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π
actually
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
true
or
real
,
especially
when
the
truth
is
surprising
or
different
from
what
someone
thought
before
β’
The
movie
was
actually
better
than
I
expected
.
The
movie
was
actually
better
than
I
expected
.
β’
She
looks
young
,
but
she
is
actually
over
forty
.
She
looks
young
,
but
she
is
actually
over
forty
.
From
Middle
English
β
actual
+
-ly
β,
ultimately
from
Latin
β
actuΔlis
β
meaning
β
active
,
practical
β.
adverb
used
at
the
beginning
or
end
of
a
statement
to
politely
correct
,
contradict
,
or
add
new
information
β’
Actually
,
the
meeting
starts
at
nine
,
not
ten
.
Actually
,
the
meeting
starts
at
nine
,
not
ten
.
β’
Thanks
,
but
I
β
ve
actually
already
eaten
.
Thanks
,
but
I
β
ve
actually
already
eaten
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
with
discourse-marker
use
developing
in
the
late
19th
century
.
fact
noun
something
that
is
known
or
proven
to
be
true
β’
It
is
a
well-known
fact
that
water
boils
at
100
Β°C
at
sea
level
.
It
is
a
well-known
fact
that
water
boils
at
100
Β°C
at
sea
level
.
β’
The
museum
guide
stated
the
historical
fact
that
the
castle
was
built
in
the
12th
century
.
The
museum
guide
stated
the
historical
fact
that
the
castle
was
built
in
the
12th
century
.
From
Latin
factum
β
a
thing
done
,β
from
facere
β
to
do
,
make
.β
The
sense
shifted
in
English
from
β
deed
β
to
β
something
known
to
be
true
β
in
the
16thβ17th
centuries
.
noun
a
piece
of
accurate
information
or
detail
about
something
β’
The
reporter
gathered
all
the
facts
before
publishing
the
story
.
The
reporter
gathered
all
the
facts
before
publishing
the
story
.
β’
Know
the
facts
about
healthy
eating
before
starting
a
diet
.
Know
the
facts
about
healthy
eating
before
starting
a
diet
.
Same
historical
root
as
the
main
sense
,
from
Latin
factum
;
plural
use
for
collections
of
information
became
common
in
the
19th
century
.
expect
verb
to
believe
that
something
will
probably
happen
or
be
true
β’
I
expect
the
bus
to
arrive
any
minute
.
I
expect
the
bus
to
arrive
any
minute
.
β’
Scientists
expect
that
the
new
drug
will
save
many
lives
.
Scientists
expect
that
the
new
drug
will
save
many
lives
.
From
Latin
β
expectare
β
meaning
β
to
look
out
for
β.
verb
to
think
that
someone
should
do
something
because
it
is
normal
or
required
β’
Parents
expect
their
children
to
be
polite
.
Parents
expect
their
children
to
be
polite
.
β’
The
company
expects
high
performance
from
all
its
employees
.
The
company
expects
high
performance
from
all
its
employees
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
Latin
β
expectare
β.
The
idea
of
β
looking
for
β
developed
into
β
requiring
β.
verb
(
usually
progressive
)
to
be
pregnant
β’
They
β
re
expecting
their
first
baby
in
July
.
They
β
re
expecting
their
first
baby
in
July
.
β’
Maria
proudly
told
her
parents
she
was
expecting
.
Maria
proudly
told
her
parents
she
was
expecting
.
Sense
arose
in
the
late
18th
century
from
β
expecting
the
birth
of
a
child
β.
effect
noun
a
change
,
result
,
or
consequence
that
happens
because
something
else
happens
first
β’
The
medicine
took
effect
within
an
hour
and
the
pain
eased
.
The
medicine
took
effect
within
an
hour
and
the
pain
eased
.
β’
New
safety
rules
had
a
positive
effect
on
the
factory
β
s
accident
rate
.
New
safety
rules
had
a
positive
effect
on
the
factory
β
s
accident
rate
.
From
Latin
effectus
β
accomplishment
,
result
,β
from
efficere
β
to
accomplish
.β
noun
the
impression
or
feeling
that
something
produces
on
a
person
β’
The
lighting
created
a
dramatic
effect
on
the
stage
.
The
lighting
created
a
dramatic
effect
on
the
stage
.
β’
Her
speech
had
a
powerful
effect
on
the
audience
,
moving
many
to
tears
.
Her
speech
had
a
powerful
effect
on
the
audience
,
moving
many
to
tears
.
noun
a
visual
or
sound
device
used
in
films
,
theater
,
or
recordings
to
create
an
imagined
scene
or
atmosphere
β’
The
explosion
effect
in
the
movie
looked
incredibly
real
.
The
explosion
effect
in
the
movie
looked
incredibly
real
.
β’
They
added
a
rain
effect
on
stage
to
make
the
scene
more
convincing
.
They
added
a
rain
effect
on
stage
to
make
the
scene
more
convincing
.
verb
-
effect
,
effecting
,
effects
,
effected
to
make
something
happen
;
to
bring
about
or
cause
β’
The
new
CEO
hopes
to
effect
major
changes
in
company
culture
.
The
new
CEO
hopes
to
effect
major
changes
in
company
culture
.
β’
The
peace
treaty
finally
effected
an
end
to
the
decade-long
conflict
.
The
peace
treaty
finally
effected
an
end
to
the
decade-long
conflict
.
project
noun
an
organized
piece
of
work
with
a
clear
goal
that
needs
planning
and
effort
,
often
done
by
a
person
or
a
group
within
a
set
time
β’
The
team
finished
the
science
project
two
days
early
.
The
team
finished
the
science
project
two
days
early
.
β’
Our
class
will
start
a
gardening
project
next
week
.
Our
class
will
start
a
gardening
project
next
week
.
From
Latin
prΕiectum
,
past
participle
of
prΕicere
β
to
throw
forward
β,
later
used
for
a
plan
or
design
.
verb
to
make
light
,
pictures
,
or
words
appear
on
a
surface
such
as
a
wall
or
screen
β’
They
projected
the
movie
onto
a
white
sheet
in
the
backyard
.
They
projected
the
movie
onto
a
white
sheet
in
the
backyard
.
β’
The
teacher
projects
the
lesson
slides
onto
the
smart
board
.
The
teacher
projects
the
lesson
slides
onto
the
smart
board
.
From
Latin
prΕicere
β
throw
forward
β,
later
used
for
casting
light
forward
.
noun
(
usually
plural
:
the
projects
)
a
group
of
government-owned
apartment
buildings
where
low-income
families
live
β’
Maria
grew
up
in
the
projects
on
the
south
side
of
the
city
.
Maria
grew
up
in
the
projects
on
the
south
side
of
the
city
.
β’
The
city
plans
to
renovate
the
oldest
project
to
make
it
safer
.
The
city
plans
to
renovate
the
oldest
project
to
make
it
safer
.
Sense
developed
in
20th-century
United
States
from
β
housing
project
,β
meaning
a
planned
public-housing
development
.
verb
to
estimate
or
calculate
what
something
will
be
in
the
future
based
on
information
you
have
now
β’
Economists
project
that
inflation
will
fall
next
year
.
Economists
project
that
inflation
will
fall
next
year
.
β’
Global
sales
are
projected
to
grow
by
15
percent
.
Global
sales
are
projected
to
grow
by
15
percent
.
Extended
from
the
sense
of
throwing
forward
to
the
idea
of
throwing
numbers
or
ideas
forward
into
the
future
.
verb
to
stick
out
beyond
the
surface
or
line
of
something
else
β’
A
wooden
balcony
projects
over
the
lake
.
A
wooden
balcony
projects
over
the
lake
.
β’
Sharp
rocks
projected
from
the
cliff
face
.
Sharp
rocks
projected
from
the
cliff
face
.
From
Latin
prΕiectus
,
past
participle
of
prΕicere
β
to
throw
forward
β,
keeping
the
sense
of
something
thrown
out
beyond
a
surface
.
action
noun
the
process
of
doing
something
rather
than
just
thinking
or
talking
about
it
β’
We
need
less
talk
and
more
action
if
we
want
to
finish
on
time
.
We
need
less
talk
and
more
action
if
we
want
to
finish
on
time
.
β’
Watching
the
puppies
tumble
over
each
other
was
nonstop
action
.
Watching
the
puppies
tumble
over
each
other
was
nonstop
action
.
From
Latin
actiΕ
meaning
"
a
doing
,
performing
".
practice
noun
repeated
activity
or
exercise
done
to
improve
a
skill
β’
Maya
spends
an
hour
in
practice
every
evening
to
improve
her
violin
skills
.
Maya
spends
an
hour
in
practice
every
evening
to
improve
her
violin
skills
.
β’
Regular
practice
helped
him
learn
English
faster
.
Regular
practice
helped
him
learn
English
faster
.
From
Old
French
β
practique
β,
from
Latin
β
prΔctica
β
meaning
β
practical
application
β,
ultimately
from
Greek
β
praktikos
β (β
fit
for
action
β).
verb
-
practice
,
practicing
,
practices
,
practiced
to
do
an
activity
again
and
again
so
that
you
become
better
at
it
β’
Before
the
recital
,
he
needs
to
practice
the
piano
.
Before
the
recital
,
he
needs
to
practice
the
piano
.
β’
The
basketball
team
will
practice
for
two
hours
after
school
.
The
basketball
team
will
practice
for
two
hours
after
school
.
noun
a
business
or
workplace
where
a
professional
such
as
a
doctor
,
lawyer
,
or
accountant
serves
clients
β’
Dr
.
Lee
opened
a
medical
practice
in
the
city
center
.
Dr
.
Lee
opened
a
medical
practice
in
the
city
center
.
β’
After
five
years
at
a
big
firm
,
she
started
her
own
law
practice
.
After
five
years
at
a
big
firm
,
she
started
her
own
law
practice
.
noun
a
usual
or
accepted
way
of
doing
something
;
a
habit
or
custom
β’
It
is
common
practice
to
greet
guests
with
a
smile
.
It
is
common
practice
to
greet
guests
with
a
smile
.
β’
Leaving
shoes
at
the
door
is
a
practice
in
many
homes
.
Leaving
shoes
at
the
door
is
a
practice
in
many
homes
.
product
noun
something
that
is
made
or
grown
,
usually
in
large
numbers
,
so
that
it
can
be
sold
or
used
β’
The
new
smartphone
product
sold
out
within
hours
.
The
new
smartphone
product
sold
out
within
hours
.
β’
She
tested
the
skin-care
product
on
her
hand
before
buying
it
.
She
tested
the
skin-care
product
on
her
hand
before
buying
it
.
From
Latin
productum
,
meaning
β
something
brought
forth
β.
noun
a
result
or
outcome
that
comes
from
a
particular
action
,
process
,
or
situation
β’
The
novel
is
a
product
of
years
of
research
and
imagination
.
The
novel
is
a
product
of
years
of
research
and
imagination
.
β’
Her
confidence
is
the
product
of
constant
practice
.
Her
confidence
is
the
product
of
constant
practice
.
noun
in
mathematics
,
the
number
you
get
when
you
multiply
two
or
more
numbers
together
β’
The
product
of
7
and
8
is
56
.
The
product
of
7
and
8
is
56
.
β’
To
find
the
area
,
multiply
the
two
sides
and
write
down
the
product
.
To
find
the
area
,
multiply
the
two
sides
and
write
down
the
product
.
noun
in
chemistry
,
a
substance
that
is
formed
during
or
after
a
chemical
reaction
β’
Water
is
a
product
of
hydrogen
and
oxygen
reacting
together
.
Water
is
a
product
of
hydrogen
and
oxygen
reacting
together
.
β’
The
reaction
produced
two
gaseous
products
.
The
reaction
produced
two
gaseous
products
.
picture
noun
a
painting
,
drawing
,
photograph
,
or
other
flat
image
that
shows
what
something
looks
like
β’
He
hung
a
picture
of
his
family
on
the
wall
.
He
hung
a
picture
of
his
family
on
the
wall
.
β’
The
children
drew
a
colorful
picture
for
their
teacher
.
The
children
drew
a
colorful
picture
for
their
teacher
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
pictura
β
painting
,β
from
pictus
,
past
participle
of
pingere
β
to
paint
,
depict
.β
noun
an
image
or
idea
you
create
in
your
mind
when
you
think
about
something
β’
Close
your
eyes
and
build
a
clear
picture
of
the
beach
.
Close
your
eyes
and
build
a
clear
picture
of
the
beach
.
β’
The
witness
gave
the
police
a
picture
of
the
suspect
.
The
witness
gave
the
police
a
picture
of
the
suspect
.
noun
a
movie
;
a
film
shown
in
a
cinema
β’
We
watched
an
old
black-and-white
picture
after
dinner
.
We
watched
an
old
black-and-white
picture
after
dinner
.
β’
The
studio
released
five
new
pictures
this
year
.
The
studio
released
five
new
pictures
this
year
.
verb
-
picture
,
picturing
,
pictures
,
pictured
to
form
a
mental
image
of
something
;
imagine
β’
Try
to
picture
the
city
100
years
ago
.
Try
to
picture
the
city
100
years
ago
.
β’
I
can
β
t
picture
him
as
a
father
.
I
can
β
t
picture
him
as
a
father
.
verb
-
picture
,
picturing
,
pictures
,
pictured
to
show
or
represent
something
in
a
drawing
,
photo
,
or
words
;
depict
β’
The
mural
pictures
local
heroes
.
The
mural
pictures
local
heroes
.
β’
The
book
pictured
the
village
as
peaceful
and
welcoming
.
The
book
pictured
the
village
as
peaceful
and
welcoming
.
activity
noun
-
activity
,
activities
something
that
people
do
for
enjoyment
,
learning
,
or
a
particular
purpose
β’
The
children
chose
painting
as
their
favorite
activity
at
camp
.
The
children
chose
painting
as
their
favorite
activity
at
camp
.
β’
On
rainy
days
,
reading
stories
together
is
a
relaxing
activity
for
our
family
.
On
rainy
days
,
reading
stories
together
is
a
relaxing
activity
for
our
family
.
noun
-
activity
,
activities
a
state
of
busy
movement
or
many
things
happening
β’
There
was
a
lot
of
activity
in
the
market
as
vendors
set
up
their
stalls
.
There
was
a
lot
of
activity
in
the
market
as
vendors
set
up
their
stalls
.
β’
Police
officers
noticed
unusual
activity
outside
the
bank
late
at
night
.
Police
officers
noticed
unusual
activity
outside
the
bank
late
at
night
.
noun
-
activity
,
activities
actions
of
a
particular
kind
,
often
described
by
an
adjective
such
as
criminal
,
political
,
or
business
β’
The
police
increased
patrols
to
stop
gang
activity
in
the
area
.
The
police
increased
patrols
to
stop
gang
activity
in
the
area
.
β’
Fund-raising
activity
will
continue
until
the
charity
meets
its
goal
.
Fund-raising
activity
will
continue
until
the
charity
meets
its
goal
.
noun
-
activity
,
activities
the
natural
work
or
functioning
inside
something
,
such
as
a
volcano
,
the
brain
,
or
the
sun
β’
Scientists
monitor
volcanic
activity
to
predict
eruptions
.
Scientists
monitor
volcanic
activity
to
predict
eruptions
.
β’
The
scan
showed
increased
brain
activity
when
the
subject
solved
the
puzzle
.
The
scan
showed
increased
brain
activity
when
the
subject
solved
the
puzzle
.
district
noun
a
part
of
a
city
or
town
that
has
a
particular
character
or
purpose
,
such
as
being
mainly
for
shops
,
businesses
,
or
homes
β’
The
city's
historic
district
is
full
of
old
brick
buildings
and
cafΓ©s
.
The
city's
historic
district
is
full
of
old
brick
buildings
and
cafΓ©s
.
β’
We
spent
the
afternoon
shopping
in
the
downtown
district
.
We
spent
the
afternoon
shopping
in
the
downtown
district
.
From
Latin
districtus
,
past
participle
of
distringere
β
to
draw
apart
,
compel
,β
later
meaning
a
territory
under
jurisdiction
.
noun
a
fixed
area
that
a
government
or
organization
uses
for
official
administration
,
such
as
a
school
,
court
,
or
voting
area
β’
Each
student
must
attend
the
public
school
in
their
own
district
.
Each
student
must
attend
the
public
school
in
their
own
district
.
β’
The
city
council
redrew
the
voting
districts
after
the
census
.
The
city
council
redrew
the
voting
districts
after
the
census
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
later
specialized
to
mean
an
area
under
particular
authority
.
verb
to
divide
an
area
into
official
districts
for
administration
,
voting
,
or
services
β’
After
the
population
grew
,
the
state
decided
to
district
the
new
suburbs
separately
.
After
the
population
grew
,
the
state
decided
to
district
the
new
suburbs
separately
.
β’
Lawmakers
must
district
fairly
to
ensure
equal
representation
.
Lawmakers
must
district
fairly
to
ensure
equal
representation
.
Verb
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
β
to
mark
out
into
districts
.β
doctor
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
treat
sick
or
injured
people
β’
The
doctor
listened
to
my
heartbeat
with
a
stethoscope
.
The
doctor
listened
to
my
heartbeat
with
a
stethoscope
.
β’
If
you
feel
dizzy
,
you
should
see
a
doctor
as
soon
as
possible
.
If
you
feel
dizzy
,
you
should
see
a
doctor
as
soon
as
possible
.
From
Latin
β
doctor
β
meaning
β
teacher
β,
originally
one
who
is
qualified
to
teach
,
later
used
for
medical
practitioners
.
noun
someone
who
has
earned
the
highest
university
degree
in
a
particular
subject
β’
After
years
of
research
,
Maria
finally
became
a
doctor
of
physics
.
After
years
of
research
,
Maria
finally
became
a
doctor
of
physics
.
β’
The
professor
is
a
doctor
in
medieval
history
.
The
professor
is
a
doctor
in
medieval
history
.
Extension
of
the
Latin
sense
β
teacher
β
to
anyone
awarded
the
highest
academic
degree
by
a
university
.
verb
to
give
medical
treatment
to
a
person
or
an
animal
β’
Paramedics
doctored
the
injured
cyclist
until
the
ambulance
arrived
.
Paramedics
doctored
the
injured
cyclist
until
the
ambulance
arrived
.
β’
She
gently
doctored
the
kitten
β
s
paw
with
antiseptic
cream
.
She
gently
doctored
the
kitten
β
s
paw
with
antiseptic
cream
.
Verb
sense
developed
from
the
noun
β
doctor
β
meaning
a
medical
practitioner
.
verb
to
change
something
in
order
to
deceive
people
or
to
make
it
seem
better
than
it
really
is
β’
The
journalist
noticed
that
someone
had
doctored
the
financial
records
.
The
journalist
noticed
that
someone
had
doctored
the
financial
records
.
β’
He
was
fired
for
doctoring
the
results
of
the
experiment
.
He
was
fired
for
doctoring
the
results
of
the
experiment
.
Figurative
use
from
the
idea
of
a
doctor
β
improving
β
or
β
fixing
β
something
,
later
taking
on
a
sense
of
dishonest
alteration
.
character
noun
a
person
,
animal
,
or
other
figure
that
appears
in
a
story
,
play
,
film
,
comic
,
or
game
β’
Harry
Potter
is
the
main
character
in
the
famous
book
series
.
Harry
Potter
is
the
main
character
in
the
famous
book
series
.
β’
The
video
game
lets
you
create
your
own
character
and
choose
their
skills
.
The
video
game
lets
you
create
your
own
character
and
choose
their
skills
.
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
caractere
,
via
Latin
from
Greek
kharaktΔr
β
engraved
mark
,
symbol
,
imprint
on
the
soul
β.
factor
noun
something
that
has
an
influence
on
or
causes
a
particular
result
β’
Bad
weather
was
a
major
factor
in
the
delay
of
their
flight
.
Bad
weather
was
a
major
factor
in
the
delay
of
their
flight
.
β’
Price
is
the
biggest
factor
for
many
students
buying
a
laptop
.
Price
is
the
biggest
factor
for
many
students
buying
a
laptop
.
noun
a
whole
number
that
divides
another
number
exactly
β’
Three
is
a
factor
of
twelve
.
Three
is
a
factor
of
twelve
.
β’
The
students
listed
every
factor
of
36
on
the
board
.
The
students
listed
every
factor
of
36
on
the
board
.
verb
-
factor
,
factoring
,
factors
,
factored
to
include
something
when
making
a
calculation
or
decision
,
usually
with
β
in
β
or
β
into
β
β’
We
must
factor
shipping
costs
into
the
budget
.
We
must
factor
shipping
costs
into
the
budget
.
β’
Did
you
factor
the
traffic
into
your
travel
plan
?
Did
you
factor
the
traffic
into
your
travel
plan
?
verb
-
factor
,
factoring
,
factors
,
factored
to
resolve
a
number
or
algebraic
expression
into
its
factors
β’
Please
factor
the
quadratic
equation
on
the
board
.
Please
factor
the
quadratic
equation
on
the
board
.
β’
They
quickly
factored
45
into
5
and
9
.
They
quickly
factored
45
into
5
and
9
.
noun
a
substance
such
as
a
gene
or
protein
that
produces
a
particular
biological
effect
β’
Insulin
is
a
crucial
factor
in
regulating
blood
sugar
.
Insulin
is
a
crucial
factor
in
regulating
blood
sugar
.
β’
The
researcher
studied
a
growth
factor
that
makes
cells
divide
faster
.
The
researcher
studied
a
growth
factor
that
makes
cells
divide
faster
.
noun
a
business
agent
or
company
that
buys
another
firm's
invoices
and
collects
the
payments
β’
The
company
sold
its
invoices
to
a
factor
to
get
cash
quickly
.
The
company
sold
its
invoices
to
a
factor
to
get
cash
quickly
.
β’
A
factor
charges
a
fee
before
advancing
money
to
the
supplier
.
A
factor
charges
a
fee
before
advancing
money
to
the
supplier
.
exactly
adverb
in
a
way
that
is
completely
correct
and
precise
,
with
nothing
extra
or
missing
β’
The
twins
look
exactly
alike
,
so
it's
hard
to
tell
them
apart
.
The
twins
look
exactly
alike
,
so
it's
hard
to
tell
them
apart
.
β’
Please
arrive
at
the
station
at
exactly
9
:
00
a
.
m
.
Please
arrive
at
the
station
at
exactly
9
:
00
a
.
m
.
From
Middle
English
exact
(
precise
)
+
-ly
,
after
Latin
exΔctΔ
β
accurately
β.
interjection
used
to
show
strong
agreement
with
what
someone
has
just
said
β’
β
So
we
need
to
save
more
money
before
traveling
.β β
Exactly
!β
β
So
we
need
to
save
more
money
before
traveling
.β β
Exactly
!β
β’
β
That
β
s
the
point
I
was
trying
to
make
.β β
Exactly
!β
β
That
β
s
the
point
I
was
trying
to
make
.β β
Exactly
!β
Interjection
use
recorded
since
the
early
20th
century
,
extending
the
adverb
to
a
stand-alone
agreement
word
.
act
noun
something
that
someone
does
β’
Saving
the
puppy
was
a
brave
act
of
kindness
.
Saving
the
puppy
was
a
brave
act
of
kindness
.
β’
One
small
act
can
change
someone
β
s
day
.
One
small
act
can
change
someone
β
s
day
.
verb
-
act
,
acting
,
acts
,
acted
to
do
something
,
especially
in
order
to
deal
with
a
situation
β’
If
you
smell
gas
in
the
kitchen
,
act
immediately
and
open
the
windows
.
If
you
smell
gas
in
the
kitchen
,
act
immediately
and
open
the
windows
.
β’
The
coach
told
the
players
to
act
like
champions
,
even
off
the
field
.
The
coach
told
the
players
to
act
like
champions
,
even
off
the
field
.
From
Latin
actus
β
a
doing
,
action
β,
past
participle
of
agere
β
to
do
,
drive
β.
noun
something
that
someone
does
,
especially
a
single
deed
or
action
β’
Helping
the
elderly
neighbor
was
a
kind
act
.
Helping
the
elderly
neighbor
was
a
kind
act
.
β’
Vandalism
is
an
act
of
disrespect
toward
the
community
.
Vandalism
is
an
act
of
disrespect
toward
the
community
.
From
Latin
actus
β
doing
,
action
β.
verb
-
act
,
acting
,
acts
,
acted
to
do
something
in
order
to
achieve
a
result
or
solve
a
problem
β’
When
the
kitchen
caught
fire
,
Jason
decided
to
act
at
once
and
grabbed
the
extinguisher
.
When
the
kitchen
caught
fire
,
Jason
decided
to
act
at
once
and
grabbed
the
extinguisher
.
β’
Governments
must
act
quickly
to
protect
endangered
animals
.
Governments
must
act
quickly
to
protect
endangered
animals
.
verb
-
act
,
acting
,
acts
,
acted
to
perform
a
role
in
a
play
,
film
,
or
television
show
β’
Emma
loves
to
act
in
school
plays
and
wear
different
costumes
.
Emma
loves
to
act
in
school
plays
and
wear
different
costumes
.
β’
He
dreams
of
moving
to
Hollywood
to
act
in
big
movies
.
He
dreams
of
moving
to
Hollywood
to
act
in
big
movies
.
verb
-
act
,
acting
,
acts
,
acted
to
behave
or
conduct
yourself
in
a
particular
way
β’
Please
act
politely
when
our
guests
arrive
.
Please
act
politely
when
our
guests
arrive
.
β’
He
acted
like
he
didn
β
t
hear
the
question
.
He
acted
like
he
didn
β
t
hear
the
question
.
noun
one
of
the
main
parts
into
which
a
play
,
opera
,
or
ballet
is
divided
β’
After
the
first
act
,
the
audience
went
to
the
lobby
for
refreshments
.
After
the
first
act
,
the
audience
went
to
the
lobby
for
refreshments
.
β’
The
tragedy
has
five
acts
in
total
.
The
tragedy
has
five
acts
in
total
.
noun
behaviour
that
is
not
genuine
but
meant
to
deceive
or
impress
β’
Don
β
t
believe
his
tears
;
it
β
s
just
an
act
.
Don
β
t
believe
his
tears
;
it
β
s
just
an
act
.
β’
She
put
on
an
act
of
bravery
,
but
inside
she
was
scared
.
She
put
on
an
act
of
bravery
,
but
inside
she
was
scared
.
verb
-
act
,
acting
,
acts
,
acted
to
perform
as
an
actor
in
a
play
,
film
,
or
television
show
β’
She
loves
to
act
on
stage
and
dreams
of
Broadway
.
She
loves
to
act
on
stage
and
dreams
of
Broadway
.
β’
Many
famous
musicians
also
act
in
movies
nowadays
.
Many
famous
musicians
also
act
in
movies
nowadays
.
Same
origin
as
general
verb
sense
,
later
specialized
to
theatrical
performance
in
the
14th
century
.
noun
one
of
the
main
parts
into
which
a
play
,
opera
,
or
other
performance
is
divided
β’
The
first
act
ends
with
a
dramatic
sword
fight
.
The
first
act
ends
with
a
dramatic
sword
fight
.
β’
There
will
be
a
short
break
between
act
two
and
act
three
.
There
will
be
a
short
break
between
act
two
and
act
three
.
The
use
for
divisions
of
a
play
dates
to
the
late
16th
century
.
noun
a
written
law
made
by
a
parliament
or
congress
β’
Parliament
passed
an
Act
to
protect
clean
water
.
Parliament
passed
an
Act
to
protect
clean
water
.
β’
The
new
act
will
come
into
force
next
year
.
The
new
act
will
come
into
force
next
year
.
section
noun
one
of
the
separate
parts
that
together
form
something
larger
β’
The
book's
final
section
explains
the
main
ideas
in
simple
language
.
The
book's
final
section
explains
the
main
ideas
in
simple
language
.
β’
Please
turn
to
the
safety
section
of
the
manual
before
using
the
machine
.
Please
turn
to
the
safety
section
of
the
manual
before
using
the
machine
.
From
Latin
sectio
β
a
cutting
,
division
β,
from
secΔre
β
to
cut
β.
noun
a
department
or
group
within
a
larger
organization
,
business
,
or
event
β’
I
work
in
the
marketing
section
of
the
company
.
I
work
in
the
marketing
section
of
the
company
.
β’
The
brass
section
rehearsed
their
part
before
the
orchestra
β
s
main
practice
.
The
brass
section
rehearsed
their
part
before
the
orchestra
β
s
main
practice
.
Extended
from
the
general
sense
of
β
part
β
to
denote
a
distinct
subdivision
of
an
organization
in
the
early
19th
century
.
verb
to
divide
something
into
parts
,
or
to
separate
part
of
an
area
with
barriers
β’
Workers
sectioned
the
hall
into
smaller
meeting
rooms
with
movable
walls
.
Workers
sectioned
the
hall
into
smaller
meeting
rooms
with
movable
walls
.
β’
At
the
beach
,
lifeguards
section
off
a
safe
swimming
area
with
bright
buoys
.
At
the
beach
,
lifeguards
section
off
a
safe
swimming
area
with
bright
buoys
.
From
the
noun
β
section
β;
first
recorded
as
a
verb
in
the
18th
century
,
meaning
β
to
cut
into
slices
or
parts
β.
perfect
adjective
having
no
mistakes
,
flaws
,
or
weaknesses
;
as
good
as
something
can
be
β’
The
sky
was
clear
and
the
weather
was
perfect
for
a
picnic
.
The
sky
was
clear
and
the
weather
was
perfect
for
a
picnic
.
β’
Mia
smiled
proudly
when
she
saw
her
perfect
score
on
the
math
test
.
Mia
smiled
proudly
when
she
saw
her
perfect
score
on
the
math
test
.
From
Latin
perfectus
,
past
participle
of
perficere
β
to
complete
,
accomplish
β.
verb
to
make
something
completely
free
from
faults
or
to
improve
it
until
it
is
as
good
as
possible
β’
She
practiced
every
day
to
perfect
her
violin
solo
before
the
concert
.
She
practiced
every
day
to
perfect
her
violin
solo
before
the
concert
.
β’
Engineers
are
working
to
perfect
a
new
type
of
eco-friendly
battery
.
Engineers
are
working
to
perfect
a
new
type
of
eco-friendly
battery
.
From
the
adjective
perfect
;
verb
use
recorded
since
the
late
14th
century
,
meaning
β
to
bring
to
perfection
β.
noun
a
verb
tense
that
shows
an
action
finished
before
now
or
before
another
stated
time
β’
In
the
sentence
β
She
has
eaten
β,
the
verb
is
in
the
perfect
.
In
the
sentence
β
She
has
eaten
β,
the
verb
is
in
the
perfect
.
β’
Our
tutor
asked
us
to
change
each
past
tense
verb
into
the
present
perfect
.
Our
tutor
asked
us
to
change
each
past
tense
verb
into
the
present
perfect
.
Adopted
into
grammatical
terminology
in
the
17th
century
,
modelling
Latin
tempus
perfectum
β
completed
time
β.
impact
noun
the
powerful
effect
or
influence
that
something
has
on
someone
or
something
β’
Social
media
has
a
huge
impact
on
how
teenagers
see
the
world
.
Social
media
has
a
huge
impact
on
how
teenagers
see
the
world
.
β’
The
new
law
will
create
a
positive
impact
for
small
businesses
.
The
new
law
will
create
a
positive
impact
for
small
businesses
.
noun
the
force
of
one
object
hitting
another
β’
The
car's
airbag
softened
the
impact
of
the
crash
.
The
car's
airbag
softened
the
impact
of
the
crash
.
β’
When
the
meteor
hit
the
desert
,
the
impact
created
a
deep
crater
.
When
the
meteor
hit
the
desert
,
the
impact
created
a
deep
crater
.
verb
to
have
a
strong
effect
on
someone
or
something
β’
Rising
prices
impact
families
on
a
tight
budget
.
Rising
prices
impact
families
on
a
tight
budget
.
β’
The
decision
will
impact
the
future
of
the
company
.
The
decision
will
impact
the
future
of
the
company
.
verb
to
hit
something
with
force
β’
A
falling
branch
impacted
the
roof
during
the
storm
.
A
falling
branch
impacted
the
roof
during
the
storm
.
β’
The
asteroid
will
impact
Earth
in
a
distant
future
scenario
.
The
asteroid
will
impact
Earth
in
a
distant
future
scenario
.
Act
noun
a
formal
written
law
made
by
a
parliament
or
other
legislature
β’
The
Freedom
of
Information
Act
allows
citizens
to
request
government
records
.
The
Freedom
of
Information
Act
allows
citizens
to
request
government
records
.
β’
Parliament
passed
a
new
Act
to
protect
endangered
species
.
Parliament
passed
a
new
Act
to
protect
endangered
species
.
Sense
developed
in
15th-century
English
law
to
mean
an
official
deed
of
parliament
.
affect
verb
to
produce
a
change
in
someone
or
something
β’
Cold
weather
can
affect
your
smartphone
battery
life
.
Cold
weather
can
affect
your
smartphone
battery
life
.
β’
Lack
of
sleep
deeply
affects
how
well
students
learn
in
class
.
Lack
of
sleep
deeply
affects
how
well
students
learn
in
class
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
affectare
β
aim
at
,
strive
after
β,
frequentative
of
afficere
β
do
to
,
act
on
β.
verb
to
regularly
like
,
choose
,
or
wear
something
β’
She
affects
bright
colors
in
her
artwork
.
She
affects
bright
colors
in
her
artwork
.
β’
The
author
affects
long
,
winding
sentences
in
his
novels
.
The
author
affects
long
,
winding
sentences
in
his
novels
.
Sense
evolved
in
17th
century
from
Latin
β
afficere
β
with
nuance
of
β
be
inclined
toward
β.
verb
to
pretend
to
have
a
particular
feeling
,
way
of
speaking
,
or
style
to
impress
others
β’
He
likes
to
affect
a
British
accent
when
he
tells
jokes
.
He
likes
to
affect
a
British
accent
when
he
tells
jokes
.
β’
She
affected
indifference
,
but
I
could
see
she
was
excited
.
She
affected
indifference
,
but
I
could
see
she
was
excited
.
Same
Latin
root
as
primary
sense
,
later
developing
the
meaning
β
pretend
to
feel
β.
noun
-
affect
a
person
β
s
visible
emotional
state
or
expression
β’
The
therapist
noted
that
the
patient's
affect
was
flat
during
the
session
.
The
therapist
noted
that
the
patient's
affect
was
flat
during
the
session
.
β’
A
sudden
burst
of
laughter
showed
a
change
in
his
affect
.
A
sudden
burst
of
laughter
showed
a
change
in
his
affect
.
Adopted
into
psychology
in
late
19th
century
from
German
Affect
,
ultimately
from
Latin
affectus
β
feeling
β.
director
noun
a
person
who
leads
and
manages
a
department
,
project
,
or
organization
,
making
important
decisions
and
guiding
its
work
β’
After
years
of
hard
work
,
Maria
was
promoted
to
director
of
marketing
.
After
years
of
hard
work
,
Maria
was
promoted
to
director
of
marketing
.
β’
The
director
called
an
early-morning
meeting
to
set
new
goals
for
the
team
.
The
director
called
an
early-morning
meeting
to
set
new
goals
for
the
team
.
from
Latin
dirigere
β
to
guide
,
arrange
,β
through
Old
French
directeur
β
one
who
guides
β
noun
a
person
who
is
in
charge
of
making
a
film
,
play
,
or
television
program
,
guiding
actors
and
crew
to
create
the
final
production
β’
The
director
shouted
"
Action
!"
and
the
cameras
started
rolling
.
The
director
shouted
"
Action
!"
and
the
cameras
started
rolling
.
β’
Critics
praised
the
director
for
the
movie's
beautiful
scenes
.
Critics
praised
the
director
for
the
movie's
beautiful
scenes
.
extended
from
the
sense
of
one
who
guides
,
applied
to
guiding
artistic
performance
in
the
late
19th
century
election
noun
a
public
vote
in
which
citizens
choose
someone
to
hold
a
political
or
official
position
β’
Voters
lined
up
early
to
cast
their
ballots
in
the
presidential
election
.
Voters
lined
up
early
to
cast
their
ballots
in
the
presidential
election
.
β’
After
the
election
,
the
new
mayor
thanked
the
cheering
crowd
from
a
small
outdoor
stage
.
After
the
election
,
the
new
mayor
thanked
the
cheering
crowd
from
a
small
outdoor
stage
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
electio
β
choice
,
selection
β,
from
eligere
β
pick
out
,
choose
β.
noun
the
act
of
choosing
or
deciding
between
options
β’
The
architect
β
s
election
of
materials
gave
the
building
a
modern
feel
.
The
architect
β
s
election
of
materials
gave
the
building
a
modern
feel
.
β’
Her
careful
election
of
words
avoided
offending
anyone
in
the
meeting
.
Her
careful
election
of
words
avoided
offending
anyone
in
the
meeting
.
Same
origin
as
main
sense
:
Latin
electio
β
choice
β.
noun
in
certain
Christian
theology
,
God
β
s
choice
of
specific
people
for
salvation
β’
Calvinists
regard
divine
election
as
proof
of
God
β
s
sovereignty
.
Calvinists
regard
divine
election
as
proof
of
God
β
s
sovereignty
.
β’
The
pastor
β
s
sermon
explored
the
mystery
of
election
and
grace
.
The
pastor
β
s
sermon
explored
the
mystery
of
election
and
grace
.
The
theological
sense
arose
in
late
Middle
English
,
influenced
by
biblical
Latin
electio
referring
to
the
β
chosen
β.
protect
verb
to
keep
someone
or
something
safe
from
harm
,
damage
,
or
danger
β’
Umbrellas
protect
people
from
getting
wet
when
it
rains
.
Umbrellas
protect
people
from
getting
wet
when
it
rains
.
β’
The
mother
bird
protected
her
eggs
by
building
a
nest
high
in
the
tree
.
The
mother
bird
protected
her
eggs
by
building
a
nest
high
in
the
tree
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
protegere
β
to
cover
in
front
,
shield
β,
from
pro-
β
in
front
β
+
tegere
β
to
cover
β.
verb
to
keep
legal
control
over
something
you
created
so
that
others
cannot
copy
or
use
it
without
permission
β’
The
company
protected
its
logo
with
a
trademark
.
The
company
protected
its
logo
with
a
trademark
.
β’
Authors
can
protect
their
work
by
registering
copyright
.
Authors
can
protect
their
work
by
registering
copyright
.
Same
origin
as
the
general
sense
:
Latin
protegere
β
to
cover
in
front
β
developed
into
the
legal
idea
of
shielding
rights
.
subject
noun
an
area
of
study
,
such
as
math
or
history
,
that
you
learn
at
school
or
college
β’
Science
is
my
favorite
subject
at
school
.
Science
is
my
favorite
subject
at
school
.
β’
This
semester
I
β
m
taking
four
subjects
at
university
.
This
semester
I
β
m
taking
four
subjects
at
university
.
noun
something
you
talk
,
write
,
study
,
or
think
about
β’
"
Let's
change
the
subject
;
this
one
is
making
me
nervous
,"
she
said
.
"
Let's
change
the
subject
;
this
one
is
making
me
nervous
,"
she
said
.
β’
The
book
β
s
main
subject
is
space
exploration
.
The
book
β
s
main
subject
is
space
exploration
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
is
being
studied
,
photographed
,
painted
,
or
experimented
on
β’
The
photographer
asked
his
subject
to
smile
.
The
photographer
asked
his
subject
to
smile
.
β’
Each
test
subject
signed
a
consent
form
.
Each
test
subject
signed
a
consent
form
.
noun
in
grammar
,
the
word
or
group
of
words
in
a
sentence
that
performs
the
action
of
the
verb
or
is
described
by
it
β’
In
the
sentence
"
The
dog
barked
," "
The
dog
"
is
the
subject
.
In
the
sentence
"
The
dog
barked
," "
The
dog
"
is
the
subject
.
β’
Teachers
tell
students
to
match
the
verb
to
the
subject
.
Teachers
tell
students
to
match
the
verb
to
the
subject
.
noun
a
person
who
owes
loyalty
to
a
king
,
queen
,
or
other
ruler
β’
Every
subject
of
the
king
paid
taxes
.
Every
subject
of
the
king
paid
taxes
.
β’
She
was
proud
to
be
a
loyal
subject
of
the
queen
.
She
was
proud
to
be
a
loyal
subject
of
the
queen
.
adjective
likely
to
be
affected
by
or
dependent
on
something
β’
Prices
are
subject
to
change
without
notice
.
Prices
are
subject
to
change
without
notice
.
β’
The
schedule
is
subject
to
approval
by
the
manager
.
The
schedule
is
subject
to
approval
by
the
manager
.
verb
to
make
someone
or
something
experience
or
undergo
something
,
usually
unpleasant
or
difficult
β’
The
refugees
were
subjected
to
harsh
conditions
.
The
refugees
were
subjected
to
harsh
conditions
.
β’
She
doesn
β
t
want
to
subject
her
children
to
danger
.
She
doesn
β
t
want
to
subject
her
children
to
danger
.
verb
to
bring
a
person
,
group
,
or
area
under
your
control
or
authority
β’
The
conquerors
subjected
the
island
after
months
of
fighting
.
The
conquerors
subjected
the
island
after
months
of
fighting
.
β’
The
tyrant
tried
to
subject
the
people
to
his
rule
.
The
tyrant
tried
to
subject
the
people
to
his
rule
.
direction
noun
the
course
or
line
along
which
someone
or
something
moves
,
points
,
or
faces
β’
The
hikers
checked
their
compass
to
make
sure
they
were
walking
in
the
right
direction
.
The
hikers
checked
their
compass
to
make
sure
they
were
walking
in
the
right
direction
.
β’
The
teacher
pointed
in
the
direction
of
the
library
so
we
could
find
it
easily
.
The
teacher
pointed
in
the
direction
of
the
library
so
we
could
find
it
easily
.
noun
instructions
that
tell
you
how
to
reach
a
place
or
how
to
do
something
β’
Dad
read
the
cooking
directions
before
starting
the
recipe
.
Dad
read
the
cooking
directions
before
starting
the
recipe
.
β’
The
map
app
gave
us
clear
directions
to
the
museum
.
The
map
app
gave
us
clear
directions
to
the
museum
.
noun
a
general
course
,
trend
,
or
purpose
toward
which
something
is
moving
or
aiming
β’
The
company
is
heading
in
an
exciting
new
direction
with
its
eco-friendly
products
.
The
company
is
heading
in
an
exciting
new
direction
with
its
eco-friendly
products
.
β’
After
graduation
,
he
felt
unsure
about
the
direction
of
his
career
.
After
graduation
,
he
felt
unsure
about
the
direction
of
his
career
.
noun
the
work
of
controlling
and
guiding
actors
,
musicians
,
or
a
production
β’
The
movie
won
awards
for
its
brilliant
direction
.
The
movie
won
awards
for
its
brilliant
direction
.
β’
Under
her
direction
,
the
play
came
to
life
on
stage
.
Under
her
direction
,
the
play
came
to
life
on
stage
.
victim
noun
a
person
or
animal
that
is
hurt
,
injured
,
or
killed
by
an
accident
,
crime
,
or
disaster
β’
Paramedics
arrived
quickly
to
help
the
victim
of
the
car
crash
.
Paramedics
arrived
quickly
to
help
the
victim
of
the
car
crash
.
β’
The
fire's
only
victim
suffered
minor
burns
,
thanks
to
the
fast-acting
neighbors
.
The
fire's
only
victim
suffered
minor
burns
,
thanks
to
the
fast-acting
neighbors
.
From
Latin
victima
meaning
β
sacrificial
animal
;
person
killed
β.
The
sense
widened
in
the
17th
century
to
anyone
who
suffers
harm
.
noun
a
person
who
is
tricked
,
cheated
,
or
treated
unfairly
β’
The
elderly
man
was
a
victim
of
an
online
banking
scam
.
The
elderly
man
was
a
victim
of
an
online
banking
scam
.
β’
She
felt
like
a
victim
when
her
colleagues
took
credit
for
her
idea
.
She
felt
like
a
victim
when
her
colleagues
took
credit
for
her
idea
.
noun
someone
who
suffers
from
a
situation
or
influence
rather
than
a
direct
attack
β’
Many
families
became
victim
of
the
economic
downturn
.
Many
families
became
victim
of
the
economic
downturn
.
β’
He
is
a
victim
of
his
own
success
,
working
nonstop
to
keep
his
business
growing
.
He
is
a
victim
of
his
own
success
,
working
nonstop
to
keep
his
business
growing
.
noun
in
ancient
or
religious
contexts
,
a
creature
or
person
offered
as
a
sacrifice
to
a
god
β’
The
tribe
laid
the
victim
upon
the
stone
altar
during
the
ritual
.
The
tribe
laid
the
victim
upon
the
stone
altar
during
the
ritual
.
β’
In
some
myths
,
a
king
would
volunteer
as
the
victim
to
save
his
people
.
In
some
myths
,
a
king
would
volunteer
as
the
victim
to
save
his
people
.
production
noun
-
production
the
process
of
making
,
growing
,
or
creating
goods
,
energy
,
or
other
things
in
large
amounts
β’
Modern
factories
use
robots
to
speed
up
production
.
Modern
factories
use
robots
to
speed
up
production
.
β’
A
long
drought
caused
a
sharp
fall
in
wheat
production
this
year
.
A
long
drought
caused
a
sharp
fall
in
wheat
production
this
year
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
medieval
Latin
productio
β
bringing
forth
β,
from
Latin
producere
β
bring
forward
β.
structure
noun
a
building
or
other
thing
that
has
been
put
together
from
different
parts
β’
The
wooden
structure
in
the
playground
is
a
small
bridge
for
children
.
The
wooden
structure
in
the
playground
is
a
small
bridge
for
children
.
β’
Engineers
inspected
the
steel
structure
of
the
new
stadium
before
the
grand
opening
.
Engineers
inspected
the
steel
structure
of
the
new
stadium
before
the
grand
opening
.
From
Latin
structΕ«ra
β
a
fitting
together
,
building
β,
from
struere
β
to
build
β.
noun
the
way
the
parts
of
something
are
arranged
or
organized
β’
Understanding
the
structure
of
a
paragraph
helps
you
write
clearly
.
Understanding
the
structure
of
a
paragraph
helps
you
write
clearly
.
β’
Scientists
study
the
molecular
structure
of
water
to
learn
how
it
behaves
.
Scientists
study
the
molecular
structure
of
water
to
learn
how
it
behaves
.
Sense
extended
in
the
17th
century
from
physical
building
to
abstract
arrangement
of
parts
.
verb
-
structure
,
structuring
,
structures
,
structured
to
arrange
or
organize
something
in
a
clear
,
planned
way
β’
The
teacher
structured
the
lesson
so
every
student
could
participate
.
The
teacher
structured
the
lesson
so
every
student
could
participate
.
β’
He
carefully
structures
his
speeches
to
keep
the
audience
engaged
.
He
carefully
structures
his
speeches
to
keep
the
audience
engaged
.
Verbal
use
from
the
noun
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
.
reflect
verb
to
send
back
light
,
heat
,
sound
,
or
an
image
from
a
surface
instead
of
absorbing
it
β’
The
polished
steel
door
reflects
sunlight
into
the
hallway
.
The
polished
steel
door
reflects
sunlight
into
the
hallway
.
β’
A
calm
mountain
lake
reflected
the
snow-capped
peaks
like
a
perfect
mirror
at
dawn
.
A
calm
mountain
lake
reflected
the
snow-capped
peaks
like
a
perfect
mirror
at
dawn
.
From
Latin
reflectere
β
to
bend
back
β (
re-
β
back
β
+
flectere
β
to
bend
β).
verb
to
clearly
show
a
quality
,
feeling
,
or
situation
β’
Her
cheerful
smile
reflects
her
optimistic
attitude
.
Her
cheerful
smile
reflects
her
optimistic
attitude
.
β’
The
budget
cuts
reflect
the
company
β
s
need
to
save
money
.
The
budget
cuts
reflect
the
company
β
s
need
to
save
money
.
verb
to
think
deeply
and
carefully
about
something
β’
After
the
meeting
,
she
took
a
quiet
walk
to
reflect
on
what
had
been
discussed
.
After
the
meeting
,
she
took
a
quiet
walk
to
reflect on
what
had
been
discussed
.
β’
Studying
history
helps
us
reflect
on
past
mistakes
and
successes
.
Studying
history
helps
us
reflect on
past
mistakes
and
successes
.
verb
to
influence
how
people
think
of
someone
or
something
,
especially
affecting
their
reputation
β’
The
messy
shop
window
badly
reflected
on
the
brand
β
s
image
.
The
messy
shop
window
badly
reflected on
the
brand
β
s
image
.
β’
Her
punctuality
and
kindness
reflect well on
her
professionalism
.
Her
punctuality
and
kindness
reflect well on
her
professionalism
.
effective
adjective
producing
the
result
that
you
want
β’
Taking
notes
during
class
is
an
effective
way
to
remember
the
material
.
Taking
notes
during
class
is
an
effective
way
to
remember
the
material
.
β’
The
mosquito
spray
was
so
effective
that
no
one
got
bitten
.
The
mosquito
spray
was
so
effective
that
no
one
got
bitten
.
adjective
starting
to
be
used
and
having
legal
or
practical
force
β’
The
new
parking
rules
will
be
effective
next
Monday
.
The
new
parking
rules
will
be
effective
next
Monday
.
β’
The
price
changes
become
effective
at
the
start
of
the
new
year
.
The
price
changes
become
effective
at
the
start
of
the
new
year
.
adjective
producing
a
strong
or
pleasing
impression
β’
The
play
used
simple
lights
,
but
the
results
were
very
effective
.
The
play
used
simple
lights
,
but
the
results
were
very
effective
.
β’
His
effective
speech
inspired
the
whole
audience
.
His
effective
speech
inspired
the
whole
audience
.
perspective
noun
a
particular
way
of
thinking
about
or
understanding
something
β’
From
her
perspective
,
the
plan
made
perfect
sense
.
From
her
perspective
,
the
plan
made
perfect
sense
.
β’
Traveling
abroad
can
change
your
perspective
on
life
.
Traveling
abroad
can
change
your
perspective
on
life
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
perspectiva
(
ars
) β
science
of
optics
β,
from
perspicere
β
to
see
through
β.
noun
a
reasonable
sense
of
how
important
something
is
compared
with
other
things
β’
Losing
one
match
isn
β
t
the
end
of
the
world
β
keep
things
in
perspective
.
Losing
one
match
isn
β
t
the
end
of
the
world
β
keep
things
in
perspective
.
β’
Talking
to
her
grandmother
gave
her
valuable
perspective
on
her
troubles
.
Talking
to
her
grandmother
gave
her
valuable
perspective
on
her
troubles
.
noun
the
art
or
technique
of
representing
depth
and
distance
on
a
flat
surface
by
making
objects
appear
smaller
as
they
recede
β’
The
artist
used
linear
perspective
to
make
the
street
look
realistic
.
The
artist
used
linear
perspective
to
make
the
street
look
realistic
.
β’
In
art
class
we
practiced
one-point
perspective
.
In
art
class
we
practiced
one-point
perspective
.
noun
a
view
,
especially
one
seen
from
a
particular
place
β’
From
the
hilltop
,
we
had
a
breathtaking
perspective
of
the
valley
.
From
the
hilltop
,
we
had
a
breathtaking
perspective
of
the
valley
.
β’
The
hotel
room
offered
a
unique
perspective
over
the
harbour
.
The
hotel
room
offered
a
unique
perspective
over
the
harbour
.
contract
noun
a
written
or
spoken
agreement
that
is
legally
binding
and
states
what
each
side
must
do
β’
The
builder
asked
us
to
read
the
contract
carefully
before
signing
.
The
builder
asked
us
to
read
the
contract
carefully
before
signing
.
β’
After
winning
the
championship
,
the
player
signed
a
million-dollar
contract
with
the
team
.
After
winning
the
championship
,
the
player
signed
a
million-dollar
contract
with
the
team
.
verb
-
contract
,
contracting
,
contracts
,
contracted
to
become
smaller
or
shorter
,
or
to
make
something
smaller
,
often
because
of
cold
or
tightening
β’
When
the
weather
turned
cold
,
the
metal
pipes
began
to
contract
.
When
the
weather
turned
cold
,
the
metal
pipes
began
to
contract
.
β’
She
watched
the
balloon
contract
as
the
air
slowly
leaked
out
.
She
watched
the
balloon
contract
as
the
air
slowly
leaked
out
.
verb
-
contract
,
contracting
,
contracts
,
contracted
to
arrange
and
agree
to
do
work
or
provide
something
by
signing
a
formal
agreement
β’
The
city
decided
to
contract
a
new
company
to
collect
its
trash
.
The
city
decided
to
contract
a
new
company
to
collect
its
trash
.
β’
Our
firm
has
contracted
with
a
software
developer
to
build
the
app
.
Our
firm
has
contracted
with
a
software
developer
to
build
the
app
.
verb
-
contract
,
contracting
,
contracts
,
contracted
to
catch
or
develop
an
illness
or
disease
β’
He
contracted
the
flu
after
traveling
overseas
.
He
contracted
the
flu
after
traveling
overseas
.
β’
Many
sailors
contracted
scurvy
during
long
voyages
.
Many
sailors
contracted
scurvy
during
long
voyages
.
October
noun
the
tenth
month
of
the
year
,
between
September
and
November
β’
Halloween
falls
on
the
last
day
of
October
.
Halloween
falls
on
the
last
day
of
October
.
β’
The
maple
trees
in
our
neighborhood
turn
bright
red
and
orange
in
October
.
The
maple
trees
in
our
neighborhood
turn
bright
red
and
orange
in
October
.
From
Latin
β
OctΕber
β,
originally
meaning
β
eighth
month
β
in
the
early
Roman
calendar
,
which
began
in
March
;
later
kept
its
name
after
January
and
February
were
added
to
the
front
of
the
year
.
collection
noun
a
group
of
similar
objects
that
someone
has
gathered
and
keeps
together
β’
Emma's
stamp
collection
filled
three
large
albums
.
Emma's
stamp
collection
filled
three
large
albums
.
β’
The
museum
has
a
vast
collection
of
ancient
pottery
.
The
museum
has
a
vast
collection
of
ancient
pottery
.
from
Latin
colligere
β
to
gather
together
β,
via
Old
French
collection
noun
-
collection
the
act
of
gathering
things
together
β’
The
collection
of
data
took
several
months
.
The
collection
of
data
took
several
months
.
β’
Street
cleaners
handle
the
collection
of
garbage
early
each
morning
.
Street
cleaners
handle
the
collection
of
garbage
early
each
morning
.
noun
a
set
of
clothing
designs
produced
as
a
group
for
a
season
or
show
β’
The
designer
unveiled
her
spring
collection
on
the
runway
.
The
designer
unveiled
her
spring
collection
on
the
runway
.
β’
His
latest
collection
features
bright
colors
and
loose
silhouettes
.
His
latest
collection
features
bright
colors
and
loose
silhouettes
.
noun
an
amount
of
money
gathered
from
many
people
for
a
purpose
β’
We
took
up
a
collection
for
the
earthquake
victims
.
We
took
up
a
collection
for
the
earthquake
victims
.
β’
The
church
collection
usually
happens
after
the
sermon
.
The
church
collection
usually
happens
after
the
sermon
.
directly
adverb
in
a
straight
line
or
with
no
one
or
nothing
in
between
β’
The
train
travels
directly
from
London
to
Edinburgh
without
stops
.
The
train
travels
directly
from
London
to
Edinburgh
without
stops
.
β’
Please
email
me
directly
if
you
have
any
questions
.
Please
email
me
directly
if
you
have
any
questions
.
adverb
without
delay
;
at
once
β’
I'll
call
you
directly
after
the
meeting
ends
.
I'll
call
you
directly
after
the
meeting
ends
.
β’
The
alarm
sounded
,
and
firefighters
responded
directly
.
The
alarm
sounded
,
and
firefighters
responded
directly
.
conjunction
as
soon
as
;
immediately
when
β’
Directly
the
movie
finished
,
the
audience
applauded
.
Directly
the
movie
finished
,
the
audience
applauded
.
β’
Directly
she
heard
the
news
,
she
called
her
parents
.
Directly
she
heard
the
news
,
she
called
her
parents
.
conduct
verb
to
plan
,
organize
,
and
carry
out
an
activity
such
as
a
study
,
investigation
,
or
meeting
β’
The
professor
conducted
a
survey
to
learn
about
students'
study
habits
.
The
professor
conducted
a
survey
to
learn
about
students'
study
habits
.
β’
Engineers
will
conduct
tests
on
the
bridge
before
it
opens
to
traffic
.
Engineers
will
conduct
tests
on
the
bridge
before
it
opens
to
traffic
.
From
Middle
English
β
conducten
β,
from
Latin
β
conducere
β
meaning
β
to
lead
together
β.
Over
time
,
the
sense
of
leading
or
guiding
broadened
to
organizing
or
carrying
out
an
activity
.
verb
to
direct
a
group
of
musicians
or
singers
so
that
they
perform
together
β’
The
maestro
raised
his
baton
and
conducted
the
orchestra
through
the
symphony
.
The
maestro
raised
his
baton
and
conducted
the
orchestra
through
the
symphony
.
β’
She
dreams
of
conducting
a
world-famous
orchestra
someday
.
She
dreams
of
conducting
a
world-famous
orchestra
someday
.
This
sense
comes
from
the
idea
of
β
leading
together
β
musicians
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
(
of
a
material
)
to
allow
electricity
,
heat
,
or
sound
to
pass
through
it
β’
Copper
conducts
electricity
better
than
most
metals
.
Copper
conducts
electricity
better
than
most
metals
.
β’
Because
rubber
does
not
conduct
heat
well
,
it
is
used
for
pot
handles
.
Because
rubber
does
not
conduct
heat
well
,
it
is
used
for
pot
handles
.
Adopted
into
scientific
language
in
the
18th
century
as
experiments
in
electricity
and
heat
required
a
term
for
β
carrying
β
energy
through
a
substance
.
noun
-
conduct
a
person
β
s
behaviour
,
especially
the
way
they
act
in
public
or
in
a
particular
situation
β’
The
students'
excellent
conduct
impressed
their
new
teacher
.
The
students'
excellent
conduct
impressed
their
new
teacher
.
β’
His
rude
conduct
at
dinner
embarrassed
everyone
.
His
rude
conduct
at
dinner
embarrassed
everyone
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
β
conductus
β
meaning
β
led
together
β;
by
the
15th
century
it
referred
to
personal
behaviour
.
object
noun
a
thing
that
you
can
see
or
touch
,
especially
one
that
is
not
alive
β’
The
museum
displayed
a
rare
object
from
ancient
Egypt
.
The
museum
displayed
a
rare
object
from
ancient
Egypt
.
β’
Please
don't
touch
that
fragile
object
on
the
shelf
.
Please
don't
touch
that
fragile
object
on
the
shelf
.
From
Latin
"
objectum
"
meaning
"
something
thrown
before
" (
from
"
ob-
"
toward
+
"
iacere
"
to
throw
).
noun
a
goal
or
purpose
that
someone
is
trying
to
achieve
β’
The
main
object
of
this
meeting
is
to
plan
the
festival
.
The
main
object
of
this
meeting
is
to
plan
the
festival
.
β’
Her
only
object
is
to
help
the
homeless
.
Her
only
object
is
to
help
the
homeless
.
Sense
of
"
goal
"
developed
in
the
early
17th
century
from
the
idea
of
something
toward
which
effort
is
directed
.
verb
to
say
that
you
disagree
with
or
oppose
something
β’
Many
residents
object
to
the
plan
to
cut
down
the
old
trees
.
Many
residents
object
to
the
plan
to
cut
down
the
old
trees
.
β’
She
will
object
if
we
start
without
her
.
She
will
object
if
we
start
without
her
.
From
Latin
"
objectare
"
meaning
"
to
oppose
"
or
"
throw
in
the
way
",
developing
its
modern
sense
in
the
late
Middle
English
period
.
noun
in
grammar
,
a
noun
,
pronoun
,
or
phrase
that
receives
the
action
of
a
verb
or
shows
what
the
action
affects
β’
In
the
sentence
"
I
like
apples
", "
apples
"
is
the
object
.
In
the
sentence
"
I
like
apples
", "
apples
"
is
the
object
.
β’
The
student
underlined
each
direct
object
in
the
paragraph
.
The
student
underlined
each
direct
object
in
the
paragraph
.
Adopted
into
grammatical
terminology
in
the
mid-18th
century
,
reflecting
the
part
of
a
sentence
that
something
is
β
thrown
against
β
by
the
verb
.
function
noun
the
job
or
purpose
that
something
has
or
is
made
to
do
β’
The
main
function
of
a
refrigerator
is
to
keep
food
cold
.
The
main
function
of
a
refrigerator
is
to
keep
food
cold
.
β’
A
smartphone
has
many
functions
,
including
taking
photos
and
browsing
the
web
.
A
smartphone
has
many
functions
,
including
taking
photos
and
browsing
the
web
.
From
Latin
β
functio
β
meaning
β
performance
,
execution
,β
derived
from
β
fungi
β
β
to
perform
.
noun
a
large
formal
social
event
such
as
a
party
,
ceremony
,
or
official
gathering
β’
They
booked
a
hotel
ballroom
for
the
wedding
function
.
They
booked
a
hotel
ballroom
for
the
wedding
function
.
β’
He
wore
a
tuxedo
to
the
charity
function
last
night
.
He
wore
a
tuxedo
to
the
charity
function
last
night
.
Sense
of
β
social
event
β
arose
in
the
mid-19th
century
from
the
idea
of
people
meeting
to
perform
an
official
purpose
.
verb
-
function
,
functioning
,
functions
,
functioned
to
work
or
operate
in
the
correct
or
intended
way
β’
After
the
repair
,
the
old
radio
finally
functioned
again
.
After
the
repair
,
the
old
radio
finally
functioned
again
.
β’
Without
batteries
,
the
toy
car
cannot
function
.
Without
batteries
,
the
toy
car
cannot
function
.
Verb
sense
recorded
from
the
late
17th
century
,
from
the
noun
meaning
β
to
perform
a
duty
.β
noun
a
rule
in
mathematics
that
links
every
input
value
to
exactly
one
output
value
β’
The
equation
y
=
2x
shows
a
linear
function
with
a
constant
slope
.
The
equation
y
=
2x
shows
a
linear
function
with
a
constant
slope
.
β’
Students
plotted
the
quadratic
function
on
graph
paper
.
Students
plotted
the
quadratic
function
on
graph
paper
.
Adopted
into
mathematical
language
in
the
17th
century
by
Leibniz
to
describe
dependent
quantities
.
noun
a
named
block
of
computer
code
that
performs
a
specific
action
when
it
is
called
β’
In
Python
,
the
"
print
()"
function
displays
text
on
the
screen
.
In
Python
,
the
"
print
()"
function
displays
text
on
the
screen
.
β’
They
wrote
a
function
to
calculate
the
total
price
of
all
items
in
the
cart
.
They
wrote
a
function
to
calculate
the
total
price
of
all
items
in
the
cart
.
Borrowed
into
computing
in
the
mid-20th
century
,
extending
the
mathematical
sense
to
pieces
of
executable
code
.
connection
noun
the
link
that
allows
a
computer
or
device
to
communicate
with
the
internet
or
a
network
β’
I
couldn
β
t
join
the
meeting
because
my
internet
connection
was
down
.
I
couldn
β
t
join
the
meeting
because
my
internet
connection
was
down
.
β’
We
need
a
faster
connection
to
stream
high-definition
movies
.
We
need
a
faster
connection
to
stream
high-definition
movies
.
noun
a
relationship
or
link
between
people
,
ideas
,
or
things
β’
There
is
a
strong
connection
between
exercise
and
good
health
.
There
is
a
strong
connection
between
exercise
and
good
health
.
β’
The
twins
share
a
special
connection
that
is
hard
to
explain
.
The
twins
share
a
special
connection
that
is
hard
to
explain
.
From
Latin
β
connectere
β
meaning
β
to
bind
together
.β
noun
a
means
of
transferring
from
one
form
of
transport
to
another
during
a
journey
β’
Our
flight
was
late
,
so
we
missed
our
connection
to
Tokyo
.
Our
flight
was
late
,
so
we
missed
our
connection
to
Tokyo
.
β’
You
have
a
ten-minute
connection
at
Central
Station
β
hurry
!
You
have
a
ten-minute
connection
at
Central
Station
β
hurry
!
noun
a
point
where
two
parts
,
wires
,
or
pipes
are
joined
together
so
that
they
work
β’
Check
the
cable
connection
if
the
lamp
won
β
t
turn
on
.
Check
the
cable
connection
if
the
lamp
won
β
t
turn
on
.
β’
The
plumber
fixed
a
leaking
pipe
connection
under
the
sink
.
The
plumber
fixed
a
leaking
pipe
connection
under
the
sink
.
noun
a
person
you
know
who
can
give
help
,
information
,
or
opportunities
β’
She
got
the
job
through
a
connection
at
the
company
.
She
got
the
job
through
a
connection
at
the
company
.
β’
If
you
need
concert
tickets
,
I
have
a
connection
who
can
help
.
If
you
need
concert
tickets
,
I
have
a
connection
who
can
help
.
conflict
noun
a
serious
disagreement
or
fighting
between
people
,
groups
,
or
countries
β’
The
two
neighbors
ended
their
long
conflict
and
shook
hands
.
The
two
neighbors
ended
their
long
conflict
and
shook
hands
.
β’
Thousands
fled
the
country
to
escape
the
armed
conflict
.
Thousands
fled
the
country
to
escape
the
armed
conflict
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
β
conflictus
β,
past
participle
of
β
confligere
β
meaning
β
to
strike
together
β.
noun
a
situation
in
which
ideas
,
needs
,
or
feelings
cannot
exist
together
because
they
are
different
β’
She
felt
a
deep
conflict
between
her
career
ambitions
and
her
wish
to
travel
.
She
felt
a
deep
conflict
between
her
career
ambitions
and
her
wish
to
travel
.
β’
There
is
a
clear
conflict
between
safety
and
speed
in
the
project
.
There
is
a
clear
conflict
between
safety
and
speed
in
the
project
.
Same
origin
as
the
main
noun
sense
,
from
Latin
β
conflictus
β,
but
first
recorded
describing
mental
or
moral
opposition
in
the
early
1800s
.
verb
-
conflict
,
conflicting
,
conflicts
,
conflicted
to
clash
or
disagree
;
not
be
able
to
exist
or
happen
together
β’
The
meeting
times
conflict
with
my
doctor's
appointment
.
The
meeting
times
conflict
with
my
doctor's
appointment
.
β’
Their
personalities
sometimes
conflict
,
but
they
remain
friends
.
Their
personalities
sometimes
conflict
,
but
they
remain
friends
.
Derived
from
the
noun
;
used
as
a
verb
since
the
15th
century
meaning
β
to
be
in
opposition
β.
collect
verb
to
gather
things
of
the
same
kind
and
keep
them
together
as
a
hobby
or
for
a
purpose
β’
Maria
loves
to
collect
old
coins
from
different
countries
.
Maria
loves
to
collect
old
coins
from
different
countries
.
β’
Every
summer
the
children
collect
colorful
seashells
along
the
shoreline
.
Every
summer
the
children
collect
colorful
seashells
along
the
shoreline
.
From
Latin
β
colligere
β
meaning
β
gather
together
β.
verb
to
go
somewhere
and
take
someone
or
something
away
with
you
β’
I'll
collect
you
from
the
station
at
six
o'clock
.
I'll
collect
you
from
the
station
at
six
o'clock
.
β’
The
courier
will
collect
the
package
tomorrow
morning
.
The
courier
will
collect
the
package
tomorrow
morning
.
verb
to
receive
money
that
is
owed
or
given
,
especially
as
payment
or
donation
β’
The
landlord
comes
on
the
first
of
each
month
to
collect
the
rent
.
The
landlord
comes
on
the
first
of
each
month
to
collect
the
rent
.
β’
Volunteers
stood
on
the
street
corner
to
collect
money
for
the
shelter
.
Volunteers
stood
on
the
street
corner
to
collect
money
for
the
shelter
.
adverb
with
the
telephone
charge
paid
by
the
person
who
receives
the
call
β’
He
called
collect
because
he
had
no
coins
for
the
pay
phone
.
He
called
collect
because
he
had
no
coins
for
the
pay
phone
.
β’
You
can
dial
the
operator
and
ask
to
place
the
call
collect
.
You
can
dial
the
operator
and
ask
to
place
the
call
collect
.
adjective
(
of
a
telephone
call
)
paid
for
by
the
person
who
receives
it
β’
She
told
the
hotel
clerk
she
was
expecting
a
collect
call
from
her
son
.
She
told
the
hotel
clerk
she
was
expecting
a
collect
call
from
her
son
.
β’
Back
then
,
making
a
collect
call
home
was
the
only
affordable
option
.
Back
then
,
making
a
collect
call
home
was
the
only
affordable
option
.
verb
to
calm
down
and
control
your
thoughts
or
emotions
so
you
can
act
effectively
β’
She
took
a
deep
breath
to
collect
herself
before
going
on
stage
.
She
took
a
deep
breath
to
collect herself
before
going
on
stage
.
β’
Give
me
a
moment
to
collect
my
thoughts
.
Give
me
a
moment
to
collect my thoughts
.
verb
to
gradually
increase
or
form
a
group
or
layer
over
time
β’
Dust
tends
to
collect
on
the
bookshelf
if
I
don
β
t
clean
it
weekly
.
Dust
tends
to
collect
on
the
bookshelf
if
I
don
β
t
clean
it
weekly
.
β’
Rainwater
collects
in
the
hollow
of
the
rock
after
a
storm
.
Rainwater
collects
in
the
hollow
of
the
rock
after
a
storm
.
noun
a
short
prayer
that
gathers
the
theme
of
a
church
service
,
usually
said
near
the
beginning
of
Christian
liturgy
β’
The
priest
recited
the
collect
after
the
opening
hymn
.
The
priest
recited
the
collect
after
the
opening
hymn
.
β’
Each
Sunday
has
its
own
specific
collect
in
the
Book
of
Common
Prayer
.
Each
Sunday
has
its
own
specific
collect
in
the
Book
of
Common
Prayer
.
From
Latin
β
collecta
β,
meaning
β
gathered
together
β,
referring
to
the
congregation
gathering
its
thoughts
in
prayer
.
aspect
noun
one
particular
part
or
feature
of
a
situation
,
idea
,
or
thing
β’
The
safety
aspect
of
the
new
playground
was
very
important
to
parents
.
The
safety
aspect
of
the
new
playground
was
very
important
to
parents
.
β’
Cost
is
only
one
aspect
we
must
consider
before
we
buy
the
car
.
Cost
is
only
one
aspect
we
must
consider
before
we
buy
the
car
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
aspectus
β
a
seeing
,
look
,
appearance
β,
from
ad-
β
towards
β
+
spectare
β
to
look
β.
noun
the
way
something
or
someone
appears
to
other
people
β’
The
gloomy
weather
gave
the
city
a
dull
aspect
.
The
gloomy
weather
gave
the
city
a
dull
aspect
.
β’
Her
cheerful
aspect
made
everyone
feel
welcome
.
Her
cheerful
aspect
made
everyone
feel
welcome
.
noun
the
direction
in
which
a
building
,
window
,
or
piece
of
land
faces
β’
The
apartment's
south-facing
aspect
lets
in
plenty
of
sunlight
.
The
apartment's
south-facing
aspect
lets
in
plenty
of
sunlight
.
β’
Gardeners
prefer
a
western
aspect
for
their
greenhouse
.
Gardeners
prefer
a
western
aspect
for
their
greenhouse
.
noun
in
grammar
,
a
form
of
a
verb
that
shows
whether
an
action
is
completed
,
ongoing
,
repeated
,
etc
.
β’
In
English
,
the
perfect
aspect
shows
that
an
action
is
finished
.
In
English
,
the
perfect
aspect
shows
that
an
action
is
finished
.
β’
Students
often
confuse
tense
with
aspect
.
Students
often
confuse
tense
with
aspect
.
noun
in
astrology
,
the
angle
formed
between
two
planets
,
said
to
influence
events
on
Earth
β’
The
horoscope
said
the
favorable
aspect
between
Venus
and
Jupiter
would
bring
luck
.
The
horoscope
said
the
favorable
aspect
between
Venus
and
Jupiter
would
bring
luck
.
β’
Astrologers
studied
the
challenging
square
aspect
in
his
birth
chart
.
Astrologers
studied
the
challenging
square
aspect
in
his
birth
chart
.
protection
noun
the
act
of
keeping
someone
or
something
safe
from
harm
,
danger
,
or
damage
β’
A
warm
winter
coat
gives
you
protection
from
the
cold
wind
.
A
warm
winter
coat
gives
you
protection
from
the
cold
wind
.
β’
Vaccines
offer
protection
against
many
serious
illnesses
.
Vaccines
offer
protection
against
many
serious
illnesses
.
From
Latin
β
prΕtectiΕ
β
meaning
β
a
covering
over
β,
formed
from
β
prΕtegere
β β
to
cover
in
front
β.
noun
something
that
protects
,
such
as
a
device
,
material
,
or
person
used
to
keep
harm
away
β’
She
wore
safety
goggles
as
protection
while
cutting
the
wood
.
She
wore
safety
goggles
as
protection
while
cutting
the
wood
.
β’
We
used
mosquito
nets
for
protection
during
our
camping
trip
in
the
jungle
.
We
used
mosquito
nets
for
protection
during
our
camping
trip
in
the
jungle
.
noun
money
paid
to
criminals
so
that
they
will
not
harm
a
person
or
business
β’
The
shopkeeper
paid
weekly
protection
to
the
local
gang
to
avoid
trouble
.
The
shopkeeper
paid
weekly
protection
to
the
local
gang
to
avoid
trouble
.
β’
Police
arrested
three
men
running
a
protection
racket
downtown
.
Police
arrested
three
men
running
a
protection
racket
downtown
.
noun
condoms
or
other
barrier
methods
used
during
sex
to
prevent
pregnancy
or
disease
β’
The
health
teacher
reminded
the
class
to
use
protection
to
prevent
diseases
.
The
health
teacher
reminded
the
class
to
use
protection
to
prevent
diseases
.
β’
He
stopped
at
the
pharmacy
to
buy
protection
before
his
date
.
He
stopped
at
the
pharmacy
to
buy
protection
before
his
date
.
actual
adjective
existing
in
fact
;
real
and
not
imagined
,
guessed
,
or
theoretical
.
β’
Many
people
love
stories
about
dragons
,
but
no
one
has
ever
seen
an
actual
dragon
.
Many
people
love
stories
about
dragons
,
but
no
one
has
ever
seen
an
actual
dragon
.
β’
The
film
is
based
on
an
actual
event
that
happened
in
1969
.
The
film
is
based
on
an
actual
event
that
happened
in
1969
.
From
Middle
English
β
actuel
β,
from
Old
French
,
from
Late
Latin
β
actualis
β (β
active
,
practical
β),
from
Latin
β
actus
β (β
a
doing
,
act
β).
adjective
used
to
emphasize
the
precise
person
or
thing
you
are
referring
to
,
often
showing
surprise
or
importance
.
β’
I
was
amazed
to
meet
the
actual
inventor
of
the
device
.
I
was
amazed
to
meet
the
actual
inventor
of
the
device
.
β’
This
isn
β
t
practice
β
this
is
the
actual
game
!
This
isn
β
t
practice
β
this
is
the
actual
game
!
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
,
with
the
emphatic
use
appearing
in
English
from
the
18th
century
.
connect
verb
to
join
two
or
more
things
so
that
they
are
linked
or
touch
each
other
β’
She
used
a
rope
to
connect
the
two
boats
.
She
used
a
rope
to
connect
the
two
boats
.
β’
The
pieces
of
the
puzzle
only
fit
when
you
connect
the
edges
.
The
pieces
of
the
puzzle
only
fit
when
you
connect
the
edges
.
victory
noun
-
victory
,
victories
success
in
a
competition
,
battle
,
game
,
or
struggle
β’
The
home
team
celebrated
their
victory
with
confetti
and
cheers
.
The
home
team
celebrated
their
victory
with
confetti
and
cheers
.
β’
Patience
and
practice
were
the
keys
to
victory
in
the
chess
tournament
.
Patience
and
practice
were
the
keys
to
victory
in
the
chess
tournament
.
from
Latin
victoria
β
conquest
,
success
,β
related
to
vincere
β
to
conquer
β
interjection
an
exclamation
shouted
when
you
win
or
succeed
β’
When
the
final
puzzle
piece
clicked
into
place
,
he
threw
his
arms
up
and
shouted
, "
Victory
!"
When
the
final
puzzle
piece
clicked
into
place
,
he
threw
his
arms
up
and
shouted
, "
Victory
!"
β’
"
Victory
!"
the
young
woman
exclaimed
as
she
crossed
the
finish
line
ahead
of
everyone
else
.
"
Victory
!"
the
young
woman
exclaimed
as
she
crossed
the
finish
line
ahead
of
everyone
else
.
same
origin
as
the
noun
;
used
as
a
shout
of
triumph
since
the
18th
century
reaction
noun
something
you
do
,
say
,
or
feel
because
something
else
has
happened
or
been
said
β’
When
she
heard
the
surprise
news
,
her
first
reaction
was
to
laugh
.
When
she
heard
the
surprise
news
,
her
first
reaction
was
to
laugh
.
β’
The
dog's
quick
reaction
saved
it
from
the
falling
branch
.
The
dog's
quick
reaction
saved
it
from
the
falling
branch
.
from
French
rΓ©action
,
from
Late
Latin
reactio
,
from
re-
back
+
actio
action
noun
a
process
in
which
one
or
more
substances
change
into
new
substances
β’
Rust
forming
on
iron
is
a
slow
chemical
reaction
.
Rust
forming
on
iron
is
a
slow
chemical
reaction
.
β’
The
science
teacher
mixed
vinegar
and
baking
soda
to
show
a
bubbling
reaction
.
The
science
teacher
mixed
vinegar
and
baking
soda
to
show
a
bubbling
reaction
.
extended
scientific
sense
recorded
in
the
17th
century
as
chemistry
developed
noun
a
force
equal
in
size
and
opposite
in
direction
to
another
force
β’
When
you
push
on
the
wall
,
the
wall
pushes
back
with
an
equal
reaction
.
When
you
push
on
the
wall
,
the
wall
pushes
back
with
an
equal
reaction
.
β’
A
rocket
moves
upward
because
the
exhaust
gases
create
a
downward
reaction
.
A
rocket
moves
upward
because
the
exhaust
gases
create
a
downward
reaction
.
physics
sense
formalized
in
the
17th
century
by
Isaac
Newton
noun
strong
opposition
to
social
or
political
change
,
favoring
traditional
ideas
β’
The
new
law
met
fierce
reaction
from
conservative
groups
.
The
new
law
met
fierce
reaction
from
conservative
groups
.
β’
History
shows
that
progressive
movements
often
face
equal
and
opposite
reaction
.
History
shows
that
progressive
movements
often
face
equal
and
opposite
reaction
.
political
sense
arose
in
the
early
19th
century
after
the
French
Revolution
to
describe
forces
resisting
change
respect
noun
a
feeling
of
deep
admiration
for
someone
or
something
because
of
their
qualities
,
achievements
,
or
abilities
β’
The
students
looked
at
their
teacher
with
respect
after
his
inspiring
speech
.
The
students
looked
at
their
teacher
with
respect
after
his
inspiring
speech
.
β’
She
has
enormous
respect
for
scientists
who
devote
their
lives
to
curing
diseases
.
She
has
enormous
respect
for
scientists
who
devote
their
lives
to
curing
diseases
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
β
respectus
β
meaning
β
regard
,
consideration
β,
from
β
respicere
β β
to
look
back
at
,
regard
β.
noun
-
respect
careful
,
polite
behaviour
that
shows
you
value
another
person
β
s
rights
,
feelings
,
or
traditions
β’
It
is
important
to
show
respect
to
older
people
in
many
cultures
.
It
is
important
to
show
respect
to
older
people
in
many
cultures
.
β’
Please
speak
with
respect
when
you
address
the
judge
.
Please
speak
with
respect
when
you
address
the
judge
.
verb
-
respect
,
respecting
,
respects
,
respected
to
admire
someone
or
something
for
their
qualities
,
achievements
,
or
abilities
β’
I
really
respect
my
grandmother
for
her
courage
.
I
really
respect
my
grandmother
for
her
courage
.
β’
Children
tend
to
respect
teachers
who
are
fair
and
kind
.
Children
tend
to
respect
teachers
who
are
fair
and
kind
.
noun
a
feeling
of
deep
admiration
for
someone
or
something
because
of
their
abilities
,
qualities
,
or
achievements
β’
The
students
had
great
respect
for
their
science
teacher
.
The
students
had
great
respect
for
their
science
teacher
.
β’
You
need
to
earn
people's
respect
through
honest
actions
.
You
need
to
earn
people's
respect
through
honest
actions
.
verb
to
admire
someone
or
something
highly
for
their
qualities
or
achievements
β’
I
respect
Dr
.
Lee
for
her
dedication
to
rural
medicine
.
I
respect
Dr
.
Lee
for
her
dedication
to
rural
medicine
.
β’
They
respected
their
coach
and
followed
his
advice
.
They
respected
their
coach
and
followed
his
advice
.
noun
a
particular
aspect
,
point
,
or
detail
of
something
β’
In
this
respect
,
the
new
phone
is
lighter
and
faster
than
the
old
model
.
In
this
respect
,
the
new
phone
is
lighter
and
faster
than
the
old
model
.
β’
The
plan
was
successful
in
many
respects
,
but
it
cost
more
than
expected
.
The
plan
was
successful
in
many
respects
,
but
it
cost
more
than
expected
.
verb
-
respect
,
respecting
,
respects
,
respected
to
act
according
to
something
,
or
to
avoid
harming
or
interfering
with
it
β’
Drivers
must
respect
the
speed
limit
at
all
times
.
Drivers
must
respect
the
speed
limit
at
all
times
.
β’
Please
respect
the
privacy
of
the
family
during
this
difficult
time
.
Please
respect
the
privacy
of
the
family
during
this
difficult
time
.
noun
polite
or
considerate
behaviour
toward
someone
or
something
β’
It
is
a
sign
of
respect
to
take
off
your
shoes
before
entering
the
temple
.
It
is
a
sign
of
respect
to
take
off
your
shoes
before
entering
the
temple
.
β’
Please
show
respect
to
the
museum
artifacts
and
do
not
touch
them
.
Please
show
respect
to
the
museum
artifacts
and
do
not
touch
them
.
noun
a
particular
detail
,
point
,
or
aspect
of
something
β’
The
two
cars
are
similar
in
every
respect
except
price
.
The
two
cars
are
similar
in
every
respect
except
price
.
β’
In
this
respect
,
the
new
policy
is
better
than
the
old
one
.
In
this
respect
,
the
new
policy
is
better
than
the
old
one
.
verb
to
accept
and
follow
a
rule
,
decision
,
or
right
β’
All
citizens
must
respect
the
law
.
All
citizens
must
respect
the
law
.
β’
Drivers
are
expected
to
respect
the
speed
limit
.
Drivers
are
expected
to
respect
the
speed
limit
.
verb
to
treat
someone
or
something
politely
and
considerately
β’
If
you
can
β
t
respect
other
opinions
,
the
discussion
will
fail
.
If
you
can
β
t
respect
other
opinions
,
the
discussion
will
fail
.
β’
She
always
respects
her
colleagues
,
even
when
she
disagrees
.
She
always
respects
her
colleagues
,
even
when
she
disagrees
.
Respect
interjection
used
informally
to
express
admiration
or
approval
for
someone
β
s
achievement
or
action
β’
You
finished
the
marathon
in
under
three
hours
?
Respect
!
You
finished
the
marathon
in
under
three
hours
?
Respect
!
β’
He
fixed
the
old
car
by
himself
β
Respect
!
He
fixed
the
old
car
by
himself
β
Respect
!
active
adjective
full
of
energy
and
regularly
doing
physical
or
mental
activities
,
rather
than
staying
still
or
passive
β’
Even
at
seventy
,
Maria
stays
active
by
walking
five
kilometers
every
morning
.
Even
at
seventy
,
Maria
stays
active
by
walking
five
kilometers
every
morning
.
β’
The
club
encourages
children
to
be
active
instead
of
playing
video
games
all
day
.
The
club
encourages
children
to
be
active
instead
of
playing
video
games
all
day
.
From
Latin
activus
,
meaning
β
doing
,
moving
,
energetic
.β
adjective
working
,
operating
,
or
happening
now
rather
than
stopped
or
finished
β’
The
volcano
has
been
active
for
the
past
three
days
,
spewing
ash
into
the
sky
.
The
volcano
has
been
active
for
the
past
three
days
,
spewing
ash
into
the
sky
.
β’
I
have
two
credit
cards
,
but
only
one
of
them
is
active
.
I
have
two
credit
cards
,
but
only
one
of
them
is
active
.
noun
-
active
the
grammatical
voice
in
which
the
subject
does
the
action
expressed
by
the
verb
β’
In
the
sentence
β
The
cat
chased
the
mouse
,β
the
verb
is
in
the
active
.
In
the
sentence
β
The
cat
chased
the
mouse
,β
the
verb
is
in
the
active
.
β’
Teachers
often
tell
students
to
change
passive
sentences
into
the
active
.
Teachers
often
tell
students
to
change
passive
sentences
into
the
active
.
actor
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
pretend
to
be
a
character
in
a
play
,
film
,
or
television
show
β’
The
actor
bowed
to
the
audience
after
the
play
ended
.
The
actor
bowed
to
the
audience
after
the
play
ended
.
β’
My
sister
wants
to
become
an
actor
when
she
grows
up
.
My
sister
wants
to
become
an
actor
when
she
grows
up
.
From
Latin
"
actor
"
meaning
β
doer
,
performer
β,
from
"
agere
" β
to
do
,
drive
β.
noun
someone
or
something
that
takes
part
in
a
particular
situation
or
activity
and
influences
what
happens
β’
Local
businesses
are
important
actors
in
the
town
β
s
economy
.
Local
businesses
are
important
actors
in
the
town
β
s
economy
.
β’
Several
political
actors
met
to
discuss
the
new
law
.
Several
political
actors
met
to
discuss
the
new
law
.
noun
in
computing
,
an
independent
unit
of
code
that
receives
messages
and
performs
actions
,
used
in
the
actor
model
of
concurrency
β’
Each
actor
in
the
system
processes
messages
independently
.
Each
actor
in
the
system
processes
messages
independently
.
β’
The
developer
modeled
the
chat
server
as
a
group
of
communicating
actors
.
The
developer
modeled
the
chat
server
as
a
group
of
communicating
actors
.
contact
noun
communication
or
connection
with
someone
β’
After
moving
abroad
,
Mia
kept
contact
with
her
grandparents
by
video
call
every
week
.
After
moving
abroad
,
Mia
kept
contact
with
her
grandparents
by
video
call
every
week
.
β’
I
finally
lost
contact
with
my
old
teacher
when
her
email
stopped
working
.
I
finally
lost
contact
with
my
old
teacher
when
her
email
stopped
working
.
Sense
extended
from
physical
touch
to
the
idea
of
maintaining
connection
by
letters
or
calls
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
verb
to
communicate
with
someone
,
especially
by
phone
,
email
,
or
letter
β’
You
can
contact
me
at
this
number
if
you
have
any
questions
.
You
can
contact
me
at
this
number
if
you
have
any
questions
.
β’
The
travel
agent
contacted
the
hotel
to
confirm
our
reservation
.
The
travel
agent
contacted
the
hotel
to
confirm
our
reservation
.
Verb
sense
developed
from
the
noun
in
early
20th-century
English
,
when
new
communication
tools
like
telephone
appeared
.
noun
the
state
of
two
people
or
things
touching
or
meeting
β’
The
baseball
made
contact
with
the
window
and
cracked
the
glass
.
The
baseball
made
contact
with
the
window
and
cracked
the
glass
.
β’
Wear
gloves
so
your
skin
doesn
β
t
come
into
direct
contact
with
the
hot
pan
.
Wear
gloves
so
your
skin
doesn
β
t
come
into
direct
contact
with
the
hot
pan
.
From
Latin
β
contactus
β
meaning
β
a
touching
β,
from
β
contingere
β β
to
touch
β.
noun
a
person
you
know
who
can
give
help
,
information
,
or
introductions
β’
Emma
used
her
uncle
as
a
contact
to
find
a
summer
job
at
the
bank
.
Emma
used
her
uncle
as
a
contact
to
find
a
summer
job
at
the
bank
.
β’
The
reporter
called
her
police
contact
for
details
about
the
accident
.
The
reporter
called
her
police
contact
for
details
about
the
accident
.
From
the
idea
of
someone
you
can
β
get
in
touch
with
β;
popular
in
business
English
since
the
20th
century
.
noun
the
state
of
two
or
more
things
touching
each
other
β’
Keep
fragile
items
apart
so
they
do
not
come
into
contact
.
Keep
fragile
items
apart
so
they
do
not
come
into
contact
.
β’
The
car
β
s
bumper
made
brief
contact
with
the
wall
,
leaving
a
scratch
.
The
car
β
s
bumper
made
brief
contact
with
the
wall
,
leaving
a
scratch
.
From
Latin
contactus
β
a
touching
,β
from
contingere
β
to
touch
.β
noun
communication
or
regular
exchange
with
someone
β’
We
kept
in
contact
by
email
while
she
studied
abroad
.
We
kept
in
contact
by
email
while
she
studied
abroad
.
β’
After
moving
to
a
new
city
,
he
lost
contact
with
many
old
friends
.
After
moving
to
a
new
city
,
he
lost
contact
with
many
old
friends
.
verb
to
communicate
with
someone
,
especially
by
phone
,
email
,
or
letter
β’
Please
contact
me
if
you
have
any
questions
.
Please
contact
me
if
you
have
any
questions
.
β’
The
company
contacted
all
applicants
by
phone
.
The
company
contacted
all
applicants
by
phone
.
verb
to
touch
or
meet
something
physically
β’
If
the
wires
contact
,
they
could
cause
a
short
circuit
.
If
the
wires
contact
,
they
could
cause
a
short
circuit
.
β’
The
rocket
must
avoid
contacting
space
debris
during
launch
.
The
rocket
must
avoid
contacting
space
debris
during
launch
.
Technical
in-transitive
verb
use
recorded
since
the
late
19th
century
in
engineering
manuals
.
noun
a
thin
lens
worn
directly
on
the
eye
(
short
form
of
β
contact
lens
β)
β’
I
put
my
left
contact
in
backwards
this
morning
and
it
felt
uncomfortable
.
I
put
my
left
contact
in
backwards
this
morning
and
it
felt
uncomfortable
.
β’
He
keeps
spare
contacts
in
his
wallet
just
in
case
one
falls
out
.
He
keeps
spare
contacts
in
his
wallet
just
in
case
one
falls
out
.
Shortened
from
β
contact
lens
,β
first
used
in
the
1960s
.
noun
a
person
you
know
who
can
give
you
information
or
help
β’
She
has
many
contacts
in
the
music
industry
who
can
find
new
singers
.
She
has
many
contacts
in
the
music
industry
who
can
find
new
singers
.
β’
A
good
journalist
relies
on
reliable
contacts
for
breaking
news
.
A
good
journalist
relies
on
reliable
contacts
for
breaking
news
.
noun
a
small
metal
or
carbon
part
in
a
circuit
that
touches
another
part
to
allow
electricity
to
flow
β’
The
relay
β
s
contacts
closed
and
powered
the
motor
.
The
relay
β
s
contacts
closed
and
powered
the
motor
.
β’
Dirty
contacts
can
cause
sparks
in
a
switch
.
Dirty
contacts
can
cause
sparks
in
a
switch
.
adjective
involving
physical
touching
or
collision
,
especially
in
sports
β’
Rugby
is
a
full-contact
sport
.
Rugby
is
a
full-contact
sport
.
β’
She
prefers
non-contact
exercise
like
swimming
.
She
prefers
non-contact
exercise
like
swimming
.
direct
adjective
going
straight
from
one
place
to
another
without
turning
,
stopping
,
or
changing
β’
We
took
a
direct
flight
from
New
York
to
Paris
.
We
took
a
direct
flight
from
New
York
to
Paris
.
β’
Draw
a
direct
line
between
the
two
points
.
Draw
a
direct
line
between
the
two
points
.
from
Latin
β
directus
β,
past
participle
of
β
dirigere
β
meaning
β
to
guide
straight
β
adjective
moving
or
going
by
the
straightest
and
shortest
way
,
without
turning
aside
or
stopping
at
other
places
β’
The
express
train
offers
a
direct
connection
between
the
two
cities
.
The
express
train
offers
a
direct
connection
between
the
two
cities
.
β’
Draw
a
direct
line
from
the
center
to
the
edge
of
the
circle
.
Draw
a
direct
line
from
the
center
to
the
edge
of
the
circle
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
directus
β
straight
β,
past
participle
of
dirigere
β
to
guide
β.
adjective
saying
exactly
what
you
mean
in
a
clear
and
honest
way
β’
Her
direct
answer
surprised
the
interviewer
.
Her
direct
answer
surprised
the
interviewer
.
β’
Please
be
direct
with
me
if
something
is
wrong
.
Please
be
direct
with
me
if
something
is
wrong
.
verb
to
guide
or
control
someone
or
something
toward
a
place
or
goal
,
or
to
give
instructions
β’
Two
police
officers
direct
cars
around
the
fallen
tree
.
Two
police
officers
direct
cars
around
the
fallen
tree
.
β’
Volunteers
direct
guests
to
their
seats
at
the
concert
hall
.
Volunteers
direct
guests
to
their
seats
at
the
concert
hall
.
adverb
without
stopping
or
changing
on
the
way
β’
She
went
direct
to
her
room
after
school
.
She
went
direct
to
her
room
after
school
.
β’
This
train
travels
direct
from
Berlin
to
Prague
.
This
train
travels
direct
from
Berlin
to
Prague
.
adverbial
use
of
the
adjective
β
direct
β
verb
to
aim
or
guide
something
or
someone
toward
a
place
,
purpose
,
or
person
β’
Please
direct
your
questions
to
the
information
desk
.
Please
direct
your
questions
to
the
information
desk
.
β’
The
river
directs
water
toward
the
valley
.
The
river
directs
water
toward
the
valley
.
from
Latin
β
dirigere
β
meaning
β
arrange
straight
β
verb
to
be
in
charge
of
making
a
film
,
play
,
or
other
performance
,
deciding
how
it
is
acted
and
filmed
β’
Greta
Gerwig
will
direct
the
studio
β
s
next
movie
.
Greta
Gerwig
will
direct
the
studio
β
s
next
movie
.
β’
He
loves
to
direct
school
plays
.
He
loves
to
direct
school
plays
.
extension
of
the
general
verb
β
direct
β
to
the
field
of
performing
arts
(
early
19th
century
)
verb
to
be
in
charge
of
making
a
film
,
play
,
or
other
performance
β’
Greta
Gerwig
will
direct
the
studio's
next
fantasy
film
.
Greta
Gerwig
will
direct
the
studio's
next
fantasy
film
.
β’
He
dreams
of
moving
to
Hollywood
to
direct
movies
.
He
dreams
of
moving
to
Hollywood
to
direct
movies
.
correct
adjective
right
or
accurate
;
without
any
mistakes
β’
Mina's
answer
to
the
math
problem
was
correct
,
so
she
got
full
marks
.
Mina's
answer
to
the
math
problem
was
correct
,
so
she
got
full
marks
.
β’
Make
sure
the
clock
shows
the
correct
time
before
the
guests
arrive
.
Make
sure
the
clock
shows
the
correct
time
before
the
guests
arrive
.
From
Latin
β
correctus
,β
past
participle
of
β
corrigere
,β
meaning
β
to
make
straight
,
set
right
.β
instruction
noun
a
statement
telling
someone
what
to
do
or
how
to
do
something
β’
The
teacher
gave
clear
instructions
on
how
to
solve
the
math
problem
.
The
teacher
gave
clear
instructions
on
how
to
solve
the
math
problem
.
β’
Follow
the
assembly
instructions
carefully
,
or
the
bookshelf
may
fall
apart
.
Follow
the
assembly
instructions
carefully
,
or
the
bookshelf
may
fall
apart
.
noun
the
act
or
practice
of
teaching
or
providing
knowledge
β’
All
new
employees
receive
safety
instruction
before
starting
work
on
the
factory
floor
.
All
new
employees
receive
safety
instruction
before
starting
work
on
the
factory
floor
.
β’
Good
language
instruction
includes
plenty
of
speaking
practice
.
Good
language
instruction
includes
plenty
of
speaking
practice
.
noun
a
single
operation
that
a
computer's
processor
can
perform
β’
The
CPU
executes
millions
of
instructions
per
second
.
The
CPU
executes
millions
of
instructions
per
second
.
β’
A
loop
repeats
the
same
instruction
until
the
condition
is
false
.
A
loop
repeats
the
same
instruction
until
the
condition
is
false
.
construction
noun
the
act
or
process
of
building
something
,
especially
large
structures
such
as
houses
,
bridges
,
or
roads
β’
The
construction
of
the
new
playground
made
the
children
excited
.
The
construction
of
the
new
playground
made
the
children
excited
.
β’
Noise
from
the
late-night
construction
kept
the
neighbors
awake
.
Noise
from
the
late-night
construction
kept
the
neighbors
awake
.
From
Latin
β
constructio
β
meaning
β
a
building
up
β.
noun
the
business
or
line
of
work
that
involves
building
structures
β’
After
school
,
he
got
a
job
in
construction
to
earn
money
.
After
school
,
he
got
a
job
in
construction
to
earn
money
.
β’
Safety
glasses
are
essential
for
anyone
working
in
construction
.
Safety
glasses
are
essential
for
anyone
working
in
construction
.
noun
a
building
or
other
structure
that
has
been
made
β’
The
glass
construction
gleamed
in
the
morning
sun
.
The
glass
construction
gleamed
in
the
morning
sun
.
β’
That
temporary
construction
will
be
removed
after
the
festival
.
That
temporary
construction
will
be
removed
after
the
festival
.
noun
the
way
in
which
words
or
phrases
are
arranged
to
make
a
sentence
or
expression
β’
'What
time
is
it
?
'
is
a
simple
question
construction
.
'What
time
is
it
?
'
is
a
simple
question
construction
.
β’
Passive
voice
constructions
can
make
writing
less
direct
.
Passive
voice
constructions
can
make
writing
less
direct
.
noun
the
act
of
interpreting
the
meaning
of
a
written
text
or
law
β’
Courts
follow
a
strict
construction
of
the
constitution
.
Courts
follow
a
strict
construction
of
the
constitution
.
β’
Different
judges
offered
different
constructions
of
the
contract
.
Different
judges
offered
different
constructions
of
the
contract
.
select
verb
to
choose
one
person
or
thing
from
a
group
,
usually
because
it
is
the
most
suitable
β’
Please
select
your
favorite
color
from
the
list
.
Please
select
your
favorite
color
from
the
list
.
β’
The
committee
will
select
a
winner
next
week
.
The
committee
will
select
a
winner
next
week
.
from
Latin
β
selectus
β,
past
participle
of
β
seligere
β
meaning
β
to
pick
apart
,
choose
β
verb
to
highlight
an
item
on
a
computer
or
device
screen
so
that
you
can
work
with
it
β’
Double-click
the
icon
to
select
it
.
Double-click
the
icon
to
select
it
.
β’
Hold
β
Shift
β
to
select
multiple
files
at
once
.
Hold
β
Shift
β
to
select
multiple
files
at
once
.
adjective
carefully
chosen
and
therefore
of
high
quality
or
exclusive
β’
Only
a
select
group
of
guests
received
invitations
to
the
gala
.
Only
a
select
group
of
guests
received
invitations
to
the
gala
.
β’
He
lives
in
a
select
neighborhood
with
tree-lined
streets
.
He
lives
in
a
select
neighborhood
with
tree-lined
streets
.
predict
verb
-
predict
,
predicting
,
predicts
,
predicted
to
say
what
you
think
will
happen
in
the
future
before
it
actually
happens
β’
Scientists
can
often
predict
when
a
volcano
will
erupt
by
studying
small
earthquakes
.
Scientists
can
often
predict
when
a
volcano
will
erupt
by
studying
small
earthquakes
.
β’
No
one
could
predict
that
the
small
garage
business
would
grow
into
a
global
company
.
No
one
could
predict
that
the
small
garage
business
would
grow
into
a
global
company
.
Mid-16th
century
:
from
Latin
praedicere
β
make
known
beforehand
β,
from
prae
β
before
β
+
dicere
β
say
β.
expectation
noun
the
strong
feeling
or
belief
that
something
will
happen
or
be
true
in
the
future
β’
With
high
expectation
,
the
crowd
waited
for
the
fireworks
to
begin
.
With
high
expectation
,
the
crowd
waited
for
the
fireworks
to
begin
.
β’
She
tore
open
the
envelope
in
eager
expectation
of
good
news
.
She
tore
open
the
envelope
in
eager
expectation
of
good
news
.
from
Latin
exspectΔtiΕ
(β
a
waiting
for
β),
from
exspectΔre
β
to
look
out
for
,
await
β.
noun
a
standard
or
level
of
performance
or
behaviour
that
people
believe
someone
should
meet
β’
Parents
often
have
high
expectations
of
their
children
.
Parents
often
have
high
expectations
of
their
children
.
β’
The
coach
made
his
expectations
clear
before
the
first
practice
.
The
coach
made
his
expectations
clear
before
the
first
practice
.
noun
in
statistics
,
the
average
value
of
a
random
variable
,
found
by
weighting
every
possible
result
by
its
probability
β’
The
expectation
of
a
fair
six-sided
die
is
3
.
5
.
The
expectation
of
a
fair
six-sided
die
is
3
.
5
.
β’
Economists
estimate
the
expectation
of
future
inflation
using
complex
models
.
Economists
estimate
the
expectation
of
future
inflation
using
complex
models
.
sector
noun
a
separate
part
of
a
country
β
s
economy
or
industry
,
such
as
technology
,
finance
,
or
agriculture
β’
Jobs
in
the
technology
sector
are
growing
rapidly
.
Jobs
in
the
technology
sector
are
growing
rapidly
.
β’
After
the
recession
,
the
construction
sector
struggled
to
recover
.
After
the
recession
,
the
construction
sector
struggled
to
recover
.
noun
a
distinct
area
or
zone
within
a
larger
physical
space
,
often
marked
off
for
a
particular
purpose
β’
Tourists
love
wandering
through
the
historic
sector
of
the
city
.
Tourists
love
wandering
through
the
historic
sector
of
the
city
.
β’
Firefighters
quickly
arrived
to
control
the
blaze
in
the
industrial
sector
.
Firefighters
quickly
arrived
to
control
the
blaze
in
the
industrial
sector
.
noun
the
part
of
a
circle
bounded
by
two
radii
and
the
arc
between
them
β’
The
teacher
shaded
a
90-degree
sector
on
the
circle
to
show
a
quarter
of
the
pizza
.
The
teacher
shaded
a
90-degree
sector
on
the
circle
to
show
a
quarter
of
the
pizza
.
β’
To
find
the
area
of
a
circular
sector
,
you
multiply
the
radius
squared
by
half
the
angle
in
radians
.
To
find
the
area
of
a
circular
sector
,
you
multiply
the
radius
squared
by
half
the
angle
in
radians
.
noun
the
smallest
fixed-size
unit
of
data
that
can
be
read
from
or
written
to
a
magnetic
or
optical
storage
device
β’
A
damaged
sector
on
the
hard
drive
caused
the
video
file
to
become
unreadable
.
A
damaged
sector
on
the
hard
drive
caused
the
video
file
to
become
unreadable
.
β’
The
disk-checking
utility
scanned
every
sector
for
errors
.
The
disk-checking
utility
scanned
every
sector
for
errors
.
noun
an
area
of
land
,
sea
,
or
air
assigned
to
a
military
unit
for
control
or
operations
β’
The
infantry
unit
was
ordered
to
secure
the
northern
sector
before
dawn
.
The
infantry
unit
was
ordered
to
secure
the
northern
sector
before
dawn
.
β’
Fighter
jets
patrolled
the
coastal
sector
to
deter
enemy
ships
.
Fighter
jets
patrolled
the
coastal
sector
to
deter
enemy
ships
.
interaction
noun
the
act
of
people
communicating
or
doing
things
together
so
that
they
influence
one
another
β’
The
teacher
encouraged
more
interaction
between
students
during
group
projects
.
The
teacher
encouraged
more
interaction
between
students
during
group
projects
.
β’
After
moving
abroad
,
daily
interaction
with
locals
helped
him
learn
the
language
faster
.
After
moving
abroad
,
daily
interaction
with
locals
helped
him
learn
the
language
faster
.
From
Latin
inter-
(β
between
β)
+
actio
(β
doing
,
action
β),
meaning
things
that
act
upon
each
other
.
noun
a
situation
in
which
two
or
more
things
affect
and
change
each
other
β’
The
doctor
warned
that
the
interaction
between
the
two
medicines
could
cause
dizziness
.
The
doctor
warned
that
the
interaction
between
the
two
medicines
could
cause
dizziness
.
β’
Scientists
are
studying
the
interaction
of
climate
and
ocean
currents
.
Scientists
are
studying
the
interaction
of
climate
and
ocean
currents
.
Same
origin
as
the
general
sense
,
with
scientific
use
expanding
in
the
1800s
as
experimental
chemistry
grew
.
noun
in
physics
,
one
of
the
fundamental
forces
that
act
between
particles
or
fields
β’
The
electromagnetic
interaction
holds
electrons
around
the
nucleus
.
The
electromagnetic
interaction
holds
electrons
around
the
nucleus
.
β’
Gravity
is
the
weakest
fundamental
interaction
,
but
it
shapes
the
universe
.
Gravity
is
the
weakest
fundamental
interaction
,
but
it
shapes
the
universe
.
Adopted
in
modern
physics
in
the
20th
century
to
describe
the
four
forces
forming
the
Standard
Model
.
reject
verb
to
refuse
to
accept
,
believe
,
agree
to
,
or
approve
something
or
someone
β’
The
editor
rejected
the
article
because
it
lacked
evidence
.
The
editor
rejected
the
article
because
it
lacked
evidence
.
β’
Maria
politely
rejected
the
job
offer
after
finding
a
better
position
.
Maria
politely
rejected
the
job
offer
after
finding
a
better
position
.
From
Latin
reicere
β
to
throw
back
,
refuse
.β
verb
to
discard
or
throw
out
a
product
or
material
because
it
does
not
meet
required
standards
β’
The
inspector
rejected
the
cracked
bottle
and
set
it
aside
.
The
inspector
rejected
the
cracked
bottle
and
set
it
aside
.
β’
Any
smartphone
with
a
scratched
screen
is
rejected
during
final
testing
.
Any
smartphone
with
a
scratched
screen
is
rejected
during
final
testing
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
has
been
refused
acceptance
or
thrown
away
β’
He
felt
like
a
reject
after
no
team
picked
him
.
He
felt
like
a
reject
after
no
team
picked
him
.
β’
The
shop
sells
factory
rejects
at
half
price
.
The
shop
sells
factory
rejects
at
half
price
.
elect
verb
to
choose
someone
for
a
job
,
position
,
or
organization
,
especially
by
voting
β’
Citizens
across
the
country
will
elect
a
new
leader
next
month
.
Citizens
across
the
country
will
elect
a
new
leader
next
month
.
β’
The
committee
unanimously
elected
Maria
as
chairperson
.
The
committee
unanimously
elected
Maria
as
chairperson
.
From
Latin
Δligere
β
to
pick
out
,
choose
.β
verb
to
choose
to
do
something
when
there
are
other
possible
options
β’
Instead
of
flying
,
we
elected
to
take
the
train
and
enjoy
the
scenery
.
Instead
of
flying
,
we
elected
to
take
the
train
and
enjoy
the
scenery
.
β’
He
elects
to
work
remotely
on
Fridays
.
He
elects
to
work
remotely
on
Fridays
.
adjective
chosen
for
a
position
but
not
yet
officially
in
that
position
β’
The
president-elect
announced
his
first
cabinet
pick
.
The
president-elect
announced
his
first
cabinet
pick
.
β’
Guests
applauded
the
mayor-elect
as
she
entered
the
hall
.
Guests
applauded
the
mayor-elect
as
she
entered
the
hall
.
noun
people
who
are
specially
chosen
,
especially
by
God
,
for
salvation
or
special
honor
β’
Some
traditions
teach
that
only
the
elect
will
enter
paradise
.
Some
traditions
teach
that
only
the
elect
will
enter
paradise
.
β’
The
sermon
spoke
about
the
duties
of
the
elect
toward
others
.
The
sermon
spoke
about
the
duties
of
the
elect
toward
others
.
Originally
used
in
Christian
theology
referring
to
those
chosen
by
God
.
suspect
verb
to
believe
that
something
is
probably
true
or
that
someone
has
probably
done
something
wrong
,
often
without
having
complete
proof
β’
I
suspect
we
will
be
late
if
we
don
β
t
leave
now
.
I
suspect
we
will
be
late
if
we
don
β
t
leave
now
.
β’
The
police
suspect
him
of
stealing
the
bicycle
.
The
police
suspect
him
of
stealing
the
bicycle
.
From
Latin
suspicere
β
look
up
at
,
look
askance
at
β,
later
β
mistrust
β,
via
Old
French
suspecier
.
noun
a
person
who
is
believed
to
have
committed
a
crime
or
done
something
wrong
β’
The
suspect
was
arrested
near
the
train
station
.
The
suspect
was
arrested
near
the
train
station
.
β’
Police
questioned
several
suspects
after
the
robbery
.
Police
questioned
several
suspects
after
the
robbery
.
From
the
verb
β
suspect
,β
first
recorded
as
a
noun
in
the
late
15th
century
.
adjective
likely
to
be
false
,
bad
,
or
untrustworthy
β’
The
meat
smelled
suspect
,
so
we
threw
it
away
.
The
meat
smelled
suspect
,
so
we
threw
it
away
.
β’
His
suspect
alibi
didn
β
t
convince
the
jury
.
His
suspect
alibi
didn
β
t
convince
the
jury
.
Adjective
use
developed
from
the
past
participle
of
the
verb
in
the
17th
century
,
describing
something
that
arouses
suspicion
.
attract
verb
to
make
a
person
or
an
animal
interested
in
something
and
want
to
come
closer
,
join
,
or
take
part
β’
Colorful
balloons
outside
the
store
attract
many
children
inside
.
Colorful
balloons
outside
the
store
attract
many
children
inside
.
β’
The
museum
β
s
new
dinosaur
exhibit
attracted
hundreds
of
visitors
on
opening
day
.
The
museum
β
s
new
dinosaur
exhibit
attracted
hundreds
of
visitors
on
opening
day
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
β
attrahere
β
meaning
β
to
draw
toward
β (
ad-
β
to
β
+
trahere
β
draw
,
pull
β).
verb
to
pull
something
toward
another
thing
by
a
natural
force
such
as
magnetism
or
gravity
β’
A
strong
magnet
can
attract
iron
nails
from
several
centimeters
away
.
A
strong
magnet
can
attract
iron
nails
from
several
centimeters
away
.
β’
The
Moon
β
s
gravity
attracts
ocean
water
,
causing
tides
on
Earth
.
The
Moon
β
s
gravity
attracts
ocean
water
,
causing
tides
on
Earth
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
:
from
Latin
β
attrahere
β,
meaning
β
to
draw
toward
β.
detective
noun
a
police
officer
whose
job
is
to
find
out
who
committed
crimes
by
gathering
information
and
evidence
β’
The
detective
examined
the
crime
scene
for
clues
.
The
detective
examined
the
crime
scene
for
clues
.
β’
After
hours
of
questioning
,
the
seasoned
detective
found
the
missing
link
in
the
case
.
After
hours
of
questioning
,
the
seasoned
detective
found
the
missing
link
in
the
case
.
From
Latin
dΔtectus
,
past
participle
of
dΔtegere
β
to
uncover
β,
later
used
in
the
phrase
detective
police
in
the
1840s
.
noun
a
person
who
investigates
cases
for
private
clients
rather
than
for
the
police
β’
They
hired
a
detective
to
find
their
stolen
jewelry
.
They
hired
a
detective
to
find
their
stolen
jewelry
.
β’
The
detective
followed
the
target
through
the
busy
market
.
The
detective
followed
the
target
through
the
busy
market
.
Sense
extended
from
police
detective
to
freelance
private
investigators
in
late
19th
century
American
English
.
adjective
connected
with
solving
crimes
or
mysteries
,
or
describing
stories
about
such
investigations
β’
She
enjoys
reading
detective
novels
on
rainy
evenings
.
She
enjoys
reading
detective
novels
on
rainy
evenings
.
β’
The
festival
is
screening
classic
detective
films
.
The
festival
is
screening
classic
detective
films
.
Attributive
use
of
the
noun
appearing
by
the
late
19th
century
to
describe
fiction
and
films
about
detectives
.
reduction
noun
the
act
or
process
of
making
something
smaller
or
less
in
size
,
amount
,
price
,
or
degree
β’
The
store
announced
a
50%
reduction
in
winter
coat
prices
.
The
store
announced
a
50%
reduction
in
winter
coat
prices
.
β’
Regular
exercise
can
lead
to
a
significant
reduction
in
stress
levels
.
Regular
exercise
can
lead
to
a
significant
reduction
in
stress
levels
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
reductio
(
n-
),
from
reducere
β
bring
back
,
lead
back
β.
noun
the
amount
by
which
something
is
made
smaller
or
less
β’
Customers
received
a
$10
reduction
on
every
ticket
.
Customers
received
a
$10
reduction
on
every
ticket
.
β’
Her
new
diet
led
to
a
three-kilogram
reduction
in
weight
.
Her
new
diet
led
to
a
three-kilogram
reduction
in
weight
.
noun
in
cooking
,
a
sauce
or
liquid
made
thicker
and
more
flavorful
by
boiling
it
until
it
becomes
less
β’
The
chef
simmered
red
wine
until
it
became
a
glossy
reduction
.
The
chef
simmered
red
wine
until
it
became
a
glossy
reduction
.
β’
A
drizzle
of
balsamic
reduction
added
sweetness
to
the
salad
.
A
drizzle
of
balsamic
reduction
added
sweetness
to
the
salad
.
noun
in
chemistry
,
a
reaction
in
which
a
substance
gains
electrons
or
its
oxidation
state
decreases
β’
Copper
oxide
undergoes
reduction
to
form
pure
copper
in
the
furnace
.
Copper
oxide
undergoes
reduction
to
form
pure
copper
in
the
furnace
.
β’
Electrolysis
involves
both
oxidation
and
reduction
at
different
electrodes
.
Electrolysis
involves
both
oxidation
and
reduction
at
different
electrodes
.
noun
in
mathematics
or
logic
,
the
act
of
changing
a
problem
,
fraction
,
or
expression
into
an
equivalent
but
simpler
form
β’
Fraction
reduction
turned
8β12
into
2β3
.
Fraction
reduction
turned
8β12
into
2β3
.
β’
Row
reduction
helps
solve
systems
of
equations
quickly
.
Row
reduction
helps
solve
systems
of
equations
quickly
.
noun
in
medicine
,
the
act
of
putting
a
broken
bone
or
dislocated
body
part
back
into
its
normal
position
β’
The
surgeon
performed
a
closed
reduction
on
the
patient
β
s
dislocated
shoulder
.
The
surgeon
performed
a
closed
reduction
on
the
patient
β
s
dislocated
shoulder
.
β’
After
the
reduction
,
her
ankle
was
wrapped
in
a
cast
.
After
the
reduction
,
her
ankle
was
wrapped
in
a
cast
.
selection
noun
a
group
or
range
of
things
that
you
can
choose
from
β’
The
bakery
offers
a
wide
selection
of
pastries
each
morning
.
The
bakery
offers
a
wide
selection
of
pastries
each
morning
.
β’
At
the
market
,
I
was
amazed
by
the
vibrant
selection
of
tropical
fruits
.
At
the
market
,
I
was
amazed
by
the
vibrant
selection
of
tropical
fruits
.
noun
the
act
or
process
of
choosing
something
or
someone
from
a
group
β’
The
committee
β
s
final
selection
will
be
announced
on
Friday
.
The
committee
β
s
final
selection
will
be
announced
on
Friday
.
β’
Through
careful
selection
,
the
chef
picked
only
the
ripest
tomatoes
for
the
soup
.
Through
careful
selection
,
the
chef
picked
only
the
ripest
tomatoes
for
the
soup
.
early
17th
century
:
from
Latin
selectio
(
n-
),
from
seligere
β
choose
out
β.
noun
the
person
or
thing
that
has
been
chosen
β’
Her
dress
was
an
elegant
selection
for
the
ceremony
.
Her
dress
was
an
elegant
selection
for
the
ceremony
.
β’
The
coach
β
s
surprise
selection
turned
out
to
be
the
team
β
s
star
player
.
The
coach
β
s
surprise
selection
turned
out
to
be
the
team
β
s
star
player
.
noun
(
computing
)
an
area
of
text
,
cells
,
or
objects
that
you
have
highlighted
so
you
can
edit
,
move
,
or
copy
them
β’
Drag
your
mouse
across
the
paragraph
to
create
a
selection
before
copying
it
.
Drag
your
mouse
across
the
paragraph
to
create
a
selection
before
copying
it
.
β’
She
accidentally
deleted
the
wrong
selection
and
had
to
press
undo
.
She
accidentally
deleted
the
wrong
selection
and
had
to
press
undo
.
noun
(
biology
)
the
natural
process
by
which
organisms
better
adapted
to
their
environment
survive
and
produce
more
offspring
β’
Darwin
argued
that
natural
selection
explains
the
diversity
of
life
on
Earth
.
Darwin
argued
that
natural
selection
explains
the
diversity
of
life
on
Earth
.
β’
Over
generations
,
selection
favored
giraffes
with
slightly
longer
necks
.
Over
generations
,
selection
favored
giraffes
with
slightly
longer
necks
.
perfectly
adverb
in
a
flawless
way
,
without
any
errors
or
defects
β’
The
gymnast
landed
her
routine
perfectly
,
drawing
loud
applause
from
the
crowd
.
The
gymnast
landed
her
routine
perfectly
,
drawing
loud
applause
from
the
crowd
.
β’
He
adjusted
the
camera
settings
until
the
picture
looked
perfectly
sharp
on
the
screen
.
He
adjusted
the
camera
settings
until
the
picture
looked
perfectly
sharp
on
the
screen
.
From
perfect
+β
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
adverb
completely
or
absolutely
,
used
to
emphasize
an
adjective
,
verb
,
or
clause
β’
I
am
perfectly
aware
of
the
consequences
of
this
decision
.
I
am
perfectly
aware
of
the
consequences
of
this
decision
.
β’
It
was
a
warm
evening
,
and
the
children
felt
perfectly
fine
playing
outside
.
It
was
a
warm
evening
,
and
the
children
felt
perfectly
fine
playing
outside
.
Intensifying
use
attested
from
the
16th
century
,
extending
the
literal
sense
of
β
in
a
perfect
manner
.β
characteristic
adjective
typical
of
a
person
,
place
,
or
thing
and
helping
to
identify
it
β’
The
desert
β
s
characteristic
silence
makes
every
sound
seem
louder
.
The
desert
β
s
characteristic
silence
makes
every
sound
seem
louder
.
β’
Her
quick
wit
is
characteristic
of
comedians
from
her
hometown
.
Her
quick
wit
is
characteristic
of
comedians
from
her
hometown
.
from
French
caractΓ©ristique
,
ultimately
from
Greek
kharaktΔr
β
mark
,
distinctive
quality
β
+
βistic
noun
a
quality
,
feature
,
or
trait
that
makes
someone
or
something
different
from
others
β’
Honesty
is
an
important
characteristic
for
a
leader
.
Honesty
is
an
important
characteristic
for
a
leader
.
β’
One
unique
characteristic
of
koalas
is
that
they
sleep
up
to
20
hours
a
day
.
One
unique
characteristic
of
koalas
is
that
they
sleep
up
to
20
hours
a
day
.
same
origin
as
adjective
sense
:
French
caractΓ©ristique
<
Greek
kharaktΔr
+
βistic
factory
noun
-
factory
,
factories
a
building
or
group
of
buildings
where
people
and
machines
make
goods
,
usually
in
large
quantities
β’
The
new
car
factory
opened
near
the
river
last
month
.
The
new
car
factory
opened
near
the
river
last
month
.
β’
During
our
school
trip
,
we
watched
workers
wrap
chocolate
bars
inside
the
old
brick
factory
.
During
our
school
trip
,
we
watched
workers
wrap
chocolate
bars
inside
the
old
brick
factory
.
late
16th
century
:
from
French
factorerie
,
based
on
Latin
factor
β
doer
,
maker
β;
originally
denoting
an
establishment
for
factors
(
merchants
)
engaged
in
trade
,
later
evolving
to
mean
a
place
where
goods
are
manufactured
.
noun
-
factory
,
factories
in
computing
,
a
function
,
method
,
or
class
that
creates
and
returns
new
objects
of
a
particular
type
β’
The
widget
factory
generates
buttons
with
the
correct
color
and
size
for
our
app
.
The
widget
factory
generates
buttons
with
the
correct
color
and
size
for
our
app
.
β’
Using
a
factory
prevents
us
from
exposing
complex
constructor
logic
to
other
modules
.
Using
a
factory
prevents
us
from
exposing
complex
constructor
logic
to
other
modules
.
Borrowed
from
the
general
sense
β
place
where
something
is
produced
β;
adopted
by
programmers
in
the
1980s
to
describe
code
that
β
manufactures
β
software
objects
.
effectively
adverb
in
a
successful
or
efficient
way
that
produces
the
intended
result
β’
The
new
water
filter
effectively
removed
all
the
impurities
from
the
river
water
.
The
new
water
filter
effectively
removed
all
the
impurities
from
the
river
water
.
β’
By
organizing
her
notes
,
Maria
studied
effectively
for
the
exam
.
By
organizing
her
notes
,
Maria
studied
effectively
for
the
exam
.
From
adjective
effective
+
adverbial
suffix
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
15th
century
.
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
true
or
happens
in
practice
even
though
it
is
not
officially
recognized
or
perfectly
exact
β’
After
the
manager
quit
,
Jenna
was
effectively
in
charge
of
the
whole
store
.
After
the
manager
quit
,
Jenna
was
effectively
in
charge
of
the
whole
store
.
β’
The
village
was
effectively
cut
off
when
the
only
bridge
collapsed
.
The
village
was
effectively
cut
off
when
the
only
bridge
collapsed
.
Same
origin
as
other
sense
:
from
effective
+
-ly
,
but
this
pragmatic
meaning
developed
in
the
18th
century
to
express
the
idea
of
β
in
effect
β.
fiction
noun
-
fictionalize
,
fictionalizing
,
fictionalizes
,
fictionalized
books
and
stories
about
events
and
characters
that
are
invented
,
not
real
β’
Ella
loves
reading
historical
fiction
set
in
ancient
Rome
.
Ella
loves
reading
historical
fiction
set
in
ancient
Rome
.
β’
The
library's
fiction
section
was
twice
as
large
as
the
nonfiction
shelves
.
The
library's
fiction
section
was
twice
as
large
as
the
nonfiction
shelves
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
fictio
β
the
act
of
fashioning
,
a
feigning
β,
from
fingere
β
form
,
contrive
β.
noun
-
fictionalize
,
fictionalizing
,
fictionalizes
,
fictionalized
something
that
is
invented
or
imagined
and
is
not
true
β’
The
rumor
that
the
school
would
close
was
pure
fiction
.
The
rumor
that
the
school
would
close
was
pure
fiction
.
β’
He
maintained
the
fiction
that
he
was
rich
,
but
everyone
knew
the
truth
.
He
maintained
the
fiction
that
he
was
rich
,
but
everyone
knew
the
truth
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
fictio
β
the
act
of
fashioning
,
a
feigning
β,
from
fingere
β
form
,
contrive
β.
electric
adjective
using
,
produced
by
,
or
producing
electricity
β’
She
bought
an
electric
car
to
reduce
her
carbon
footprint
.
She
bought
an
electric
car
to
reduce
her
carbon
footprint
.
β’
The
cabin
has
no
electric
lights
,
so
bring
a
lantern
.
The
cabin
has
no
electric
lights
,
so
bring
a
lantern
.
From
Latin
electricus
,
meaning
β
produced
from
amber
by
friction
β,
adopted
in
the
17th
century
after
scientist
William
Gilbert
β
s
studies
.
adjective
very
exciting
or
full
of
strong
emotion
and
energy
β’
The
atmosphere
at
the
final
match
was
electric
from
the
first
whistle
.
The
atmosphere
at
the
final
match
was
electric
from
the
first
whistle
.
β’
Her
electric
performance
on
stage
left
the
audience
speechless
.
Her
electric
performance
on
stage
left
the
audience
speechless
.
Extended
figurative
use
recorded
since
the
early
19th
century
,
comparing
intense
human
energy
to
the
powerful
force
of
electricity
.
infection
noun
a
specific
illness
in
part
of
the
body
caused
by
invading
germs
β’
He
went
to
the
doctor
with
a
painful
ear
infection
.
He
went
to
the
doctor
with
a
painful
ear
infection
.
β’
Antibiotics
cleared
her
chest
infection
within
a
week
.
Antibiotics
cleared
her
chest
infection
within
a
week
.
noun
the
invasion
and
growth
of
germs
in
the
body
that
can
make
a
person
or
animal
sick
β’
Proper
hand
washing
can
help
prevent
infection
after
surgery
.
Proper
hand
washing
can
help
prevent
infection
after
surgery
.
β’
The
patient's
body
was
fighting
a
severe
infection
caused
by
bacteria
.
The
patient's
body
was
fighting
a
severe
infection
caused
by
bacteria
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
infectioΜ
β
dyeing
,
infecting
β,
from
in-
β
into
β
+
facere
β
put
,
do
β.
noun
the
gradual
spread
of
a
harmful
influence
,
emotion
,
or
idea
among
people
β’
The
infection
of
fear
spread
quickly
through
the
crowd
.
The
infection
of
fear
spread
quickly
through
the
crowd
.
β’
Some
journalists
warned
about
the
infection
of
corruption
in
local
politics
.
Some
journalists
warned
about
the
infection
of
corruption
in
local
politics
.
practical
adjective
useful
and
suitable
for
real
,
everyday
use
rather
than
just
for
looks
β’
These
boots
are
practical
for
hiking
in
muddy
terrain
.
These
boots
are
practical
for
hiking
in
muddy
terrain
.
β’
She
chose
a
practical
backpack
with
many
pockets
.
She
chose
a
practical
backpack
with
many
pockets
.
adjective
(
of
a
person
)
able
to
deal
with
real
problems
sensibly
and
effectively
;
down-to-earth
β’
Marco
is
very
practical
and
always
fixes
things
himself
.
Marco
is
very
practical
and
always
fixes
things
himself
.
β’
You
need
a
practical
partner
who
can
stay
calm
in
emergencies
.
You
need
a
practical
partner
who
can
stay
calm
in
emergencies
.
adjective
involving
real
action
,
work
,
or
experience
rather
than
only
ideas
or
theory
β’
The
course
combines
theory
with
practical
experience
in
the
lab
.
The
course
combines
theory
with
practical
experience
in
the
lab
.
β’
Students
gain
practical
skills
such
as
wiring
circuits
.
Students
gain
practical
skills
such
as
wiring
circuits
.
adjective
possible
to
do
or
use
;
workable
in
real
situations
β’
It
isn
β
t
practical
to
carry
three
suitcases
on
the
subway
.
It
isn
β
t
practical
to
carry
three
suitcases
on
the
subway
.
β’
Solar
panels
are
now
a
practical
choice
for
homeowners
.
Solar
panels
are
now
a
practical
choice
for
homeowners
.
noun
a
lesson
or
examination
where
students
actually
do
things
rather
than
just
write
or
talk
about
them
β’
Tomorrow
we
have
a
chemistry
practical
on
titration
.
Tomorrow
we
have
a
chemistry
practical
on
titration
.
β’
I
scored
higher
in
the
practical
than
in
the
written
test
.
I
scored
higher
in
the
practical
than
in
the
written
test
.
prospect
noun
the
chance
that
something
will
happen
in
the
future
β’
The
prospect
of
passing
the
exam
filled
her
with
relief
.
The
prospect
of
passing
the
exam
filled
her
with
relief
.
β’
Farmers
worry
about
the
prospect
of
another
drought
this
summer
.
Farmers
worry
about
the
prospect
of
another
drought
this
summer
.
noun
a
person
who
is
likely
to
become
a
customer
,
employee
,
or
successful
athlete
β’
The
basketball
coach
watched
the
young
prospect
score
twenty
points
.
The
basketball
coach
watched
the
young
prospect
score
twenty
points
.
β’
Our
sales
team
met
with
a
new
prospect
from
a
large
company
.
Our
sales
team
met
with
a
new
prospect
from
a
large
company
.
verb
-
prospect
,
prospecting
,
prospects
,
prospected
to
look
for
valuable
minerals
such
as
gold
or
oil
in
the
ground
β’
Early
settlers
came
west
to
prospect
for
gold
in
the
mountains
.
Early
settlers
came
west
to
prospect
for
gold
in
the
mountains
.
β’
Geologists
will
prospect
the
desert
next
month
.
Geologists
will
prospect
the
desert
next
month
.
noun
a
wide
and
impressive
view
of
a
landscape
β’
From
the
hilltop
,
the
hikers
admired
the
stunning
prospect
of
the
valley
below
.
From
the
hilltop
,
the
hikers
admired
the
stunning
prospect
of
the
valley
below
.
β’
The
castle
offers
a
fine
prospect
over
the
river
.
The
castle
offers
a
fine
prospect
over
the
river
.
noun
a
place
where
valuable
minerals
are
thought
to
exist
β’
The
team
staked
a
claim
on
a
new
prospect
near
the
river
.
The
team
staked
a
claim
on
a
new
prospect
near
the
river
.
β’
Investors
poured
money
into
the
copper
prospect
in
Chile
.
Investors
poured
money
into
the
copper
prospect
in
Chile
.
construct
verb
to
build
something
large
or
complex
by
putting
parts
together
β’
A
team
of
workers
construct
a
new
playground
beside
the
school
.
A
team
of
workers
construct
a
new
playground
beside
the
school
.
β’
The
company
constructed
a
high-speed
railway
through
the
mountains
.
The
company
constructed
a
high-speed
railway
through
the
mountains
.
From
Latin
"
constructus
",
past
participle
of
"
construere
"
meaning
β
to
pile
up
,
build
β.
verb
to
carefully
form
an
idea
,
sentence
,
or
argument
by
arranging
parts
in
order
β’
In
her
essay
,
the
student
carefully
constructs
an
argument
for
renewable
energy
.
In
her
essay
,
the
student
carefully
constructs
an
argument
for
renewable
energy
.
β’
The
novelist
constructed
an
intricate
plot
that
kept
readers
guessing
.
The
novelist
constructed
an
intricate
plot
that
kept
readers
guessing
.
Extended
figurative
sense
of
physical
"
construct
"
recorded
in
the
18th
century
,
applying
building
imagery
to
ideas
.
noun
a
building
or
other
large
structure
that
has
been
built
β’
The
bridge
is
an
impressive
construct
of
steel
and
concrete
.
The
bridge
is
an
impressive
construct
of
steel
and
concrete
.
β’
From
the
hilltop
,
the
ancient
stone
construct
dominates
the
valley
below
.
From
the
hilltop
,
the
ancient
stone
construct
dominates
the
valley
below
.
Nominal
use
of
the
verb
,
attested
in
the
early
19th
century
in
engineering
writings
.
noun
an
idea
,
theory
,
or
concept
created
in
the
mind
by
combining
different
elements
β’
Freedom
is
a
complex
social
construct
that
means
different
things
to
different
people
.
Freedom
is
a
complex
social
construct
that
means
different
things
to
different
people
.
β’
The
psychologist
explained
the
mental
construct
of
self-esteem
.
The
psychologist
explained
the
mental
construct
of
self-esteem
.
Sense
developed
in
late
19th-century
psychology
,
extending
the
idea
of
β
built
β
objects
to
β
built
β
ideas
.
detect
verb
to
discover
or
notice
that
something
exists
,
especially
something
that
is
hard
to
see
,
hear
,
or
measure
β’
Special
sensors
can
detect
gas
leaks
before
they
become
dangerous
.
Special
sensors
can
detect
gas
leaks
before
they
become
dangerous
.
β’
The
doctor
used
a
stethoscope
to
detect
an
irregular
heartbeat
.
The
doctor
used
a
stethoscope
to
detect
an
irregular
heartbeat
.
exact
adjective
completely
correct
and
without
any
mistake
;
precise
.
β’
Using
an
exact
ruler
,
the
engineer
measured
the
length
down
to
a
single
millimeter
.
Using
an
exact
ruler
,
the
engineer
measured
the
length
down
to
a
single
millimeter
.
β’
The
scientist
recorded
the
exact
temperature
at
which
the
chemical
started
to
boil
.
The
scientist
recorded
the
exact
temperature
at
which
the
chemical
started
to
boil
.
From
Latin
exactus
,
past
participle
of
exigere
β
to
drive
out
,
demand
,
weigh
accurately
.β
adjective
used
to
emphasize
that
you
mean
one
particular
person
,
thing
,
or
time
and
not
another
.
β’
This
is
the
exact
spot
where
we
first
met
.
This
is
the
exact
spot
where
we
first
met
.
β’
She
arrived
at
the
exact
moment
the
clock
struck
noon
.
She
arrived
at
the
exact
moment
the
clock
struck
noon
.
Same
origin
as
primary
adjective
sense
,
highlighting
emphasis
use
since
17th
century
.
verb
to
demand
and
obtain
something
,
especially
by
authority
or
force
.
β’
The
conquerors
exacted
a
heavy
tax
from
the
defeated
city
.
The
conquerors
exacted
a
heavy
tax
from
the
defeated
city
.
β’
Rebels
vowed
to
exact
revenge
for
the
villagers
β
suffering
.
Rebels
vowed
to
exact
revenge
for
the
villagers
β
suffering
.
From
Latin
exactus
,
past
participle
of
exigere
meaning
β
to
demand
or
drive
out
,β
taken
into
English
as
a
verb
in
the
late
15th
century
.
objective
noun
something
you
are
trying
hard
to
achieve
or
reach
β’
Our
main
objective
is
to
finish
the
project
by
Friday
.
Our
main
objective
is
to
finish
the
project
by
Friday
.
β’
The
coach
set
a
clear
objective
for
the
team
:
win
the
championship
.
The
coach
set
a
clear
objective
for
the
team
:
win
the
championship
.
From
Medieval
Latin
β
objectivus
,β
from
Latin
β
objectum
β
meaning
β
something
thrown
before
.β
adjective
based
only
on
facts
and
not
influenced
by
personal
feelings
or
opinions
β’
Try
to
be
objective
and
look
at
the
facts
,
not
your
feelings
.
Try
to
be
objective
and
look
at
the
facts
,
not
your
feelings
.
β’
Scientists
collect
data
so
they
can
make
objective
conclusions
.
Scientists
collect
data
so
they
can
make
objective
conclusions
.
From
the
same
Latin
root
as
the
noun
sense
;
the
meaning
of
β
impartial
β
emerged
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
the
main
lens
at
the
front
of
a
microscope
,
telescope
,
or
camera
that
gathers
light
from
the
object
being
viewed
β’
She
carefully
cleaned
the
microscope's
objective
before
starting
the
experiment
.
She
carefully
cleaned
the
microscope's
objective
before
starting
the
experiment
.
β’
The
photographer
swapped
the
camera's
objective
for
a
wide-angle
lens
.
The
photographer
swapped
the
camera's
objective
for
a
wide-angle
lens
.
Borrowed
into
scientific
English
in
the
19th
century
to
name
the
lens
closest
to
the
object
.
adjective
relating
to
or
forming
the
object
case
in
grammar
β’
In
'She
thanked
him'
,
'him'
is
an
objective
pronoun
.
In
'She
thanked
him'
,
'him'
is
an
objective
pronoun
.
β’
English
no
longer
marks
nouns
for
an
objective
case
like
some
other
languages
do
.
English
no
longer
marks
nouns
for
an
objective
case
like
some
other
languages
do
.
Usage
in
grammar
dates
to
the
early
19th
century
,
extending
the
sense
of
β
object
β
in
a
sentence
.
activist
noun
a
person
who
actively
works
to
bring
about
political
or
social
change
β’
The
activist
organized
a
peaceful
march
through
the
city
center
.
The
activist
organized
a
peaceful
march
through
the
city
center
.
β’
A
group
of
environmental
activists
planted
trees
along
the
riverbank
.
A
group
of
environmental
activists
planted
trees
along
the
riverbank
.
From
active
+β
-ist
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
to
describe
people
engaged
in
political
action
.
adjective
relating
to
or
promoting
active
effort
to
create
political
or
social
change
β’
They
formed
an
activist
committee
to
campaign
for
safer
streets
.
They
formed
an
activist
committee
to
campaign
for
safer
streets
.
β’
The
authors
took
an
activist
approach
in
their
book
,
urging
readers
to
recycle
.
The
authors
took
an
activist
approach
in
their
book
,
urging
readers
to
recycle
.
Extension
of
the
noun
sense
;
used
attributively
since
the
mid-20th
century
.
destruction
noun
the
act
or
process
of
damaging
something
so
badly
that
it
no
longer
exists
or
cannot
be
used
β’
The
powerful
hurricane
caused
widespread
destruction
along
the
coast
.
The
powerful
hurricane
caused
widespread
destruction
along
the
coast
.
β’
Protesters
marched
to
stop
the
destruction
of
the
old
forest
.
Protesters
marched
to
stop
the
destruction
of
the
old
forest
.
From
Latin
destructio
,
from
destruere
β
to
destroy
,β
composed
of
de-
β
undo
β
+
struere
β
to
build
.β
noun
severe
damage
or
the
state
of
being
ruined
after
something
has
been
destroyed
β’
After
the
fire
,
the
house
was
a
scene
of
complete
destruction
.
After
the
fire
,
the
house
was
a
scene
of
complete
destruction
.
β’
She
stared
in
silence
at
the
destruction
left
by
the
flood
.
She
stared
in
silence
at
the
destruction
left
by
the
flood
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
highlighting
the
result
rather
than
the
action
.
noun
a
person
,
thing
,
or
force
that
causes
great
damage
or
ruin
β’
Fire
can
be
a
swift
destruction
of
crops
if
farmers
are
not
careful
.
Fire
can
be
a
swift
destruction
of
crops
if
farmers
are
not
careful
.
β’
The
army's
new
weapon
was
a
terrifying
destruction
in
battle
.
The
army's
new
weapon
was
a
terrifying
destruction
in
battle
.
Developed
figurative
sense
from
the
main
noun
,
first
recorded
in
the
1400s
when
writers
personified
ruin
as
an
active
destroyer
.
react
verb
to
do
or
say
something
because
of
what
has
happened
or
what
someone
else
has
done
or
said
β’
When
the
fire
alarm
rang
,
all
the
students
reacted
quickly
and
left
the
building
.
When
the
fire
alarm
rang
,
all
the
students
reacted
quickly
and
left
the
building
.
β’
He
didn't
know
how
to
react
when
he
got
the
surprising
news
.
He
didn't
know
how
to
react
when
he
got
the
surprising
news
.
From
Latin
re-
"
again
"
+
agere
"
to
do
,
drive
",
via
French
rΓ©agir
.
verb
(
chemistry
)
to
change
and
form
something
new
when
mixed
with
another
substance
β’
Vinegar
and
baking
soda
react
to
make
bubbles
of
gas
.
Vinegar
and
baking
soda
react
to
make
bubbles
of
gas
.
β’
Iron
reacts
with
oxygen
and
forms
rust
over
time
.
Iron
reacts
with
oxygen
and
forms
rust
over
time
.
Same
origin
as
sense
1
;
the
scientific
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
as
chemistry
advanced
.
electronic
adjective
relating
to
machines
,
parts
,
or
systems
that
control
electric
current
with
tiny
components
such
as
microchips
and
transistors
β’
The
technician
carefully
opened
the
electronic
control
panel
to
replace
a
damaged
circuit
board
.
The
technician
carefully
opened
the
electronic
control
panel
to
replace
a
damaged
circuit
board
.
β’
My
old
watch
quit
working
,
so
I
bought
an
electronic
one
with
a
digital
display
.
My
old
watch
quit
working
,
so
I
bought
an
electronic
one
with
a
digital
display
.
From
electron
+β
-ic
,
first
used
in
the
early
20th
century
to
describe
technology
using
vacuum
tubes
,
later
microchips
.
adjective
carried
out
,
provided
,
or
accessed
through
computers
or
the
internet
rather
than
on
paper
or
face
to
face
β’
Our
bank
offers
electronic
statements
instead
of
mailing
paper
copies
.
Our
bank
offers
electronic
statements
instead
of
mailing
paper
copies
.
β’
Passengers
can
buy
train
tickets
through
an
electronic
kiosk
at
the
station
.
Passengers
can
buy
train
tickets
through
an
electronic
kiosk
at
the
station
.
adjective
describing
music
produced
mainly
with
synthesizers
,
computers
,
or
other
electronic
equipment
rather
than
traditional
acoustic
instruments
β’
The
DJ
filled
the
club
with
pulsating
electronic
beats
.
The
DJ
filled
the
club
with
pulsating
electronic
beats
.
β’
She
enjoys
composing
electronic
soundtracks
for
video
games
.
She
enjoys
composing
electronic
soundtracks
for
video
games
.
manufacturer
noun
a
person
or
company
that
makes
goods
,
especially
in
large
quantities
using
machines
β’
The
car
manufacturer
announced
a
recall
of
thousands
of
vehicles
.
The
car
manufacturer
announced
a
recall
of
thousands
of
vehicles
.
β’
At
the
electronics
trade
fair
,
a
young
woman
admires
a
prototype
phone
displayed
by
a
small
Taiwanese
manufacturer
.
At
the
electronics
trade
fair
,
a
young
woman
admires
a
prototype
phone
displayed
by
a
small
Taiwanese
manufacturer
.
from
manufacture
+β
-er
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
17th
century
electricity
noun
-
electricity
the
form
of
energy
made
by
moving
charged
particles
,
which
can
be
carried
by
wires
and
used
to
power
lights
,
machines
,
and
other
devices
β’
When
the
storm
damaged
the
power
lines
,
the
whole
town
lost
electricity
for
hours
.
When
the
storm
damaged
the
power
lines
,
the
whole
town
lost
electricity
for
hours
.
β’
Solar
panels
on
the
roof
of
the
school
generate
electricity
from
sunlight
.
Solar
panels
on
the
roof
of
the
school
generate
electricity
from
sunlight
.
From
New
Latin
electricitas
,
coined
in
the
17th
century
from
Latin
electrus
β
amber
β (
because
static
electricity
was
first
observed
by
rubbing
amber
).
noun
-
electricity
a
strong
feeling
of
excitement
or
tension
that
people
can
sense
in
a
place
or
between
people
β’
There
was
an
undeniable
electricity
in
the
stadium
before
the
final
match
began
.
There
was
an
undeniable
electricity
in
the
stadium
before
the
final
match
began
.
β’
As
they
met
eyes
across
the
room
,
electricity
crackled
between
them
.
As
they
met
eyes
across
the
room
,
electricity
crackled
between
them
.
Figurative
use
developed
in
the
early
19th
century
,
comparing
charged
emotional
atmospheres
to
the
invisible
energy
of
electric
forces
.
galaxy
noun
-
galaxy
,
galaxies
A
huge
collection
of
billions
of
stars
,
gas
,
dust
,
and
unseen
dark
matter
held
together
by
gravity
and
moving
through
space
as
a
single
system
.
β’
Through
the
telescope
,
Maria
could
see
the
spiral
arms
of
a
distant
galaxy
.
Through
the
telescope
,
Maria
could
see
the
spiral
arms
of
a
distant
galaxy
.
β’
Scientists
believe
that
our
galaxy
contains
hundreds
of
billions
of
stars
.
Scientists
believe
that
our
galaxy
contains
hundreds
of
billions
of
stars
.
From
Old
French
galaxie
,
from
Medieval
Latin
galaxia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
galaxΓas
(
ΞΊΟκλοΟ
) β(
milky
)
circle
β,
referring
to
the
Milky
Way
.
noun
-
galaxy
,
galaxies
A
large
and
impressive
group
of
famous
,
talented
,
or
remarkable
people
or
things
.
β’
The
award
ceremony
featured
a
galaxy
of
movie
stars
on
the
red
carpet
.
The
award
ceremony
featured
a
galaxy
of
movie
stars
on
the
red
carpet
.
β’
The
museum
β
s
new
exhibition
gathers
a
galaxy
of
priceless
Renaissance
masterpieces
.
The
museum
β
s
new
exhibition
gathers
a
galaxy
of
priceless
Renaissance
masterpieces
.
Figurative
use
recorded
since
the
mid-19th
century
,
extending
the
astronomical
sense
to
a
dazzling
assembly
of
illustrious
figures
.
introduction
noun
the
first
part
of
a
book
,
essay
,
speech
,
or
similar
work
that
explains
what
it
will
be
about
β’
I
always
read
the
introduction
before
starting
the
first
chapter
.
I
always
read
the
introduction
before
starting
the
first
chapter
.
β’
The
professor
β
s
lecture
began
with
a
clear
introduction
to
the
topic
.
The
professor
β
s
lecture
began
with
a
clear
introduction
to
the
topic
.
Sense
developed
in
16th-century
English
to
refer
to
the
opening
section
of
a
written
work
.
noun
the
formal
act
of
making
two
or
more
people
known
to
each
other
β’
β
May
I
make
an
introduction
?
This
is
my
sister
,
Emily
,β
he
said
with
a
smile
.
β
May
I
make
an
introduction
?
This
is
my
sister
,
Emily
,β
he
said
with
a
smile
.
β’
After
a
brief
introduction
,
the
guests
began
to
mingle
around
the
garden
.
After
a
brief
introduction
,
the
guests
began
to
mingle
around
the
garden
.
late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
introductio
,
from
introducere
β
lead
in
β.
noun
the
act
of
bringing
something
into
use
or
existence
for
the
first
time
β’
The
introduction
of
electric
cars
has
changed
the
automobile
industry
.
The
introduction
of
electric
cars
has
changed
the
automobile
industry
.
β’
Many
jobs
were
created
after
the
introduction
of
the
new
tax
policy
.
Many
jobs
were
created
after
the
introduction
of
the
new
tax
policy
.
Industrial-era
extension
of
the
base
sense
β
to
bring
in
β,
applied
to
new
products
and
policies
.
noun
a
beginner-level
course
,
book
,
or
talk
that
teaches
the
basic
facts
about
a
subject
β’
I
β
m
taking
an
Introduction
to
Philosophy
this
semester
.
I
β
m
taking
an
Introduction
to
Philosophy
this
semester
.
β’
The
book
β
An
Introduction
to
Robotics
β
explains
concepts
in
simple
language
.
The
book
β
An
Introduction
to
Robotics
β
explains
concepts
in
simple
language
.
Pedagogical
sense
arose
in
the
19th
century
as
universities
expanded
subject
surveys
.
noun
a
short
opening
passage
of
music
that
comes
before
the
main
part
of
a
piece
β’
The
song
β
s
piano
introduction
is
calm
before
the
drums
kick
in
.
The
song
β
s
piano
introduction
is
calm
before
the
drums
kick
in
.
β’
The
orchestra
rehearsed
the
slow
introduction
several
times
.
The
orchestra
rehearsed
the
slow
introduction
several
times
.
Borrowed
into
musical
terminology
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
an
opening
segment
.
intellectual
adjective
relating
to
the
use
of
the
mind
to
think
,
understand
,
or
learn
,
especially
about
complex
ideas
β’
At
university
,
Maria
loved
the
intellectual
challenge
of
solving
complex
math
problems
.
At
university
,
Maria
loved
the
intellectual
challenge
of
solving
complex
math
problems
.
β’
The
museum
offers
tours
that
focus
on
the
intellectual
history
of
the
city
.
The
museum
offers
tours
that
focus
on
the
intellectual
history
of
the
city
.
From
Middle
French
intellectuel
,
from
Latin
intellectualis
(β
relating
to
understanding
β),
from
intellectus
(β
understanding
β).
noun
a
person
who
is
highly
educated
and
enjoys
studying
or
discussing
serious
ideas
β’
The
intellectual
on
the
panel
explained
the
economic
theory
in
simple
terms
.
The
intellectual
on
the
panel
explained
the
economic
theory
in
simple
terms
.
β’
She
always
invites
local
intellectuals
to
her
book
club
meetings
.
She
always
invites
local
intellectuals
to
her
book
club
meetings
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
ultimately
from
Latin
intellectus
(β
understanding
β).
infrastructure
noun
the
basic
physical
structures
and
public
services
,
such
as
roads
,
power
lines
,
and
water
systems
,
that
a
country
or
community
needs
to
operate
β’
After
the
earthquake
,
many
bridges
and
roads
in
the
city
β
s
infrastructure
needed
urgent
repairs
.
After
the
earthquake
,
many
bridges
and
roads
in
the
city
β
s
infrastructure
needed
urgent
repairs
.
β’
The
government
announced
a
huge
budget
to
improve
rural
infrastructure
.
The
government
announced
a
huge
budget
to
improve
rural
infrastructure
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
1920s
from
French
infrastructure
,
from
infra-
(
below
)
+
structure
(
arrangement
of
parts
).
noun
the
underlying
system
or
framework
that
supports
how
an
organisation
,
process
,
or
technology
works
β’
The
tech
startup
invested
heavily
in
cloud
infrastructure
to
handle
millions
of
users
.
The
tech
startup
invested
heavily
in
cloud
infrastructure
to
handle
millions
of
users
.
β’
Schools
need
digital
infrastructure
like
high-speed
internet
and
laptops
to
support
modern
learning
.
Schools
need
digital
infrastructure
like
high-speed
internet
and
laptops
to
support
modern
learning
.
Same
origin
as
the
physical
sense
;
extended
metaphorically
in
the
mid-20th
century
to
non-physical
systems
.
reflection
noun
an
image
that
you
can
see
of
yourself
or
something
else
in
a
mirror
,
water
,
glass
,
or
another
shiny
surface
β’
He
straightened
his
tie
while
studying
his
reflection
in
the
shop
window
.
He
straightened
his
tie
while
studying
his
reflection
in
the
shop
window
.
β’
The
snow-covered
mountains
formed
a
perfect
reflection
on
the
calm
lake
.
The
snow-covered
mountains
formed
a
perfect
reflection
on
the
calm
lake
.
noun
the
return
of
light
,
sound
,
heat
,
or
other
energy
from
a
surface
back
toward
its
source
without
being
absorbed
β’
The
moon
lit
the
lake
,
and
the
reflection
of
its
pale
glow
danced
on
the
water
.
The
moon
lit
the
lake
,
and
the
reflection
of
its
pale
glow
danced
on
the
water
.
β’
When
you
clap
in
a
large
empty
hall
,
the
sharp
reflection
of
the
sound
comes
back
as
a
loud
echo
.
When
you
clap
in
a
large
empty
hall
,
the
sharp
reflection
of
the
sound
comes
back
as
a
loud
echo
.
from
Latin
reflexio
β
a
bending
back
,β
from
reflectere
β
to
bend
back
β
noun
careful
thought
or
serious
consideration
about
something
β’
After
a
moment
of
quiet
reflection
,
she
chose
a
different
career
path
.
After
a
moment
of
quiet
reflection
,
she
chose
a
different
career
path
.
β’
Meditation
gives
him
time
for
daily
reflection
on
his
goals
.
Meditation
gives
him
time
for
daily
reflection
on
his
goals
.
noun
something
that
shows
,
expresses
,
or
is
a
sign
of
the
state
,
quality
,
or
character
of
something
else
β’
The
students
β
high
grades
are
a
reflection
of
their
hard
work
.
The
students
β
high
grades
are
a
reflection
of
their
hard
work
.
β’
Poor
customer
service
is
a
negative
reflection
on
a
company
β
s
reputation
.
Poor
customer
service
is
a
negative
reflection
on
a
company
β
s
reputation
.
attractive
adjective
Pleasing
to
look
at
;
good-looking
.
β’
Everyone
agreed
the
old
cottage
looked
especially
attractive
after
it
was
painted
yellow
.
Everyone
agreed
the
old
cottage
looked
especially
attractive
after
it
was
painted
yellow
.
β’
The
attractive
young
woman
laughed
as
she
posed
for
a
photograph
on
the
bustling
city
street
.
The
attractive
young
woman
laughed
as
she
posed
for
a
photograph
on
the
bustling
city
street
.
adjective
Interesting
or
appealing
and
likely
to
draw
attention
or
desire
.
β’
The
company
offered
an
attractive
salary
package
to
new
graduates
.
The
company
offered
an
attractive
salary
package
to
new
graduates
.
β’
Studying
abroad
was
an
attractive
idea
for
Mia
,
full
of
adventure
and
growth
.
Studying
abroad
was
an
attractive
idea
for
Mia
,
full
of
adventure
and
growth
.
adjective
Causing
objects
to
move
toward
each
other
by
a
pulling
force
.
β’
Gravity
is
an
attractive
force
that
keeps
the
planets
in
orbit
.
Gravity
is
an
attractive
force
that
keeps
the
planets
in
orbit
.
β’
Magnets
have
both
repulsive
and
attractive
sides
.
Magnets
have
both
repulsive
and
attractive
sides
.
distinction
noun
a
clear
difference
between
two
or
more
people
,
things
,
or
ideas
β’
There
is
a
clear
distinction
between
fact
and
opinion
.
There
is
a
clear
distinction
between
fact
and
opinion
.
β’
The
law
makes
no
distinction
between
rich
and
poor
citizens
.
The
law
makes
no
distinction
between
rich
and
poor
citizens
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Latin
β
distinctio
β
meaning
β
separation
,
distinction
β.
noun
-
distinction
a
mark
of
honor
,
excellence
,
or
special
recognition
β’
She
graduated
with
distinction
from
medical
school
.
She
graduated
with
distinction
from
medical
school
.
β’
Winning
the
award
was
a
great
distinction
for
the
small
research
team
.
Winning
the
award
was
a
great
distinction
for
the
small
research
team
.
Sense
of
β
honor
or
excellence
β
developed
in
the
17th
century
by
extension
from
the
idea
of
being
set
apart
.
noun
a
special
feature
or
quality
that
makes
someone
or
something
noticeably
different
β’
The
city
has
the
unique
distinction
of
being
both
the
oldest
and
the
greenest
in
the
region
.
The
city
has
the
unique
distinction
of
being
both
the
oldest
and
the
greenest
in
the
region
.
β’
He
holds
the
rare
distinction
of
playing
professionally
in
two
different
sports
leagues
.
He
holds
the
rare
distinction
of
playing
professionally
in
two
different
sports
leagues
.
From
Latin
β
distingere
β
meaning
β
to
separate
,
set
apart
β,
emphasizing
a
special
quality
that
differentiates
.
characterize
verb
-
characterize
,
characterizing
,
characterizes
,
characterized
to
describe
the
main
qualities
or
features
of
a
person
,
place
,
or
thing
so
that
others
can
understand
what
it
is
like
β’
The
historian
tried
to
characterize
the
period
as
one
of
rapid
social
change
.
The
historian
tried
to
characterize
the
period
as
one
of
rapid
social
change
.
β’
Many
critics
have
characterized
the
movie
as
a
modern
fairy
tale
.
Many
critics
have
characterized
the
movie
as
a
modern
fairy
tale
.
Mid-17th
century
:
from
French
caractΓ©riser
,
from
caractère
β
character
β.
verb
-
characterize
,
characterizing
,
characterizes
,
characterized
to
be
a
typical
or
noticeable
quality
of
someone
or
something
β’
A
love
of
adventure
characterizes
her
novels
.
A
love
of
adventure
characterizes
her
novels
.
β’
The
coastal
climate
is
characterized
by
heavy
rainfall
and
lush
forests
.
The
coastal
climate
is
characterized
by
heavy
rainfall
and
lush
forests
.
Mid-17th
century
:
from
French
caractΓ©riser
,
from
caractère
β
character
β.
collective
adjective
done
by
or
involving
all
the
members
of
a
group
working
together
β’
The
volunteers
β
collective
effort
cleaned
the
entire
beach
in
a
single
morning
.
The
volunteers
β
collective
effort
cleaned
the
entire
beach
in
a
single
morning
.
β’
Only
through
collective
action
did
the
small
town
save
its
historic
library
from
closing
.
Only
through
collective
action
did
the
small
town
save
its
historic
library
from
closing
.
adjective
belonging
to
or
shared
by
every
member
of
a
group
β’
Their
collective
memory
of
the
festival
still
makes
them
laugh
years
later
.
Their
collective
memory
of
the
festival
still
makes
them
laugh
years
later
.
β’
The
law
protects
the
collective
rights
of
indigenous
communities
.
The
law
protects
the
collective
rights
of
indigenous
communities
.
noun
a
group
of
people
acting
together
for
a
shared
purpose
β’
A
passionate
youth
collective
organized
the
cleanup
campaign
.
A
passionate
youth
collective
organized
the
cleanup
campaign
.
β’
The
online
gaming
collective
meets
every
Friday
night
.
The
online
gaming
collective
meets
every
Friday
night
.
noun
a
business
or
organization
owned
and
run
jointly
by
the
people
who
work
in
it
β’
She
buys
her
vegetables
from
a
local
farmers
β
collective
.
She
buys
her
vegetables
from
a
local
farmers
β
collective
.
β’
The
artists
formed
a
collective
to
share
studio
space
and
ideas
.
The
artists
formed
a
collective
to
share
studio
space
and
ideas
.
respectively
adverb
in
the
same
order
that
things
or
people
were
mentioned
before
β’
Alice
and
Bob
scored
90
and
85
points
,
respectively
,
on
the
math
test
.
Alice
and
Bob
scored
90
and
85
points
,
respectively
,
on
the
math
test
.
β’
The
red
,
blue
,
and
green
buttons
shut
the
machine
off
,
turn
it
on
,
and
reset
it
,
respectively
.
The
red
,
blue
,
and
green
buttons
shut
the
machine
off
,
turn
it
on
,
and
reset
it
,
respectively
.
From
Latin
respectivus
β
having
regard
to
β,
formed
from
respectus
β
a
look
back
,
regard
β
and
the
suffix
-ivus
,
with
the
English
adverbial
ending
-ly
.
satisfaction
noun
a
happy
or
content
feeling
you
get
when
something
you
wanted
or
hoped
for
happens
or
is
achieved
β’
Maria
smiled
with
deep
satisfaction
after
handing
in
her
finished
painting
.
Maria
smiled
with
deep
satisfaction
after
handing
in
her
finished
painting
.
β’
The
team
shouted
in
satisfaction
when
the
final
whistle
confirmed
their
victory
.
The
team
shouted
in
satisfaction
when
the
final
whistle
confirmed
their
victory
.
From
Latin
satisfactio
,
meaning
β
a
making
enough
,
a
fulfilling
β.
noun
-
satisfaction
the
act
of
meeting
a
need
,
desire
,
or
request
so
that
it
is
no
longer
lacking
β’
Good
customer
service
focuses
on
the
satisfaction
of
the
client
β
s
needs
.
Good
customer
service
focuses
on
the
satisfaction
of
the
client
β
s
needs
.
β’
The
company
improved
product
quality
to
ensure
the
satisfaction
of
safety
standards
.
The
company
improved
product
quality
to
ensure
the
satisfaction
of
safety
standards
.
noun
formal
:
the
payment
of
a
debt
,
claim
,
or
penalty
so
that
an
obligation
is
fully
settled
β’
The
borrower
made
full
satisfaction
of
the
loan
before
the
deadline
.
The
borrower
made
full
satisfaction
of
the
loan
before
the
deadline
.
β’
Upon
satisfaction
of
the
judgment
,
the
court
lifted
the
lien
on
her
property
.
Upon
satisfaction
of
the
judgment
,
the
court
lifted
the
lien
on
her
property
.
doctrine
noun
a
belief
or
collection
of
beliefs
taught
and
accepted
as
true
by
a
church
,
political
party
,
school
of
thought
,
or
other
organized
group
β’
The
theology
students
memorized
each
core
doctrine
before
the
final
exam
.
The
theology
students
memorized
each
core
doctrine
before
the
final
exam
.
β’
Her
commitment
to
the
doctrine
of
non-violence
inspired
many
protesters
.
Her
commitment
to
the
doctrine
of
non-violence
inspired
many
protesters
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
doctrina
β
teaching
,
learning
,β
from
doctor
β
teacher
.β
noun
an
official
principle
or
policy
that
guides
the
actions
of
a
government
,
military
,
or
organization
β’
The
general
explained
that
the
new
defense
doctrine
focuses
on
cybersecurity
.
The
general
explained
that
the
new
defense
doctrine
focuses
on
cybersecurity
.
β’
Scholars
still
debate
how
the
Monroe
Doctrine
shaped
U
.
S
.
foreign
policy
.
Scholars
still
debate
how
the
Monroe
Doctrine
shaped
U
.
S
.
foreign
policy
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
doctrina
β
teaching
,
learning
,β
later
extended
to
mean
an
established
principle
guiding
action
.
actress
noun
-
actress
,
actresses
a
woman
or
girl
who
acts
in
plays
,
films
,
television
shows
,
or
other
dramatic
productions
β’
The
young
actress
won
an
award
for
her
first
movie
role
.
The
young
actress
won
an
award
for
her
first
movie
role
.
β’
After
years
on
stage
,
the
seasoned
actress
finally
appeared
on
national
television
.
After
years
on
stage
,
the
seasoned
actress
finally
appeared
on
national
television
.
formed
from
actor
+
the
feminine
suffix
-ess
in
the
late
17th
century
to
specify
a
female
performer
conviction
noun
a
strong
and
firmly
held
belief
or
opinion
β’
Maya
spoke
with
deep
conviction
about
protecting
the
rainforest
.
Maya
spoke
with
deep
conviction
about
protecting
the
rainforest
.
β’
The
activist
β
s
unwavering
conviction
inspired
the
crowd
to
join
the
march
.
The
activist
β
s
unwavering
conviction
inspired
the
crowd
to
join
the
march
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
conviction
,
from
Latin
convictioΜ
β
proof
,
refutation
β,
from
convincere
β
to
convince
β.
noun
the
formal
decision
in
a
court
that
someone
is
guilty
of
a
crime
β’
After
a
tense
trial
,
the
jury
returned
a
conviction
for
fraud
.
After
a
tense
trial
,
the
jury
returned
a
conviction
for
fraud
.
β’
Because
of
her
earlier
conviction
,
she
struggled
to
find
employment
.
Because
of
her
earlier
conviction
,
she
struggled
to
find
employment
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
conviction
,
from
Latin
convictioΜ
β
proof
,
refutation
β,
from
convincere
β
to
convict
β.
restriction
noun
a
rule
or
condition
that
limits
what
people
can
do
β’
New
water
restrictions
were
imposed
during
the
drought
.
New
water
restrictions
were
imposed
during
the
drought
.
β’
The
park
has
a
noise
restriction
that
bans
loud
music
after
9
p
.
m
.
The
park
has
a
noise
restriction
that
bans
loud
music
after
9
p
.
m
.
From
Latin
β
restrictio
β
meaning
β
a
binding
back
β
or
β
confinement
β.
noun
-
restriction
the
act
of
limiting
something
or
the
state
of
being
limited
β’
Calorie
restriction
can
improve
some
people
β
s
health
.
Calorie
restriction
can
improve
some
people
β
s
health
.
β’
Constant
restriction
of
information
often
leads
to
rumors
.
Constant
restriction
of
information
often
leads
to
rumors
.
From
Latin
β
restrictio
β,
later
used
in
English
to
mean
β
the
action
of
limiting
β.
tactic
noun
a
carefully
planned
action
or
method
used
to
achieve
a
specific
goal
or
to
gain
an
advantage
β’
Using
a
limited-time
discount
was
an
effective
tactic
to
boost
sales
.
Using
a
limited-time
discount
was
an
effective
tactic
to
boost
sales
.
β’
The
chess
player
sacrificed
his
queen
as
a
bold
tactic
to
trap
his
opponent
.
The
chess
player
sacrificed
his
queen
as
a
bold
tactic
to
trap
his
opponent
.
From
Ancient
Greek
taktikos
β
relating
to
arrangement
β,
from
tassein
β
to
arrange
β.
adjective
relating
to
tactics
or
short-term
military
or
strategic
maneuvers
β’
The
general
ordered
a
tactic
withdrawal
to
higher
ground
.
The
general
ordered
a
tactic
withdrawal
to
higher
ground
.
β’
Pilots
receive
training
in
tactic
flight
maneuvers
during
advanced
exercises
.
Pilots
receive
training
in
tactic
flight
maneuvers
during
advanced
exercises
.
Adjective
use
derived
from
the
noun
in
the
18th
century
,
modeled
on
French
tactique
.
distinct
adjective
clearly
noticeable
and
easy
to
recognize
.
β’
There
was
a
distinct
smell
of
fresh
paint
in
the
hallway
.
There
was
a
distinct
smell
of
fresh
paint
in
the
hallway
.
β’
I
heard
a
distinct
knock
at
the
door
late
at
night
.
I
heard
a
distinct
knock
at
the
door
late
at
night
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
"
distinctus
,"
past
participle
of
"
distinguere
"
meaning
β
to
separate
,
distinguish
.β
adjective
clearly
different
and
separate
from
something
else
.
β’
The
twins
developed
distinct
personalities
as
they
grew
older
.
The
twins
developed
distinct
personalities
as
they
grew
older
.
β’
English
and
Scottish
law
are
distinct
legal
systems
.
English
and
Scottish
law
are
distinct
legal
systems
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
"
distinctus
,"
past
participle
of
"
distinguere
"
meaning
β
to
separate
,
distinguish
.β
sanction
noun
an
official
penalty
or
punishment
imposed
for
breaking
a
rule
or
law
β’
The
athlete
faced
a
one-year
sanction
for
using
banned
substances
.
The
athlete
faced
a
one-year
sanction
for
using
banned
substances
.
β’
Parking
in
a
fire
lane
can
result
in
a
heavy
sanction
.
Parking
in
a
fire
lane
can
result
in
a
heavy
sanction
.
From
Latin
sancΔ«re
β
to
make
sacred
,
decree
.β
noun
official
approval
or
permission
to
do
something
β’
The
board
gave
its
sanction
for
the
new
community
garden
.
The
board
gave
its
sanction
for
the
new
community
garden
.
β’
Construction
cannot
begin
without
governmental
sanction
.
Construction
cannot
begin
without
governmental
sanction
.
Sense
arose
from
the
idea
of
making
something
binding
or
sacred
by
authority
.
verb
to
officially
approve
or
allow
something
β’
The
council
sanctioned
the
building
of
a
new
playground
.
The
council
sanctioned
the
building
of
a
new
playground
.
β’
The
teacher
sanctions
quiet
discussion
during
group
work
.
The
teacher
sanctions
quiet
discussion
during
group
work
.
From
Latin
sancΔ«re
β
to
decree
,
confirm
.β
verb
to
punish
or
impose
an
official
penalty
on
someone
or
something
β’
The
league
sanctioned
the
team
for
fielding
an
ineligible
player
.
The
league
sanctioned
the
team
for
fielding
an
ineligible
player
.
β’
Regulators
sanctioned
the
bank
after
repeated
violations
.
Regulators
sanctioned
the
bank
after
repeated
violations
.
Meaning
"
to
penalize
"
developed
in
the
late
19th
century
from
the
noun
sense
of
"
penalty
."
sanctions
noun
economic
or
political
measures
taken
by
one
or
more
nations
to
force
another
nation
to
comply
with
laws
or
norms
β’
Several
countries
placed
trade
sanctions
on
the
regime
.
Several
countries
placed
trade
sanctions
on
the
regime
.
β’
The
harsh
sanctions
have
crippled
the
nation's
economy
.
The
harsh
sanctions
have
crippled
the
nation's
economy
.
Plural
use
developed
in
the
20th
century
for
coordinated
economic
or
political
penalties
.
prediction
noun
a
statement
about
what
you
think
will
happen
in
the
future
β’
The
scientist
β
s
prediction
about
the
storm
proved
correct
.
The
scientist
β
s
prediction
about
the
storm
proved
correct
.
β’
Before
kick-off
,
fans
shared
their
prediction
of
which
team
would
win
the
soccer
match
.
Before
kick-off
,
fans
shared
their
prediction
of
which
team
would
win
the
soccer
match
.
Mid-16th
century
,
from
Latin
praedictio
β
a
foretelling
β,
from
praedicere
β
to
say
beforehand
β.
manufacturing
noun
-
manufacturing
the
business
or
process
of
making
goods
in
large
quantities
,
usually
with
machines
in
factories
β’
Manufacturing
accounts
for
a
large
share
of
the
region's
economy
.
Manufacturing
accounts
for
a
large
share
of
the
region's
economy
.
β’
Advances
in
robotics
have
made
manufacturing
faster
and
safer
than
ever
.
Advances
in
robotics
have
made
manufacturing
faster
and
safer
than
ever
.
From
manufacture
+β
-ing
,
first
recorded
in
the
late
18th
century
as
the
gerund
form
describing
the
action
or
business
of
making
goods
.
verb
-
manufacture
,
manufacturing
,
manufactures
,
manufactured
present
participle
of
manufacture
:
actively
making
something
,
especially
in
a
factory
β’
The
factory
is
manufacturing
thousands
of
solar
panels
this
month
.
The
factory
is
manufacturing
thousands
of
solar
panels
this
month
.
β’
Workers
were
still
manufacturing
parts
when
the
inspector
arrived
.
Workers
were
still
manufacturing
parts
when
the
inspector
arrived
.
Verb
form
of
manufacture
,
from
French
fabriquer
,
ultimately
from
Latin
manus
(β
hand
β)
+
facere
(β
make
β).
adjective
relating
to
or
involved
in
the
business
of
making
products
in
factories
β’
The
city
has
a
strong
manufacturing
base
that
attracts
investors
.
The
city
has
a
strong
manufacturing
base
that
attracts
investors
.
β’
She
works
in
the
manufacturing
department
as
a
quality
engineer
.
She
works
in
the
manufacturing
department
as
a
quality
engineer
.
Attributive
use
of
the
noun
manufacturing
to
describe
things
connected
with
factories
or
industrial
production
.
instructor
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
teach
a
particular
subject
or
skill
,
especially
in
a
college
,
sports
center
,
or
training
program
β’
After
a
few
lessons
,
the
driving
instructor
said
I
was
ready
for
the
test
.
After
a
few
lessons
,
the
driving
instructor
said
I
was
ready
for
the
test
.
β’
The
yoga
instructor
guided
the
class
through
a
series
of
relaxing
poses
.
The
yoga
instructor
guided
the
class
through
a
series
of
relaxing
poses
.
early
15th
century
,
from
Latin
β
instructor
β
meaning
β
teacher
β,
from
β
instruere
β β
to
prepare
,
equip
,
teach
β.
depict
verb
to
show
or
represent
someone
or
something
in
a
picture
,
sculpture
,
film
,
or
other
visual
form
β’
Ancient
cave
paintings
depict
hunters
chasing
animals
.
Ancient
cave
paintings
depict
hunters
chasing
animals
.
β’
The
movie
poster
depicts
the
hero
standing
alone
against
a
stormy
sky
.
The
movie
poster
depicts
the
hero
standing
alone
against
a
stormy
sky
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
β
depictus
β,
past
participle
of
β
depinger
β
meaning
β
to
portray
β (
de-
β
thoroughly
β
+
pingere
β
to
paint
β).
verb
to
describe
someone
or
something
in
words
so
that
readers
or
listeners
can
clearly
imagine
it
β’
In
his
speech
,
the
mayor
depicted
the
city
as
a
place
of
endless
opportunity
.
In
his
speech
,
the
mayor
depicted
the
city
as
a
place
of
endless
opportunity
.
β’
The
novel
vividly
depicts
life
in
a
small
coastal
town
.
The
novel
vividly
depicts
life
in
a
small
coastal
town
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
β
depictus
β,
past
participle
of
β
depinger
β
meaning
β
to
portray
β.
Over
time
it
extended
from
visual
portrayal
to
verbal
description
.
transaction
noun
the
act
or
instance
of
buying
,
selling
,
or
exchanging
goods
,
services
,
or
money
β’
Using
her
phone
,
Mia
completed
the
transaction
for
the
concert
tickets
in
seconds
.
Using
her
phone
,
Mia
completed
the
transaction
for
the
concert
tickets
in
seconds
.
β’
The
cashier
handed
Luis
a
receipt
after
the
transaction
at
the
supermarket
checkout
.
The
cashier
handed
Luis
a
receipt
after
the
transaction
at
the
supermarket
checkout
.
Borrowed
from
Late
Latin
transactio
,
meaning
β
business
completed
,
agreement
.β
noun
in
computing
,
a
group
of
operations
processed
together
so
that
they
all
succeed
or
all
fail
as
one
unit
β’
The
database
rolled
back
the
transaction
when
a
single
query
failed
.
The
database
rolled
back
the
transaction
when
a
single
query
failed
.
β’
Each
bank
transfer
is
wrapped
in
a
secure
transaction
to
protect
the
data
.
Each
bank
transfer
is
wrapped
in
a
secure
transaction
to
protect
the
data
.