
at
her
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
English
‘
āfrǣdan
’
meaning
‘
to
frighten
’.
adjective
used
in
the
expression
“
I
’
m
afraid
”
to
politely
introduce
bad
news
,
an
apology
,
or
a
refusal
•
“
I
’
m
afraid
we
have
no
tickets
left
for
tonight
’
s
show
,”
the
clerk
said
.
“
I
’
m
afraid
we
have
no
tickets
left
for
tonight
’
s
show
,”
the
clerk
said
.
•
“
I
’
m
afraid
I
can
’
t
come
to
the
party
tomorrow
,”
Mark
told
his
friend
on
the
phone
.
“
I
’
m
afraid
I
can
’
t
come
to
the
party
tomorrow
,”
Mark
told
his
friend
on
the
phone
.
Same
origin
as
the
basic
sense
of
“
afraid
”,
extended
in
the
14th
century
to
polite
expressions
of
regret
.
gain
verb
to
increase
in
amount
,
size
,
or
quantity
•
I
always
gain
weight
during
the
holidays
.
I
always
gain
weight
during
the
holidays
.
•
The
stock
market
gained
sharply
after
the
announcement
.
The
stock
market
gained
sharply
after
the
announcement
.
verb
to
obtain
something
useful
or
valuable
,
especially
through
effort
or
work
•
After
months
of
practice
,
she
finally
gained
confidence
in
speaking
English
.
After
months
of
practice
,
she
finally
gained
confidence
in
speaking
English
.
•
The
company
hopes
to
gain
new
customers
with
its
advertising
campaign
.
The
company
hopes
to
gain
new
customers
with
its
advertising
campaign
.
noun
an
improvement
or
advantage
that
you
get
from
something
•
The
fitness
program
delivered
real
health
gains
within
a
few
weeks
.
The
fitness
program
delivered
real
health
gains
within
a
few
weeks
.
•
Cutting
unnecessary
expenses
led
to
huge
financial
gains
for
the
family
.
Cutting
unnecessary
expenses
led
to
huge
financial
gains
for
the
family
.
verb
-
gain
,
gaining
,
gains
,
gained
to
obtain
or
achieve
something
useful
,
valuable
,
or
wanted
•
After
months
of
training
,
the
athlete
gained
a
spot
on
the
national
team
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
athlete
gained
a
spot
on
the
national
team
.
•
Reading
history
books
helps
students
gain
insight
into
past
cultures
.
Reading
history
books
helps
students
gain
insight
into
past
cultures
.
verb
-
gain
,
gaining
,
gains
,
gained
to
increase
in
size
,
amount
,
weight
,
speed
,
or
value
•
The
company
’
s
stock
price
gained
three
percent
in
one
day
.
The
company
’
s
stock
price
gained
three
percent
in
one
day
.
•
She
gained
five
kilos
after
the
holidays
.
She
gained
five
kilos
after
the
holidays
.
noun
an
increase
or
improvement
in
something
•
There
was
a
noticeable
gain
in
her
test
scores
this
semester
.
There
was
a
noticeable
gain
in
her
test
scores
this
semester
.
•
Regular
exercise
led
to
a
big
gain
in
his
strength
.
Regular
exercise
led
to
a
big
gain
in
his
strength
.
verb
-
gain
,
gaining
,
gains
,
gained
to
get
nearer
to
someone
or
something
ahead
,
especially
while
chasing
or
competing
•
The
cyclist
began
to
gain
on
the
leader
during
the
final
lap
.
The
cyclist
began
to
gain
on
the
leader
during
the
final
lap
.
•
We
need
to
drive
faster
if
we
want
to
gain
on
the
storm
before
it
reaches
the
coast
.
We
need
to
drive
faster
if
we
want
to
gain
on
the
storm
before
it
reaches
the
coast
.
noun
money
or
advantage
obtained
from
a
business
,
investment
,
or
deal
•
The
sale
of
the
old
building
produced
a
substantial
gain
for
the
company
.
The
sale
of
the
old
building
produced
a
substantial
gain
for
the
company
.
•
Investors
were
happy
with
the
12%
gain
on
their
shares
.
Investors
were
happy
with
the
12%
gain
on
their
shares
.
verb
if
a
clock
or
watch
gains
,
it
shows
a
time
that
is
ahead
of
the
correct
time
•
My
old
wristwatch
gains
about
two
minutes
every
day
.
My
old
wristwatch
gains
about
two
minutes
every
day
.
•
The
kitchen
clock
has
gained
five
minutes
again
this
week
.
The
kitchen
clock
has
gained
five
minutes
again
this
week
.
verb
to
reach
a
place
after
making
an
effort
•
The
climbers
gained
the
summit
just
before
sunset
.
The
climbers
gained
the
summit
just
before
sunset
.
•
We
finally
gained
the
harbor
after
a
rough
night
at
sea
.
We
finally
gained
the
harbor
after
a
rough
night
at
sea
.
noun
-
gain
the
amount
by
which
a
signal
,
sound
,
or
electrical
current
is
increased
in
strength
•
Reduce
the
gain
slightly
to
avoid
feedback
in
the
microphone
.
Reduce
the
gain
slightly
to
avoid
feedback
in
the
microphone
.
•
This
amplifier
offers
a
power
gain
of
10
dB
.
This
amplifier
offers
a
power
gain
of
10
dB
.
noun
-
gain
in
electronics
and
audio
,
the
ratio
of
output
signal
strength
to
input
signal
strength
,
showing
how
much
a
signal
is
amplified
•
The
microphone
’
s
high
gain
caused
unwanted
feedback
on
stage
.
The
microphone
’
s
high
gain
caused
unwanted
feedback
on
stage
.
•
Lowering
the
preamp
gain
can
reduce
background
noise
in
a
recording
.
Lowering
the
preamp
gain
can
reduce
background
noise
in
a
recording
.
fair
adjective
-
fair
,
fairer
,
fairest
bright
and
dry
,
without
rain
or
storms
•
The
forecast
says
we
will
have
fair
weather
all
weekend
.
The
forecast
says
we
will
have
fair
weather
all
weekend
.
•
Sailors
prefer
to
leave
port
when
the
sea
is
calm
and
the
sky
is
fair
.
Sailors
prefer
to
leave
port
when
the
sea
is
calm
and
the
sky
is
fair
.
Weather
sense
recorded
since
the
14th
century
,
linked
to
the
idea
of
pleasantness
and
brightness
.
noun
a
public
event
with
rides
,
games
,
shows
,
and
stalls
where
people
gather
for
fun
and
shopping
•
We
rode
the
Ferris
wheel
at
the
county
fair
last
night
.
We
rode
the
Ferris
wheel
at
the
county
fair
last
night
.
•
Vendors
sold
handmade
jewelry
and
snacks
at
the
spring
fair
.
Vendors
sold
handmade
jewelry
and
snacks
at
the
spring
fair
.
From
Middle
English
feire
,
from
Old
French
feire
“
market
,
feast
,”
ultimately
from
Latin
feria
“
holiday
,
market
day
.”
adjective
-
fair
,
fairer
,
fairest
treating
everyone
equally
and
honestly
,
without
favoritism
or
cheating
•
The
referee
tried
to
be
fair
to
both
teams
during
the
match
.
The
referee
tried
to
be
fair
to
both
teams
during
the
match
.
•
She
divided
the
candy
in
a
fair
way
so
each
child
got
the
same
number
of
pieces
.
She
divided
the
candy
in
a
fair
way
so
each
child
got
the
same
number
of
pieces
.
Old
English
fæger
“
beautiful
,
pleasant
,
pleasing
,”
later
“
just
,
equitable
.”
adjective
-
fair
,
fairer
,
fairest
having
light
skin
or
light-colored
hair
•
His
twin
sister
has
fair
hair
and
freckles
.
His
twin
sister
has
fair
hair
and
freckles
.
•
People
with
fair
skin
should
use
strong
sunscreen
in
summer
.
People
with
fair
skin
should
use
strong
sunscreen
in
summer
.
Sense
of
“
light-colored
”
developed
in
Middle
English
from
the
idea
of
brightness
and
beauty
.
adjective
-
fair
,
fairer
,
fairest
quite
good
or
acceptable
but
not
excellent
•
The
hotel
offers
fair
service
for
a
low
price
.
The
hotel
offers
fair
service
for
a
low
price
.
•
She
has
a
fair
chance
of
winning
the
scholarship
.
She
has
a
fair
chance
of
winning
the
scholarship
.
Meaning
“
moderately
good
”
appears
in
the
16th
century
,
extending
from
earlier
senses
of
balance
and
adequacy
.
adverb
in
an
honest
way
,
without
cheating
or
bias
•
You
won
the
game
fair
,
so
enjoy
the
prize
.
You
won
the
game
fair
,
so
enjoy
the
prize
.
•
Let
’
s
play
fair
and
follow
the
rules
.
Let
’
s
play
fair
and
follow
the
rules
.
Adverbial
use
dates
from
the
14th
century
,
from
adjective
sense
of
honesty
.
failure
noun
lack
of
success
in
doing
or
achieving
something
•
After
months
of
training
,
the
team's
failure
to
win
the
final
match
left
them
disappointed
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
team's
failure
to
win
the
final
match
left
them
disappointed
.
•
He
learned
more
from
failure
than
from
all
his
victories
.
He
learned
more
from
failure
than
from
all
his
victories
.
Early
1600s
:
from
French
‘
faillir
’
meaning
‘
to
fail
’
plus
the
suffix
‘
-ure
’
forming
nouns
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
does
not
succeed
•
Jason
felt
like
a
failure
when
he
lost
his
job
.
Jason
felt
like
a
failure
when
he
lost
his
job
.
•
The
new
phone
model
turned
out
to
be
a
commercial
failure
.
The
new
phone
model
turned
out
to
be
a
commercial
failure
.
noun
a
breakdown
or
stopping
of
proper
working
in
a
machine
,
system
,
or
part
of
the
body
•
The
engine
failure
forced
the
pilot
to
make
an
emergency
landing
.
The
engine
failure
forced
the
pilot
to
make
an
emergency
landing
.
•
Sudden
power
failure
plunged
the
city
into
darkness
.
Sudden
power
failure
plunged
the
city
into
darkness
.
noun
the
act
of
not
doing
something
that
is
required
or
expected
•
Failure
to
wear
a
seat
belt
can
result
in
a
fine
.
Failure
to
wear
a
seat
belt
can
result
in
a
fine
.
•
The
company
closed
for
failure
to
pay
taxes
.
The
company
closed
for
failure
to
pay
taxes
.
daily
adjective
happening
,
produced
,
or
used
every
day
•
Maria
takes
a
daily
walk
along
the
river
before
breakfast
.
Maria
takes
a
daily
walk
along
the
river
before
breakfast
.
•
The
school
announced
a
new
daily
schedule
starting
at
8
a
.
m
.
The
school
announced
a
new
daily
schedule
starting
at
8
a
.
m
.
From
Middle
English
dayly
,
from
Old
English
dæglic
(“
occurring
every
day
”).
adverb
every
day
;
on
each
day
•
I
practice
the
guitar
daily
to
improve
my
skills
.
I
practice
the
guitar
daily
to
improve
my
skills
.
•
Buses
run
daily
between
the
two
towns
.
Buses
run
daily
between
the
two
towns
.
Adverbial
use
of
the
adjective
“
daily
.”
noun
-
daily
,
dailies
a
newspaper
published
every
day
,
often
except
Sunday
•
He
picked
up
a
daily
at
the
station
to
read
on
the
train
.
He
picked
up
a
daily
at
the
station
to
read
on
the
train
.
•
The
city's
leading
daily
raised
questions
about
the
mayor's
plan
.
The
city's
leading
daily
raised
questions
about
the
mayor's
plan
.
From
the
adjective
sense
‘
daily
’
referring
to
something
produced
every
day
,
extended
to
newspapers
in
the
18th
century
.
painting
noun
a
picture
that
someone
has
made
by
putting
paint
on
a
surface
such
as
canvas
,
paper
,
or
a
wall
•
The
museum
just
bought
a
famous
painting
by
Vincent
van
Gogh
.
The
museum
just
bought
a
famous
painting
by
Vincent
van
Gogh
.
•
Emma
hung
her
first
painting
above
the
sofa
in
the
living
room
.
Emma
hung
her
first
painting
above
the
sofa
in
the
living
room
.
noun
-
painting
the
activity
or
art
of
using
paint
to
create
pictures
or
to
cover
a
surface
•
Painting
relaxes
her
after
a
long
day
at
work
.
Painting
relaxes
her
after
a
long
day
at
work
.
•
He
studied
painting
at
the
university
for
four
years
.
He
studied
painting
at
the
university
for
four
years
.
verb
present
participle
of
paint
:
applying
color
to
a
surface
with
a
brush
,
roller
,
or
similar
tool
•
They
are
painting
the
kitchen
walls
bright
yellow
today
.
They
are
painting
the
kitchen
walls
bright
yellow
today
.
•
A
female
artist
is
painting
a
colorful
mural
on
the
school
playground
wall
.
A
female
artist
is
painting
a
colorful
mural
on
the
school
playground
wall
.
affair
noun
A
social
event
,
celebration
,
or
gathering
.
•
The
wedding
was
an
elegant
affair
held
in
a
garden
.
The
wedding
was
an
elegant
affair
held
in
a
garden
.
•
Their
annual
barbecue
is
always
a
casual
affair
with
good
music
.
Their
annual
barbecue
is
always
a
casual
affair
with
good
music
.
noun
An
important
or
often
shocking
event
or
situation
that
draws
public
attention
.
•
The
sudden
resignation
of
the
mayor
turned
into
a
huge
political
affair
.
The
sudden
resignation
of
the
mayor
turned
into
a
huge
political
affair
.
•
The
burglary
affair
kept
the
small
town
in
suspense
for
weeks
.
The
burglary
affair
kept
the
small
town
in
suspense
for
weeks
.
noun
Activities
,
business
,
or
concerns
that
someone
is
responsible
for
,
especially
when
used
in
the
plural
.
•
She
asked
her
brother
to
mind
his
own
affairs
.
She
asked
her
brother
to
mind
his
own
affairs
.
•
The
minister
manages
the
nation's
foreign
affairs
.
The
minister
manages
the
nation's
foreign
affairs
.
noun
A
secret
or
improper
romantic
and
usually
sexual
relationship
,
often
between
people
who
are
married
to
others
.
•
After
months
of
secrecy
,
Maria
ended
her
affair
with
her
married
boss
.
After
months
of
secrecy
,
Maria
ended
her
affair
with
her
married
boss
.
•
The
novel
tells
the
story
of
a
forbidden
affair
that
spans
decades
.
The
novel
tells
the
story
of
a
forbidden
affair
that
spans
decades
.
noun
An
object
or
piece
of
equipment
,
especially
one
that
is
unusual
or
when
you
do
not
know
its
exact
name
.
•
He
fixed
the
rusty
old
affair
and
turned
it
into
a
coffee
table
.
He
fixed
the
rusty
old
affair
and
turned
it
into
a
coffee
table
.
•
What
is
that
strange
affair
on
your
desk
supposed
to
do
?
What
is
that
strange
affair
on
your
desk
supposed
to
do
?
captain
noun
the
player
chosen
to
lead
a
sports
team
on
and
off
the
field
•
The
basketball
captain
called
a
quick
huddle
to
plan
the
final
play
.
The
basketball
captain
called
a
quick
huddle
to
plan
the
final
play
.
•
The
crowd
cheered
as
the
soccer
captain
lifted
the
trophy
high
.
The
crowd
cheered
as
the
soccer
captain
lifted
the
trophy
high
.
Extended
to
sports
in
the
19th
century
as
organized
team
games
became
popular
.
noun
the
person
who
has
ultimate
authority
and
responsibility
for
a
ship
and
everyone
on
board
•
The
captain
stood
on
the
bridge
and
guided
the
ferry
through
the
fog
.
The
captain
stood
on
the
bridge
and
guided
the
ferry
through
the
fog
.
•
A
cheerful
female
captain
greeted
the
passengers
as
they
boarded
the
cruise
liner
.
A
cheerful
female
captain
greeted
the
passengers
as
they
boarded
the
cruise
liner
.
From
Latin
“
capitaneus
”
meaning
“
chief
”
or
“
leader
,”
derived
from
“
caput
” (
head
).
noun
an
officer
rank
in
the
army
or
air
force
that
is
above
lieutenant
and
below
major
,
usually
responsible
for
leading
a
company
or
flight
•
The
captain
briefed
the
soldiers
before
they
moved
out
on
patrol
.
The
captain
briefed
the
soldiers
before
they
moved
out
on
patrol
.
•
A
young
female
captain
received
a
medal
for
her
quick
decisions
in
battle
.
A
young
female
captain
received
a
medal
for
her
quick
decisions
in
battle
.
Adopted
into
Middle
English
to
describe
military
leaders
as
organized
armies
developed
in
Europe
.
noun
a
mid-level
officer
in
some
police
or
fire
departments
who
commands
a
precinct
,
station
,
or
group
of
units
•
The
police
captain
assigned
more
patrols
to
the
neighborhood
after
the
burglary
.
The
police
captain
assigned
more
patrols
to
the
neighborhood
after
the
burglary
.
•
A
female
fire
captain
inspected
the
trucks
before
the
night
shift
began
.
A
female
fire
captain
inspected
the
trucks
before
the
night
shift
began
.
In
U
.
S
.
municipal
services
,
the
title
was
adopted
in
the
19th
century
to
mirror
military
structure
.
verb
to
lead
a
team
,
ship
,
or
group
as
its
captain
•
She
will
captain
the
national
hockey
team
at
the
championships
.
She
will
captain
the
national
hockey
team
at
the
championships
.
•
He
captained
the
research
vessel
during
its
voyage
to
Antarctica
.
He
captained
the
research
vessel
during
its
voyage
to
Antarctica
.
Verb
use
arose
in
the
18th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
to
serve
or
act
as
a
captain
.
straight
adjective
-
straight
,
straighter
,
straightest
forming
a
line
without
bends
,
curves
,
or
angles
•
Draw
a
straight
line
from
the
top
of
the
page
to
the
bottom
.
Draw
a
straight
line
from
the
top
of
the
page
to
the
bottom
.
•
The
highway
ran
straight
across
the
flat
desert
for
miles
.
The
highway
ran
straight
across
the
flat
desert
for
miles
.
adverb
in
a
direct
line
or
manner
,
without
turning
or
stopping
•
Go
straight
ahead
until
you
see
the
park
on
your
left
.
Go
straight
ahead
until
you
see
the
park
on
your
left
.
•
He
walked
straight
into
the
room
without
knocking
.
He
walked
straight
into
the
room
without
knocking
.
adjective
-
straight
,
straighter
,
straightest
not
bent
,
curved
,
or
twisted
;
having
the
shortest
,
direct
line
or
shape
•
The
road
across
the
desert
was
perfectly
straight
,
stretching
to
the
horizon
.
The
road
across
the
desert
was
perfectly
straight
,
stretching
to
the
horizon
.
•
He
used
a
ruler
to
draw
a
straight
line
on
the
white
sheet
of
paper
.
He
used
a
ruler
to
draw
a
straight
line
on
the
white
sheet
of
paper
.
From
Old
English
‘
streht
’,
past
participle
of
‘
streccan
’
meaning
“
to
stretch
”.
adverb
-
straight
,
straighter
,
straightest
directly
;
without
turning
,
stopping
,
or
delay
•
After
class
,
Lucy
went
straight
home
to
feed
her
dog
.
After
class
,
Lucy
went
straight
home
to
feed
her
dog
.
•
The
rocket
shot
straight
up
into
the
clear
blue
sky
.
The
rocket
shot
straight
up
into
the
clear
blue
sky
.
Adverb
use
from
the
adjective
sense
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
adjective
-
straight
,
straighter
,
straightest
honest
and
direct
,
not
hiding
the
truth
•
Tell
me
the
straight
facts
so
I
can
decide
.
Tell
me
the
straight
facts
so
I
can
decide
.
•
He
gave
a
straight
answer
instead
of
trying
to
avoid
the
question
.
He
gave
a
straight
answer
instead
of
trying
to
avoid
the
question
.
adjective
-
straight
,
straighter
,
straightest
honest
,
clear
,
and
truthful
;
not
hiding
the
facts
•
Please
be
straight
with
me
—
did
you
break
the
vase
?
Please
be
straight
with
me
—
did
you
break
the
vase
?
•
The
coach
gave
the
team
a
straight
answer
about
their
chances
in
the
finals
.
The
coach
gave
the
team
a
straight
answer
about
their
chances
in
the
finals
.
Figurative
sense
of
moral
or
factual
directness
dates
to
the
early
1600s
.
adjective
-
straight
,
straighter
,
straightest
describing
a
person
who
is
romantically
and
sexually
attracted
to
people
of
the
opposite
sex
(
heterosexual
)
•
Emma
is
lesbian
,
but
her
brother
is
straight
.
Emma
is
lesbian
,
but
her
brother
is
straight
.
•
The
event
welcomes
both
straight
and
LGBTQ+
participants
.
The
event
welcomes
both
straight
and
LGBTQ+
participants
.
Sexual-orientation
use
developed
in
20th-century
American
slang
,
contrasting
with
the
earlier
slang
use
of
‘
bent
’.
adjective
attracted
to
people
of
the
opposite
sex
;
heterosexual
•
He
said
he
was
straight
,
so
she
knew
he
liked
women
.
He
said
he
was
straight
,
so
she
knew
he
liked
women
.
•
The
survey
asked
whether
participants
were
gay
,
straight
,
or
bisexual
.
The
survey
asked
whether
participants
were
gay
,
straight
,
or
bisexual
.
noun
in
card
games
,
especially
poker
,
a
hand
of
five
cards
in
sequence
,
not
all
of
the
same
suit
•
Jake
won
the
pot
with
a
straight
from
five
to
nine
.
Jake
won
the
pot
with
a
straight
from
five
to
nine
.
•
A
flush
beats
a
straight
in
most
poker
games
.
A
flush
beats
a
straight
in
most
poker
games
.
From
the
idea
of
cards
forming
a
straight
,
continuous
sequence
.
obtain
verb
to
get
something
you
need
or
want
,
usually
by
working
for
it
,
asking
for
it
,
or
following
a
process
•
Maria
filled
out
the
forms
to
obtain
a
library
card
.
Maria
filled
out
the
forms
to
obtain
a
library
card
.
•
You
can
obtain
free
brochures
at
the
tourist
office
.
You
can
obtain
free
brochures
at
the
tourist
office
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
obtenir
,
from
Latin
obtinēre
‘
to
hold
,
maintain
,
get
’,
from
ob-
‘
towards
’
+
tenere
‘
to
hold
’.
verb
to
exist
or
be
in
force
;
to
be
the
usual
condition
(
formal
)
•
The
rule
still
obtains
in
many
small
towns
.
The
rule
still
obtains
in
many
small
towns
.
•
Such
traditions
no
longer
obtain
in
modern
society
.
Such
traditions
no
longer
obtain
in
modern
society
.
pair
noun
two
matching
or
related
things
that
are
designed
to
be
used
together
•
I
can't
find
the
other
sock
;
this
pair
is
incomplete
.
I
can't
find
the
other
sock
;
this
pair
is
incomplete
.
•
He
bought
a
new
pair
of
glasses
yesterday
.
He
bought
a
new
pair
of
glasses
yesterday
.
From
Middle
English
paire
,
from
Old
French
paire
,
from
Latin
par
‘
equal
,
matched
’.
noun
two
people
or
animals
that
are
together
for
a
particular
activity
or
relationship
•
The
ice-skating
pair
performed
a
flawless
routine
.
The
ice-skating
pair
performed
a
flawless
routine
.
•
A
pair
of
horses
pulled
the
farmer's
wagon
across
the
field
.
A
pair
of
horses
pulled
the
farmer's
wagon
across
the
field
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
,
extended
to
people
and
animals
in
14th
century
.
verb
to
put
two
people
or
things
together
so
they
work
,
look
,
or
function
well
together
•
The
teacher
paired
students
with
partners
for
the
science
project
.
The
teacher
paired
students
with
partners
for
the
science
project
.
•
Red
wine
is
often
paired
with
steak
.
Red
wine
is
often
paired
with
steak
.
Verb
use
comes
from
the
noun
in
late
Middle
English
,
meaning
‘
to
form
a
set
of
two
’.
noun
in
mathematics
or
computing
,
an
ordered
set
of
two
related
numbers
or
objects
considered
together
•
In
the
coordinate
(
3
,
5
),
the
first
number
of
the
pair
shows
the
x-position
.
In
the
coordinate
(
3
,
5
),
the
first
number
of
the
pair
shows
the
x-position
.
•
Each
key-value
pair
in
the
database
represents
one
piece
of
information
.
Each
key-value
pair
in
the
database
represents
one
piece
of
information
.
Adopted
into
mathematical
language
in
the
19th
century
to
describe
two
linked
quantities
.
train
noun
a
long
set
of
connected
carriages
or
wagons
that
runs
on
rails
and
carries
passengers
or
goods
•
The
train
to
Paris
departs
from
platform
3
.
The
train
to
Paris
departs
from
platform
3
.
•
We
missed
our
train
and
had
to
wait
an
hour
.
We
missed
our
train
and
had
to
wait
an
hour
.
From
Old
French
traîner
“
to
drag
,
pull
”,
from
Latin
trahere
“
to
draw
,
pull
”.
The
sense
of
a
line
of
connected
wagons
developed
in
the
early
19th
century
with
the
spread
of
rail
transport
.
noun
a
set
of
connected
carriages
or
wagons
that
move
on
metal
tracks
to
carry
people
or
goods
from
one
place
to
another
•
We
ran
to
catch
the
train
before
the
doors
closed
.
We
ran
to
catch
the
train
before
the
doors
closed
.
•
The
old
steam
train
puffed
clouds
of
smoke
as
it
left
the
village
station
.
The
old
steam
train
puffed
clouds
of
smoke
as
it
left
the
village
station
.
from
Old
French
‘
train
’
meaning
drag
or
draw
,
originally
referring
to
something
that
is
pulled
verb
to
teach
or
practise
skills
so
that
someone
or
an
animal
becomes
able
to
do
something
well
•
The
coach
trained
the
team
hard
before
the
big
match
.
The
coach
trained
the
team
hard
before
the
big
match
.
•
I
have
been
training
for
a
marathon
all
summer
.
I
have
been
training
for
a
marathon
all
summer
.
noun
the
long
back
part
of
a
formal
dress
that
trails
on
the
ground
behind
the
wearer
•
The
bride
carefully
held
the
lace
train
of
her
gown
.
The
bride
carefully
held
the
lace
train
of
her
gown
.
•
Two
little
girls
carried
the
princess's
silk
train
.
Two
little
girls
carried
the
princess's
silk
train
.
verb
-
train
,
training
,
trains
,
trained
to
teach
or
practise
regularly
so
that
you
,
another
person
,
or
an
animal
becomes
skilled
at
something
•
Lena
trains
for
the
marathon
by
running
every
dawn
.
Lena
trains
for
the
marathon
by
running
every
dawn
.
•
The
zookeeper
trained
the
seal
to
clap
its
flippers
.
The
zookeeper
trained
the
seal
to
clap
its
flippers
.
extension
of
the
earlier
sense
‘
drag
,
draw
’
→
‘
draw
out
instruction
over
time
’
verb
to
point
or
aim
a
camera
,
gun
,
light
,
or
similar
object
at
someone
or
something
•
The
cameraman
trained
his
lens
on
the
speeding
car
.
The
cameraman
trained
his
lens
on
the
speeding
car
.
•
Soldiers
train
their
rifles
toward
the
distant
hill
.
Soldiers
train
their
rifles
toward
the
distant
hill
.
noun
a
connected
series
of
people
,
things
,
or
ideas
moving
or
happening
one
after
the
other
•
A
loud
noise
interrupted
my
train
of
thought
.
A
loud
noise
interrupted
my
train
of
thought
.
•
The
historian
followed
a
train
of
events
leading
to
the
war
.
The
historian
followed
a
train
of
events
leading
to
the
war
.
noun
the
long
back
part
of
a
dress
or
robe
that
trails
along
the
floor
behind
the
person
wearing
it
•
The
bride's
silk
train
flowed
behind
her
as
she
walked
down
the
aisle
.
The
bride's
silk
train
flowed
behind
her
as
she
walked
down
the
aisle
.
•
A
girl
carefully
lifted
her
costume's
train
so
it
wouldn't
drag
on
the
wet
ground
.
A
girl
carefully
lifted
her
costume's
train
so
it
wouldn't
drag
on
the
wet
ground
.
derives
from
the
idea
of
cloth
that
is
‘
drawn
’
or
‘
dragged
’
along
behind
verb
-
train
,
training
,
trains
,
trained
to
point
or
direct
a
camera
,
light
,
weapon
,
or
other
device
steadily
at
something
•
The
cameraman
trained
his
lens
on
the
soaring
eagle
.
The
cameraman
trained
his
lens
on
the
soaring
eagle
.
•
Guards
train
their
searchlights
on
the
dark
courtyard
.
Guards
train
their
searchlights
on
the
dark
courtyard
.
extended
sense
‘
cause
something
to
follow
a
straight
line
toward
a
target
’
noun
a
series
of
people
,
animals
,
events
,
or
thoughts
that
follow
one
after
another
in
an
orderly
line
or
sequence
•
A
sudden
sneeze
broke
my
train
of
thought
during
the
test
.
A
sudden
sneeze
broke
my
train
of
thought
during
the
test
.
•
One
bad
decision
set
off
a
train
of
events
that
changed
history
.
One
bad
decision
set
off
a
train
of
events
that
changed
history
.
figurative
use
from
older
sense
‘
thing
drawn
along
’,
later
‘
things
following
each
other
’
verb
-
train
,
training
,
trains
,
trained
to
guide
a
plant
as
it
grows
so
it
follows
a
chosen
direction
or
shape
•
Grandpa
trains
his
grape
vines
along
the
wooden
fence
.
Grandpa
trains
his
grape
vines
along
the
wooden
fence
.
•
The
gardener
trained
the
rose
bush
into
a
neat
arch
.
The
gardener
trained
the
rose
bush
into
a
neat
arch
.
based
on
original
meaning
‘
draw
along
’,
later
‘
draw
a
plant
along
a
support
’
email
noun
a
message
sent
electronically
from
one
computer
or
device
to
another
over
the
internet
.
•
I
received
an
email
from
my
grandmother
with
old
family
photos
.
I
received
an
email
from
my
grandmother
with
old
family
photos
.
•
The
teacher
sent
a
reminder
email
about
the
homework
deadline
.
The
teacher
sent
a
reminder
email
about
the
homework
deadline
.
Formed
from
the
words
"
electronic
"
and
"
mail
"
in
the
early
1970s
as
computer
networks
allowed
messages
to
be
delivered
between
users
.
noun
-
email
the
system
or
method
of
sending
messages
electronically
over
the
internet
.
•
Email
has
replaced
most
handwritten
letters
in
daily
communication
.
Email
has
replaced
most
handwritten
letters
in
daily
communication
.
•
Because
the
village
had
no
internet
,
email
was
impossible
there
.
Because
the
village
had
no
internet
,
email
was
impossible
there
.
verb
-
email
,
emailing
,
emails
,
emailed
to
send
a
message
to
someone
using
email
.
•
Please
email
me
the
report
before
noon
.
Please
email
me
the
report
before
noon
.
•
She
emailed
the
wedding
invitations
to
all
her
friends
.
She
emailed
the
wedding
invitations
to
all
her
friends
.
rain
noun
Water
that
falls
from
clouds
in
the
form
of
tiny
liquid
drops
.
•
Heavy
rain
soaked
the
city's
streets
all
afternoon
.
Heavy
rain
soaked
the
city's
streets
all
afternoon
.
•
Farmers
welcomed
the
gentle
rain
after
weeks
of
drought
.
Farmers
welcomed
the
gentle
rain
after
weeks
of
drought
.
Old
English
"
regn
"
or
"
ren
",
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
"
regen
"
and
German
"
Regen
".
verb
-
rain
,
raining
,
rains
,
rained
For
water
to
fall
from
the
sky
as
rain
.
•
It
rained
all
night
,
filling
the
rivers
.
It
rained
all
night
,
filling
the
rivers
.
•
If
it
rains
tomorrow
,
we'll
cancel
the
picnic
.
If
it
rains
tomorrow
,
we'll
cancel
the
picnic
.
From
Old
English
"
regnian
",
related
to
the
noun
form
"
rain
".
chairman
noun
-
chairman
,
chairmen
the
person
who
leads
or
is
in
charge
of
a
meeting
,
committee
,
or
organization
•
The
chairman
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o'clock
.
The
chairman
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o'clock
.
•
After
years
on
the
board
,
she
became
the
chairman
of
the
company
.
After
years
on
the
board
,
she
became
the
chairman
of
the
company
.
From
chair
+
man
;
originally
referred
to
the
person
who
presided
over
a
meeting
while
literally
sitting
in
the
chair
at
the
head
of
the
table
.
noun
-
chairman
,
chairmen
(
historical
)
a
man
whose
job
was
to
carry
people
in
a
covered
chair
through
the
streets
•
In
18th-century
London
,
a
chairman
waited
outside
the
theatre
to
carry
wealthy
patrons
home
.
In
18th-century
London
,
a
chairman
waited
outside
the
theatre
to
carry
wealthy
patrons
home
.
•
The
novel
described
how
the
exhausted
chairman
struggled
up
the
cobblestone
hill
.
The
novel
described
how
the
exhausted
chairman
struggled
up
the
cobblestone
hill
.
In
the
17th–19th
centuries
,
sedan
chairs
were
a
common
means
of
transport
in
European
cities
;
the
men
who
carried
them
were
called
“
chairmen
.”
complain
verb
-
complain
,
complaining
,
complains
,
complained
to
say
that
you
are
unhappy
,
dissatisfied
,
or
annoyed
about
something
•
The
food
was
cold
,
so
the
customer
complained
to
the
waiter
.
The
food
was
cold
,
so
the
customer
complained
to
the
waiter
.
•
My
little
brother
often
complains
when
he
has
to
tidy
his
room
.
My
little
brother
often
complains
when
he
has
to
tidy
his
room
.
verb
-
complain
,
complaining
,
complains
,
complained
to
make
an
official
or
legal
statement
saying
that
someone
has
behaved
wrongly
or
that
something
is
not
acceptable
•
The
neighbors
complained
to
the
city
council
about
the
loud
construction
noise
.
The
neighbors
complained
to
the
city
council
about
the
loud
construction
noise
.
•
If
the
package
arrives
damaged
,
you
can
complain
to
the
delivery
company
.
If
the
package
arrives
damaged
,
you
can
complain
to
the
delivery
company
.
paint
noun
-
paint
a
coloured
liquid
or
paste
that
you
spread
on
a
surface
or
use
for
making
pictures
,
which
dries
to
form
a
thin
colored
layer
•
The
old
fence
needs
a
fresh
coat
of
paint
.
The
old
fence
needs
a
fresh
coat
of
paint
.
•
The
artist
squeezed
red
paint
onto
her
palette
.
The
artist
squeezed
red
paint
onto
her
palette
.
From
Middle
English
“
peynten
”,
from
Old
French
“
peint
” (
painted
),
from
Latin
“
pingere
”
meaning
“
to
decorate
or
draw
”.
verb
to
cover
a
surface
with
paint
•
This
weekend
,
we
will
paint
the
kitchen
walls
white
.
This
weekend
,
we
will
paint
the
kitchen
walls
white
.
•
He
carefully
painted
the
door
to
hide
the
scratches
.
He
carefully
painted
the
door
to
hide
the
scratches
.
verb
to
create
a
picture
using
paint
•
She
loves
to
paint
landscapes
in
her
spare
time
.
She
loves
to
paint
landscapes
in
her
spare
time
.
•
The
child
proudly
painted
a
rainbow
for
the
classroom
wall
.
The
child
proudly
painted
a
rainbow
for
the
classroom
wall
.
aid
noun
help
or
support
that
you
give
or
receive
so
that
a
person
can
do
something
more
easily
or
successfully
.
•
After
her
fall
,
the
old
woman
called
a
neighbor
for
aid
.
After
her
fall
,
the
old
woman
called
a
neighbor
for
aid
.
•
Learning
a
few
basic
phrases
in
the
local
language
was
a
real
aid
during
my
trip
.
Learning
a
few
basic
phrases
in
the
local
language
was
a
real
aid
during
my
trip
.
From
Old
French
aide
,
from
Latin
adiūtum
,
past
participle
of
adiuvāre
“
to
help
.”
noun
money
,
food
,
medicine
,
or
equipment
that
governments
or
organizations
send
to
people
after
wars
,
disasters
,
or
in
poverty
to
help
them
survive
and
rebuild
.
•
The
charity
delivered
medical
aid
to
villages
hit
by
the
flood
.
The
charity
delivered
medical
aid
to
villages
hit
by
the
flood
.
•
Many
countries
promised
economic
aid
after
the
earthquake
.
Many
countries
promised
economic
aid
after
the
earthquake
.
noun
a
tool
,
device
,
or
material
that
makes
a
task
easier
or
helps
someone
overcome
a
difficulty
.
•
My
grandfather
can
hear
clearly
now
that
he
wears
a
hearing aid
.
My
grandfather
can
hear
clearly
now
that
he
wears
a
hearing aid
.
•
Flashcards
are
a
useful
study aid
for
learning
vocabulary
.
Flashcards
are
a
useful
study aid
for
learning
vocabulary
.
verb
to
help
or
support
someone
so
that
they
can
do
something
more
easily
or
successfully
.
•
Volunteers
came
to
aid
the
firefighters
in
putting
out
the
blaze
.
Volunteers
came
to
aid
the
firefighters
in
putting
out
the
blaze
.
•
A
good
night's
sleep
will
aid
your
recovery
from
the
flu
.
A
good
night's
sleep
will
aid
your
recovery
from
the
flu
.
verb
to
make
something
happen
more
quickly
or
easily
;
to
promote
or
facilitate
a
process
.
•
Drinking
plenty
of
water
aids
digestion
.
Drinking
plenty
of
water
aids
digestion
.
•
Regular
exercise
aids
the
body
in
reducing
stress
levels
.
Regular
exercise
aids
the
body
in
reducing
stress
levels
.
chain
noun
a
series
of
metal
rings
or
links
connected
together
,
often
used
for
fastening
,
pulling
,
or
securing
things
•
The
guard
locked
the
gate
with
a
heavy
chain
.
The
guard
locked
the
gate
with
a
heavy
chain
.
•
We
used
a
long
chain
to
pull
the
stuck
car
out
of
the
mud
.
We
used
a
long
chain
to
pull
the
stuck
car
out
of
the
mud
.
From
Old
French
chaine
,
from
Latin
catena
meaning
‘
link
,
fetter
’.
noun
a
piece
of
jewellery
made
of
small
linked
metal
rings
worn
around
the
neck
or
wrist
•
She
received
a
gold
chain
for
her
birthday
.
She
received
a
gold
chain
for
her
birthday
.
•
The
rapper
wore
a
thick
diamond-studded
chain
on
stage
.
The
rapper
wore
a
thick
diamond-studded
chain
on
stage
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
but
specialised
for
personal
adornment
.
noun
a
group
of
shops
,
hotels
,
or
restaurants
owned
by
the
same
company
and
sharing
the
same
name
•
The
fast-food
chain
opened
ten
new
branches
this
year
.
The
fast-food
chain
opened
ten
new
branches
this
year
.
•
She
manages
a
hotel
chain
with
properties
worldwide
.
She
manages
a
hotel
chain
with
properties
worldwide
.
Extension
of
Sense
1
,
referring
metaphorically
to
a
linked
set
of
businesses
.
verb
to
fasten
,
connect
,
or
restrain
someone
or
something
using
a
chain
•
They
chained
the
bikes
to
the
rack
before
going
inside
.
They
chained
the
bikes
to
the
rack
before
going
inside
.
•
The
dog
was
cruelly
chained
to
a
post
all
day
.
The
dog
was
cruelly
chained
to
a
post
all
day
.
Verb
use
recorded
since
Middle
English
,
directly
from
the
noun
.
noun
a
connected
series
of
events
or
things
,
where
each
one
leads
to
the
next
•
One
small
mistake
set
off
a
chain
of
accidents
on
the
highway
.
One
small
mistake
set
off
a
chain
of
accidents
on
the
highway
.
•
Their
research
revealed
a
long
chain
of
historical
events
leading
to
the
revolution
.
Their
research
revealed
a
long
chain
of
historical
events
leading
to
the
revolution
.
Metaphorical
sense
dating
from
the
16th
century
,
likening
linked
events
to
linked
metal
rings
.
airport
noun
a
place
where
airplanes
take
off
and
land
,
with
runways
and
buildings
for
passengers
and
cargo
•
We
arrived
at
the
airport
two
hours
before
our
flight
.
We
arrived
at
the
airport
two
hours
before
our
flight
.
•
Thunder
rumbled
as
a
plane
touched
down
at
the
rainy
airport
.
Thunder
rumbled
as
a
plane
touched
down
at
the
rainy
airport
.
From
air
+
port
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
20th
century
when
commercial
aviation
began
.
AirPort
noun
Apple
’
s
trademarked
line
of
Wi-Fi
base
stations
and
networking
cards
used
to
connect
computers
and
devices
to
wireless
networks
•
The
old
iMac
still
connects
to
the
internet
through
an
AirPort
base
station
.
The
old
iMac
still
connects
to
the
internet
through
an
AirPort
base
station
.
•
She
replaced
her
aging
AirPort
router
with
a
newer
mesh
system
for
faster
speeds
.
She
replaced
her
aging
AirPort
router
with
a
newer
mesh
system
for
faster
speeds
.
Introduced
by
Apple
in
1999
as
a
consumer-friendly
brand
name
for
IEEE
802
.
11b
wireless
networking
products
.
trail
noun
a
rough
track
or
pathway
,
especially
through
the
countryside
,
forest
,
or
mountains
,
that
people
or
animals
follow
.
•
The
hikers
followed
the
narrow
trail
up
the
mountain
to
reach
the
lake
.
The
hikers
followed
the
narrow
trail
up
the
mountain
to
reach
the
lake
.
•
A
well-marked
trail
runs
behind
the
campsite
and
loops
back
after
three
miles
.
A
well-marked
trail
runs
behind
the
campsite
and
loops
back
after
three
miles
.
From
Middle
English
traille
,
from
Old
French
trailler
“
to
tow
,
drag
,”
from
Vulgar
Latin
*tragulare
,
frequentative
of
Latin
trahere
“
to
pull
.”
noun
a
series
of
signs
,
marks
,
smells
,
or
clues
that
someone
or
something
leaves
behind
as
it
moves
.
•
The
detectives
followed
a
muddy
trail
of
footprints
to
the
back
door
.
The
detectives
followed
a
muddy
trail
of
footprints
to
the
back
door
.
•
The
ants
formed
a
living
trail
from
the
sugar
bowl
to
their
nest
.
The
ants
formed
a
living
trail
from
the
sugar
bowl
to
their
nest
.
noun
a
long
thin
line
or
stream
left
behind
by
a
moving
object
,
such
as
smoke
,
vapor
,
or
light
.
•
The
plane
left
a
white
trail
of
vapor
across
the
clear
blue
sky
.
The
plane
left
a
white
trail
of
vapor
across
the
clear
blue
sky
.
•
A
glowing
trail
of
sparks
followed
the
firework
as
it
arced
overhead
.
A
glowing
trail
of
sparks
followed
the
firework
as
it
arced
overhead
.
verb
-
trail
,
trailing
,
trails
,
trailed
to
pull
or
let
something
hang
so
that
it
drags
along
the
ground
behind
you
.
•
She
trailed
her
scarf
in
the
snow
without
noticing
.
She
trailed
her
scarf
in
the
snow
without
noticing
.
•
The
little
boy
trailed
his
toy
truck
by
a
string
across
the
yard
.
The
little
boy
trailed
his
toy
truck
by
a
string
across
the
yard
.
verb
-
trail
,
trailing
,
trails
,
trailed
to
move
slowly
or
fall
behind
others
because
you
are
tired
or
slower
.
•
The
children
trailed
behind
their
teacher
during
the
museum
tour
.
The
children
trailed
behind
their
teacher
during
the
museum
tour
.
•
I
started
to
trail
after
the
fourth
mile
of
the
race
.
I
started
to
trail
after
the
fourth
mile
of
the
race
.
verb
-
trail
,
trailing
,
trails
,
trailed
to
be
behind
an
opponent
in
points
,
votes
,
or
progress
.
•
Our
team
trailed
by
two
goals
at
halftime
.
Our
team
trailed
by
two
goals
at
halftime
.
•
The
candidate
still
trails
her
rival
in
the
latest
polls
.
The
candidate
still
trails
her
rival
in
the
latest
polls
.
noun
a
record
or
sequence
of
evidence
that
shows
what
someone
has
done
or
how
something
happened
,
especially
in
documents
or
data
.
•
The
email
trail
revealed
who
had
approved
the
payment
.
The
email
trail
revealed
who
had
approved
the
payment
.
•
Hackers
tried
to
erase
their
digital
trail
,
but
the
security
team
found
it
.
Hackers
tried
to
erase
their
digital
trail
,
but
the
security
team
found
it
.
verb
-
trail
,
trailing
,
trails
,
trailed
to
grow
or
hang
downward
or
over
a
surface
in
a
loose
line
.
•
Ivy
trailed
down
the
old
brick
wall
.
Ivy
trailed
down
the
old
brick
wall
.
•
Her
long
hair
trailed
over
her
shoulders
.
Her
long
hair
trailed
over
her
shoulders
.
verb
-
trail
,
trailing
,
trails
,
trailed
to
secretly
follow
someone
in
order
to
find
out
where
they
go
or
what
they
do
.
•
The
private
detective
trailed
the
suspect
for
three
days
.
The
private
detective
trailed
the
suspect
for
three
days
.
•
Journalists
trailed
the
famous
actor
through
the
airport
.
Journalists
trailed
the
famous
actor
through
the
airport
.
e-mail
noun
a
message
that
is
written
,
sent
,
and
received
electronically
over
the
internet
•
I
check
my
e-mail
every
morning
before
work
.
I
check
my
e-mail
every
morning
before
work
.
•
She
sent
me
an
e-mail
with
the
meeting
agenda
.
She
sent
me
an
e-mail
with
the
meeting
agenda
.
Shortened
form
of
electronic
mail
,
first
used
in
the
early
1980s
as
computer
networks
became
widespread
.
verb
to
send
something
,
such
as
a
message
or
file
,
to
someone
by
electronic
mail
•
Could
you
e-mail
me
the
file
by
noon
?
Could
you
e-mail
me
the
file
by
noon
?
•
She
e-mailed
her
application
to
the
university
last
night
.
She
e-mailed
her
application
to
the
university
last
night
.
Derived
from
the
noun
"
e-mail
",
with
the
first
recorded
verb
usage
appearing
in
the
late
1980s
.
aim
verb
to
point
a
weapon
,
camera
,
or
other
object
so
that
it
is
directed
toward
a
target
•
The
hunter
carefully
aimed
his
rifle
at
the
distant
deer
.
The
hunter
carefully
aimed
his
rifle
at
the
distant
deer
.
•
You
must
aim
the
garden
hose
higher
to
reach
the
hanging
plants
.
You
must
aim
the
garden
hose
higher
to
reach
the
hanging
plants
.
From
Old
French
aimer
“
to
direct
toward
”,
from
Latin
aestimāre
“
to
estimate
,
value
”.
noun
a
goal
or
purpose
that
someone
wants
to
achieve
•
Her
main
aim
is
to
become
a
doctor
.
Her
main
aim
is
to
become
a
doctor
.
•
The
project
has
two
aims
:
saving
energy
and
reducing
costs
.
The
project
has
two
aims
:
saving
energy
and
reducing
costs
.
verb
to
plan
or
intend
to
achieve
something
•
The
company
aims
to
open
five
new
stores
this
year
.
The
company
aims
to
open
five
new
stores
this
year
.
•
We
aim
to
finish
our
homework
before
dinner
.
We
aim
to
finish
our
homework
before
dinner
.
noun
-
aim
the
act
or
skill
of
pointing
something
accurately
at
a
target
•
The
archer
’
s
aim
was
perfect
;
every
arrow
hit
the
center
.
The
archer
’
s
aim
was
perfect
;
every
arrow
hit
the
center
.
•
Improving
your
aim
takes
patience
and
practice
.
Improving
your
aim
takes
patience
and
practice
.
verb
to
direct
a
message
,
product
,
or
action
toward
a
particular
person
or
group
•
The
advertisement
is
aimed
at
young
adults
.
The
advertisement
is
aimed
at
young
adults
.
•
Her
joke
was
aimed
at
the
politicians
in
the
audience
.
Her
joke
was
aimed
at
the
politicians
in
the
audience
.
complaint
noun
an
expression
,
spoken
or
written
,
that
shows
you
are
not
satisfied
with
something
or
think
something
is
wrong
•
The
waiter
apologized
after
hearing
the
customer
’
s
complaint
about
the
undercooked
steak
.
The
waiter
apologized
after
hearing
the
customer
’
s
complaint
about
the
undercooked
steak
.
•
Lucy
wrote
an
email
of
complaint
to
the
airline
after
her
suitcase
was
damaged
.
Lucy
wrote
an
email
of
complaint
to
the
airline
after
her
suitcase
was
damaged
.
From
Old
French
complainte
,
from
Latin
plangere
“
to
lament
”.
noun
a
minor
illness
or
medical
condition
,
especially
when
not
named
specifically
•
The
doctor
asked
if
Emma
had
any
chest
complaints
such
as
pain
or
tightness
.
The
doctor
asked
if
Emma
had
any
chest
complaints
such
as
pain
or
tightness
.
•
He
stayed
home
from
school
with
a
stomach
complaint
and
a
mild
fever
.
He
stayed
home
from
school
with
a
stomach
complaint
and
a
mild
fever
.
Use
for
bodily
ailments
dates
back
to
the
17th
century
,
when
patients
would
‘
complain
of
’
pains
.
noun
a
formal
legal
document
that
starts
a
lawsuit
and
states
the
claims
against
the
defendant
•
The
attorney
filed
a
complaint
in
federal
court
alleging
copyright
infringement
.
The
attorney
filed
a
complaint
in
federal
court
alleging
copyright
infringement
.
•
After
reviewing
the
complaint
,
the
judge
scheduled
a
preliminary
hearing
.
After
reviewing
the
complaint
,
the
judge
scheduled
a
preliminary
hearing
.
Sense
developed
in
English
law
by
the
late
14th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
stating
a
grievance
to
a
formal
written
claim
.
jail
noun
a
building
or
place
where
people
are
kept
as
punishment
for
minor
crimes
or
while
they
wait
for
their
trial
•
After
the
police
caught
him
,
the
thief
spent
a
night
in
jail
.
After
the
police
caught
him
,
the
thief
spent
a
night
in
jail
.
•
She
volunteers
at
the
local
jail
to
teach
inmates
how
to
read
.
She
volunteers
at
the
local
jail
to
teach
inmates
how
to
read
.
From
Middle
English
jaile
,
from
Old
French
jaiole/gaiole
,
from
Latin
caveola
“
small
cage
.”
verb
to
put
someone
in
jail
;
to
imprison
•
The
court
decided
to
jail
the
smuggler
for
five
years
.
The
court
decided
to
jail
the
smuggler
for
five
years
.
•
Authorities
jailed
the
protest
leader
overnight
.
Authorities
jailed
the
protest
leader
overnight
.
Derived
from
the
noun
“
jail
,”
used
as
a
verb
since
the
17th
century
.
noun
(
computing
)
an
isolated
,
restricted
user-space
environment
used
to
run
software
securely
on
FreeBSD
and
some
other
Unix-like
systems
•
The
system
administrator
created
a
new
security
jail
for
the
web
server
.
The
system
administrator
created
a
new
security
jail
for
the
web
server
.
•
Each
application
runs
in
its
own
jail
to
prevent
attacks
.
Each
application
runs
in
its
own
jail
to
prevent
attacks
.
Adopted
metaphorically
from
the
physical
sense
of
“
jail
,”
highlighting
the
idea
of
confinement
and
isolation
in
computing
security
.
entertainment
noun
activities
such
as
games
,
movies
,
or
music
that
make
people
enjoy
themselves
•
Streaming
movies
has
become
a
popular
form
of
entertainment
on
weekends
.
Streaming
movies
has
become
a
popular
form
of
entertainment
on
weekends
.
•
The
cruise
ship
offers
live
music
and
games
for
passengers'
entertainment
.
The
cruise
ship
offers
live
music
and
games
for
passengers'
entertainment
.
From
entertain
+
-ment
;
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
noun
a
performance
,
show
,
or
event
that
people
watch
for
enjoyment
•
Tonight
’
s
entertainment
is
a
magic
show
in
the
main
hall
.
Tonight
’
s
entertainment
is
a
magic
show
in
the
main
hall
.
•
The
festival
promises
street
entertainments
like
juggling
and
fire
dancing
.
The
festival
promises
street
entertainments
like
juggling
and
fire
dancing
.
noun
-
entertainment
the
act
of
welcoming
and
providing
food
,
drink
,
or
lodging
to
guests
•
The
lord
offered
lavish
entertainment
to
visiting
nobles
.
The
lord
offered
lavish
entertainment
to
visiting
nobles
.
•
In
the
18th
century
,
grand
houses
competed
in
the
scale
of
their
entertainment
of
guests
.
In
the
18th
century
,
grand
houses
competed
in
the
scale
of
their
entertainment
of
guests
.
fairly
adverb
to
a
moderate
or
reasonable
degree
;
quite
but
not
extremely
•
The
water
was
fairly
warm
,
so
we
decided
to
swim
.
The
water
was
fairly
warm
,
so
we
decided
to
swim
.
•
She
speaks
Spanish
fairly
well
after
living
in
Madrid
.
She
speaks
Spanish
fairly
well
after
living
in
Madrid
.
adverb
in
a
way
that
is
fair
,
honest
,
and
without
favoritism
or
cheating
•
The
referee
tried
to
judge
the
match
fairly
.
The
referee
tried
to
judge
the
match
fairly
.
•
Everyone
should
be
paid
fairly
for
their
work
.
Everyone
should
be
paid
fairly
for
their
work
.
remaining
adjective
still
left
after
other
parts
or
items
have
been
removed
,
used
,
or
dealt
with
.
•
Please
divide
the
remaining
cake
equally
among
the
guests
.
Please
divide
the
remaining
cake
equally
among
the
guests
.
•
The
captain
gathered
the
remaining
players
for
a
quick
pep
talk
.
The
captain
gathered
the
remaining
players
for
a
quick
pep
talk
.
mail
noun
-
mail
letters
and
packages
that
are
delivered
by
a
postal
service
•
The
mail
arrived
at
our
house
every
morning
at
nine
.
The
mail
arrived
at
our
house
every
morning
at
nine
.
•
I
found
a
birthday
card
for
you
in
the
mail
today
.
I
found
a
birthday
card
for
you
in
the
mail
today
.
Middle
English
,
from
Anglo-Norman
‘
male
’
meaning
‘
bag
’
and
later
‘
letters
carried
in
a
bag
’.
verb
to
send
a
letter
or
package
through
the
postal
service
•
I
will
mail
the
package
tomorrow
morning
.
I
will
mail
the
package
tomorrow
morning
.
•
She
mailed
her
grandparents
a
postcard
from
Rome
.
She
mailed
her
grandparents
a
postcard
from
Rome
.
From
the
noun
'mail'
;
first
used
as
a
verb
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
-
mail
messages
sent
electronically
from
one
computer
or
phone
to
another
;
email
•
Check
your
mail
—
I
just
sent
the
report
.
Check
your
mail
—
I
just
sent
the
report
.
•
Her
phone
beeped
when
new
mail
arrived
.
Her
phone
beeped
when
new
mail
arrived
.
Shortened
form
of
'electronic
mail'
,
first
used
in
the
1970s
with
early
computer
networks
.
noun
-
mail
protective
armor
made
of
many
small
metal
rings
linked
together
,
worn
in
the
past
•
The
knight's
mail
glimmered
under
the
torchlight
.
The
knight's
mail
glimmered
under
the
torchlight
.
•
Chain
mail
protected
soldiers
from
sword
cuts
.
Chain
mail
protected
soldiers
from
sword
cuts
.
Old
French
‘
maille
’
meaning
‘
mesh
of
rings
’,
from
Latin
‘
macula
’,
literally
‘
spot
,
mesh
’.
airline
noun
a
company
that
operates
regular
flights
carrying
passengers
or
goods
•
We
booked
our
tickets
on
a
budget
airline
for
the
trip
to
Rome
.
We
booked
our
tickets
on
a
budget
airline
for
the
trip
to
Rome
.
•
The
airline
canceled
the
flight
due
to
heavy
snow
.
The
airline
canceled
the
flight
due
to
heavy
snow
.
early
20th
century
:
from
air
+
line
,
on
the
model
of
railway
;
originally
meaning
‘
air
route
’,
later
‘
company
that
flies
such
routes
’.
noun
a
hose
,
tube
,
or
pipe
that
carries
compressed
air
from
a
supply
to
where
it
is
used
•
Make
sure
the
airline
is
connected
firmly
to
the
compressor
.
Make
sure
the
airline
is
connected
firmly
to
the
compressor
.
•
A
cracked
airline
can
cause
the
air
brakes
to
fail
.
A
cracked
airline
can
cause
the
air
brakes
to
fail
.
mid
20th
century
:
from
air
+
line
,
describing
a
conduit
for
moving
air
.
aids
noun
things
such
as
tools
,
equipment
,
or
materials
that
make
a
task
easier
or
help
someone
learn
or
do
something
•
The
teacher
used
picture
aids
to
explain
the
science
lesson
.
The
teacher
used
picture
aids
to
explain
the
science
lesson
.
•
Grandpa
’
s
new
hearing
aids
let
him
enjoy
family
conversations
again
.
Grandpa
’
s
new
hearing
aids
let
him
enjoy
family
conversations
again
.
Plural
of
aid
,
from
Old
French
aide
“
help
”,
from
Latin
adiutare
“
to
help
”.
verb
-
aid
,
aiding
,
aids
,
aided
gives
help
or
support
to
someone
or
something
•
Drinking
plenty
of
water
aids
digestion
.
Drinking
plenty
of
water
aids
digestion
.
•
Regular
exercise
aids
the
recovery
of
injured
muscles
.
Regular
exercise
aids
the
recovery
of
injured
muscles
.
From
Old
French
aider
“
to
help
”,
from
Latin
adiutare
,
frequentative
of
adiuvare
“
help
”.
retain
verb
to
keep
something
so
that
it
continues
to
belong
to
you
or
stays
where
it
is
,
without
giving
it
away
or
losing
it
•
Even
after
downsizing
,
the
company
managed
to
retain
most
of
its
staff
.
Even
after
downsizing
,
the
company
managed
to
retain
most
of
its
staff
.
•
She
decided
to
retain
her
old
phone
as
a
backup
in
case
the
new
one
broke
.
She
decided
to
retain
her
old
phone
as
a
backup
in
case
the
new
one
broke
.
From
Latin
retinēre
“
to
hold
back
”,
from
re-
“
back
”
+
tenēre
“
to
hold
”.
verb
to
keep
something
in
a
particular
condition
,
stopping
it
from
escaping
,
disappearing
,
or
being
lost
•
Thick
curtains
help
a
house
retain
heat
during
the
winter
.
Thick
curtains
help
a
house
retain
heat
during
the
winter
.
•
Clay
pots
retain
moisture
longer
than
plastic
ones
.
Clay
pots
retain
moisture
longer
than
plastic
ones
.
verb
to
continue
to
have
information
or
memories
in
your
mind
•
I
find
it
hard
to
retain
vocabulary
without
daily
practice
.
I
find
it
hard
to
retain
vocabulary
without
daily
practice
.
•
Students
retain
more
facts
when
they
teach
them
to
others
.
Students
retain
more
facts
when
they
teach
them
to
others
.
verb
to
pay
and
keep
someone
,
especially
a
professional
like
a
lawyer
or
consultant
,
so
that
they
will
work
for
you
when
needed
•
The
company
decided
to
retain
a
lawyer
to
handle
the
lawsuit
.
The
company
decided
to
retain
a
lawyer
to
handle
the
lawsuit
.
•
They
retained
a
consultant
to
improve
their
marketing
strategy
.
They
retained
a
consultant
to
improve
their
marketing
strategy
.
mainly
adverb
for
the
most
part
;
mostly
;
chiefly
•
The
audience
was
mainly
composed
of
college
students
.
The
audience
was
mainly
composed
of
college
students
.
•
We
grow
vegetables
mainly
for
our
own
use
.
We
grow
vegetables
mainly
for
our
own
use
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
“
main
”
meaning
“
principal
”
+
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
”,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
domain
noun
a
particular
field
of
activity
,
knowledge
,
or
interest
•
The
new
software
engineer
quickly
adapted
to
the
cybersecurity
domain
.
The
new
software
engineer
quickly
adapted
to
the
cybersecurity
domain
.
•
Though
I
studied
biology
,
economics
is
outside
my
domain
of
expertise
.
Though
I
studied
biology
,
economics
is
outside
my
domain
of
expertise
.
Borrowed
into
Middle
English
from
Old
French
domaine
“
lord
’
s
estate
,”
ultimately
from
Latin
dominium
“
ownership
,
property
.”
noun
land
or
property
that
someone
owns
or
controls
•
The
vast
forest
became
part
of
the
king
’
s
domain
after
the
treaty
.
The
vast
forest
became
part
of
the
king
’
s
domain
after
the
treaty
.
•
The
estate
agent
showed
us
every
corner
of
the
noble
family
’
s
domain
.
The
estate
agent
showed
us
every
corner
of
the
noble
family
’
s
domain
.
noun
a
unique
address
on
the
internet
that
identifies
a
website
or
email
destination
•
We
bought
a
short
domain
to
make
the
website
easier
to
remember
.
We
bought
a
short
domain
to
make
the
website
easier
to
remember
.
•
The
company
’
s
email
addresses
all
share
the
same
domain
.
The
company
’
s
email
addresses
all
share
the
same
domain
.
noun
in
mathematics
,
the
complete
set
of
possible
input
values
for
which
a
function
is
defined
•
For
the
function
f
(
x
)
=√x
,
the
domain
includes
all
non-negative
real
numbers
.
For
the
function
f
(
x
)
=√x
,
the
domain
includes
all
non-negative
real
numbers
.
•
You
must
state
the
domain
before
graphing
the
equation
.
You
must
state
the
domain
before
graphing
the
equation
.
tail
noun
the
long
piece
that
sticks
out
from
the
back
of
an
animal
’
s
body
,
which
it
can
move
•
The
puppy
wagged
its
tail
excitedly
when
it
saw
its
owner
.
The
puppy
wagged
its
tail
excitedly
when
it
saw
its
owner
.
•
The
peacock
opened
its
feathers
and
spread
its
colorful
tail
in
a
wide
fan
.
The
peacock
opened
its
feathers
and
spread
its
colorful
tail
in
a
wide
fan
.
Old
English
tægl
,
related
to
German
Zügel
"
bridle
"
and
Old
Norse
tagl
"
horse
’
s
tail
."
noun
the
thin
end
part
that
follows
behind
something
long
or
fast-moving
,
like
a
comet
,
kite
,
or
airplane
•
A
bright
comet
streaked
across
the
sky
,
leaving
a
glowing
tail
behind
it
.
A
bright
comet
streaked
across
the
sky
,
leaving
a
glowing
tail
behind
it
.
•
The
kite
’
s
red
ribbon
tail
danced
wildly
in
the
strong
wind
.
The
kite
’
s
red
ribbon
tail
danced
wildly
in
the
strong
wind
.
noun
the
last
position
or
end
of
a
line
,
group
,
or
process
•
We
joined
the
tail
of
the
queue
outside
the
cinema
.
We
joined
the
tail
of
the
queue
outside
the
cinema
.
•
The
slow
runner
finished
at
the
tail
of
the
race
but
still
smiled
proudly
.
The
slow
runner
finished
at
the
tail
of
the
race
but
still
smiled
proudly
.
verb
-
tail
,
tailing
,
tails
,
tailed
to
follow
someone
closely
and
secretly
to
watch
where
they
go
•
The
detective
tailed
the
suspect
through
the
crowded
market
.
The
detective
tailed
the
suspect
through
the
crowded
market
.
•
She
noticed
a
strange
car
tailing
her
on
the
highway
and
decided
to
exit
early
.
She
noticed
a
strange
car
tailing
her
on
the
highway
and
decided
to
exit
early
.
detailed
adjective
containing
many
small
facts
or
parts
so
that
something
is
explained
clearly
and
thoroughly
.
•
The
report
gave
a
detailed
breakdown
of
the
company
’
s
costs
.
The
report
gave
a
detailed
breakdown
of
the
company
’
s
costs
.
•
The
museum
guide
offered
a
detailed
explanation
of
the
painting
’
s
symbolism
.
The
museum
guide
offered
a
detailed
explanation
of
the
painting
’
s
symbolism
.
Adjective
use
from
the
verb
form
of
“
detail
,”
first
recorded
in
the
late
18th
century
.
verb
-
detail
,
detailing
,
details
,
detailed
past
tense
and
past
participle
of
detail
:
to
describe
or
list
something
thoroughly
and
specifically
.
•
The
journalist
detailed
the
events
of
the
accident
in
her
article
.
The
journalist
detailed
the
events
of
the
accident
in
her
article
.
•
The
teacher
detailed
the
homework
instructions
on
the
board
.
The
teacher
detailed
the
homework
instructions
on
the
board
.
From
French
“
détailler
”
meaning
“
cut
in
pieces
”
or
“
itemize
,”
entering
English
in
the
17th
century
.
stair
noun
one
individual
step
in
a
set
of
stairs
•
She
missed
a
stair
and
nearly
fell
.
She
missed
a
stair
and
nearly
fell
.
•
Each
wooden
stair
creaked
under
his
weight
.
Each
wooden
stair
creaked
under
his
weight
.
From
Old
English
“
stæger
,”
meaning
a
ladder
or
flight
of
steps
.
noun
a
set
of
steps
inside
or
outside
a
building
that
people
use
to
go
up
or
down
,
usually
referred
to
in
the
plural
as
“
stairs
.”
•
Take
the
stairs
if
the
elevator
is
crowded
.
Take
the
stairs
if
the
elevator
is
crowded
.
•
His
office
is
up
two
flights
of
stairs
.
His
office
is
up
two
flights
of
stairs
.
Same
origin
as
the
singular
sense
,
descended
from
Old
English
“
stæger
.”
aircraft
noun
-
aircraft
a
vehicle
that
can
fly
through
the
air
,
such
as
an
airplane
,
helicopter
,
or
drone
•
The
cargo
aircraft
landed
safely
despite
heavy
rain
.
The
cargo
aircraft
landed
safely
despite
heavy
rain
.
•
Engineers
presented
a
model
of
a
new
electric
aircraft
at
the
tech
expo
.
Engineers
presented
a
model
of
a
new
electric
aircraft
at
the
tech
expo
.
early
20th
century
,
formed
from
air
+
craft
,
modeled
on
seacraft
plain
adjective
-
plain
,
plainer
,
plainest
having
no
decoration
,
pattern
,
or
extra
detail
;
simple
in
appearance
•
She
wore
a
plain
white
T-shirt
to
the
picnic
.
She
wore
a
plain
white
T-shirt
to
the
picnic
.
•
The
living-room
walls
were
left
plain
so
they
could
add
artwork
later
.
The
living-room
walls
were
left
plain
so
they
could
add
artwork
later
.
From
Old
French
"
plain
",
from
Latin
"
planus
"
meaning
“
flat
,
level
,
clear
”.
adjective
-
plain
,
plainer
,
plainest
without
added
flavor
or
extras
;
basic
or
unseasoned
•
He
ordered
a
bowl
of
plain
rice
.
He
ordered
a
bowl
of
plain
rice
.
•
Do
you
want
your
bagel
plain
or
with
cream
cheese
?
Do
you
want
your
bagel
plain
or
with
cream
cheese
?
Applied
to
food
since
the
18th
century
,
meaning
“
not
mixed
or
seasoned
”.
noun
a
large
,
flat
area
of
land
with
few
trees
•
Wild
horses
galloped
across
the
plain
at
sunset
.
Wild
horses
galloped
across
the
plain
at
sunset
.
•
The
settlers
built
their
cabins
on
the
open
plain
.
The
settlers
built
their
cabins
on
the
open
plain
.
From
Latin
"
planus
"
meaning
“
flat
”.
Geographic
sense
recorded
since
the
14th
century
.
adjective
-
plain
,
plainer
,
plainest
easy
to
understand
;
stated
clearly
•
The
guidebook
is
written
in
plain
language
.
The
guidebook
is
written
in
plain
language
.
•
Let
me
make
it
plain
:
the
museum
closes
at
five
.
Let
me
make
it
plain
:
the
museum
closes
at
five
.
Sense
extended
from
“
flat
,
even
”
to
“
straightforward
,
clear
”
in
Middle
English
.
adjective
-
plain
,
plainer
,
plainest
(
of
a
person
’
s
appearance
)
not
beautiful
or
striking
•
She
felt
plain
beside
her
glamorous
sister
.
She
felt
plain
beside
her
glamorous
sister
.
•
The
hero
believed
he
was
too
plain
to
impress
the
princess
.
The
hero
believed
he
was
too
plain
to
impress
the
princess
.
Used
to
describe
appearance
since
the
17th
century
,
from
idea
of
“
simple
,
without
embellishment
”.
adverb
completely
or
obviously
(
informal
)
•
The
answer
is
plain
wrong
.
The
answer
is
plain
wrong
.
•
I
plain
forgot
your
birthday
—
I'm
so
sorry
!
I
plain
forgot
your
birthday
—
I'm
so
sorry
!
Adverbial
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
from
the
adjective
meaning
“
clear
or
obvious
”.
portrait
noun
a
picture
,
such
as
a
painting
,
drawing
,
or
photograph
,
that
shows
what
a
person
looks
like
,
usually
focusing
on
the
face
and
shoulders
•
In
the
art
gallery
,
a
young
woman
gazed
at
a
centuries-old
portrait
of
a
queen
.
In
the
art
gallery
,
a
young
woman
gazed
at
a
centuries-old
portrait
of
a
queen
.
•
A
street
artist
sketched
my
portrait
in
charcoal
while
tourists
watched
.
A
street
artist
sketched
my
portrait
in
charcoal
while
tourists
watched
.
Late
14th
c
.
from
Old
French
“
portraire
”
meaning
“
to
depict
.”
Initially
referred
to
painted
likenesses
,
later
expanding
to
photographs
.
noun
a
detailed
written
or
spoken
description
of
a
person
,
place
,
or
situation
•
The
biography
offers
a
vivid
portrait
of
the
scientist
’
s
early
life
.
The
biography
offers
a
vivid
portrait
of
the
scientist
’
s
early
life
.
•
The
documentary
painted
a
bleak
portrait
of
life
during
the
war
.
The
documentary
painted
a
bleak
portrait
of
life
during
the
war
.
Transferred
sense
from
visual
depiction
to
verbal
depiction
began
in
the
17th
c
.,
keeping
the
idea
of
capturing
a
likeness
.
noun
-
portrait
page
or
screen
orientation
that
is
taller
than
it
is
wide
•
Before
printing
,
set
the
document
to
portrait
instead
of
landscape
.
Before
printing
,
set
the
document
to
portrait
instead
of
landscape
.
•
The
smartphone
automatically
switches
to
portrait
when
held
upright
.
The
smartphone
automatically
switches
to
portrait
when
held
upright
.
Adopted
in
printing
and
computing
in
the
late
20th
c
.,
comparing
the
tall
page
layout
to
a
traditional
painted
portrait
.
maintenance
noun
-
maintenance
the
regular
work
or
care
needed
to
keep
a
building
,
machine
,
or
system
in
good
condition
and
working
properly
•
The
janitor
performs
maintenance
on
the
elevators
every
month
.
The
janitor
performs
maintenance
on
the
elevators
every
month
.
•
Without
regular
maintenance
,
the
garden
fountain
quickly
filled
with
algae
.
Without
regular
maintenance
,
the
garden
fountain
quickly
filled
with
algae
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
‘
maintenance
’,
from
maintenir
‘
to
maintain
’.
noun
-
maintenance
the
money
someone
is
legally
required
to
pay
,
usually
after
a
divorce
,
to
support
a
former
spouse
or
child
•
After
the
divorce
,
he
paid
monthly
maintenance
to
help
support
his
children
.
After
the
divorce
,
he
paid
monthly
maintenance
to
help
support
his
children
.
•
Failure
to
provide
court-ordered
maintenance
can
lead
to
legal
penalties
.
Failure
to
provide
court-ordered
maintenance
can
lead
to
legal
penalties
.
Sense
of
‘
financial
support
’
developed
in
18th-century
legal
usage
,
extending
the
idea
of
sustaining
someone
’
s
living
.
painful
adjective
causing
or
involving
physical
pain
•
He
avoided
using
his
painful
arm
after
the
fall
.
He
avoided
using
his
painful
arm
after
the
fall
.
•
The
dentist
warned
that
the
procedure
might
be
painful
for
a
few
minutes
.
The
dentist
warned
that
the
procedure
might
be
painful
for
a
few
minutes
.
adjective
making
you
feel
emotional
discomfort
,
embarrassment
,
or
great
difficulty
•
Talking
about
the
accident
is
still
painful
for
him
.
Talking
about
the
accident
is
still
painful
for
him
.
•
There
was
a
long
,
painful
silence
after
her
joke
fell
flat
.
There
was
a
long
,
painful
silence
after
her
joke
fell
flat
.
mainstream
adjective
typical
of
,
or
accepted
by
,
most
people
in
society
•
She
prefers
mainstream
fashion
sold
in
big
shopping
malls
.
She
prefers
mainstream
fashion
sold
in
big
shopping
malls
.
•
Most
people
get
their
news
from
mainstream
television
channels
.
Most
people
get
their
news
from
mainstream
television
channels
.
noun
the
ideas
,
activities
,
or
tastes
that
are
accepted
by
the
largest
group
of
people
at
a
particular
time
•
While
indie
films
often
take
risks
,
Hollywood
blockbusters
usually
aim
for
the
mainstream
.
While
indie
films
often
take
risks
,
Hollywood
blockbusters
usually
aim
for
the
mainstream
.
•
K-pop
used
to
be
niche
,
but
it
has
now
entered
the
global
mainstream
.
K-pop
used
to
be
niche
,
but
it
has
now
entered
the
global
mainstream
.
From
main
(“
principal
”)
+
stream
(“
current
,
direction
of
flow
”),
first
used
metaphorically
in
the
19th
century
for
the
dominant
course
of
opinion
.
verb
to
cause
someone
or
something
to
become
accepted
as
normal
,
especially
by
integrating
it
into
the
dominant
group
or
system
•
The
school
aims
to
mainstream
students
with
disabilities
into
regular
classrooms
.
The
school
aims
to
mainstream
students
with
disabilities
into
regular
classrooms
.
•
Streaming
services
helped
mainstream
independent
films
that
once
struggled
for
theater
space
.
Streaming
services
helped
mainstream
independent
films
that
once
struggled
for
theater
space
.
sustain
verb
to
keep
something
going
or
continue
it
for
a
period
of
time
•
The
small
fire
was
enough
to
sustain
warmth
in
the
cabin
through
the
night
.
The
small
fire
was
enough
to
sustain
warmth
in
the
cabin
through
the
night
.
•
His
curiosity
sustains
his
passion
for
science
experiments
.
His
curiosity
sustains
his
passion
for
science
experiments
.
From
Old
French
sustenir
,
from
Latin
sustinere
“
hold
up
,
keep
in
being
,”
from
sub
“
from
below
”
+
tenere
“
to
hold
.”
verb
to
experience
something
bad
,
especially
an
injury
,
damage
,
or
loss
•
The
cyclist
sustained
a
broken
arm
after
slipping
on
the
wet
road
.
The
cyclist
sustained
a
broken
arm
after
slipping
on
the
wet
road
.
•
Several
buildings
sustained
damage
during
the
storm
.
Several
buildings
sustained
damage
during
the
storm
.
verb
to
hold
something
up
and
prevent
it
from
falling
•
The
bridge
pillars
sustain
the
weight
of
thousands
of
cars
each
day
.
The
bridge
pillars
sustain
the
weight
of
thousands
of
cars
each
day
.
•
This
flimsy
shelf
cannot
sustain
so
many
books
.
This
flimsy
shelf
cannot
sustain
so
many
books
.
noun
the
part
of
a
musical
note
or
sound
that
is
held
at
a
constant
level
after
it
starts
•
The
guitarist
loved
the
long
sustain
of
his
new
electric
guitar
.
The
guitarist
loved
the
long
sustain
of
his
new
electric
guitar
.
•
Turning
up
the
pedal
increased
the
piano
’
s
sustain
.
Turning
up
the
pedal
increased
the
piano
’
s
sustain
.
verb
in
a
court
,
for
a
judge
to
agree
that
a
lawyer
’
s
objection
is
valid
•
When
the
defense
objected
,
the
judge
said
, "
Objection
sustained
."
When
the
defense
objected
,
the
judge
said
, "
Objection
sustained
."
•
The
prosecutor
’
s
question
was
not
allowed
after
the
judge
sustained
the
objection
.
The
prosecutor
’
s
question
was
not
allowed
after
the
judge
sustained
the
objection
.
grain
noun
-
grain
,
graining
,
grains
,
grained
,
grainy
,
grainier
,
grainiest
a
single
small
hard
seed
of
a
cereal
plant
such
as
wheat
,
rice
,
or
corn
•
The
farmer
held
a
single
grain
of
wheat
between
his
fingers
.
The
farmer
held
a
single
grain
of
wheat
between
his
fingers
.
•
She
scattered
grains
of
rice
on
the
patio
for
the
doves
.
She
scattered
grains
of
rice
on
the
patio
for
the
doves
.
Old
French
‘
grain
’ “
seed
,
grain
,”
from
Latin
‘
granum
’ “
seed
,
kernel
.”
noun
a
very
small
hard
piece
of
a
substance
such
as
sand
,
salt
,
or
sugar
•
He
brushed
a
single
grain
of
sand
from
his
camera
lens
.
He
brushed
a
single
grain
of
sand
from
his
camera
lens
.
•
The
cook
felt
that
just
one
more
grain
of
salt
would
make
the
soup
perfect
.
The
cook
felt
that
just
one
more
grain
of
salt
would
make
the
soup
perfect
.
noun
-
grain
cereal
crops
or
food
made
from
them
considered
collectively
,
especially
as
a
staple
food
•
Many
countries
store
surplus
grain
in
huge
silos
.
Many
countries
store
surplus
grain
in
huge
silos
.
•
The
bakery
only
buys
organic
grain
for
its
bread
.
The
bakery
only
buys
organic
grain
for
its
bread
.
noun
a
very
small
amount
of
something
,
often
used
with
abstract
nouns
like
truth
,
hope
,
or
wisdom
•
There
is
not
a
grain of truth
in
that
story
.
There
is
not
a
grain of truth
in
that
story
.
•
He
felt
a
grain
of
hope
when
the
phone
finally
rang
.
He
felt
a
grain
of
hope
when
the
phone
finally
rang
.
noun
-
grain
the
natural
lines
or
direction
of
fibers
in
wood
,
fabric
,
or
another
material
,
which
shows
its
texture
and
how
it
should
be
cut
or
used
•
Always
sand
in
the
direction
of
the
grain
to
avoid
scratches
.
Always
sand
in
the
direction
of
the
grain
to
avoid
scratches
.
•
The
oak
table
showed
a
beautiful
swirling
grain
.
The
oak
table
showed
a
beautiful
swirling
grain
.
noun
a
unit
of
weight
equal
to
about
0
.
0648
grams
,
formerly
used
in
measuring
medicines
,
bullets
,
and
precious
metals
•
The
bullet
weighs
124
grains
,
making
it
suitable
for
target
shooting
.
The
bullet
weighs
124
grains
,
making
it
suitable
for
target
shooting
.
•
Old
pharmaceutical
recipes
listed
doses
in
grains
rather
than
milligrams
.
Old
pharmaceutical
recipes
listed
doses
in
grains
rather
than
milligrams
.
rail
noun
a
horizontal
or
vertical
bar
that
acts
as
a
fence
,
barrier
,
or
handhold
•
The
child
clutched
the
hand
rail
while
climbing
the
stairs
.
The
child
clutched
the
hand
rail
while
climbing
the
stairs
.
•
He
leaned
on
the
wooden
rail
and
watched
the
river
flow
past
.
He
leaned
on
the
wooden
rail
and
watched
the
river
flow
past
.
From
Middle
English
reil
,
related
to
the
idea
of
a
straight
bar
.
noun
a
long
,
strong
bar
of
steel
that
forms
part
of
the
track
trains
run
on
•
The
train
screeched
as
it
glided
along
the
shiny
rail
.
The
train
screeched
as
it
glided
along
the
shiny
rail
.
•
Engineers
replaced
several
worn
rails
on
the
bridge
before
reopening
the
line
.
Engineers
replaced
several
worn
rails
on
the
bridge
before
reopening
the
line
.
From
Old
French
rail
,
from
Latin
regula
meaning
a
straight
bar
or
rule
.
noun
-
rail
the
system
of
trains
and
the
tracks
they
run
on
,
used
as
a
way
of
transport
•
It
is
cheaper
to
send
the
packages
by
rail
than
by
truck
.
It
is
cheaper
to
send
the
packages
by
rail
than
by
truck
.
•
The
family
travelled
across
the
country
on
rail
,
enjoying
the
scenery
.
The
family
travelled
across
the
country
on
rail
,
enjoying
the
scenery
.
Developed
from
the
use
of
steel
rails
for
trains
in
the
early
19th
century
.
verb
-
rail
,
railing
,
rails
,
railed
to
speak
or
complain
angrily
and
loudly
,
especially
against
something
•
Protesters
gathered
to
rail
against
the
new
tax
law
.
Protesters
gathered
to
rail against
the
new
tax
law
.
•
Online
commenters
continued
to
rail
at
the
decision
long
after
the
meeting
ended
.
Online
commenters
continued
to
rail
at
the
decision
long
after
the
meeting
ended
.
From
Old
French
railler
meaning
to
tease
or
mock
,
later
shifting
to
angry
complaint
.
noun
a
shy
marsh
bird
with
a
slender
body
and
long
toes
,
belonging
to
the
Rallidae
family
•
We
spotted
a
clapper
rail
skulking
in
the
marsh
grasses
.
We
spotted
a
clapper
rail
skulking
in
the
marsh
grasses
.
•
The
shy
rail
darted
into
the
reeds
before
anyone
could
take
a
photo
.
The
shy
rail
darted
into
the
reeds
before
anyone
could
take
a
photo
.
Name
linked
to
Old
French
raelle
,
a
water
bird
.
praise
noun
-
praise
words
that
say
someone
or
something
is
good
or
has
done
well
.
•
The
teacher
’
s
praise
made
Maya
feel
proud
of
her
project
.
The
teacher
’
s
praise
made
Maya
feel
proud
of
her
project
.
•
After
months
of
practice
,
the
choir
received
high
praise
from
the
audience
.
After
months
of
practice
,
the
choir
received
high
praise
from
the
audience
.
From
Old
French
‘
preisier
’ (
to
prize
,
value
),
from
Latin
‘
pretiare
’ (
to
value
).
verb
-
praise
,
praising
,
praises
,
praised
to
say
good
things
about
someone
or
something
because
you
think
they
are
good
or
did
well
.
•
The
coach
praised
the
team
for
its
hard
work
after
the
match
.
The
coach
praised
the
team
for
its
hard
work
after
the
match
.
•
Reporters
praise
the
film
for
its
stunning
visuals
.
Reporters
praise
the
film
for
its
stunning
visuals
.
From
Old
French
‘
preisier
’,
from
Latin
‘
pretiare
’,
meaning
‘
to
value
’.
verb
-
praise
,
praising
,
praises
,
praised
to
show
respect
and
thanks
to
a
god
,
especially
by
singing
or
praying
.
•
Worshippers
gathered
to
praise
during
the
sunrise
service
.
Worshippers
gathered
to
praise
during
the
sunrise
service
.
•
They
sang
hymns
to
praise
their
deity
.
They
sang
hymns
to
praise
their
deity
.
Religious
sense
developed
in
Middle
English
from
earlier
general
sense
‘
to
commend
’.
trait
noun
a
particular
quality
or
characteristic
that
someone
has
in
their
personality
•
Generosity
is
a
trait
admired
by
many
people
.
Generosity
is
a
trait
admired
by
many
people
.
•
His
most
noticeable
trait
is
his
cheerful
smile
.
His
most
noticeable
trait
is
his
cheerful
smile
.
Borrowed
from
French
trait
“
line
,
feature
,”
from
Latin
tractus
“
a
drawing
out
,
line
.”
The
sense
of
“
characteristic
quality
”
arose
in
English
in
the
18th
century
.
noun
a
distinguishing
feature
of
a
plant
,
animal
,
or
thing
,
often
determined
by
genetics
•
Eye
color
is
a
genetic
trait
passed
down
from
parents
.
Eye
color
is
a
genetic
trait
passed
down
from
parents
.
•
Fast
growth
is
a
desirable
trait
in
farm
crops
.
Fast
growth
is
a
desirable
trait
in
farm
crops
.
noun
(
archaic
)
a
single
line
or
stroke
in
a
drawing
or
piece
of
writing
•
With
a
quick
trait
,
the
artist
sketched
the
mountain
’
s
outline
.
With
a
quick
trait
,
the
artist
sketched
the
mountain
’
s
outline
.
•
Each
delicate
trait
on
the
map
was
drawn
with
ink
.
Each
delicate
trait
on
the
map
was
drawn
with
ink
.
retail
noun
-
retail
the
business
of
selling
goods
directly
to
the
public
for
their
personal
use
•
Ella
got
her
first
job
in
retail
at
a
small
clothing
boutique
.
Ella
got
her
first
job
in
retail
at
a
small
clothing
boutique
.
•
The
report
shows
that
online
retail
has
grown
rapidly
this
year
.
The
report
shows
that
online
retail
has
grown
rapidly
this
year
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Anglo-French
"
retaillier
"
meaning
"
cut
again
,
cut
into
pieces
",
referring
to
selling
goods
in
small
lots
.
verb
to
sell
goods
directly
to
the
public
,
usually
in
small
quantities
•
The
farmer
’
s
market
retails
fresh
fruit
every
Saturday
morning
.
The
farmer
’
s
market
retails
fresh
fruit
every
Saturday
morning
.
•
That
company
retails
its
shoes
both
online
and
in
flagship
stores
.
That
company
retails
its
shoes
both
online
and
in
flagship
stores
.
adjective
describing
a
price
or
product
intended
for
sale
to
the
public
rather
than
to
other
businesses
•
The
retail
price
of
the
laptop
is
higher
than
the
wholesale
cost
.
The
retail
price
of
the
laptop
is
higher
than
the
wholesale
cost
.
•
She
works
as
a
buyer
for
a
large
retail
chain
.
She
works
as
a
buyer
for
a
large
retail
chain
.
adverb
in
the
form
of
selling
goods
directly
to
the
public
•
The
shoes
sell
retail
for
around
$80
.
The
shoes
sell
retail
for
around
$80
.
•
Factories
produce
goods
in
bulk
,
which
are
then
sold
retail
in
shops
.
Factories
produce
goods
in
bulk
,
which
are
then
sold
retail
in
shops
.
verb
to
repeat
or
relate
details
of
something
,
especially
gossip
or
stories
•
The
old
sailor
loved
to
retail
tales
of
storms
and
sea
monsters
.
The
old
sailor
loved
to
retail
tales
of
storms
and
sea
monsters
.
•
She
retailed
every
detail
of
the
scandal
to
her
curious
friends
.
She
retailed
every
detail
of
the
scandal
to
her
curious
friends
.
nail
noun
the
hard
,
flat
covering
that
grows
at
the
ends
of
your
fingers
and
toes
•
Maya
painted
the
nail
on
her
thumb
bright
red
.
Maya
painted
the
nail
on
her
thumb
bright
red
.
•
The
doctor
told
Josh
to
trim
each
nail
straight
across
to
avoid
pain
.
The
doctor
told
Josh
to
trim
each
nail
straight
across
to
avoid
pain
.
Old
English
nægel
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*naglas
,
related
to
German
Nagel
and
Dutch
nagel
.
noun
a
small
,
thin
metal
spike
with
a
flat
head
,
used
to
fasten
pieces
of
wood
or
other
material
together
•
Ben
held
the
wooden
boards
together
while
Ana
hammered
a
nail
through
them
.
Ben
held
the
wooden
boards
together
while
Ana
hammered
a
nail
through
them
.
•
The
construction
site
ran
out
of
5-centimeter
nails
and
had
to
pause
work
.
The
construction
site
ran
out
of
5-centimeter
nails
and
had
to
pause
work
.
Old
English
nægel
“
metal
pin
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*naglas
,
same
root
as
the
body-part
sense
.
verb
to
fasten
something
using
nails
•
They
nailed
the
loose
shelf
back
onto
the
wall
.
They
nailed
the
loose
shelf
back
onto
the
wall
.
•
The
stage
crew
nails
wooden
planks
together
before
every
performance
.
The
stage
crew
nails
wooden
planks
together
before
every
performance
.
verb
informal
:
to
succeed
in
doing
something
exactly
right
or
very
well
•
Grace
nailed
her
speech
and
the
audience
cheered
.
Grace
nailed
her
speech
and
the
audience
cheered
.
•
The
gymnast
nailed
the
landing
after
a
difficult
flip
.
The
gymnast
nailed
the
landing
after
a
difficult
flip
.
verb
informal
:
to
catch
or
prove
someone
guilty
,
especially
of
a
crime
or
wrongdoing
•
Police
finally
nailed
the
burglar
after
weeks
of
investigation
.
Police
finally
nailed
the
burglar
after
weeks
of
investigation
.
•
The
reporter
nailed
the
politician
with
evidence
of
false
claims
.
The
reporter
nailed
the
politician
with
evidence
of
false
claims
.