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how
adverb
used
in
questions
to
ask
in
what
way
or
by
what
method
something
happens
or
is
done
•
How
did
you
fix
the
bike
so
quickly
?
How
did
you
fix
the
bike
so
quickly
?
•
How
does
this
coffee
machine
work
?
How
does
this
coffee
machine
work
?
Old
English
“
hū
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*hwō
,
related
to
“
who
”
and
“
what
”,
originally
meaning
“
in
what
manner
”.
adverb
used
in
questions
before
adjectives
or
adverbs
to
ask
about
degree
or
amount
•
How
tall
is
the
new
skyscraper
?
How
tall
is
the
new
skyscraper
?
•
How
quickly
can
you
finish
the
report
?
How
quickly
can
you
finish
the
report
?
conjunction
introduces
a
clause
that
describes
the
way
in
which
something
happens
•
I
remember
how
we
met
on
that
rainy
day
.
I
remember
how
we
met
on
that
rainy
day
.
•
Show
me
how
your
new
phone
works
.
Show
me
how
your
new
phone
works
.
noun
the
way
or
method
by
which
something
is
done
or
happens
•
The
book
explains
the
how
as
well
as
the
why
of
space
travel
.
The
book
explains
the
how
as
well
as
the
why
of
space
travel
.
•
I
understand
the
goal
,
but
the
how
is
still
unclear
.
I
understand
the
goal
,
but
the
how
is
still
unclear
.
interjection
an
old-fashioned
greeting
once
stereotypically
attributed
to
Native
Americans
in
popular
culture
•
The
actor
raised
his
hand
and
said
, "
How
!"
during
the
costume
party
.
The
actor
raised
his
hand
and
said
, "
How
!"
during
the
costume
party
.
•
She
greeted
the
children
with
a
playful
"
How
!"
while
reading
a
cowboy
story
.
She
greeted
the
children
with
a
playful
"
How
!"
while
reading
a
cowboy
story
.
Popularized
in
19th-
and
early-20th-century
Western
novels
and
films
as
a
stereotyped
version
of
a
Native
American
greeting
;
not
used
in
authentic
Indigenous
languages
.
house
noun
a
building
where
people
live
,
usually
meant
for
one
family
•
After
months
of
searching
,
they
finally
bought
a
charming
house
by
the
lake
.
After
months
of
searching
,
they
finally
bought
a
charming
house
by
the
lake
.
•
The
cat
slipped
out
of
the
house
when
the
door
was
left
open
.
The
cat
slipped
out
of
the
house
when
the
door
was
left
open
.
Old
English
“
hūs
”
meaning
dwelling
or
shelter
,
related
to
German
“
Haus
”.
verb
-
house
,
housing
,
houses
,
housed
to
provide
someone
or
something
with
a
place
to
live
,
stay
,
or
be
stored
•
The
shelter
can
house
up
to
fifty
stray
dogs
.
The
shelter
can
house
up
to
fifty
stray
dogs
.
•
The
museum
houses
an
impressive
collection
of
ancient
pottery
.
The
museum
houses
an
impressive
collection
of
ancient
pottery
.
noun
a
company
or
firm
that
produces
or
sells
a
particular
type
of
goods
or
services
•
He
works
at
a
famous
fashion house
in
Milan
.
He
works
at
a
famous
fashion house
in
Milan
.
•
The
publishing house
accepted
her
first
novel
.
The
publishing house
accepted
her
first
novel
.
noun
the
people
watching
a
performance
in
a
theatre
,
cinema
,
or
similar
venue
•
The
comedian
stepped
on
stage
to
a
packed house
.
The
comedian
stepped
on
stage
to
a
packed house
.
•
There
wasn
’
t
a
dry
eye
in
the
house
when
the
curtain
fell
.
There
wasn
’
t
a
dry
eye
in
the
house
when
the
curtain
fell
.
noun
one
of
the
separate
groups
of
elected
representatives
that
together
form
a
parliament
or
legislature
•
A
bill
must
pass
both
Houses
before
it
becomes
law
.
A
bill
must
pass
both
Houses
before
it
becomes
law
.
•
The
House of Representatives
voted
on
the
measure
.
The
House of Representatives
voted
on
the
measure
.
home
noun
-
home
,
homing
,
homes
,
homed
the
house
,
apartment
,
or
other
place
where
a
person
or
a
family
lives
•
After
a
long
trip
,
Nora
was
happy
to
finally
be
back
home
.
After
a
long
trip
,
Nora
was
happy
to
finally
be
back
home
.
•
Carlos
invited
his
friends
to
his
new
home
for
dinner
.
Carlos
invited
his
friends
to
his
new
home
for
dinner
.
Old
English
hām
,
meaning
“
dwelling
,
estate
” ;
related
to
German
Heim
and
Dutch
heim
.
noun
-
home
,
homing
,
homes
,
homed
the
place
where
a
person
lives
,
especially
together
with
their
family
•
After
a
long
trip
,
Maya
smiled
the
moment
she
walked
into
her
home
.
After
a
long
trip
,
Maya
smiled
the
moment
she
walked
into
her
home
.
•
Their
new
home
has
a
bright
blue
door
and
a
small
garden
full
of
sunflowers
.
Their
new
home
has
a
bright
blue
door
and
a
small
garden
full
of
sunflowers
.
Old
English
"
hām
"
meaning
village
or
dwelling
place
;
related
to
German
"
Heim
".
adverb
-
home
,
homing
,
homes
,
homed
to
or
at
the
place
where
one
lives
•
It
’
s
getting
late
;
let
’
s
go
home
.
It
’
s
getting
late
;
let
’
s
go
home
.
•
After
work
,
he
drives
straight
home
to
relax
.
After
work
,
he
drives
straight
home
to
relax
.
adverb
-
home
,
homing
,
homes
,
homed
to
or
at
the
place
where
you
live
•
A
taxi
took
us
home
after
the
concert
ended
late
.
A
taxi
took
us
home
after
the
concert
ended
late
.
•
Jin
usually
gets
home
from
work
by
six
o
’
clock
.
Jin
usually
gets
home
from
work
by
six
o
’
clock
.
noun
-
home
,
homing
,
homes
,
homed
a
place
where
people
who
need
special
care
live
and
are
looked
after
,
such
as
a
nursing
home
or
children
’
s
home
•
My
grandfather
moved
into
a
nursing
home
where
nurses
help
him
every
day
.
My
grandfather
moved
into
a
nursing
home
where
nurses
help
him
every
day
.
•
The
charity
raises
money
for
a
local
children
’
s
home
.
The
charity
raises
money
for
a
local
children
’
s
home
.
adjective
-
home
,
homing
,
homes
,
homed
relating
to
or
done
in
the
place
where
someone
lives
rather
than
somewhere
else
•
We
enjoyed
a
simple
home
meal
instead
of
eating
out
.
We
enjoyed
a
simple
home
meal
instead
of
eating
out
.
•
The
team
plays
its
first
three
home
games
this
season
.
The
team
plays
its
first
three
home
games
this
season
.
noun
-
home
,
homing
,
homes
,
homed
a
place
where
people
who
need
special
care
live
and
are
looked
after
,
such
as
children
or
elderly
people
•
Olivia
volunteers
at
a
home
for
abandoned
kittens
every
weekend
.
Olivia
volunteers
at
a
home
for
abandoned
kittens
every
weekend
.
•
My
grandfather
moved
into
a
nursing
home
where
nurses
can
help
him
every
day
.
My
grandfather
moved
into
a
nursing
home
where
nurses
can
help
him
every
day
.
adjective
-
home
,
homing
,
homes
,
homed
made
,
done
,
or
used
in
the
place
where
someone
lives
rather
than
somewhere
else
•
Everyone
praised
Maria
’
s
home
cooking
at
the
neighborhood
potluck
.
Everyone
praised
Maria
’
s
home
cooking
at
the
neighborhood
potluck
.
•
The
team
enjoyed
a
strong
advantage
during
their
first
home
game
of
the
season
.
The
team
enjoyed
a
strong
advantage
during
their
first
home
game
of
the
season
.
verb
-
home
,
homing
,
homes
,
homed
to
move
or
be
guided
toward
a
target
or
goal
,
often
with
accuracy
•
The
missile
homed
in
on
its
target
with
precision
.
The
missile
homed
in
on
its
target
with
precision
.
•
The
pigeon
instinctively
homes
to
its
loft
from
miles
away
.
The
pigeon
instinctively
homes
to
its
loft
from
miles
away
.
From
the
noun
sense
;
first
used
of
homing
pigeons
in
the
18th
century
,
later
extended
to
guided
weapons
.
verb
-
home
,
homing
,
homes
,
homed
to
move
or
be
guided
directly
toward
a
target
or
destination
with
great
accuracy
•
The
missile
homed
in
on
the
enemy
submarine
with
pinpoint
precision
.
The
missile
homed
in
on
the
enemy
submarine
with
pinpoint
precision
.
•
The
kestrel
homes
on
small
rodents
by
detecting
the
slightest
movement
in
the
grass
.
The
kestrel
homes
on
small
rodents
by
detecting
the
slightest
movement
in
the
grass
.
From
the
idea
of
homing
pigeons
finding
their
way
back
to
their
coop
.
hold
verb
-
hold
,
holding
,
holds
,
held
to
keep
something
in
your
hand
,
arms
,
or
another
part
of
the
body
without
letting
it
go
•
Please
hold
the
ladder
steady
while
I
climb
.
Please
hold
the
ladder
steady
while
I
climb
.
•
She
held
her
baby
close
to
keep
him
warm
.
She
held
her
baby
close
to
keep
him
warm
.
verb
-
hold
,
holding
,
holds
,
held
to
have
enough
space
or
strength
to
contain
,
carry
,
or
support
something
•
This
bottle
holds
one
litre
of
water
.
This
bottle
holds
one
litre
of
water
.
•
The
stadium
can
hold
fifty
thousand
fans
.
The
stadium
can
hold
fifty
thousand
fans
.
verb
-
hold
,
holding
,
holds
,
held
to
organize
and
have
a
meeting
,
event
,
or
activity
•
The
university
will
hold
a
graduation
ceremony
in
June
.
The
university
will
hold
a
graduation
ceremony
in
June
.
•
Our
club
holds
meetings
every
Friday
afternoon
.
Our
club
holds
meetings
every
Friday
afternoon
.
verb
-
hold
,
holding
,
holds
,
held
to
keep
someone
waiting
or
to
stop
something
for
a
short
time
•
Please
hold
the
line
while
I
transfer
your
call
.
Please
hold
the
line
while
I
transfer
your
call
.
•
Passengers
had
to
hold
until
the
storm
passed
.
Passengers
had
to
hold
until
the
storm
passed
.
noun
the
act
or
way
of
gripping
something
tightly
•
He
tightened
his
hold
on
the
rope
.
He
tightened
his
hold
on
the
rope
.
•
She
lost
her
hold
and
slipped
.
She
lost
her
hold
and
slipped
.
verb
-
hold
,
holding
,
holds
,
held
to
continue
to
be
true
,
effective
,
or
in
the
same
state
•
Your
invitation
still
holds
.
Your
invitation
still
holds
.
•
The
rule
holds
in
every
case
.
The
rule
holds
in
every
case
.
noun
control
or
influence
over
something
or
someone
•
The
company
has
a
strong
hold
on
the
market
.
The
company
has
a
strong
hold
on
the
market
.
•
Fear
had
a
hold
over
him
.
Fear
had
a
hold
over
him
.
however
adverb
Used
to
introduce
a
statement
that
contrasts
with
or
seems
to
contradict
something
that
has
just
been
said
;
nevertheless
.
•
It
was
raining
heavily
;
however
,
the
children
still
wanted
to
play
outside
.
It
was
raining
heavily
;
however
,
the
children
still
wanted
to
play
outside
.
•
The
train
was
delayed
for
an
hour
;
however
,
no
one
in
the
waiting
room
looked
upset
.
The
train
was
delayed
for
an
hour
;
however
,
no
one
in
the
waiting
room
looked
upset
.
conjunction
But
;
used
to
connect
two
contrasting
clauses
within
the
same
sentence
.
•
I
wanted
to
go
to
the
concert
,
however
I
couldn't
afford
a
ticket
.
I
wanted
to
go
to
the
concert
,
however
I
couldn't
afford
a
ticket
.
•
He
claimed
the
job
was
simple
,
however
nobody
understood
the
instructions
.
He
claimed
the
job
was
simple
,
however
nobody
understood
the
instructions
.
adverb
To
whatever
degree
or
extent
;
no
matter
how
.
•
However
hard
he
tried
,
he
couldn
’
t
solve
the
puzzle
.
However
hard
he
tried
,
he
couldn
’
t
solve
the
puzzle
.
•
However
quickly
she
ran
,
the
bus
pulled
away
before
she
arrived
.
However
quickly
she
ran
,
the
bus
pulled
away
before
she
arrived
.
adverb
Used
at
the
beginning
of
a
question
to
express
surprise
,
confusion
,
or
emphasis
,
meaning
“
in
what
way
”
or
“
by
what
means
”.
•
However
did
you
lift
that
heavy
box
alone
?
However
did
you
lift
that
heavy
box
alone
?
•
However
will
they
finish
the
project
on
time
?
However
will
they
finish
the
project
on
time
?
hour
noun
a
unit
of
time
equal
to
60
minutes
•
The
train
will
arrive
in
one
hour
.
The
train
will
arrive
in
one
hour
.
•
She
studied
for
three
hours
before
dinner
.
She
studied
for
three
hours
before
dinner
.
From
Old
French
'houre'
,
from
Latin
'hora'
meaning
'time'
or
'season'
.
noun
the
specific
time
shown
by
the
hour
hand
on
a
clock
•
At
the
stroke
of
the
hour
,
the
town
bell
rang
loudly
.
At
the
stroke
of
the
hour
,
the
town
bell
rang
loudly
.
•
We
should
leave
before
the
late-night
hour
of
midnight
.
We
should
leave
before
the
late-night
hour
of
midnight
.
noun
the
fixed
time
period
when
a
business
,
institution
,
or
person
is
normally
open
or
working
,
usually
used
in
the
plural
•
The
library's
visiting
hours
end
at
8
p
.
m
.
The
library's
visiting
hours
end
at
8
p
.
m
.
•
He
works
long
hours
during
the
busy
season
.
He
works
long
hours
during
the
busy
season
.
hope
verb
-
hope
,
hoping
,
hopes
,
hoped
to
want
something
to
happen
or
be
true
and
think
that
it
is
possible
•
I
hope
you
can
come
to
the
party
tomorrow
.
I
hope
you
can
come
to
the
party
tomorrow
.
•
They
are
hoping
for
good
weather
during
the
picnic
.
They
are
hoping
for
good
weather
during
the
picnic
.
From
Old
English
hopian
,
related
to
Dutch
hopen
and
German
hoffen
.
noun
a
feeling
of
expectation
and
desire
for
something
good
to
happen
•
Even
in
the
storm
,
Anna's
hope
kept
her
smiling
.
Even
in
the
storm
,
Anna's
hope
kept
her
smiling
.
•
The
team
hasn't
given
up
hope
of
winning
the
cup
.
The
team
hasn't
given
up
hope
of
winning
the
cup
.
Old
English
hopa
“
confidence
in
the
future
,
expectation
,”
related
to
the
verb
‘
hope
’.
verb
-
hope
,
hoping
,
hopes
,
hoped
to
want
something
to
happen
and
think
that
it
is
possible
•
I
hope
you
can
visit
us
this
summer
.
I
hope
you
can
visit
us
this
summer
.
•
They
still
hope
to
find
their
missing
dog
.
They
still
hope
to
find
their
missing
dog
.
From
Old
English
hopian
“
to
hope
,
expect
.”
noun
a
feeling
of
expectation
and
desire
that
something
good
will
happen
•
The
team's
hope
of
winning
the
championship
grew
after
their
latest
victory
.
The
team's
hope
of
winning
the
championship
grew
after
their
latest
victory
.
•
She
held
onto
hope
even
during
the
darkest
days
of
her
recovery
.
She
held
onto
hope
even
during
the
darkest
days
of
her
recovery
.
Old
English
hopa
,
from
the
verb
'hope'
;
related
to
Dutch
hoop
and
German
Hoffnung
.
hospital
noun
a
building
or
institution
where
doctors
,
nurses
,
and
other
medical
staff
treat
people
who
are
sick
or
hurt
,
often
with
beds
so
patients
can
stay
overnight
.
•
After
the
car
accident
,
Jake
was
taken
to
the
hospital
for
surgery
.
After
the
car
accident
,
Jake
was
taken
to
the
hospital
for
surgery
.
•
Maria
volunteers
at
the
children's
ward
of
the
hospital
every
weekend
.
Maria
volunteers
at
the
children's
ward
of
the
hospital
every
weekend
.
From
Latin
‘
hospitalis
’
meaning
‘
hospitable
place
’,
through
Old
French
‘
hospital
’.
noun
(
archaic
)
a
charitable
home
or
school
that
gave
shelter
,
food
,
or
education
to
the
poor
,
elderly
,
or
orphaned
rather
than
treating
illness
.
•
In
the
17th
century
,
a
wealthy
merchant
paid
to
build
a
hospital
for
orphaned
boys
.
In
the
17th
century
,
a
wealthy
merchant
paid
to
build
a
hospital
for
orphaned
boys
.
•
Christ's
Hospital
educated
many
children
who
could
not
afford
schooling
.
Christ's
Hospital
educated
many
children
who
could
not
afford
schooling
.
Same
origin
as
the
modern
sense
,
but
in
earlier
English
it
referred
broadly
to
any
charitable
place
of
shelter
or
care
.
hot
adjective
-
hot
,
hotter
,
hottest
having
a
high
temperature
;
giving
off
heat
and
likely
to
burn
or
feel
uncomfortable
•
Be
careful
,
the
coffee
is
still
hot
.
Be
careful
,
the
coffee
is
still
hot
.
•
In
summer
,
the
sand
on
the
beach
gets
hot
enough
to
burn
your
feet
.
In
summer
,
the
sand
on
the
beach
gets
hot
enough
to
burn
your
feet
.
adjective
-
hot
,
hotter
,
hottest
containing
a
lot
of
chili
or
spice
and
producing
a
burning
taste
•
She
loves
eating
hot
curry
for
dinner
.
She
loves
eating
hot
curry
for
dinner
.
•
This
salsa
is
too
hot
for
the
kids
.
This
salsa
is
too
hot
for
the
kids
.
adjective
-
hot
,
hotter
,
hottest
very
popular
,
wanted
,
or
fashionable
at
the
moment
•
Electric
bikes
are
the
hot
new
trend
in
the
city
.
Electric
bikes
are
the
hot
new
trend
in
the
city
.
•
That
actor
is
hot
right
now
after
the
award
.
That
actor
is
hot
right
now
after
the
award
.
adjective
-
hot
,
hotter
,
hottest
stolen
or
illegal
and
dangerous
to
possess
or
sell
•
The
police
traced
the
hot
laptop
to
a
pawn
shop
.
The
police
traced
the
hot
laptop
to
a
pawn
shop
.
•
He
tried
to
sell
me
a
hot
watch
,
but
I
refused
.
He
tried
to
sell
me
a
hot
watch
,
but
I
refused
.
adjective
-
hot
,
hotter
,
hottest
informal
:
sexually
attractive
or
good-looking
•
Everyone
said
the
new
teacher
was
really
hot
.
Everyone
said
the
new
teacher
was
really
hot
.
•
He
thinks
he
’
s
hot
,
but
I'm
not
impressed
.
He
thinks
he
’
s
hot
,
but
I'm
not
impressed
.
hotel
noun
a
building
where
people
pay
to
stay
for
a
short
time
,
usually
offering
bedrooms
,
meals
,
and
services
like
cleaning
•
After
a
long
drive
,
the
family
checked
into
the
hotel
near
the
beach
.
After
a
long
drive
,
the
family
checked
into
the
hotel
near
the
beach
.
•
The
hotel
offers
a
free
breakfast
buffet
each
morning
.
The
hotel
offers
a
free
breakfast
buffet
each
morning
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
mid-18th
century
from
French
“
hôtel
”,
originally
meaning
a
large
townhouse
.
verb
-
hotel
,
hotelling
,
hotels
,
hoteled
to
stay
in
a
hotel
or
hotels
,
especially
while
travelling
•
The
sales
team
hoteled
downtown
during
the
week-long
trade
fair
.
The
sales
team
hoteled
downtown
during
the
week-long
trade
fair
.
•
We
usually
hotel
near
the
stadium
whenever
there
’
s
a
big
match
.
We
usually
hotel
near
the
stadium
whenever
there
’
s
a
big
match
.
Verbal
use
recorded
from
the
late
19th
century
,
formed
by
functional
shift
from
the
noun
.
horse
noun
a
large
,
strong
animal
with
four
legs
that
people
ride
or
use
to
pull
things
.
•
Julia
loves
to
brush
her
horse
after
school
.
Julia
loves
to
brush
her
horse
after
school
.
•
The
cowboy
climbed
onto
his
horse
and
rode
across
the
prairie
.
The
cowboy
climbed
onto
his
horse
and
rode
across
the
prairie
.
Old
English
hors
,
related
to
Proto-Germanic
*hurz–
and
Old
Norse
hross
,
meaning
‘
horse
’.
noun
informal
name
for
the
knight
,
the
chess
piece
that
moves
in
an
L-shape
.
•
I
lost
my
horse
early
in
the
game
and
my
defense
fell
apart
.
I
lost
my
horse
early
in
the
game
and
my
defense
fell
apart
.
•
Move
your
horse
to
protect
the
queen
.
Move
your
horse
to
protect
the
queen
.
Nickname
comes
from
the
horse-shaped
head
carved
on
traditional
knight
pieces
.
noun
a
padded
piece
of
gymnastic
equipment
,
with
or
without
handles
,
used
for
vaulting
or
swinging
routines
.
•
The
gymnast
swung
his
legs
over
the
horse
with
perfect
form
.
The
gymnast
swung
his
legs
over
the
horse
with
perfect
form
.
•
She
practiced
vaulting
on
the
horse
for
hours
before
the
competition
.
She
practiced
vaulting
on
the
horse
for
hours
before
the
competition
.
Named
for
its
rough
resemblance
to
the
back
of
a
real
horse
,
which
early
gymnasts
once
vaulted
.
noun
slang
term
for
the
illegal
drug
heroin
.
•
The
detective
suspected
the
package
was
full
of
horse
,
not
sugar
.
The
detective
suspected
the
package
was
full
of
horse
,
not
sugar
.
•
He
warned
his
friend
to
stay
away
from
horse
because
of
its
dangers
.
He
warned
his
friend
to
stay
away
from
horse
because
of
its
dangers
.
American
slang
recorded
from
the
1950s
,
origin
uncertain
;
possibly
from
the
drug
’
s
strong
“
kick
.”
verb
-
horse
,
horsing
,
horses
,
horsed
to
supply
someone
or
something
with
a
horse
,
or
to
mount
on
horseback
.
•
The
stable
owner
agreed
to
horse
the
travelers
for
their
journey
.
The
stable
owner
agreed
to
horse
the
travelers
for
their
journey
.
•
They
horsed
the
statue
onto
the
truck
using
a
crane
.
They
horsed
the
statue
onto
the
truck
using
a
crane
.
From
the
noun
‘
horse
’;
first
recorded
as
a
verb
in
the
16th
century
meaning
‘
to
mount
or
supply
with
horses
’.
hole
noun
an
empty
space
or
opening
through
something
solid
•
There
’
s
a
small
hole
in
my
sock
.
There
’
s
a
small
hole
in
my
sock
.
•
The
dog
dug
a
deep
hole
in
the
garden
to
bury
its
bone
.
The
dog
dug
a
deep
hole
in
the
garden
to
bury
its
bone
.
Old
English
“
hol
”
meaning
‘
cave
,
hollow
place
’,
from
Proto-Germanic
*hul-
‘
hollow
’.
noun
one
of
the
parts
of
a
golf
course
from
the
tee
to
the
cup
,
or
the
cup
itself
•
It
took
her
four
strokes
to
finish
the
third
hole
.
It
took
her
four
strokes
to
finish
the
third
hole
.
•
He
sank
a
long
putt
and
the
ball
dropped
into
the
hole
.
He
sank
a
long
putt
and
the
ball
dropped
into
the
hole
.
noun
an
unpleasant
,
dirty
,
or
small
place
to
live
or
stay
•
His
apartment
is
a
real
hole
with
moldy
walls
and
no
heat
.
His
apartment
is
a
real
hole
with
moldy
walls
and
no
heat
.
•
I
don't
want
to
spend
the
night
in
that
hole
again
.
I
don't
want
to
spend
the
night
in
that
hole
again
.
verb
-
hole
,
holing
,
holes
,
holed
to
make
an
opening
or
hollow
in
something
by
piercing
,
drilling
,
or
digging
•
A
stray
bullet
holed
the
metal
gate
.
A
stray
bullet
holed
the
metal
gate
.
•
Use
this
drill
to
hole
the
wooden
board
for
the
screws
.
Use
this
drill
to
hole
the
wooden
board
for
the
screws
.
verb
-
hole
,
holing
,
holes
,
holed
to
hit
or
roll
a
golf
or
billiards
ball
into
the
hole
or
pocket
•
She
holed
her
putt
from
ten
meters
and
cheered
.
She
holed
her
putt
from
ten
meters
and
cheered
.
•
If
you
hole
the
ball
in
two
shots
,
that's
a
birdie
.
If
you
hole
the
ball
in
two
shots
,
that's
a
birdie
.
honey
noun
-
honey
a
thick
,
sweet
,
golden
liquid
made
by
bees
from
flower
nectar
,
often
eaten
as
food
or
used
to
sweeten
drinks
•
Grandma
drizzled
honey
over
the
warm
pancakes
.
Grandma
drizzled
honey
over
the
warm
pancakes
.
•
Bees
store
honey
in
waxy
combs
inside
their
hive
.
Bees
store
honey
in
waxy
combs
inside
their
hive
.
Old
English
“
hunig
,”
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
“
honing
”
and
German
“
Honig
”.
noun
a
friendly
or
affectionate
way
of
addressing
someone
you
love
or
like
,
such
as
a
partner
,
child
,
or
close
friend
•
“
Thanks
for
carrying
the
groceries
,
honey
.”
“
Thanks
for
carrying
the
groceries
,
honey
.”
•
A
father
knelt
and
tied
his
daughter's
shoe
,
saying
, “
Are
you
ready
to
go
,
honey
?”
A
father
knelt
and
tied
his
daughter's
shoe
,
saying
, “
Are
you
ready
to
go
,
honey
?”
Extension
from
the
sweet
food
to
a
person
considered
sweet
,
recorded
in
English
since
the
14th
century
.
noun
something
or
someone
that
is
very
good
,
impressive
,
or
attractive
•
That
new
sports
car
is
a
real
honey
.
That
new
sports
car
is
a
real
honey
.
•
He
landed
a
honey
of
a
job
at
the
design
firm
.
He
landed
a
honey
of
a
job
at
the
design
firm
.
Evolved
from
the
idea
of
honey
as
something
sweet
and
pleasant
;
informal
use
recorded
in
American
English
since
the
late
19th
century
.
honor
noun
deep
respect
for
honesty
and
good
moral
character
•
He
always
acts
with
honor
even
when
no
one
is
watching
.
He
always
acts
with
honor
even
when
no
one
is
watching
.
•
Serving
the
community
is
a
matter
of
honor
for
her
family
.
Serving
the
community
is
a
matter
of
honor
for
her
family
.
from
Anglo-French
‘
honur
’,
from
Latin
‘
honor
’
meaning
‘
esteem
,
dignity
’
verb
to
show
great
respect
or
recognition
to
someone
or
something
•
The
city
will
honor
the
firefighters
with
a
parade
.
The
city
will
honor
the
firefighters
with
a
parade
.
•
We
gathered
to
honor
our
teacher
on
her
retirement
.
We
gathered
to
honor
our
teacher
on
her
retirement
.
from
noun
sense
of
‘
honor
’,
first
used
as
a
verb
in
14th
century
noun
great
respect
and
admiration
for
someone
or
something
•
The
soldiers
saluted
the
flag
to
show
their
deep
honor
.
The
soldiers
saluted
the
flag
to
show
their
deep
honor
.
•
Winning
the
scholarship
was
an
honor
she
never
expected
.
Winning
the
scholarship
was
an
honor
she
never
expected
.
Middle
English
honour
,
from
Old
French
honor
,
from
Latin
honōs
“
esteem
,
dignity
”.
verb
-
honor
,
honoring
,
honors
,
honored
to
show
great
respect
to
someone
or
something
,
or
to
keep
a
promise
or
agreement
•
The
city
will
honor
the
firefighters
with
a
parade
.
The
city
will
honor
the
firefighters
with
a
parade
.
•
Please
honor
your
promise
to
call
me
.
Please
honor
your
promise
to
call
me
.
From
the
noun
honor
;
earliest
verb
use
recorded
in
the
14th
century
.
honour
noun
high
respect
shown
through
honest
and
moral
behaviour
•
She
defended
her
family's
honour
in
court
.
She
defended
her
family's
honour
in
court
.
•
For
the
samurai
,
dying
with
honour
was
better
than
living
with
shame
.
For
the
samurai
,
dying
with
honour
was
better
than
living
with
shame
.
from
Middle
English
‘
honour
’,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
‘
honor
’
verb
to
show
great
respect
or
public
recognition
to
someone
or
something
•
The
queen
will
honour
the
athletes
at
the
palace
.
The
queen
will
honour
the
athletes
at
the
palace
.
•
They
planted
a
tree
to
honour
their
late
friend
.
They
planted
a
tree
to
honour
their
late
friend
.
verb
use
traced
to
late
Middle
English
,
influenced
by
French
‘
honorer
’
noun
great
respect
and
admiration
for
someone
or
something
•
Receiving
the
medal
was
the
highest
honour
of
his
career
.
Receiving
the
medal
was
the
highest
honour
of
his
career
.
•
She
felt
it
an
honour
to
sing
at
the
royal
wedding
.
She
felt
it
an
honour
to
sing
at
the
royal
wedding
.
Middle
English
honour
,
from
Anglo-French
honour
,
from
Latin
honōs
.
verb
-
honour
,
honouring
,
honours
,
honoured
to
show
great
respect
to
someone
or
something
,
or
to
keep
a
promise
or
agreement
•
The
council
will
honour
the
author
with
a
blue
plaque
.
The
council
will
honour
the
author
with
a
blue
plaque
.
•
He
always
honours
his
commitments
.
He
always
honours
his
commitments
.
From
the
noun
honour
;
verb
sense
attested
since
Middle
English
.
host
noun
a
person
who
receives
and
looks
after
guests
at
their
home
or
at
an
event
•
Our
friendly
host
greeted
everyone
at
the
door
with
a
warm
smile
.
Our
friendly
host
greeted
everyone
at
the
door
with
a
warm
smile
.
•
The
dinner
party
went
smoothly
because
the
host
had
prepared
plenty
of
food
.
The
dinner
party
went
smoothly
because
the
host
had
prepared
plenty
of
food
.
From
Old
French
hoste
,
from
Latin
hospes
meaning
"
guest
,
host
".
noun
a
person
who
receives
guests
and
makes
them
feel
welcome
,
especially
at
their
home
or
at
a
social
event
.
•
Our
friendly
host
welcomed
us
at
the
door
and
took
our
coats
.
Our
friendly
host
welcomed
us
at
the
door
and
took
our
coats
.
•
The
host
offered
everyone
lemonade
before
dinner
started
.
The
host
offered
everyone
lemonade
before
dinner
started
.
From
Old
French
"
hoste
",
from
Latin
"
hospes
"
meaning
both
“
guest
”
and
“
host
,”
originally
“
someone
with
whom
one
has
reciprocal
duties
of
hospitality
.”
verb
-
host
,
hosting
,
hosts
,
hosted
to
organize
and
receive
guests
for
an
event
,
meeting
,
or
gathering
.
•
Maria
will
host
a
dinner
party
for
her
friends
tomorrow
.
Maria
will
host
a
dinner
party
for
her
friends
tomorrow
.
•
The
city
hosted
the
international
summit
last
year
.
The
city
hosted
the
international
summit
last
year
.
From
the
noun
sense
‘
person
who
receives
guests
,’
extended
into
a
verb
by
the
early
15th
century
.
noun
a
person
who
presents
and
directs
a
television
,
radio
,
or
online
show
•
The
popular
game-show
host
gave
away
a
brand-new
car
to
the
winner
.
The
popular
game-show
host
gave
away
a
brand-new
car
to
the
winner
.
•
Viewers
trust
the
podcast
host
to
ask
tough
questions
.
Viewers
trust
the
podcast
host
to
ask
tough
questions
.
Extension
of
the
sense
"
person
who
receives
"
to
"
person
who
introduces
a
program
"
in
the
early
20th
century
.
noun
a
computer
or
company
that
provides
the
space
and
services
needed
for
websites
,
apps
,
or
other
data
to
be
available
on
the
internet
•
The
website
crashed
when
its
host
went
offline
.
The
website
crashed
when
its
host
went
offline
.
•
We
switched
to
a
faster
host
to
improve
loading
times
.
We
switched
to
a
faster
host
to
improve
loading
times
.
Borrowed
into
computing
in
the
1960s
to
describe
a
main
computer
‘
receiving
’
terminals
.
verb
-
host
,
hosting
,
hosts
,
hosted
to
receive
and
entertain
guests
or
to
provide
the
place
for
an
event
•
We
hosted
a
barbecue
for
our
neighbors
last
weekend
.
We
hosted
a
barbecue
for
our
neighbors
last
weekend
.
•
The
museum
will
host
an
exhibition
of
ancient
artifacts
.
The
museum
will
host
an
exhibition
of
ancient
artifacts
.
From
Old
French
hoste
,
same
root
as
noun
sense
.
verb
-
host
,
hosting
,
hosts
,
hosted
(
computing
)
to
keep
and
run
a
website
,
app
,
or
other
digital
service
on
a
server
•
The
company
hosts
thousands
of
websites
on
its
servers
.
The
company
hosts
thousands
of
websites
on
its
servers
.
•
They
host
their
code
repository
on
a
private
server
.
They
host
their
code
repository
on
a
private
server
.
Extension
of
general
verb
sense
to
computing
in
late
20th
century
.
noun
a
person
who
presents
and
guides
a
television
,
radio
,
or
online
program
or
event
.
•
The
talk-show
host
asked
the
singer
about
her
new
album
.
The
talk-show
host
asked
the
singer
about
her
new
album
.
•
Our
favorite
podcast
host
releases
a
new
episode
every
Monday
.
Our
favorite
podcast
host
releases
a
new
episode
every
Monday
.
Extended
from
the
sense
of
‘
one
who
receives
guests
’
to
‘
one
who
receives
the
audience
of
a
program
’.
verb
-
host
,
hosting
,
hosts
,
hosted
to
store
a
website
,
application
,
or
other
digital
content
on
a
computer
server
so
that
it
can
be
accessed
on
the
internet
.
•
They
host
their
company
’
s
website
on
a
cloud
server
.
They
host
their
company
’
s
website
on
a
cloud
server
.
•
The
new
game
is
hosted
on
faster
servers
to
reduce
lag
.
The
new
game
is
hosted
on
faster
servers
to
reduce
lag
.
Borrowed
into
computing
in
the
1960s
to
describe
the
central
computer
‘
hosting
’
users
,
by
analogy
to
a
person
who
offers
space
to
guests
.
noun
an
animal
or
plant
in
or
on
which
a
parasite
or
virus
lives
•
A
mosquito
is
a
host
for
the
malaria
parasite
.
A
mosquito
is
a
host
for
the
malaria
parasite
.
•
The
virus
cannot
reproduce
without
a
living
host
.
The
virus
cannot
reproduce
without
a
living
host
.
Adopted
in
scientific
language
in
the
17th
century
from
earlier
sense
"
person
who
receives
"
to
describe
an
organism
that
‘
receives
’
another
.
noun
a
very
large
number
of
people
or
things
•
The
city
offers
a
host
of
museums
and
galleries
to
explore
.
The
city
offers
a
host
of
museums
and
galleries
to
explore
.
•
She
faced
a
host
of
questions
after
the
announcement
.
She
faced
a
host
of
questions
after
the
announcement
.
Developed
from
Middle
English
sense
"
army
"
to
the
more
general
idea
of
a
large
group
by
the
17th
century
.
noun
a
large
number
or
great
quantity
of
people
or
things
.
•
A
host
of
butterflies
filled
the
summer
meadow
.
A
host
of
butterflies
filled
the
summer
meadow
.
•
The
proposal
raised
a
host
of
questions
from
the
committee
.
The
proposal
raised
a
host
of
questions
from
the
committee
.
From
the
Old
French
military
sense
“
army
,”
gradually
generalized
to
mean
any
large
multitude
.
noun
an
animal
or
plant
in
or
on
which
a
parasite
or
other
organism
lives
and
from
which
it
obtains
food
or
shelter
.
•
A
mosquito
acts
as
a
host
for
malaria
parasites
.
A
mosquito
acts
as
a
host
for
malaria
parasites
.
•
The
tapeworm
absorbs
nutrients
from
its
human
host
.
The
tapeworm
absorbs
nutrients
from
its
human
host
.
Adopted
in
19th-century
biology
to
describe
the
‘
receiver
’
of
a
parasite
,
analogous
to
a
social
host
who
receives
guests
.
noun
(
archaic
)
a
large
army
•
A
vast
host
marched
across
the
plain
toward
the
castle
.
A
vast
host
marched
across
the
plain
toward
the
castle
.
•
The
king
gathered
his
hosts
for
the
decisive
battle
.
The
king
gathered
his
hosts
for
the
decisive
battle
.
From
Old
French
hoste
“
army
”,
ultimately
from
Latin
hostis
“
enemy
”.
honest
adjective
always
telling
the
truth
and
not
cheating
,
stealing
,
or
hiding
facts
•
My
dad
is
an
honest
mechanic
who
always
tells
customers
the
truth
.
My
dad
is
an
honest
mechanic
who
always
tells
customers
the
truth
.
•
The
boy
returned
a
lost
wallet
because
he
wanted
to
stay
honest
.
The
boy
returned
a
lost
wallet
because
he
wanted
to
stay
honest
.
From
Middle
English
honest
,
via
Old
French
honeste
,
from
Latin
honestus
meaning
‘
honorable
,
respectable
’.
adjective
earned
,
obtained
,
or
done
in
a
fair
,
legal
,
and
straightforward
way
•
After
years
of
honest
work
,
his
small
farm
finally
made
a
profit
.
After
years
of
honest
work
,
his
small
farm
finally
made
a
profit
.
•
She
prefers
to
earn
an
honest
living
rather
than
take
shortcuts
.
She
prefers
to
earn
an
honest
living
rather
than
take
shortcuts
.
interjection
used
to
emphasize
that
what
you
are
saying
is
completely
true
•
Honest
!
I
finished
my
homework
on
time
.
Honest
!
I
finished
my
homework
on
time
.
•
I
didn't
touch
your
phone
,
honest
.
I
didn't
touch
your
phone
,
honest
.
holy
adjective
-
holy
,
holier
,
holiest
connected
to
a
god
or
religion
and
treated
with
deep
respect
•
Pilgrims
removed
their
shoes
before
entering
the
holy
temple
.
Pilgrims
removed
their
shoes
before
entering
the
holy
temple
.
•
The
holy
book
lay
open
on
a
wooden
stand
,
its
pages
glowing
in
the
candlelight
.
The
holy
book
lay
open
on
a
wooden
stand
,
its
pages
glowing
in
the
candlelight
.
Old
English
‘
hālig
’
meaning
‘
whole
,
uninjured
,
sacred
’,
related
to
‘
whole
’.
adjective
-
holy
,
holier
,
holiest
used
in
exclamations
to
show
surprise
,
shock
,
or
excitement
•
Holy cow
!
That
skateboard
trick
was
amazing
!
Holy cow
!
That
skateboard
trick
was
amazing
!
•
Holy smoke
,
the
power
just
went
out
!
Holy smoke
,
the
power
just
went
out
!
From
the
main
adjective
sense
;
became
an
intensifier
in
American
English
exclamations
in
the
early
1900s
.
holiday
noun
a
period
of
time
when
you
do
not
go
to
work
or
school
,
often
travelling
somewhere
for
pleasure
•
School
ends
tomorrow
,
and
our
holiday
to
the
seaside
starts
on
Saturday
.
School
ends
tomorrow
,
and
our
holiday
to
the
seaside
starts
on
Saturday
.
•
They
saved
money
all
year
for
a
two-week
holiday
in
Greece
.
They
saved
money
all
year
for
a
two-week
holiday
in
Greece
.
noun
a
special
day
each
year
when
most
people
do
not
work
because
of
a
national
,
cultural
,
or
religious
celebration
•
Independence
Day
is
a
national
holiday
in
the
United
States
.
Independence
Day
is
a
national
holiday
in
the
United
States
.
•
Many
shops
close
early
on
the
public
holiday
.
Many
shops
close
early
on
the
public
holiday
.
verb
to
spend
a
period
away
from
home
for
rest
or
pleasure
•
This
year
we
holiday
in
the
Scottish
Highlands
.
This
year
we
holiday
in
the
Scottish
Highlands
.
•
They
usually
holiday
abroad
every
spring
.
They
usually
holiday
abroad
every
spring
.
household
noun
all
the
people
who
live
together
in
the
same
home
,
thought
of
as
one
unit
•
There
are
six
people
in
my
household
,
so
we
use
a
lot
of
electricity
.
There
are
six
people
in
my
household
,
so
we
use
a
lot
of
electricity
.
•
Each
household
on
the
street
received
a
survey
about
recycling
.
Each
household
on
the
street
received
a
survey
about
recycling
.
Old
English
hūs
“
house
”
+
hāld
“
keeper
,
inhabitant
,”
later
shifting
to
mean
the
people
living
in
a
house
.
adjective
used
in
homes
or
connected
with
the
daily
life
of
people
who
live
together
•
We
buy
most
of
our
household
cleaning
products
at
the
local
market
.
We
buy
most
of
our
household
cleaning
products
at
the
local
market
.
•
Sorting
household
waste
into
different
bins
helps
the
environment
.
Sorting
household
waste
into
different
bins
helps
the
environment
.
Extended
from
the
noun
sense
in
late
Middle
English
to
modify
items
or
activities
associated
with
the
home
.
housing
noun
-
housing
buildings
,
apartments
,
or
other
places
where
people
live
,
and
the
system
of
providing
them
•
The
city
is
building
more
affordable
housing
for
young
families
.
The
city
is
building
more
affordable
housing
for
young
families
.
•
After
the
earthquake
,
many
people
were
left
without
housing
.
After
the
earthquake
,
many
people
were
left
without
housing
.
noun
a
rigid
outer
cover
that
protects
a
machine
,
device
,
or
one
of
its
parts
•
The
plastic
housing
protects
the
camera
from
rain
and
dust
.
The
plastic
housing
protects
the
camera
from
rain
and
dust
.
•
She
removed
the
metal
housing
to
replace
the
fan
inside
her
computer
.
She
removed
the
metal
housing
to
replace
the
fan
inside
her
computer
.
horrible
adjective
very
unpleasant
,
bad
,
or
disagreeable
in
quality
,
taste
,
or
experience
•
This
coffee
tastes
horrible
—
did
you
burn
it
?
This
coffee
tastes
horrible
—
did
you
burn
it
?
•
We
had
a
horrible
time
stuck
in
traffic
for
three
hours
.
We
had
a
horrible
time
stuck
in
traffic
for
three
hours
.
adjective
feeling
very
ill
,
unhappy
,
or
guilty
•
I
ate
too
much
cake
,
and
now
I
feel
horrible
.
I
ate
too
much
cake
,
and
now
I
feel
horrible
.
•
She
felt
horrible
about
forgetting
her
best
friend
’
s
graduation
.
She
felt
horrible
about
forgetting
her
best
friend
’
s
graduation
.
adjective
causing
horror
,
fear
,
or
shock
because
it
is
extremely
unpleasant
or
disturbing
•
The
villagers
whispered
about
a
horrible
creature
that
roamed
the
forest
at
night
.
The
villagers
whispered
about
a
horrible
creature
that
roamed
the
forest
at
night
.
•
Rescuers
arrived
at
a
horrible
scene
of
twisted
metal
and
shattered
glass
after
the
crash
.
Rescuers
arrived
at
a
horrible
scene
of
twisted
metal
and
shattered
glass
after
the
crash
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
French
horrible
,
from
Latin
horribilis
‘
to
shudder
at
’,
related
to
horrere
‘
to
bristle
,
shudder
’.
hopefully
adverb
in
a
way
that
shows
hope
or
confidence
about
the
future
•
She
waited
hopefully
outside
the
classroom
for
her
exam
results
.
She
waited
hopefully
outside
the
classroom
for
her
exam
results
.
•
The
children
looked
hopefully
at
their
father
as
he
opened
the
ice-cream
freezer
.
The
children
looked
hopefully
at
their
father
as
he
opened
the
ice-cream
freezer
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
hopeful
+
adverbial
suffix
-ly
;
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
adverb
used
at
the
beginning
of
a
statement
to
express
what
you
hope
will
happen
•
Hopefully
,
the
rain
will
stop
before
the
picnic
starts
.
Hopefully
,
the
rain
will
stop
before
the
picnic
starts
.
•
Hopefully
,
we
can
finish
our
project
by
Friday
.
Hopefully
,
we
can
finish
our
project
by
Friday
.
Emerging
as
a
sentence
adverb
in
American
English
in
the
early
20th
century
,
influenced
by
similar
adverbs
like
"
luckily
".
honestly
adverb
in
a
truthful
and
sincere
way
,
without
lying
or
cheating
•
Please
tell
me
honestly
—
did
you
eat
the
last
cookie
?
Please
tell
me
honestly
—
did
you
eat
the
last
cookie
?
•
She
answered
the
police
officer
honestly
about
what
she
saw
.
She
answered
the
police
officer
honestly
about
what
she
saw
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
"
honest
"
+
adverbial
suffix
"
-ly
";
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
around
the
14th
century
.
adverb
used
to
emphasize
that
what
you
are
saying
is
true
or
to
introduce
a
frank
opinion
•
Honestly
,
I
think
this
is
the
best
pizza
in
town
.
Honestly
,
I
think
this
is
the
best
pizza
in
town
.
•
You
should
honestly
try
talking
to
your
parents
about
it
.
You
should
honestly
try
talking
to
your
parents
about
it
.
interjection
an
exclamation
showing
annoyance
,
disbelief
,
or
impatience
•
Honestly
!
Can
you
stop
making
so
much
noise
?
Honestly
!
Can
you
stop
making
so
much
noise
?
•
Honestly
,
these
buses
are
always
late
.
Honestly
,
these
buses
are
always
late
.
horror
noun
a
very
strong
feeling
of
fear
,
shock
,
or
disgust
•
She
froze
in
horror
when
she
saw
the
snake
slither
across
her
kitchen
floor
.
She
froze
in
horror
when
she
saw
the
snake
slither
across
her
kitchen
floor
.
•
The
news
of
the
earthquake
filled
the
whole
country
with
horror
.
The
news
of
the
earthquake
filled
the
whole
country
with
horror
.
noun
books
,
movies
,
or
stories
that
are
meant
to
frighten
people
•
She
loves
watching
horror
before
bed
,
even
though
it
keeps
her
awake
.
She
loves
watching
horror
before
bed
,
even
though
it
keeps
her
awake
.
•
The
bookstore
has
a
whole
section
devoted
to
horror
.
The
bookstore
has
a
whole
section
devoted
to
horror
.
noun
something
that
causes
great
fear
,
shock
,
or
disgust
•
The
refugee
spoke
of
the
horrors
of
war
to
the
reporters
.
The
refugee
spoke
of
the
horrors
of
war
to
the
reporters
.
•
The
film
shows
the
true
horrors
of
life
in
the
trenches
.
The
film
shows
the
true
horrors
of
life
in
the
trenches
.
noun
informal
:
a
person
,
especially
a
child
,
who
is
very
unpleasant
or
difficult
•
That
boy
is
a
real
horror
;
he
never
listens
to
anyone
.
That
boy
is
a
real
horror
;
he
never
listens
to
anyone
.
•
My
little
sister
can
be
a
horror
when
she's
tired
.
My
little
sister
can
be
a
horror
when
she's
tired
.
homeless
adjective
without
a
home
to
live
in
•
After
losing
his
job
,
Mark
became
homeless
and
slept
in
his
car
.
After
losing
his
job
,
Mark
became
homeless
and
slept
in
his
car
.
•
The
charity
provides
warm
dinners
for
homeless
families
every
evening
.
The
charity
provides
warm
dinners
for
homeless
families
every
evening
.
formed
in
Middle
English
from
the
noun
home
+
the
suffix
-less
,
meaning
“
without
a
home
”.
noun
people
who
have
no
home
•
The
city
opened
a
new
shelter
to
help
the
homeless
during
the
winter
.
The
city
opened
a
new
shelter
to
help
the
homeless
during
the
winter
.
•
The
concert
raised
money
for
the
homeless
.
The
concert
raised
money
for
the
homeless
.
as
a
plural
noun
,
used
since
the
late
19th
century
to
refer
collectively
to
those
who
are
homeless
.
horizon
noun
the
distant
line
where
the
land
or
sea
appears
to
meet
the
sky
•
A
boy
stood
on
the
beach
at
sunset
,
staring
at
the
glowing
horizon
.
A
boy
stood
on
the
beach
at
sunset
,
staring
at
the
glowing
horizon
.
•
From
the
top
of
the
snowy
mountain
,
city
lights
twinkled
just
above
the
dark
horizon
.
From
the
top
of
the
snowy
mountain
,
city
lights
twinkled
just
above
the
dark
horizon
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
,
based
on
Greek
‘
horizōn
(
kyklos
)’
meaning
‘
limiting
(
circle
)’.
noun
the
limit
of
someone
’
s
knowledge
,
experience
,
or
possibilities
•
Traveling
abroad
really
broadened
Maria
’
s
horizons
.
Traveling
abroad
really
broadened
Maria
’
s
horizons
.
•
Reading
science
fiction
opened
a
new
horizon
of
ideas
for
the
students
.
Reading
science
fiction
opened
a
new
horizon
of
ideas
for
the
students
.
Derived
from
the
idea
of
the
physical
horizon
as
a
boundary
,
adopted
figuratively
in
the
17th
century
.
noun
a
natural
layer
of
soil
or
rock
that
is
roughly
the
same
all
the
way
through
and
lies
parallel
to
the
ground
’
s
surface
•
The
geologist
pointed
to
the
dark
horizon
rich
in
clay
in
the
cliff
wall
.
The
geologist
pointed
to
the
dark
horizon
rich
in
clay
in
the
cliff
wall
.
•
Farmers
test
each
soil
horizon
to
see
which
crops
will
grow
best
.
Farmers
test
each
soil
horizon
to
see
which
crops
will
grow
best
.
In
geology
,
borrowed
in
the
19th
century
to
describe
a
layer
that
forms
a
visible
line
,
similar
to
the
sky–earth
horizon
.
who
pronoun
used
to
ask
which
person
or
people
someone
is
talking
about
or
refers
to
•
Who
is
at
the
door
?
Who
is
at
the
door
?
•
She
wondered
who
had
eaten
the
last
cookie
.
She
wondered
who
had
eaten
the
last
cookie
.
Old
English
hwā
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*hwas
,
related
to
Latin
quis
and
Greek
tis
,
all
meaning
“
who
.”
pronoun
used
after
a
noun
to
introduce
a
clause
that
gives
more
information
about
the
person
just
mentioned
•
The
teacher
who
helped
me
lives
next
door
.
The
teacher
who
helped
me
lives
next
door
.
•
I
met
a
dancer
who
performs
on
Broadway
.
I
met
a
dancer
who
performs
on
Broadway
.
Same
historical
origin
as
the
interrogative
pronoun
,
evolving
to
serve
as
a
relative
pronoun
in
Middle
English
.
think
verb
-
think
,
thinking
,
thinks
,
thought
to
use
your
mind
to
form
ideas
,
understand
things
,
or
solve
problems
•
The
student
thought
hard
before
answering
the
tricky
question
.
The
student
thought
hard
before
answering
the
tricky
question
.
•
When
you
think
about
the
problem
slowly
,
the
solution
becomes
clear
.
When
you
think
about
the
problem
slowly
,
the
solution
becomes
clear
.
Old
English
‘
þencan
’,
meaning
‘
to
conceive
in
the
mind
’,
related
to
German
‘
denken
’.
verb
-
think
,
thinking
,
thinks
,
thought
to
believe
or
have
an
opinion
about
something
•
I
think
this
restaurant
serves
the
best
pizza
in
town
.
I
think
this
restaurant
serves
the
best
pizza
in
town
.
•
Do
you
think
he
will
enjoy
the
movie
?
Do
you
think
he
will
enjoy
the
movie
?
verb
-
think
,
thinking
,
thinks
,
thought
to
consider
something
carefully
before
making
a
decision
•
Take
a
moment
to
think
before
you
answer
the
question
.
Take
a
moment
to
think
before
you
answer
the
question
.
•
She
is
thinking
about
which
university
to
apply
to
.
She
is
thinking
about
which
university
to
apply
to
.
verb
-
think
,
thinking
,
thinks
,
thought
to
intend
or
plan
to
do
something
•
We
are
thinking
of
visiting
Japan
next
spring
.
We
are
thinking
of
visiting
Japan
next
spring
.
•
I
thought
to
call
you
yesterday
,
but
I
was
too
busy
.
I
thought
to
call
you
yesterday
,
but
I
was
too
busy
.
verb
-
think
,
thinking
,
thinks
,
thought
to
remember
or
try
to
remember
•
Can
you
think
where
you
left
your
keys
?
Can
you
think
where
you
left
your
keys
?
•
I
’
m
thinking
of
her
name
,
but
it
just
won
’
t
come
.
I
’
m
thinking
of
her
name
,
but
it
just
won
’
t
come
.
those
determiner
used
to
point
to
specific
people
or
things
that
are
farther
away
from
the
speaker
or
listener
than
others
,
or
have
already
been
mentioned
•
Look
at
those
birds
gliding
over
the
lake
.
Look
at
those
birds
gliding
over
the
lake
.
•
Please
hand
me
those
keys
on
the
kitchen
table
.
Please
hand
me
those
keys
on
the
kitchen
table
.
From
Old
English
“
þās
” (
plural
of
“
þes
”,
meaning
“
this
”),
related
to
German
“
diese
”.
pronoun
people
or
things
that
are
farther
away
from
the
speaker
or
listener
,
or
that
have
already
been
mentioned
•
I
don't
like
these
cookies
;
I
prefer
those
.
I
don't
like
these
cookies
;
I
prefer
those
.
•
Those
were
the
best
days
of
my
life
.
Those
were
the
best
days
of
my
life
.
See
determiner
sense
for
origin
;
pronoun
use
developed
from
the
same
Old
English
plural
form
of
“
this
”.
determiner
used
before
plural
nouns
to
show
that
the
people
or
things
are
farther
away
in
space
or
time
,
or
have
already
been
mentioned
•
Can
you
pass
me
those
cookies
on
the
top
shelf
?
Can
you
pass
me
those
cookies
on
the
top
shelf
?
•
I
love
those
bright
red
flowers
in
your
garden
.
I
love
those
bright
red
flowers
in
your
garden
.
pronoun
used
to
refer
to
several
people
or
things
that
are
farther
away
in
space
or
time
,
or
that
have
just
been
mentioned
,
without
naming
them
again
•
Those
were
the
happiest
moments
of
our
trip
.
Those
were
the
happiest
moments
of
our
trip
.
•
If
you
need
spare
batteries
,
those
are
in
the
drawer
next
to
the
fridge
.
If
you
need
spare
batteries
,
those
are
in
the
drawer
next
to
the
fridge
.
should
verb
used
to
give
advice
or
make
a
polite
suggestion
•
You
should
try
the
soup
;
it
’
s
delicious
.
You
should
try
the
soup
;
it
’
s
delicious
.
•
We
should
start
studying
earlier
for
the
test
.
We
should
start
studying
earlier
for
the
test
.
verb
used
to
say
that
something
is
likely
or
expected
to
happen
•
The
package
should
arrive
tomorrow
.
The
package
should
arrive
tomorrow
.
•
It
should
be
sunny
this
afternoon
.
It
should
be
sunny
this
afternoon
.
verb
used
to
state
what
is
right
or
required
according
to
rules
or
duty
•
Passengers
should
fasten
their
seat
belts
.
Passengers
should
fasten
their
seat
belts
.
•
Employees
should
wash
hands
before
returning
to
work
.
Employees
should
wash
hands
before
returning
to
work
.
verb
used
in
if-clauses
to
talk
about
something
that
might
possibly
happen
•
If
you
should
need
me
,
call
this
number
.
If
you
should
need
me
,
call
this
number
.
•
If
the
lights
should
go
out
,
stay
calm
.
If
the
lights
should
go
out
,
stay
calm
.
verb
used
after
past
reporting
verbs
to
express
what
someone
said
or
thought
they
would
do
•
She
said
she
should
be
back
by
noon
.
She
said
she
should
be
back
by
noon
.
•
I
told
them
I
should
arrive
early
.
I
told
them
I
should
arrive
early
.
though
conjunction
introduces
a
fact
that
contrasts
with
or
makes
the
main
statement
surprising
•
Though
it
was
raining
,
they
still
went
for
a
picnic
.
Though
it
was
raining
,
they
still
went
for
a
picnic
.
•
Though
she
studied
hard
,
she
didn't
pass
the
exam
.
Though
she
studied
hard
,
she
didn't
pass
the
exam
.
From
Middle
English
though
,
thogh
,
from
Old
English
þēah
,
meaning
“
although
;
nevertheless
”.
adverb
means
‘
however
’
or
‘
in
spite
of
that
’,
often
placed
at
the
end
or
in
the
middle
of
a
sentence
•
The
dress
is
expensive
.
I
like
it
,
though
.
The
dress
is
expensive
.
I
like
it
,
though
.
•
He
said
he'd
come
.
I'm
not
sure
he
will
,
though
.
He
said
he'd
come
.
I'm
not
sure
he
will
,
though
.
Same
origin
as
the
conjunction
:
Old
English
þēah
.
conjunction
used
to
introduce
a
statement
that
contrasts
with
the
main
clause
,
meaning
“
despite
the
fact
that
”
•
Though
it
was
raining
,
the
children
kept
playing
football
in
the
park
.
Though
it
was
raining
,
the
children
kept
playing
football
in
the
park
.
•
She
decided
to
buy
the
dress
,
though
it
was
quite
expensive
.
She
decided
to
buy
the
dress
,
though
it
was
quite
expensive
.
Middle
English
“
thogh
”,
from
Old
English
“
þēah
”,
meaning
“
nevertheless
”
or
“
however
”.
adverb
used
to
add
a
contrasting
idea
,
often
at
the
end
of
a
sentence
,
meaning
“
however
”
or
“
nevertheless
”
•
The
movie
was
long
;
I
enjoyed
it
,
though
.
The
movie
was
long
;
I
enjoyed
it
,
though
.
•
I
can't
come
to
the
party
.
Thanks
for
inviting
me
,
though
.
I
can't
come
to
the
party
.
Thanks
for
inviting
me
,
though
.
Evolved
from
the
conjunction
use
of
“
though
”,
first
recorded
as
a
sentence-final
adverb
in
the
14th
century
.
school
noun
a
place
where
children
and
young
people
go
to
learn
from
teachers
•
Every
morning
,
the
yellow
bus
takes
Maya
to
school
.
Every
morning
,
the
yellow
bus
takes
Maya
to
school
.
•
The
new
science
lab
at
our
school
has
shiny
microscopes
and
colorful
posters
.
The
new
science
lab
at
our
school
has
shiny
microscopes
and
colorful
posters
.
Old
English
“
scol
”,
from
Latin
“
schola
”,
meaning
a
place
of
learning
,
originally
borrowed
from
Greek
“
skholē
”.
noun
-
school
the
daily
classes
or
lessons
that
take
place
in
an
educational
institution
•
School
starts
at
nine
o'clock
every
day
.
School
starts
at
nine
o'clock
every
day
.
•
We
have
no
school
next
Friday
because
it's
a
holiday
.
We
have
no
school
next
Friday
because
it's
a
holiday
.
noun
a
large
group
of
fish
or
sea
animals
that
swim
together
•
A
colorful
school
of
fish
darted
around
the
coral
reef
.
A
colorful
school
of
fish
darted
around
the
coral
reef
.
•
The
diver
watched
as
a
huge
school
of
sardines
twisted
like
a
silver
tornado
.
The
diver
watched
as
a
huge
school
of
sardines
twisted
like
a
silver
tornado
.
verb
to
teach
or
train
someone
so
that
they
gain
knowledge
or
skill
•
The
coach
schooled
the
new
players
in
the
rules
of
the
game
.
The
coach
schooled
the
new
players
in
the
rules
of
the
game
.
•
Her
grandmother
schooled
her
in
traditional
cooking
.
Her
grandmother
schooled
her
in
traditional
cooking
.
noun
a
group
of
artists
,
writers
,
thinkers
,
or
experts
who
share
the
same
style
,
ideas
,
or
methods
•
Impressionism
is
a
famous
school
of
painting
from
the
19th
century
.
Impressionism
is
a
famous
school
of
painting
from
the
19th
century
.
•
Karl
belongs
to
the
Chicago
school
of
economics
.
Karl
belongs
to
the
Chicago
school
of
economics
.
show
verb
-
show
,
showing
,
shows
,
showed
,
shown
to
let
someone
see
something
so
they
can
notice
or
understand
it
•
Could
you
show
me
how
this
camera
works
?
Could
you
show
me
how
this
camera
works
?
•
The
museum
guide
showed
the
visitors
a
hidden
doorway
behind
the
painting
.
The
museum
guide
showed
the
visitors
a
hidden
doorway
behind
the
painting
.
Old
English
‘
sceawian
’
meant
‘
look
at
’
or
‘
inspect
’;
over
time
it
shifted
to
mean
‘
cause
to
look
at
’.
noun
a
live
performance
of
music
,
drama
,
or
other
entertainment
for
an
audience
•
We
bought
tickets
to
the
magic
show
downtown
.
We
bought
tickets
to
the
magic
show
downtown
.
•
The
rock
band
put
on
an
amazing
show
last
night
.
The
rock
band
put
on
an
amazing
show
last
night
.
noun
a
television
or
radio
program
•
That
cooking
show
teaches
easy
recipes
.
That
cooking
show
teaches
easy
recipes
.
•
My
favorite
talk
show
airs
on
Friday
nights
.
My
favorite
talk
show
airs
on
Friday
nights
.
verb
-
show
,
showing
,
shows
,
showed
,
shown
to
let
someone
see
something
so
they
can
understand
or
appreciate
it
•
Sam
showed
his
friends
the
photo
he
had
taken
of
the
sunrise
.
Sam
showed
his
friends
the
photo
he
had
taken
of
the
sunrise
.
•
The
teacher
shows
how
to
solve
the
math
problem
on
the
board
.
The
teacher
shows
how
to
solve
the
math
problem
on
the
board
.
noun
-
show
,
showing
,
shows
,
showed
,
shown
a
performance
or
program
that
people
watch
for
entertainment
,
often
on
stage
,
TV
,
or
radio
•
We
went
to
a
magic
show
at
the
theater
last
night
.
We
went
to
a
magic
show
at
the
theater
last
night
.
•
Her
favorite
TV
show
is
on
Friday
evenings
.
Her
favorite
TV
show
is
on
Friday
evenings
.
verb
-
show
,
showing
,
shows
,
showed
,
shown
to
guide
someone
to
a
place
•
A
porter
showed
us
to
our
seats
in
the
theatre
.
A
porter
showed
us
to
our
seats
in
the
theatre
.
•
Let
me
show
you
to
your
room
,
sir
.
Let
me
show
you
to
your
room
,
sir
.
verb
-
show
,
showing
,
shows
,
showed
,
shown
to
prove
or
make
something
clear
using
facts
or
evidence
•
The
study
shows
that
regular
exercise
lowers
stress
.
The
study
shows
that
regular
exercise
lowers
stress
.
•
Results
showed
the
new
drug
was
effective
.
Results
showed
the
new
drug
was
effective
.
verb
-
show
,
showing
,
shows
,
showed
,
shown
to
become
visible
or
be
seen
•
The
stain
still
shows
on
the
shirt
after
washing
.
The
stain
still
shows
on
the
shirt
after
washing
.
•
Your
excitement
really
shows
.
Your
excitement
really
shows
.
noun
an
event
where
things
are
exhibited
for
people
to
look
at
,
often
to
buy
or
judge
•
The
city
hosts
an
annual
car
show
.
The
city
hosts
an
annual
car
show
.
•
She
won
first
prize
at
the
dog
show
.
She
won
first
prize
at
the
dog
show
.
verb
-
show
,
showing
,
shows
,
showed
,
shown
to
become
visible
so
people
can
see
it
•
The
stain
on
the
carpet
is
starting
to
show
again
.
The
stain
on
the
carpet
is
starting
to
show
again
.
•
His
excitement
showed
on
his
face
when
he
heard
the
news
.
His
excitement
showed
on
his
face
when
he
heard
the
news
.
verb
-
show
,
showing
,
shows
,
showed
,
shown
to
guide
someone
around
a
place
or
explain
something
to
them
•
Could
you
show
me
the
way
to
the
train
station
?
Could
you
show
me
the
way
to
the
train
station
?
•
The
clerk
showed
the
customer
where
the
jackets
were
.
The
clerk
showed
the
customer
where
the
jackets
were
.
noun
-
show
,
showing
,
shows
,
showed
,
shown
an
event
or
display
where
things
are
exhibited
,
such
as
animals
,
cars
,
or
art
•
We
bought
tickets
to
the
annual
car
show
.
We
bought
tickets
to
the
annual
car
show
.
•
She
won
first
prize
at
the
dog
show
.
She
won
first
prize
at
the
dog
show
.
noun
an
outward
display
of
a
feeling
,
quality
,
or
power
,
sometimes
not
completely
genuine
•
The
protest
was
a
show
of
unity
.
The
protest
was
a
show
of
unity
.
•
She
made
a
big
show
of
gratitude
,
but
I
knew
she
was
upset
.
She
made
a
big
show
of
gratitude
,
but
I
knew
she
was
upset
.
House
noun
a
royal
or
noble
family
line
that
shares
the
same
surname
or
title
•
Queen
Elizabeth
II
belongs
to
the
House of Windsor
.
Queen
Elizabeth
II
belongs
to
the
House of Windsor
.
•
Medieval
Europe
saw
alliances
between
the
House of Valois
and
other
dynasties
.
Medieval
Europe
saw
alliances
between
the
House of Valois
and
other
dynasties
.
without
preposition
not
having
,
lacking
,
or
in
the
absence
of
something
•
Maya
can
’
t
imagine
her
morning
without
coffee
.
Maya
can
’
t
imagine
her
morning
without
coffee
.
•
The
kids
played
happily
on
the
beach
without
shoes
.
The
kids
played
happily
on
the
beach
without
shoes
.
conjunction
unless
;
if
not
•
Without
you
study
harder
,
you
will
not
pass
.
Without
you
study
harder
,
you
will
not
pass
.
•
No
plan
can
succeed
without
we
all
agree
on
it
.
No
plan
can
succeed
without
we
all
agree
on
it
.
adverb
outside
;
on
the
outside
or
outdoors
(
archaic
)
•
The
castle
was
warm
within
,
but
bitterly
cold
without
.
The
castle
was
warm
within
,
but
bitterly
cold
without
.
•
Stay
within
the
walls
after
dark
;
danger
lurks
without
.
Stay
within
the
walls
after
dark
;
danger
lurks
without
.
whole
adjective
complete
and
not
missing
any
parts
•
Lena
accidentally
dropped
the
plate
,
but
it
remained
whole
and
unbroken
.
Lena
accidentally
dropped
the
plate
,
but
it
remained
whole
and
unbroken
.
•
After
a
week
apart
,
the
whole
family
gathered
for
dinner
around
a
large
wooden
table
.
After
a
week
apart
,
the
whole
family
gathered
for
dinner
around
a
large
wooden
table
.
Old
English
“
hāl
”
meaning
“
uninjured
,
sound
”
evolved
into
Middle
English
“
whole
,”
keeping
the
idea
of
something
complete
.
adjective
complete
and
not
missing
any
part
or
piece
•
After
the
move
,
we
spent
the
whole
day
unpacking
boxes
.
After
the
move
,
we
spent
the
whole
day
unpacking
boxes
.
•
The
vase
fell
but
amazingly
stayed
in
one
whole
piece
.
The
vase
fell
but
amazingly
stayed
in
one
whole
piece
.
Old
English
‘
hāl
’
meaning
‘
unhurt
,
healthy
,
entire
’;
related
to
‘
heal
’
and
‘
hale
’.
noun
a
thing
that
is
complete
in
itself
and
is
made
of
parts
that
belong
together
•
When
you
put
the
puzzle
pieces
together
,
they
form
a
beautiful
whole
.
When
you
put
the
puzzle
pieces
together
,
they
form
a
beautiful
whole
.
•
We
need
to
consider
the
economy
as
a
whole
,
not
just
individual
industries
.
We
need
to
consider
the
economy
as
a
whole
,
not
just
individual
industries
.
Developed
from
the
adjective
sense
,
with
the
idea
that
the
completed
thing
is
‘
whole
’.
noun
a
thing
that
is
complete
in
itself
,
formed
by
all
its
parts
together
•
When
you
add
the
small
donations
together
,
they
form
a
significant
whole
.
When
you
add
the
small
donations
together
,
they
form
a
significant
whole
.
•
He
looked
at
society
as
a
whole
,
not
at
separate
classes
.
He
looked
at
society
as
a
whole
,
not
at
separate
classes
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
Old
English
‘
hāl
’, ‘
entire
’.
adverb
entirely
;
completely
(
mainly
informal
)
•
I
’
m
whole
done
with
my
homework
,
so
let
’
s
go
play
.
I
’
m
whole
done
with
my
homework
,
so
let
’
s
go
play
.
•
She
was
whole
convinced
that
the
plan
would
succeed
.
She
was
whole
convinced
that
the
plan
would
succeed
.
Emerged
in
informal
American
English
during
the
19th
century
,
extending
the
adjective
’
s
sense
of
completeness
into
an
adverbial
use
.
determiner
used
before
a
number
,
amount
,
or
period
of
time
to
emphasize
that
it
is
surprisingly
large
or
complete
•
It
took
a
whole
three
hours
to
finish
the
exam
.
It
took
a
whole
three
hours
to
finish
the
exam
.
•
She
spent
a
whole
month
backpacking
across
Europe
.
She
spent
a
whole
month
backpacking
across
Europe
.
Evolved
from
adjective
use
in
the
late
Middle
English
period
to
add
emphasis
before
nouns
.
although
conjunction
used
to
introduce
a
statement
that
contrasts
with
or
seems
to
limit
the
main
statement
•
Although
it
was
raining
,
the
children
kept
playing
outside
.
Although
it
was
raining
,
the
children
kept
playing
outside
.
•
Although
she
was
nervous
,
her
voice
stayed
steady
during
the
speech
.
Although
she
was
nervous
,
her
voice
stayed
steady
during
the
speech
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
all
+
though
,
originally
meaning
‘
entirely
though
(
it
be
that
)’.
photo
noun
a
picture
made
with
a
camera
•
I
took
a
beautiful
photo
of
the
sunset
at
the
beach
yesterday
.
I
took
a
beautiful
photo
of
the
sunset
at
the
beach
yesterday
.
•
Could
you
send
me
the
photo
from
last
night's
party
?
Could
you
send
me
the
photo
from
last
night's
party
?
Shortened
form
of
photograph
,
first
recorded
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
verb
to
take
a
photograph
of
someone
or
something
•
Tourists
paused
to
let
the
guide
photo
them
in
front
of
the
ancient
temple
.
Tourists
paused
to
let
the
guide
photo
them
in
front
of
the
ancient
temple
.
•
He
loves
to
photo
birds
early
in
the
morning
.
He
loves
to
photo
birds
early
in
the
morning
.
Back-formation
from
the
noun
photo
,
meaning
to
take
a
photograph
,
first
appearing
in
the
early
20th
century
.
phone
noun
a
device
you
use
to
talk
to
or
send
messages
to
people
who
are
far
away
•
Mia
forgot
her
phone
at
home
and
couldn't
take
any
pictures
.
Mia
forgot
her
phone
at
home
and
couldn't
take
any
pictures
.
•
The
phone
rang
just
as
we
sat
down
for
dinner
.
The
phone
rang
just
as
we
sat
down
for
dinner
.
Shortened
from
“
telephone
,”
which
comes
from
Greek
tele-
“
far
”
+
phōnē
“
voice
,
sound
.”
verb
-
phone
,
phoning
,
phones
,
phoned
to
call
someone
using
a
phone
•
I'll
phone
you
when
I
arrive
at
the
station
.
I'll
phone
you
when
I
arrive
at
the
station
.
•
She
phoned
her
grandmother
every
Sunday
.
She
phoned
her
grandmother
every
Sunday
.
Back-formation
from
the
noun
“
phone
,”
itself
a
shortened
form
of
“
telephone
.”
shot
noun
an
attempt
to
do
something
•
Why
not
give it a shot
and
see
if
you
can
finish
the
puzzle
?
Why
not
give it a shot
and
see
if
you
can
finish
the
puzzle
?
•
This
is
your
last
shot
at
passing
the
test
.
This
is
your
last
shot
at
passing
the
test
.
Metaphoric
extension
from
the
idea
of
a
single
discharge
toward
a
target
.
noun
an
injection
of
medicine
given
with
a
needle
•
The
nurse
gave
Mia
a
flu
shot
during
her
checkup
.
The
nurse
gave
Mia
a
flu
shot
during
her
checkup
.
•
You'll
need
a
tetanus
shot
after
stepping
on
that
rusty
nail
.
You'll
need
a
tetanus
shot
after
stepping
on
that
rusty
nail
.
From
the
quick
,
dart-like
motion
of
a
needle
,
likened
to
the
speed
of
a
fired
shot
.
noun
the
act
of
firing
a
gun
,
or
the
bullet
that
is
fired
•
The
hunter
took
a
careful
shot
and
hit
the
target
.
The
hunter
took
a
careful
shot
and
hit
the
target
.
•
We
heard
a
single
shot
echo
across
the
valley
.
We
heard
a
single
shot
echo
across
the
valley
.
From
Middle
English
shotte
,
related
to
Old
English
scot
(
act
of
shooting
).
noun
a
small
measure
of
strong
drink
(
or
espresso
)
served
in
a
tiny
glass
and
swallowed
in
one
quick
gulp
•
He
ordered
a
shot
of
espresso
to
wake
up
.
He
ordered
a
shot
of
espresso
to
wake
up
.
•
Emma
raised
her
glass
and
downed
the
fiery
shot
in
one
gulp
.
Emma
raised
her
glass
and
downed
the
fiery
shot
in
one
gulp
.
Shortened
from
"
shot
glass
",
first
recorded
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
a
photograph
,
or
a
single
view
in
a
film
or
video
•
She
captured
a
perfect
shot
of
the
sunset
over
the
lake
.
She
captured
a
perfect
shot
of
the
sunset
over
the
lake
.
•
The
director
asked
for
another
shot
from
a
lower
angle
.
The
director
asked
for
another
shot
from
a
lower
angle
.
Early
20th-century
film
jargon
,
comparing
the
camera
’
s
action
to
the
quick
strike
of
a
gunshot
.
verb
-
shoot
,
shooting
,
shoots
,
shot
past
tense
and
past
participle
of
“
shoot
”
•
Yesterday
we
shot
photos
for
the
school
magazine
.
Yesterday
we
shot
photos
for
the
school
magazine
.
•
The
archer
shot
three
arrows
into
the
center
of
the
target
.
The
archer
shot
three
arrows
into
the
center
of
the
target
.
Same
as
“
shoot
,”
with
Old
English
roots
"
sceotan
"
meaning
to
send
forth
swiftly
.
adjective
no
longer
working
or
in
very
bad
condition
•
My
old
phone
is
shot
;
the
battery
won
’
t
hold
a
charge
.
My
old
phone
is
shot
;
the
battery
won
’
t
hold
a
charge
.
•
After
the
marathon
,
her
knees
felt
completely
shot
.
After
the
marathon
,
her
knees
felt
completely
shot
.
Figurative
use
from
something
being
hit
by
a
shot
and
rendered
useless
.
choose
verb
-
choose
,
choosing
,
chooses
,
chose
,
chosen
to
pick
one
person
or
thing
from
several
possibilities
because
you
prefer
it
•
You
can
choose
any
dessert
from
the
menu
.
You
can
choose
any
dessert
from
the
menu
.
•
After
much
thought
,
Mia
chose
the
red
dress
for
the
party
.
After
much
thought
,
Mia
chose
the
red
dress
for
the
party
.
Old
English
ceosan
,
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Dutch
kiezen
and
German
kiesen
.
verb
-
choose
,
choosing
,
chooses
,
chose
,
chosen
to
decide
to
do
something
when
different
possibilities
exist
,
often
expressed
with
“
to
”
+
verb
•
She
chose
to
stay
home
instead
of
going
out
.
She
chose
to
stay
home
instead
of
going
out
.
•
Many
people
choose
to
work
remotely
nowadays
.
Many
people
choose
to
work
remotely
nowadays
.
choice
noun
-
choice
,
choicer
,
choicest
the
act
or
power
of
picking
someone
or
something
from
two
or
more
possibilities
•
You
have
a
difficult
choice
to
make
between
two
great
universities
.
You
have
a
difficult
choice
to
make
between
two
great
universities
.
•
Freedom
of
choice
is
important
in
a
democracy
.
Freedom
of
choice
is
important
in
a
democracy
.
noun
-
choice
,
choicer
,
choicest
a
person
or
thing
that
is
picked
from
a
group
•
Chocolate
ice
cream
was
my
first
choice
.
Chocolate
ice
cream
was
my
first
choice
.
•
Out
of
all
the
applicants
,
Liam
was
the
manager
’
s
top
choice
.
Out
of
all
the
applicants
,
Liam
was
the
manager
’
s
top
choice
.
noun
-
choice
,
choicer
,
choicest
a
range
of
different
things
from
which
something
may
be
selected
•
The
store
offers
a
wide
choice
of
fresh
fruits
.
The
store
offers
a
wide
choice
of
fresh
fruits
.
•
There
wasn
’
t
much
choice
on
the
late-night
menu
.
There
wasn
’
t
much
choice
on
the
late-night
menu
.
adjective
-
choice
,
choicer
,
choicest
of
exceptionally
good
quality
;
selected
as
the
best
•
They
served
a
platter
of
choice
cheeses
at
the
party
.
They
served
a
platter
of
choice
cheeses
at
the
party
.
•
Only
choice
seats
near
the
stage
were
left
.
Only
choice
seats
near
the
stage
were
left
.
thought
verb
-
think
,
thinking
,
thinks
,
thought
past
tense
and
past
participle
of
“
think
”
•
He
thought
the
store
opened
at
nine
,
but
it
actually
opened
at
ten
.
He
thought
the
store
opened
at
nine
,
but
it
actually
opened
at
ten
.
•
I
thought
you
said
you
were
coming
tomorrow
.
I
thought
you
said
you
were
coming
tomorrow
.
noun
an
idea
,
opinion
,
or
picture
that
appears
in
your
mind
•
A
brilliant
thought
struck
him
while
he
was
in
the
shower
.
A
brilliant
thought
struck
him
while
he
was
in
the
shower
.
•
She
wrote
her
thought
in
a
notebook
so
she
wouldn't
forget
it
.
She
wrote
her
thought
in
a
notebook
so
she
wouldn't
forget
it
.
From
Old
English
‘
þōht
’,
related
to
the
verb
‘
think
’.
noun
a
kind
or
act
of
kindness
or
consideration
for
someone
•
He
bought
flowers
for
his
mother
—
it
was
a
kind
thought
.
He
bought
flowers
for
his
mother
—
it
was
a
kind
thought
.
•
It's
the
thought
that
counts
,
not
the
price
of
the
gift
.
It's
the
thought
that
counts
,
not
the
price
of
the
gift
.
noun
-
thought
the
mental
activity
of
thinking
,
especially
deep
or
careful
consideration
•
Lost
in
thought
,
he
didn't
notice
the
bus
arriving
.
Lost
in
thought
,
he
didn't
notice
the
bus
arriving
.
•
Meditation
helps
clear
the
mind
of
distracting
thought
.
Meditation
helps
clear
the
mind
of
distracting
thought
.
author
noun
a
person
who
writes
books
,
stories
,
articles
,
or
other
texts
,
especially
as
a
job
•
The
author
signed
copies
of
her
new
novel
at
the
bookstore
.
The
author
signed
copies
of
her
new
novel
at
the
bookstore
.
•
Every
author
hopes
readers
will
love
their
stories
.
Every
author
hopes
readers
will
love
their
stories
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
“
autour
,”
from
Latin
“
auctor
”
meaning
“
originator
,
promoter
,
maker
.”
noun
someone
who
creates
or
is
responsible
for
an
idea
,
plan
,
rule
,
or
piece
of
work
•
Scientists
praised
the
author
of
the
groundbreaking
theory
.
Scientists
praised
the
author
of
the
groundbreaking
theory
.
•
She
is
considered
the
author
of
the
new
company
policy
.
She
is
considered
the
author
of
the
new
company
policy
.
verb
to
write
or
create
a
book
,
article
,
report
,
or
other
written
work
•
She
authored
a
best-selling
biography
of
Nelson
Mandela
.
She
authored
a
best-selling
biography
of
Nelson
Mandela
.
•
The
senator
authored
the
bill
to
improve
healthcare
.
The
senator
authored
the
bill
to
improve
healthcare
.
whose
determiner
used
to
ask
who
owns
or
is
connected
with
someone
or
something
•
Whose
jacket
is
hanging
on
the
back
of
the
chair
?
Whose
jacket
is
hanging
on
the
back
of
the
chair
?
•
Do
you
know
whose
phone
keeps
ringing
?
Do
you
know
whose
phone
keeps
ringing
?
Old
English
hwæs
,
genitive
of
hwā
(“
who
”),
merging
in
Middle
English
with
Old
English
hwæsne
and
hwæsne
(“
of
which
”).
pronoun
used
to
introduce
a
relative
clause
,
showing
that
something
belongs
to
or
is
connected
with
the
person
or
thing
just
mentioned
•
I
spoke
to
the
girl
whose
dog
was
lost
.
I
spoke
to
the
girl
whose
dog
was
lost
.
•
The
novel
tells
the
story
of
a
king
whose
kingdom
is
falling
apart
.
The
novel
tells
the
story
of
a
king
whose
kingdom
is
falling
apart
.
Same
origin
as
the
interrogative
determiner
:
from
Old
English
hwæs
,
the
genitive
of
'who'
.
shoot
verb
-
shoot
,
shooting
,
shoots
,
shot
to
fire
a
gun
,
bow
,
or
other
weapon
so
that
a
bullet
,
arrow
,
or
similar
projectile
travels
toward
a
target
•
At
dawn
,
the
ranger
shot
a
flare
into
the
sky
to
signal
for
help
.
At
dawn
,
the
ranger
shot
a
flare
into
the
sky
to
signal
for
help
.
•
Please
don't
shoot
until
I
say
it's
safe
.
Please
don't
shoot
until
I
say
it's
safe
.
verb
-
shoot
,
shooting
,
shoots
,
shot
to
use
a
camera
to
take
a
photograph
or
record
video
•
Could
you
shoot
a
quick
photo
of
us
in
front
of
the
fountain
?
Could
you
shoot
a
quick
photo
of
us
in
front
of
the
fountain
?
•
The
director
shot
the
entire
movie
on
location
in
Morocco
.
The
director
shot
the
entire
movie
on
location
in
Morocco
.
verb
-
shoot
,
shooting
,
shoots
,
shot
(
of
a
plant
)
to
grow
quickly
upward
or
outward
,
or
to
put
out
a
new
stem
or
growth
•
After
the
rain
,
the
bamboo
shot
up
almost
ten
centimeters
overnight
.
After
the
rain
,
the
bamboo
shot
up
almost
ten
centimeters
overnight
.
•
These
seeds
will
shoot
when
the
soil
gets
warm
enough
.
These
seeds
will
shoot
when
the
soil
gets
warm
enough
.
noun
a
new
,
young
stem
,
leaf
,
or
branch
growing
from
a
plant
•
A
tender
shoot
emerged
from
the
cracked
seed
.
A
tender
shoot
emerged
from
the
cracked
seed
.
•
Pick
the
young
shoots
for
the
salad
while
they
are
still
soft
.
Pick
the
young
shoots
for
the
salad
while
they
are
still
soft
.
noun
a
session
in
which
photographs
or
video
are
taken
,
especially
professionally
•
They
scheduled
a
fashion
shoot
in
the
desert
at
sunset
.
They
scheduled
a
fashion
shoot
in
the
desert
at
sunset
.
•
The
band
arrived
late
to
the
video
shoot
.
The
band
arrived
late
to
the
video
shoot
.
interjection
used
to
express
mild
annoyance
,
disappointment
,
or
surprise
•
Shoot
!
I
forgot
my
keys
inside
.
Shoot
!
I
forgot
my
keys
inside
.
•
Shoot
,
that
was
almost
a
perfect
score
.
Shoot
,
that
was
almost
a
perfect
score
.
method
noun
a
planned
and
orderly
way
of
doing
something
•
Sam
used
a
new
method
to
solve
the
math
problem
faster
.
Sam
used
a
new
method
to
solve
the
math
problem
faster
.
•
The
method
of
cooking
rice
in
a
clay
pot
gave
it
a
special
flavor
.
The
method
of
cooking
rice
in
a
clay
pot
gave
it
a
special
flavor
.
From
Middle
French
méthode
,
from
Latin
methodus
,
from
Ancient
Greek
μέθοδος
(
métʰodos
)
meaning
"
pursuit
,
following
after
".
noun
in
computer
programming
,
a
function
that
belongs
to
a
specific
object
or
class
•
The
"
print
"
method
sends
text
to
the
console
.
The
"
print
"
method
sends
text
to
the
console
.
•
Call
the
update
method
every
frame
to
keep
the
game
running
smoothly
.
Call
the
update
method
every
frame
to
keep
the
game
running
smoothly
.
noun
in
change-ringing
,
a
fixed
pattern
for
ringing
church
bells
in
a
particular
order
•
The
ringers
practiced
a
new
method
called
"
Plain
Bob
Minor
."
The
ringers
practiced
a
new
method
called
"
Plain
Bob
Minor
."
•
Memorizing
each
method
takes
patience
and
a
keen
ear
.
Memorizing
each
method
takes
patience
and
a
keen
ear
.
authority
noun
-
authority
,
authorities
an
official
organization
or
group
of
people
that
has
the
power
to
enforce
rules
or
laws
•
The
health
authority
issued
new
safety
guidelines
.
The
health
authority
issued
new
safety
guidelines
.
•
Local
authorities
closed
the
park
because
of
flooding
.
Local
authorities
closed
the
park
because
of
flooding
.
Sense
developed
in
the
late
Middle
Ages
as
governments
formalized
bodies
with
specific
powers
.
noun
-
authority
,
authorities
the
power
or
right
to
direct
other
people
and
make
decisions
that
must
be
obeyed
•
The
teacher
has
authority
over
the
classroom
.
The
teacher
has
authority
over
the
classroom
.
•
During
the
storm
,
the
mayor
used
her
emergency
authority
to
close
the
roads
.
During
the
storm
,
the
mayor
used
her
emergency
authority
to
close
the
roads
.
Middle
English
auctorite
,
from
Old
French
auctorité
,
from
Latin
auctoritas
‘
invention
,
advice
,
opinion
,
influence
’,
from
auctor
‘
originator
,
promoter
’.
noun
-
authority
,
authorities
a
person
who
is
accepted
as
an
expert
on
a
subject
•
Dr
.
Chen
is
an
authority
on
marine
biology
.
Dr
.
Chen
is
an
authority
on
marine
biology
.
•
The
book
is
considered
the
leading
authority
on
medieval
architecture
.
The
book
is
considered
the
leading
authority
on
medieval
architecture
.
Extended
from
the
idea
of
‘
power
’
to
someone
whose
knowledge
carries
weight
and
commands
respect
.
short
adjective
-
short
,
shorter
,
shortest
having
little
height
,
distance
,
or
length
•
The
boy
is
short
for
his
age
.
The
boy
is
short
for
his
age
.
•
This
phone
cable
is
too
short
to
reach
the
sofa
.
This
phone
cable
is
too
short
to
reach
the
sofa
.
Old
English
‘
sceort
’,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Dutch
‘
schort
’
and
German
‘
schurz
’,
meaning
‘
short
garment
’.
adjective
-
short
,
shorter
,
shortest
lasting
only
a
small
amount
of
time
•
We
had
a
short
meeting
before
lunch
.
We
had
a
short
meeting
before
lunch
.
•
Please
keep
your
answer
short
and
clear
.
Please
keep
your
answer
short
and
clear
.
adjective
-
short
,
shorter
,
shortest
not
having
enough
of
something
that
is
needed
or
expected
•
We
are
short
of
milk
—
could
you
buy
some
on
the
way
home
?
We
are
short
of
milk
—
could
you
buy
some
on
the
way
home
?
•
The
project
fell
short
of
its
targets
.
The
project
fell
short
of
its
targets
.
adverb
suddenly
or
abruptly
,
before
the
expected
point
or
time
•
The
car
stopped
short
when
a
dog
ran
into
the
road
.
The
car
stopped
short
when
a
dog
ran
into
the
road
.
•
He
pulled
up
short
of
the
finish
line
to
tie
his
shoelace
.
He
pulled
up
short
of
the
finish
line
to
tie
his
shoelace
.
noun
an
accidental
contact
of
electrical
wires
causing
a
circuit
to
fail
•
The
lamp
stopped
working
because
of
a
short
in
the
cord
.
The
lamp
stopped
working
because
of
a
short
in
the
cord
.
•
An
electrical
short
can
start
a
fire
if
not
fixed
.
An
electrical
short
can
start
a
fire
if
not
fixed
.
verb
-
short
,
shorting
,
shorts
,
shorted
to
create
or
experience
an
electrical
short
circuit
•
The
wires
touched
and
shorted
the
battery
.
The
wires
touched
and
shorted
the
battery
.
•
If
water
gets
inside
,
the
phone
may
short
and
stop
working
.
If
water
gets
inside
,
the
phone
may
short
and
stop
working
.
noun
a
trading
position
that
profits
if
the
price
of
a
stock
or
commodity
falls
•
She
took
a
short
on
the
company
’
s
shares
before
the
earnings
report
.
She
took
a
short
on
the
company
’
s
shares
before
the
earnings
report
.
•
His
short
paid
off
when
the
market
dropped
10%
.
His
short
paid
off
when
the
market
dropped
10%
.
verb
-
short
,
shorting
,
shorts
,
shorted
to
sell
a
security
you
do
not
own
,
hoping
to
buy
it
back
later
at
a
lower
price
•
Traders
often
short
a
stock
they
expect
will
decline
.
Traders
often
short
a
stock
they
expect
will
decline
.
•
She
shorted
bitcoin
during
the
price
bubble
.
She
shorted
bitcoin
during
the
price
bubble
.
shall
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
in
questions
to
politely
suggest
,
offer
,
or
ask
what
the
speaker
and
listener
should
do
•
It's
getting
cold
;
shall
we
go
inside
?
It's
getting
cold
;
shall
we
go
inside
?
•
Shall
I
carry
these
bags
for
you
?
Shall
I
carry
these
bags
for
you
?
Old
English
sceal
,
first-person
singular
of
sculan
“
to
owe
,
be
obliged
to
,”
later
developing
modal
meanings
of
obligation
and
futurity
.
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
in
formal
rules
,
contracts
,
or
laws
to
state
that
something
is
required
or
must
happen
•
All
visitors
shall
sign
the
logbook
upon
arrival
.
All
visitors
shall
sign
the
logbook
upon
arrival
.
•
The
contractor
shall
complete
the
project
by
March
1st
.
The
contractor
shall
complete
the
project
by
March
1st
.
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
especially
in
formal
or
old-fashioned
English
to
express
strong
intention
,
promise
,
or
simple
future
time
•
I
shall
return
before
sunset
.
I
shall
return
before
sunset
.
•
You
shall
have
your
answer
tomorrow
.
You
shall
have
your
answer
tomorrow
.
photograph
noun
a
picture
made
with
a
camera
by
capturing
light
on
film
or
a
digital
sensor
•
Maria
framed
her
favorite
photograph
of
the
beach
and
hung
it
on
the
wall
.
Maria
framed
her
favorite
photograph
of
the
beach
and
hung
it
on
the
wall
.
•
The
old
man
showed
me
a
faded
photograph
of
his
army
friends
.
The
old
man
showed
me
a
faded
photograph
of
his
army
friends
.
Mid-19th
century
:
from
photo-
‘
light
’
+
‑graph
‘
something
written
or
drawn
’.
verb
to
take
a
picture
of
someone
or
something
with
a
camera
•
She
loves
to
photograph
wild
animals
in
their
natural
habitat
.
She
loves
to
photograph
wild
animals
in
their
natural
habitat
.
•
Please
don't
photograph
me
;
I'm
not
ready
yet
.
Please
don't
photograph
me
;
I'm
not
ready
yet
.
Derived
from
the
noun
‘
photograph
’,
adopted
as
a
verb
soon
after
cameras
became
common
in
the
19th
century
.
shake
verb
-
shake
,
shaking
,
shakes
,
shook
,
shaken
to
move
or
be
moved
quickly
back
and
forth
or
up
and
down
•
Before
opening
the
paint
can
,
Julia
shook
it
so
the
colors
would
mix
evenly
.
Before
opening
the
paint
can
,
Julia
shook
it
so
the
colors
would
mix
evenly
.
•
The
gardener
told
me
to
shake
the
tree
gently
to
make
the
ripe
apples
fall
.
The
gardener
told
me
to
shake
the
tree
gently
to
make
the
ripe
apples
fall
.
Old
English
‘
sceacan
’
meaning
‘
to
move
quickly
’,
later
influenced
by
Norse
‘
skaka
’.
verb
-
shake
,
shaking
,
shakes
,
shook
,
shaken
to
tremble
or
shiver
,
especially
because
of
cold
,
fear
,
or
excitement
•
The
baby
penguin
was
shaking
with
cold
on
the
icy
rock
.
The
baby
penguin
was
shaking
with
cold
on
the
icy
rock
.
•
She
could
feel
her
hands
shake
as
she
stepped
onto
the
stage
.
She
could
feel
her
hands
shake
as
she
stepped
onto
the
stage
.
Derived
from
the
same
root
as
the
movement
sense
,
extended
figuratively
to
bodily
trembling
.
verb
-
shake
,
shaking
,
shakes
,
shook
,
shaken
to
clasp
and
move
someone
’
s
hand
up
and
down
as
a
greeting
or
sign
of
agreement
•
At
the
end
of
the
meeting
,
they
stood
up
to
shake
hands
.
At
the
end
of
the
meeting
,
they
stood
up
to
shake
hands
.
•
The
coach
came
over
to
shake
each
player
’
s
hand
after
the
victory
.
The
coach
came
over
to
shake
each
player
’
s
hand
after
the
victory
.
The
gesture
dates
back
to
ancient
cultures
where
showing
an
empty
hand
proved
peaceful
intent
.
verb
-
shake
,
shaking
,
shakes
,
shook
,
shaken
to
disturb
or
upset
someone
deeply
,
making
them
feel
shocked
or
less
confident
•
The
sudden
announcement
of
layoffs
shook
the
entire
staff
.
The
sudden
announcement
of
layoffs
shook
the
entire
staff
.
•
The
tragedy
deeply
shook
the
small
community
.
The
tragedy
deeply
shook
the
small
community
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
physical
movement
to
emotional
disturbance
in
the
16th
century
.
Hotel
noun
-
Hotel
the
code
word
for
the
letter
H
in
the
NATO
and
ICAO
phonetic
alphabet
•
The
pilot
read
back
the
clearance
: “
Climb
to
flight
level
two-zero-zero
,
turn
right
heading
Hotel
zero-five-zero
.”
The
pilot
read
back
the
clearance
: “
Climb
to
flight
level
two-zero-zero
,
turn
right
heading
Hotel
zero-five-zero
.”
•
In
radio
communication
, “
Hotel
Bravo
”
represents
the
letters
H
and
B
.
In
radio
communication
, “
Hotel
Bravo
”
represents
the
letters
H
and
B
.
Chosen
in
1956
when
the
NATO
phonetic
alphabet
was
standardized
,
replacing
earlier
variants
like
“
How
.”
throughout
preposition
in
every
part
of
a
place
or
thing
•
Colorful
lanterns
were
hung
throughout
the
courtyard
for
the
festival
.
Colorful
lanterns
were
hung
throughout
the
courtyard
for
the
festival
.
•
The
smell
of
fresh
paint
lingered
throughout
the
house
.
The
smell
of
fresh
paint
lingered
throughout
the
house
.
preposition
during
the
whole
of
a
period
of
time
•
She
worked
remotely
throughout
the
summer
.
She
worked
remotely
throughout
the
summer
.
•
It
rained
throughout
the
night
.
It
rained
throughout
the
night
.
adverb
everywhere
;
in
every
part
•
Laughter
could
be
heard
throughout
.
Laughter
could
be
heard
throughout
.
•
Dust
lay
thick
throughout
.
Dust
lay
thick
throughout
.
adverb
for
the
entire
duration
;
all
the
time
•
She
remained
optimistic
throughout
.
She
remained
optimistic
throughout
.
•
The
baby
slept
soundly
throughout
.
The
baby
slept
soundly
throughout
.
whom
pronoun
used
in
formal
questions
as
the
object
of
a
verb
or
preposition
,
referring
to
the
person
or
people
spoken
about
•
Whom
did
the
teacher
choose
to
lead
the
group
?
Whom
did
the
teacher
choose
to
lead
the
group
?
•
With
whom
are
you
going
to
the
concert
tonight
?
With
whom
are
you
going
to
the
concert
tonight
?
Old
English
hwām
,
dative
of
hwā
(“
who
”),
retaining
the
objective
case
in
modern
English
.
pronoun
used
in
formal
writing
to
introduce
a
relative
clause
when
the
person
being
referred
to
is
the
object
of
a
verb
or
preposition
•
The
artist
whom
we
met
at
the
fair
sent
us
a
postcard
.
The
artist
whom
we
met
at
the
fair
sent
us
a
postcard
.
•
He
is
the
engineer
with
whom
I
worked
last
year
.
He
is
the
engineer
with
whom
I
worked
last
year
.
Old
English
hwām
,
objective
case
of
hwā
,
preserved
through
Middle
English
into
modern
usage
.
shoulder
noun
the
part
of
the
human
body
where
the
arm
joins
the
torso
,
between
the
neck
and
the
upper
arm
.
•
Carrying
a
heavy
backpack
made
Maria
’
s
shoulders
ache
.
Carrying
a
heavy
backpack
made
Maria
’
s
shoulders
ache
.
•
Jake
rested
his
head
on
his
dad
’
s
shoulder
during
the
long
bus
ride
.
Jake
rested
his
head
on
his
dad
’
s
shoulder
during
the
long
bus
ride
.
Old
English
sculdor
,
sceuldor
,
meaning
shoulder
or
upper
arm
,
related
to
Old
High
German
scultro
.
noun
the
strip
of
land
beside
a
road
where
vehicles
can
stop
in
an
emergency
.
•
When
his
tire
burst
,
Mark
pulled
over
onto
the
shoulder
to
change
it
.
When
his
tire
burst
,
Mark
pulled
over
onto
the
shoulder
to
change
it
.
•
Parking
on
the
highway
shoulder
is
illegal
except
in
emergencies
.
Parking
on
the
highway
shoulder
is
illegal
except
in
emergencies
.
Derived
metaphorically
from
the
body
sense
,
comparing
the
side
area
of
a
road
to
the
supporting
shoulder
of
a
person
.
verb
to
take
on
and
deal
with
a
difficult
responsibility
,
duty
,
or
cost
.
•
After
the
project
failed
,
Nora
shouldered
the
blame
so
her
team
could
move
on
.
After
the
project
failed
,
Nora
shouldered
the
blame
so
her
team
could
move
on
.
•
Parents
often
shoulder
the
cost
of
their
children
’
s
university
fees
.
Parents
often
shoulder
the
cost
of
their
children
’
s
university
fees
.
From
the
noun
sense
:
metaphorically
carrying
a
load
on
one
’
s
shoulders
became
accepting
a
task
or
burden
.
verb
to
push
or
move
someone
or
something
using
one
’
s
shoulder
.
•
The
crowd
was
so
dense
that
I
had
to
shoulder
my
way
to
the
exit
.
The
crowd
was
so
dense
that
I
had
to
shoulder
my
way
to
the
exit
.
•
She
shouldered
the
heavy
door
open
against
the
wind
.
She
shouldered
the
heavy
door
open
against
the
wind
.
Extension
of
the
physical
body
part
,
referring
to
using
that
part
to
move
things
.
noun
the
part
of
a
piece
of
clothing
or
an
object
that
slopes
outward
from
the
top
,
like
a
human
shoulder
.
•
The
sweater
was
too
tight
across
the
shoulders
.
The
sweater
was
too
tight
across
the
shoulders
.
•
Wine
collects
in
the
shoulder
of
the
bottle
when
you
tilt
it
slowly
.
Wine
collects
in
the
shoulder
of
the
bottle
when
you
tilt
it
slowly
.
Metaphoric
extension
from
the
body
sense
,
applied
to
sloping
parts
of
objects
or
landscapes
.
neighborhood
noun
a
part
of
a
town
or
city
where
people
live
close
to
one
another
,
often
seen
as
one
community
•
Children
rode
their
bikes
happily
around
the
quiet
neighborhood
.
Children
rode
their
bikes
happily
around
the
quiet
neighborhood
.
•
Our
neighborhood
holds
a
block
party
every
summer
to
celebrate
together
.
Our
neighborhood
holds
a
block
party
every
summer
to
celebrate
together
.
From
neighbor
+
-hood
,
meaning
the
state
or
condition
of
being
near
or
of
neighbors
living
together
.
noun
-
neighborhood
used
in
the
phrase
“
in
the
neighborhood
of
”
to
mean
approximately
or
around
a
certain
number
•
The
repairs
will
cost
in
the
neighborhood
of
$500
.
The
repairs
will
cost
in the neighborhood of
$500
.
•
She
’
s
about
in
the
neighborhood
of
30
years
old
.
She
’
s
about
in the neighborhood of
30
years
old
.
Extended
figurative
use
of
the
main
sense
"
vicinity
"
to
express
numerical
closeness
.
neighbourhood
noun
a
part
of
a
town
or
city
where
people
live
close
together
and
share
local
facilities
•
There
is
a
lovely
park
right
in
our
neighbourhood
.
There
is
a
lovely
park
right
in
our
neighbourhood
.
•
The
council
plans
to
improve
lighting
across
the
entire
neighbourhood
.
The
council
plans
to
improve
lighting
across
the
entire
neighbourhood
.
Same
origin
as
American
spelling
:
from
neighbour
+
-hood
.
noun
-
neighbourhood
in
the
phrase
“
in
the
neighbourhood
of
”,
meaning
roughly
or
approximately
•
The
flight
takes
in the neighbourhood of
three
hours
.
The
flight
takes
in the neighbourhood of
three
hours
.
•
They
raised
in the neighbourhood of
£10
,
000
for
charity
.
They
raised
in the neighbourhood of
£10
,
000
for
charity
.
Same
figurative
extension
as
American
usage
,
applied
to
UK
spelling
.
thousand
adjective
being
the
number
1
000
.
•
We
planted
a
thousand
trees
in
the
park
last
weekend
.
We
planted
a
thousand
trees
in
the
park
last
weekend
.
•
The
museum
is
over
a
thousand
years
old
.
The
museum
is
over
a
thousand
years
old
.
noun
the
figure
or
amount
that
equals
1
000
.
•
Add
one
more
zero
to
turn
one
hundred
into
one
thousand
.
Add
one
more
zero
to
turn
one
hundred
into
one
thousand
.
•
The
teacher
wrote
the
word
thousand
next
to
1
,
000
on
the
board
.
The
teacher
wrote
the
word
thousand
next
to
1
,
000
on
the
board
.
noun
the
cardinal
number
1
000
•
Sam
proudly
announced
that
he
had
counted
up
to
one
thousand
without
making
a
mistake
.
Sam
proudly
announced
that
he
had
counted
up
to
one
thousand
without
making
a
mistake
.
•
The
charity
hopes
to
raise
a
thousand
dollars
by
Friday
to
buy
new
books
for
the
library
.
The
charity
hopes
to
raise
a
thousand
dollars
by
Friday
to
buy
new
books
for
the
library
.
Old
English
“
þūsend
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*þūsundī
,
meaning
the
numeral
1
000
.
noun
a
very
large
number
of
people
or
things
,
often
much
more
than
1
000
,
especially
expressed
as
“
thousands
of
…
”.
•
Thousands
of
birds
filled
the
evening
sky
.
Thousands
of
birds
filled
the
evening
sky
.
•
The
video
received
thousands
of
views
overnight
.
The
video
received
thousands
of
views
overnight
.
thousands
noun
a
very
large
but
not
exact
number
of
people
or
things
•
Thousands
of
fans
filled
the
stadium
to
see
the
final
match
.
Thousands
of
fans
filled
the
stadium
to
see
the
final
match
.
•
Every
autumn
,
thousands
of
colorful
leaves
blanket
the
forest
floor
.
Every
autumn
,
thousands
of
colorful
leaves
blanket
the
forest
floor
.
Plural
form
of
“
thousand
,”
used
figuratively
since
Middle
English
to
denote
an
indefinitely
large
quantity
.
shoe
noun
a
piece
of
clothing
that
covers
and
protects
the
foot
,
usually
worn
in
pairs
•
Ben
polished
his
new
leather
shoes
before
the
job
interview
.
Ben
polished
his
new
leather
shoes
before
the
job
interview
.
•
After
playing
outside
,
the
children
left
their
muddy
shoes
at
the
door
.
After
playing
outside
,
the
children
left
their
muddy
shoes
at
the
door
.
Old
English
“
scoh
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*skōhaz
,
meaning
covering
for
the
foot
.
noun
a
curved
piece
of
metal
nailed
to
a
horse
’
s
hoof
to
protect
it
•
The
farrier
heated
a
metal
shoe
before
fitting
it
to
the
horse
’
s
hoof
.
The
farrier
heated
a
metal
shoe
before
fitting
it
to
the
horse
’
s
hoof
.
•
Each
shoe
is
nailed
carefully
so
the
horse
can
run
safely
.
Each
shoe
is
nailed
carefully
so
the
horse
can
run
safely
.
Extension
of
the
main
sense
of
‘
shoe
’
to
the
protective
covering
for
an
animal
’
s
hoof
,
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
.
verb
-
shoe
,
shoeing
,
shoes
,
shod
to
put
a
shoe
on
a
person
,
or
a
horseshoe
on
an
animal
•
The
cobbler
will
shoe
the
pony
tomorrow
morning
.
The
cobbler
will
shoe
the
pony
tomorrow
morning
.
•
It
takes
skill
to
shoe
a
horse
without
hurting
it
.
It
takes
skill
to
shoe
a
horse
without
hurting
it
.
From
Old
English
‘
scōian
’,
meaning
to
equip
with
shoes
.
shop
noun
a
place
,
usually
a
small
building
or
part
of
one
,
where
people
sell
goods
or
services
to
customers
•
I
stopped
at
the
corner
shop
to
buy
some
bread
.
I
stopped
at
the
corner
shop
to
buy
some
bread
.
•
Her
parents
run
a
small
book
shop
downtown
.
Her
parents
run
a
small
book
shop
downtown
.
From
Old
English
‘
sceoppa
’,
meaning
a
booth
or
stall
for
trade
,
later
evolving
in
Middle
English
to
‘
shoppe
’.
verb
-
shop
,
shopping
,
shops
,
shopped
to
visit
stores
,
websites
,
or
markets
in
order
to
look
at
and
buy
things
•
On
Saturdays
we
shop
at
the
farmers'
market
.
On
Saturdays
we
shop
at
the
farmers'
market
.
•
She
likes
to
shop
for
new
dresses
during
sales
.
She
likes
to
shop
for
new
dresses
during
sales
.
Verb
use
recorded
since
the
mid-16th
century
,
directly
from
the
noun
‘
shop
’,
meaning
‘
to
go
to
shops
’.
noun
a
room
or
building
where
items
are
made
,
fixed
,
or
crafted
,
especially
using
tools
or
machines
•
The
car
is
in
the
repair
shop
for
a
week
.
The
car
is
in
the
repair
shop
for
a
week
.
•
Students
built
a
birdhouse
in
the
wood
shop
at
school
.
Students
built
a
birdhouse
in
the
wood
shop
at
school
.
Extended
from
the
earlier
sense
of
a
trading
booth
to
include
places
of
craft
and
repair
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
-
shop
,
shopping
,
shops
,
shopped
(
informal
)
to
tell
the
police
or
another
authority
about
someone's
wrongdoing
•
He
was
arrested
after
a
neighbour
shopped
him
to
the
police
.
He
was
arrested
after
a
neighbour
shopped
him
to
the
police
.
•
No
one
wanted
to
shop
the
gang
leader
for
fear
of
revenge
.
No
one
wanted
to
shop
the
gang
leader
for
fear
of
revenge
.
Slang
use
emerged
in
early
20th-century
British
English
,
perhaps
from
the
idea
of
‘
trading
’
information
with
police
.
somehow
adverb
in
a
way
that
you
do
not
know
or
cannot
explain
•
Even
without
a
map
,
we
somehow
found
the
small
mountain
village
.
Even
without
a
map
,
we
somehow
found
the
small
mountain
village
.
•
The
kitten
had
somehow
climbed
onto
the
highest
shelf
.
The
kitten
had
somehow
climbed
onto
the
highest
shelf
.
From
some
+
how
,
recorded
since
Middle
English
.
adverb
for
a
reason
you
do
not
understand
or
cannot
explain
•
I
somehow
doubt
that
the
weather
will
stay
sunny
all
day
.
I
somehow
doubt
that
the
weather
will
stay
sunny
all
day
.
•
She
somehow
knew
he
was
in
trouble
,
even
though
he
hadn't
called
.
She
somehow
knew
he
was
in
trouble
,
even
though
he
hadn't
called
.
From
some
+
how
,
recorded
since
Middle
English
.
thinking
verb
-
think
,
thinking
,
thinks
,
thought
present
participle
of
think
•
She
was
thinking
about
pizza
when
the
phone
rang
.
She
was
thinking
about
pizza
when
the
phone
rang
.
•
I
’
m
thinking
of
buying
a
bicycle
.
I
’
m
thinking
of
buying
a
bicycle
.
Host
noun
in
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
,
the
consecrated
bread
of
the
Eucharist
•
The
priest
lifted
the
Host
during
Mass
.
The
priest
lifted
the
Host
during
Mass
.
•
Catholics
believe
the
Host
becomes
the
body
of
Christ
.
Catholics
believe
the
Host
becomes
the
body
of
Christ
.
From
Latin
hostia
“
sacrificial
victim
,”
adopted
in
Church
Latin
.
catholic
adjective
including
a
very
wide
variety
of
things
or
interests
;
broad
and
universal
in
scope
•
Emma's
tastes
in
literature
are
truly
catholic
;
she
enjoys
everything
from
ancient
epics
to
modern
graphic
novels
.
Emma's
tastes
in
literature
are
truly
catholic
;
she
enjoys
everything
from
ancient
epics
to
modern
graphic
novels
.
•
The
museum's
catholic
collection
ranges
from
Egyptian
mummies
to
contemporary
sculptures
.
The
museum's
catholic
collection
ranges
from
Egyptian
mummies
to
contemporary
sculptures
.
From
Greek
katholikos
‘
universal
’,
via
Latin
catholicus
.
Catholic
adjective
relating
to
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
,
its
members
,
or
its
teachings
•
The
town's
architecture
reflects
its
strong
Catholic
heritage
,
with
a
grand
cathedral
at
its
center
.
The
town's
architecture
reflects
its
strong
Catholic
heritage
,
with
a
grand
cathedral
at
its
center
.
•
He
attended
a
Catholic
school
run
by
nuns
.
He
attended
a
Catholic
school
run
by
nuns
.
Capitalized
use
developed
in
Late
Latin
as
ecclesia
catholica
‘
universal
church
’,
later
narrowed
to
the
Roman
Church
.
noun
a
person
who
is
a
member
of
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
•
As
a
devoted
Catholic
,
Miguel
goes
to
mass
every
Sunday
.
As
a
devoted
Catholic
,
Miguel
goes
to
mass
every
Sunday
.
•
The
village
is
mostly
made
up
of
Catholics
,
but
it
welcomes
visitors
of
all
faiths
.
The
village
is
mostly
made
up
of
Catholics
,
but
it
welcomes
visitors
of
all
faiths
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
ultimately
from
Greek
katholikos
‘
universal
’,
applied
to
members
of
the
universal
(
Roman
)
Church
.
whoa
interjection
Used
to
tell
a
horse
,
vehicle
,
or
person
to
stop
or
slow
down
.
•
The
rancher
pulled
back
on
the
reins
and
shouted
, "
Whoa
!"
to
his
horse
.
The
rancher
pulled
back
on
the
reins
and
shouted
, "
Whoa
!"
to
his
horse
.
•
"
Whoa
!
Don't
step
off
the
curb
yet
,"
the
crossing
guard
warned
the
children
.
"
Whoa
!
Don't
step
off
the
curb
yet
,"
the
crossing
guard
warned
the
children
.
First
recorded
in
the
early
17th
century
as
a
variant
of
"
ho
",
an
exclamation
used
to
command
a
halt
.
interjection
Used
to
show
surprise
,
amazement
,
or
admiration
.
•
"
Whoa
,
that
fireworks
show
was
incredible
!"
"
Whoa
,
that
fireworks
show
was
incredible
!"
•
"
Whoa
,
you
built
that
treehouse
by
yourself
?"
"
Whoa
,
you
built
that
treehouse
by
yourself
?"
Developed
from
the
original
stopping
command
;
by
the
mid-20th
century
it
gained
a
figurative
sense
of
signaling
surprise
.
shooting
noun
-
shooting
the
action
or
practice
of
firing
a
gun
,
bow
,
or
other
projectile
weapon
•
Rangers
practiced
their
shooting
at
the
outdoor
range
until
sunset
.
Rangers
practiced
their
shooting
at
the
outdoor
range
until
sunset
.
•
Basic
military
training
includes
lessons
in
safe
shooting
.
Basic
military
training
includes
lessons
in
safe
shooting
.
Derived
from
the
Old
English
verb
“
scēotan
,”
meaning
“
to
project
or
shoot
.”
Over
time
,
the
–ing
form
came
to
name
the
activity
itself
.
noun
an
incident
in
which
someone
fires
a
gun
and
injures
or
kills
people
•
Police
arrived
minutes
after
a
shooting
outside
the
supermarket
.
Police
arrived
minutes
after
a
shooting
outside
the
supermarket
.
•
The
city
held
a
silent
vigil
for
the
victims
of
last
week's
shooting
.
The
city
held
a
silent
vigil
for
the
victims
of
last
week's
shooting
.
Noun
sense
recorded
from
the
late
1800s
to
describe
criminal
gunfire
incidents
.
noun
-
shooting
the
sport
or
pastime
of
aiming
at
and
hitting
targets
with
guns
•
Olympic
athletes
compete
in
precision
shooting
events
.
Olympic
athletes
compete
in
precision
shooting
events
.
•
She
took
up
clay
pigeon
shooting
as
a
weekend
hobby
.
She
took
up
clay
pigeon
shooting
as
a
weekend
hobby
.
The
sporting
sense
developed
in
the
17th
century
as
recreational
firearm
use
became
popular
among
nobles
.
noun
-
shooting
the
process
of
filming
a
movie
,
television
show
,
or
series
of
photographs
•
The
director
announced
that
shooting
would
begin
in
Paris
next
week
.
The
director
announced
that
shooting
would
begin
in
Paris
next
week
.
•
Rain
forced
the
crew
to
pause
shooting
for
an
hour
.
Rain
forced
the
crew
to
pause
shooting
for
an
hour
.
Film-industry
use
dates
to
the
early
1900s
,
extending
the
idea
of
‘
shooting
’
light
onto
film
.
adjective
describing
pain
that
moves
quickly
and
sharply
through
part
of
the
body
•
He
felt
a
sudden
shooting
pain
in
his
lower
back
.
He
felt
a
sudden
shooting
pain
in
his
lower
back
.
•
Cold
air
triggered
a
shooting
ache
in
her
tooth
.
Cold
air
triggered
a
shooting
ache
in
her
tooth
.
Metaphoric
medical
use
appears
in
the
18th
century
,
likening
rapid
pain
to
a
projectile
’
s
path
.
shout
verb
to
speak
or
call
out
in
a
very
loud
voice
so
that
people
far
away
or
in
a
noisy
place
can
hear
you
•
Please
don
’
t
shout
;
I
can
hear
you
perfectly
.
Please
don
’
t
shout
;
I
can
hear
you
perfectly
.
•
The
coach
shouted
instructions
across
the
windy
soccer
field
.
The
coach
shouted
instructions
across
the
windy
soccer
field
.
From
Middle
English
shouten
,
probably
of
imitative
origin
reflecting
a
loud
cry
.
noun
a
loud
cry
or
call
made
with
the
voice
•
A
sudden
shout
came
from
the
crowd
as
the
fireworks
began
.
A
sudden
shout
came
from
the
crowd
as
the
fireworks
began
.
•
We
heard
a
shout
for
help
echoing
through
the
forest
.
We
heard
a
shout
for
help
echoing
through
the
forest
.
noun
(
informal
)
an
occasion
when
it
is
your
turn
to
pay
for
a
round
of
drinks
for
everyone
in
a
group
•
It
’
s
my
shout
—
what
will
you
have
?
It
’
s
my
shout
—
what
will
you
have
?
•
They
take
turns
,
so
each
person
’
s
shout
keeps
the
evening
fair
.
They
take
turns
,
so
each
person
’
s
shout
keeps
the
evening
fair
.
Australian
usage
dating
from
the
late
19th
century
,
extended
from
the
sense
of
calling
out
to
the
bartender
.
verb
(
informal
)
to
pay
for
drinks
or
a
treat
for
everyone
in
a
group
•
I
’
ll
shout
dinner
tonight
because
you
helped
me
move
.
I
’
ll
shout
dinner
tonight
because
you
helped
me
move
.
•
Who
’
s
going
to
shout
the
first
round
?
Who
’
s
going
to
shout
the
first
round
?
alcohol
noun
-
alcohol
A
strong
,
clear
liquid
(
ethanol
)
that
can
make
people
drunk
and
is
found
in
drinks
such
as
beer
,
wine
,
and
spirits
.
•
The
restaurant
does
not
serve
alcohol
to
anyone
under
18
.
The
restaurant
does
not
serve
alcohol
to
anyone
under
18
.
•
After
quitting
alcohol
,
she
felt
healthier
and
more
energetic
.
After
quitting
alcohol
,
she
felt
healthier
and
more
energetic
.
Borrowed
into
Middle
English
from
Medieval
Latin
alcohol
,
originally
from
Arabic
al-kuḥl
(“
the
kohl
,
the
finely
powdered
antimony
”).
Over
time
the
word
came
to
mean
any
purified
substance
,
and
later
the
spirit
distilled
from
wine
.
noun
(
Chemistry
)
Any
organic
compound
whose
molecule
includes
a
hydroxyl
(
−OH
)
group
attached
to
a
carbon
atom
,
such
as
methanol
or
ethanol
.
•
Methanol
is
the
simplest
alcohol
used
in
laboratories
.
Methanol
is
the
simplest
alcohol
used
in
laboratories
.
•
The
student
listed
several
alcohols
,
including
propanol
and
butanol
,
in
her
report
.
The
student
listed
several
alcohols
,
including
propanol
and
butanol
,
in
her
report
.
Sense
extended
in
the
18th–19th
centuries
when
chemists
applied
the
word
to
a
whole
class
of
compounds
that
could
be
distilled
and
purified
like
ethanol
.
childhood
noun
-
childhood
the
period
of
life
when
a
person
is
a
child
•
Maria
spent
her
happy
childhood
climbing
trees
in
the
countryside
.
Maria
spent
her
happy
childhood
climbing
trees
in
the
countryside
.
•
He
has
been
friends
with
Jake
since
childhood
.
He
has
been
friends
with
Jake
since
childhood
.
Old
English
‘
cildhād
’
from
‘
cild
’ (
child
)
+
‘
-hād
’ (
state
or
condition
).
noun
-
childhood
the
early
or
first
stage
in
the
growth
or
development
of
something
•
In
the
childhood
of
aviation
,
planes
were
made
from
wood
and
fabric
.
In
the
childhood
of
aviation
,
planes
were
made
from
wood
and
fabric
.
•
The
project
is
still
in
its
childhood
and
will
take
years
to
finish
.
The
project
is
still
in
its
childhood
and
will
take
years
to
finish
.
Extension
of
the
literal
‘
childhood
’
sense
to
figurative
uses
from
the
17th
century
onward
.
scholar
noun
a
person
who
has
deep
and
detailed
knowledge
of
a
subject
,
especially
through
serious
academic
study
•
The
history
department
invited
a
famous
scholar
to
give
a
lecture
about
ancient
Greece
.
The
history
department
invited
a
famous
scholar
to
give
a
lecture
about
ancient
Greece
.
•
She
spent
years
in
dusty
libraries
,
becoming
a
respected
scholar
of
medieval
literature
.
She
spent
years
in
dusty
libraries
,
becoming
a
respected
scholar
of
medieval
literature
.
From
Old
English
“
scolere
”,
borrowed
from
Latin
“
scholaris
”
meaning
‘
pupil
’,
related
to
“
schola
” (
school
).
noun
a
student
who
receives
a
scholarship
to
pay
for
their
education
•
The
university
named
Mia
the
top
scholar
in
the
engineering
programme
.
The
university
named
Mia
the
top
scholar
in
the
engineering
programme
.
•
As
a
government
scholar
,
he
studied
abroad
without
worrying
about
tuition
fees
.
As
a
government
scholar
,
he
studied
abroad
without
worrying
about
tuition
fees
.
noun
(
dated
)
a
child
or
young
person
who
attends
school
;
a
pupil
•
In
the
one-room
schoolhouse
,
the
teacher
rang
a
bell
and
the
scholars
hurried
inside
.
In
the
one-room
schoolhouse
,
the
teacher
rang
a
bell
and
the
scholars
hurried
inside
.
•
The
village
charity
bought
new
slates
so
every
young
scholar
could
practise
arithmetic
.
The
village
charity
bought
new
slates
so
every
young
scholar
could
practise
arithmetic
.
shock
noun
-
shock
,
shocking
,
shocks
,
shocked
a
sudden
,
strong
feeling
of
surprise
,
fear
,
or
distress
that
makes
it
hard
to
think
or
act
normally
•
Maya
stared
at
the
broken
vase
in
shock
,
unable
to
speak
.
Maya
stared
at
the
broken
vase
in
shock
,
unable
to
speak
.
•
The
news
of
the
sudden
storm
came
as
a
complete
shock
to
the
fishermen
.
The
news
of
the
sudden
storm
came
as
a
complete
shock
to
the
fishermen
.
from
Middle
French
choque
“
violently
hit
,”
later
extended
to
emotional
meaning
in
English
(
18th
c
.)
noun
-
shock
,
shocking
,
shocks
,
shocked
a
sudden
flow
of
electricity
through
a
body
that
causes
a
painful
jolt
•
Tim
yelped
after
he
got
a
small
electric
shock
from
the
doorknob
.
Tim
yelped
after
he
got
a
small
electric
shock
from
the
doorknob
.
•
A
faulty
wire
gave
the
mechanic
a
nasty
shock
on
the
job
.
A
faulty
wire
gave
the
mechanic
a
nasty
shock
on
the
job
.
verb
-
shock
,
shocking
,
shocks
,
shocked
to
cause
someone
to
feel
sudden
surprise
,
horror
,
or
disgust
•
The
graphic
documentary
will
shock
many
viewers
.
The
graphic
documentary
will
shock
many
viewers
.
•
It
shocked
her
to
learn
that
her
friend
had
moved
away
.
It
shocked
her
to
learn
that
her
friend
had
moved
away
.
noun
-
shock
,
shocking
,
shocks
,
shocked
a
serious
medical
condition
in
which
the
body
’
s
blood
circulation
is
dangerously
low
,
leading
to
life-threatening
symptoms
•
The
paramedics
treated
the
crash
victim
who
was
in
shock
.
The
paramedics
treated
the
crash
victim
who
was
in
shock
.
•
Severe
blood
loss
can
send
a
person
into
shock
.
Severe
blood
loss
can
send
a
person
into
shock
.
noun
-
shock
,
shocking
,
shocks
,
shocked
a
sudden
,
violent
impact
or
force
that
can
damage
or
move
something
•
The
shock
from
the
earthquake
rattled
the
windows
.
The
shock
from
the
earthquake
rattled
the
windows
.
•
His
knees
buckled
under
the
shock
of
landing
.
His
knees
buckled
under
the
shock
of
landing
.
noun
-
shock
,
shocking
,
shocks
,
shocked
a
thick
,
bushy
mass
of
hair
or
other
material
that
stands
out
noticeably
•
The
toddler
had
a
wild
shock
of
blond
curls
.
The
toddler
had
a
wild
shock
of
blond
curls
.
•
He
ran
his
fingers
through
his
shock
of
gray
hair
.
He
ran
his
fingers
through
his
shock
of
gray
hair
.
telephone
noun
a
device
with
a
mouth-piece
and
an
earpiece
that
lets
people
talk
to
each
other
even
when
they
are
far
apart
,
by
turning
their
voices
into
electrical
signals
and
back
again
•
Maya
picked
up
the
telephone
and
called
her
grandmother
.
Maya
picked
up
the
telephone
and
called
her
grandmother
.
•
The
old
telephone
on
his
desk
still
had
a
rotary
dial
.
The
old
telephone
on
his
desk
still
had
a
rotary
dial
.
from
Greek
tele-
‘
far
’
+
phōnē
‘
voice
,
sound
’;
invented
name
used
by
Alexander
Graham
Bell
in
the
19th
century
noun
the
whole
network
and
technology
that
carries
spoken
messages
over
wires
or
radio
waves
so
people
can
talk
to
each
other
across
distances
•
The
telephone
changed
the
way
businesses
communicated
around
the
world
.
The
telephone
changed
the
way
businesses
communicated
around
the
world
.
•
Strong
winds
knocked
out
the
village
’
s
telephone
for
two
days
.
Strong
winds
knocked
out
the
village
’
s
telephone
for
two
days
.
developed
from
the
device
name
to
describe
the
entire
system
that
carries
calls
verb
-
telephone
,
telephoning
,
telephones
,
telephoned
to
call
someone
and
speak
to
them
using
a
telephone
•
I
will
telephone
you
as
soon
as
I
arrive
.
I
will
telephone
you
as
soon
as
I
arrive
.
•
She
telephoned
the
doctor
for
an
appointment
.
She
telephoned
the
doctor
for
an
appointment
.
back-formation
from
the
noun
;
first
used
as
a
verb
soon
after
the
device
was
invented
psychological
adjective
relating
to
the
mind
,
thoughts
,
or
feelings
rather
than
the
body
•
After
the
car
accident
,
Maria
needed
psychological
help
to
overcome
her
fear
of
driving
.
After
the
car
accident
,
Maria
needed
psychological
help
to
overcome
her
fear
of
driving
.
•
Long
periods
of
isolation
can
cause
serious
psychological
effects
on
astronauts
aboard
the
space
station
.
Long
periods
of
isolation
can
cause
serious
psychological
effects
on
astronauts
aboard
the
space
station
.
From
psychology
+
-ical
,
first
used
in
the
mid-19th
century
when
psychology
emerged
as
a
scientific
field
.
adjective
planned
to
influence
a
person
’
s
thoughts
or
feelings
,
especially
to
gain
an
advantage
•
The
army
used
loud
music
as
a
psychological
tactic
to
keep
the
enemy
awake
at
night
.
The
army
used
loud
music
as
a
psychological
tactic
to
keep
the
enemy
awake
at
night
.
•
Mark
played
a
clever
psychological
trick
by
staring
silently
at
his
chess
rival
to
make
him
nervous
.
Mark
played
a
clever
psychological
trick
by
staring
silently
at
his
chess
rival
to
make
him
nervous
.
Extension
of
the
basic
sense
,
first
recorded
in
military
writings
during
World
War
II
when
strategies
to
affect
enemy
morale
became
formalized
.
chocolate
noun
a
sweet
brown
food
made
from
roasted
cacao
beans
and
sugar
,
eaten
as
candy
or
used
in
drinks
and
desserts
•
After
dinner
,
Emma
treated
herself
to
a
square
of
chocolate
.
After
dinner
,
Emma
treated
herself
to
a
square
of
chocolate
.
•
The
smell
of
melted
chocolate
drifted
through
the
entire
bakery
.
The
smell
of
melted
chocolate
drifted
through
the
entire
bakery
.
adjective
containing
or
flavored
with
chocolate
•
She
chose
a
slice
of
chocolate
cake
for
her
birthday
.
She
chose
a
slice
of
chocolate
cake
for
her
birthday
.
•
The
café
serves
the
richest
chocolate
ice
cream
in
town
.
The
café
serves
the
richest
chocolate
ice
cream
in
town
.
noun
-
chocolate
a
dark
brown
color
like
that
of
chocolate
candy
•
The
artist
mixed
red
and
black
paint
to
create
a
deep
chocolate
for
the
tree
trunks
.
The
artist
mixed
red
and
black
paint
to
create
a
deep
chocolate
for
the
tree
trunks
.
•
They
chose
chocolate
for
the
walls
in
their
living
room
.
They
chose
chocolate
for
the
walls
in
their
living
room
.
ghost
noun
the
spirit
of
a
dead
person
that
some
people
believe
can
be
seen
or
heard
by
the
living
•
On
Halloween
night
,
the
children
screamed
when
a
white-sheeted
ghost
floated
down
the
hallway
.
On
Halloween
night
,
the
children
screamed
when
a
white-sheeted
ghost
floated
down
the
hallway
.
•
The
villagers
believe
a
ghost
haunts
the
ruined
castle
on
the
hill
.
The
villagers
believe
a
ghost
haunts
the
ruined
castle
on
the
hill
.
Old
English
“
gāst
”
meaning
“
spirit
”
or
“
breath
,”
related
to
German
“
Geist
.”
noun
a
very
small
amount
or
faint
sign
of
something
•
There
was
only
a
ghost
of
a
smile
on
her
face
when
she
heard
the
news
.
There
was
only
a
ghost
of
a
smile
on
her
face
when
she
heard
the
news
.
•
The
recipe
calls
for
a
ghost
of
pepper
—
just
enough
to
add
warmth
without
real
heat
.
The
recipe
calls
for
a
ghost
of
pepper
—
just
enough
to
add
warmth
without
real
heat
.
verb
-
ghost
,
ghosting
,
ghosts
,
ghosted
to
suddenly
stop
communicating
with
someone
,
especially
online
or
by
phone
,
without
giving
any
explanation
•
After
their
third
date
,
he
ghosted
her
and
never
replied
to
a
single
text
.
After
their
third
date
,
he
ghosted
her
and
never
replied
to
a
single
text
.
•
She
felt
hurt
when
her
best
friend
suddenly
ghosted
her
on
social
media
.
She
felt
hurt
when
her
best
friend
suddenly
ghosted
her
on
social
media
.
Originally
U
.
S
.
slang
from
the
early
2000s
,
likening
disappearing
from
communication
to
a
ghost
vanishing
.
shopping
noun
-
shopping
the
activity
of
going
to
stores
or
websites
to
look
at
and
buy
things
•
On
Saturday
mornings
,
Mia
loves
shopping
at
the
farmers'
market
for
fresh
fruit
and
vegetables
.
On
Saturday
mornings
,
Mia
loves
shopping
at
the
farmers'
market
for
fresh
fruit
and
vegetables
.
•
We
spent
the
whole
afternoon
shopping
for
new
school
clothes
.
We
spent
the
whole
afternoon
shopping
for
new
school
clothes
.
From
the
present
participle
of
the
verb
“
shop
” (
late
15th
century
),
meaning
‘
to
visit
stores
to
examine
and
purchase
goods
’.
noun
-
shopping
the
goods
someone
has
bought
,
especially
groceries
or
other
everyday
items
•
Could
you
help
me
carry
the
shopping
into
the
kitchen
?
Could
you
help
me
carry
the
shopping
into
the
kitchen
?
•
She
left
her
shopping
in
the
taxi
by
mistake
.
She
left
her
shopping
in
the
taxi
by
mistake
.
Use
of
the
gerund
as
a
mass
noun
for
‘
bought
goods
’
recorded
from
the
late
19th
century
.
shower
noun
a
place
or
device
that
sprays
water
so
you
can
wash
while
standing
up
•
After
the
long
hike
,
Jake
stepped
into
the
shower
to
wash
off
the
dirt
.
After
the
long
hike
,
Jake
stepped
into
the
shower
to
wash
off
the
dirt
.
•
The
campsite
only
had
one
outdoor
shower
,
so
everyone
had
to
take
turns
.
The
campsite
only
had
one
outdoor
shower
,
so
everyone
had
to
take
turns
.
verb
to
wash
yourself
under
a
spray
of
water
•
I
need
to
shower
before
the
guests
arrive
.
I
need
to
shower
before
the
guests
arrive
.
•
She
showers
every
morning
to
wake
up
.
She
showers
every
morning
to
wake
up
.
noun
a
short
period
of
light
rain
,
snow
,
or
hail
•
We
got
caught
in
a
sudden
shower
on
our
way
to
school
.
We
got
caught
in
a
sudden
shower
on
our
way
to
school
.
•
The
weather
forecast
says
scattered
showers
this
afternoon
.
The
weather
forecast
says
scattered
showers
this
afternoon
.
noun
a
small
party
where
people
give
presents
to
someone
who
is
about
to
marry
or
have
a
baby
•
Her
friends
organized
a
surprise
baby
shower
for
her
.
Her
friends
organized
a
surprise
baby
shower
for
her
.
•
We
played
games
at
the
bridal
shower
and
ate
cake
.
We
played
games
at
the
bridal
shower
and
ate
cake
.
verb
to
give
someone
a
lot
of
things
or
praise
all
at
once
and
in
large
amount
•
The
fans
showered
the
team
with
cheers
and
confetti
.
The
fans
showered
the
team
with
cheers
and
confetti
.
•
Grandparents
love
to
shower
their
grandchildren
with
gifts
.
Grandparents
love
to
shower
their
grandchildren
with
gifts
.
noun
a
display
of
many
meteors
flashing
across
the
sky
in
a
short
time
•
We
lay
on
the
hill
at
midnight
to
watch
the
Perseid
meteor
shower
.
We
lay
on
the
hill
at
midnight
to
watch
the
Perseid
meteor
shower
.
•
The
shower
lit
up
the
night
sky
with
streaks
of
light
.
The
shower
lit
up
the
night
sky
with
streaks
of
light
.
psychology
noun
-
psychology
,
psychologies
the
scientific
study
of
how
the
mind
works
and
why
people
and
animals
behave
as
they
do
•
Maria
decided
to
major
in
psychology
because
she
was
fascinated
by
human
emotions
.
Maria
decided
to
major
in
psychology
because
she
was
fascinated
by
human
emotions
.
•
A
high-school
teacher
explained
how
experiments
in
psychology
can
reveal
hidden
biases
.
A
high-school
teacher
explained
how
experiments
in
psychology
can
reveal
hidden
biases
.
From
Ancient
Greek
‘
psukhē
’
meaning
‘
soul
,
mind
’
+
‘
-logia
’
meaning
‘
study
’.
noun
-
psychology
,
psychologies
the
way
a
particular
person
,
group
,
or
situation
tends
to
think
and
feel
•
The
coach
studied
the
opposing
team
’
s
psychology
to
predict
its
next
move
.
The
coach
studied
the
opposing
team
’
s
psychology
to
predict
its
next
move
.
•
You
need
to
understand
a
toddler
’
s
psychology
to
keep
them
calm
on
a
long
flight
.
You
need
to
understand
a
toddler
’
s
psychology
to
keep
them
calm
on
a
long
flight
.
Sense
developed
in
the
late
19th
century
as
people
began
applying
scientific
ideas
to
everyday
thinking
and
behavior
.
shortly
adverb
in
a
short
time
from
now
•
The
train
will
arrive
shortly
,
so
please
stand
back
from
the
platform
edge
.
The
train
will
arrive
shortly
,
so
please
stand
back
from
the
platform
edge
.
•
I'll
be
with
you
shortly
;
just
let
me
finish
this
email
.
I'll
be
with
you
shortly
;
just
let
me
finish
this
email
.
adverb
using
only
a
few
words
;
briefly
•
Please
introduce
yourself
shortly
before
we
begin
the
workshop
.
Please
introduce
yourself
shortly
before
we
begin
the
workshop
.
•
The
professor
spoke
shortly
about
the
monument
’
s
history
,
then
guided
us
inside
.
The
professor
spoke
shortly
about
the
monument
’
s
history
,
then
guided
us
inside
.
adverb
in
a
curt
or
abrupt
way
that
may
seem
unfriendly
•
When
I
asked
for
directions
,
the
clerk
replied
shortly
and
turned
away
.
When
I
asked
for
directions
,
the
clerk
replied
shortly
and
turned
away
.
•
Tired
and
frustrated
,
she
answered
her
brother
shortly
without
looking
up
from
her
phone
.
Tired
and
frustrated
,
she
answered
her
brother
shortly
without
looking
up
from
her
phone
.
photographer
noun
a
person
who
takes
photographs
,
especially
as
a
hobby
or
job
.
•
The
photographer
asked
the
couple
to
smile
as
he
snapped
their
wedding
pictures
.
The
photographer
asked
the
couple
to
smile
as
he
snapped
their
wedding
pictures
.
•
A
wildlife
photographer
waited
quietly
beside
the
river
to
capture
the
moment
a
bear
caught
a
fish
.
A
wildlife
photographer
waited
quietly
beside
the
river
to
capture
the
moment
a
bear
caught
a
fish
.
Formed
in
the
mid-19th
century
from
photograph
+
the
agent
suffix
‑er
,
meaning
“
person
who
makes
photographs
”.
iPhone
noun
a
touchscreen
smartphone
made
by
Apple
Inc
.
•
Maria
proudly
showed
her
friends
the
photos
she
had
taken
on
her
new
iPhone
.
Maria
proudly
showed
her
friends
the
photos
she
had
taken
on
her
new
iPhone
.
•
During
the
train
ride
,
James
listened
to
music
on
his
iPhone
to
pass
the
time
.
During
the
train
ride
,
James
listened
to
music
on
his
iPhone
to
pass
the
time
.
Launched
by
Apple
Inc
.
in
2007
,
combining
the
words
“
internet
”
and
“
phone
”
to
emphasize
its
web
capabilities
alongside
traditional
calling
.
shine
verb
-
shine
,
shining
,
shines
,
shone
,
shined
to
give
off
or
reflect
light
so
that
something
is
bright
•
At
night
,
the
full
moon
shines
over
the
quiet
lake
.
At
night
,
the
full
moon
shines
over
the
quiet
lake
.
•
The
polished
car
hood
shone
like
a
mirror
in
the
afternoon
sun
.
The
polished
car
hood
shone
like
a
mirror
in
the
afternoon
sun
.
Old
English
‘
scīnan
’,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
German
‘
scheinen
’,
meaning
‘
to
appear
,
shine
’.
verb
-
shine
,
shining
,
shines
,
shone
to
perform
exceptionally
well
and
stand
out
because
of
great
ability
•
Maya
always
shines
in
mathematics
and
finishes
every
test
early
.
Maya
always
shines
in
mathematics
and
finishes
every
test
early
.
•
During
the
championship
game
,
the
rookie
player
shone
when
the
team
needed
him
most
.
During
the
championship
game
,
the
rookie
player
shone
when
the
team
needed
him
most
.
bishop
noun
a
chess
piece
shaped
like
a
tall
hat
that
moves
any
number
of
squares
diagonally
•
She
sacrificed
her
bishop
to
set
up
a
clever
checkmate
.
She
sacrificed
her
bishop
to
set
up
a
clever
checkmate
.
•
In
the
opening
,
he
developed
both
bishops
to
control
the
long
diagonals
.
In
the
opening
,
he
developed
both
bishops
to
control
the
long
diagonals
.
Named
after
the
miter
(
hat
)
worn
by
church
bishops
,
which
early
European
chess
pieces
resembled
.
noun
a
senior
Christian
clergyperson
in
charge
of
many
local
churches
in
an
area
,
ranking
above
a
priest
•
The
newly
appointed
bishop
visited
every
parish
in
his
diocese
during
his
first
year
.
The
newly
appointed
bishop
visited
every
parish
in
his
diocese
during
his
first
year
.
•
Many
people
gathered
in
the
square
to
watch
the
bishop
lead
the
Easter
procession
.
Many
people
gathered
in
the
square
to
watch
the
bishop
lead
the
Easter
procession
.
Old
English
bisceop
,
from
Latin
episcopus
,
from
Greek
episkopos
meaning
“
overseer
.”
noun
(
dated
)
a
hot
drink
made
by
mixing
red
wine
,
sugar
,
and
orange
peel
,
often
served
at
Christmas
•
Grandfather
warmed
a
pot
of
bishop
on
the
stove
for
the
carolers
.
Grandfather
warmed
a
pot
of
bishop
on
the
stove
for
the
carolers
.
•
The
novel
describes
servants
preparing
bishop
for
the
household
’
s
holiday
feast
.
The
novel
describes
servants
preparing
bishop
for
the
household
’
s
holiday
feast
.
Probably
named
for
its
deep
purplish-red
color
,
reminiscent
of
a
bishop
’
s
robes
.
whoever
pronoun
used
to
mean
any
person
or
people
that
;
no
matter
who
•
Whoever
finishes
the
project
first
will
get
a
prize
.
Whoever
finishes
the
project
first
will
get
a
prize
.
•
You
may
invite
whoever
you
like
to
the
party
.
You
may
invite
whoever
you
like
to
the
party
.
From
Middle
English
who
ever
,
literally
“
who
ever
(
it
may
be
)”.
pronoun
used
in
questions
to
show
surprise
or
emphasis
when
you
do
not
know
which
person
•
Whoever
could
that
be
knocking
at
the
door
so
late
?
Whoever
could
that
be
knocking
at
the
door
so
late
?
•
Whoever
would
leave
their
bike
in
the
middle
of
the
road
?
Whoever
would
leave
their
bike
in
the
middle
of
the
road
?
Extension
of
interrogative
‘
who
’
with
emphatic
‘
ever
’,
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
.
scholarship
noun
money
given
to
a
student
to
help
pay
for
education
,
usually
because
of
good
grades
,
special
talent
,
or
financial
need
•
Maya
won
a
full
scholarship
to
Harvard
because
of
her
excellent
grades
.
Maya
won
a
full
scholarship
to
Harvard
because
of
her
excellent
grades
.
•
The
coach
offered
him
a
sports
scholarship
for
his
talent
on
the
soccer
field
.
The
coach
offered
him
a
sports
scholarship
for
his
talent
on
the
soccer
field
.
From
Middle
English
scolarshippe
,
formed
from
scholar
+
-ship
,
originally
meaning
the
status
or
position
of
being
a
scholar
;
later
also
the
financial
award
.
noun
-
scholarship
serious
study
and
deep
knowledge
about
a
subject
,
especially
as
shown
in
academic
research
and
writing
•
His
book
is
a
masterpiece
of
historical
scholarship
.
His
book
is
a
masterpiece
of
historical
scholarship
.
•
The
professor
’
s
lectures
reflect
deep
scholarship
and
passion
.
The
professor
’
s
lectures
reflect
deep
scholarship
and
passion
.
Developed
from
the
original
sense
of
“
state
of
being
a
scholar
”
to
refer
more
broadly
to
the
learning
and
research
produced
by
scholars
.
workshop
noun
a
room
or
small
building
where
people
use
tools
and
machines
to
make
,
fix
,
or
build
things
•
Leo
keeps
all
his
carpentry
tools
in
the
workshop
behind
his
house
.
Leo
keeps
all
his
carpentry
tools
in
the
workshop
behind
his
house
.
•
The
mechanic
pushed
the
broken
lawn
mower
into
the
workshop
for
repairs
.
The
mechanic
pushed
the
broken
lawn
mower
into
the
workshop
for
repairs
.
From
work
+
shop
;
originally
meaning
a
place
where
work
is
done
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
16th
century
.
noun
a
short
course
or
meeting
where
a
small
group
actively
learns
about
a
topic
by
doing
practical
activities
and
discussing
ideas
•
We
attended
a
weekend
workshop
on
digital
photography
.
We
attended
a
weekend
workshop
on
digital
photography
.
•
The
conference
begins
with
a
hands-on
coding
workshop
for
beginners
.
The
conference
begins
with
a
hands-on
coding
workshop
for
beginners
.
Educational
sense
developed
in
the
early
20th
century
as
educators
borrowed
the
idea
of
a
place
for
doing
practical
work
and
applied
it
to
learning
sessions
.
verb
-
workshop
,
workshopping
,
workshops
,
workshopped
to
develop
or
improve
something
by
discussing
it
and
trying
it
out
with
a
group
•
The
playwright
decided
to
workshop
the
new
script
with
local
actors
.
The
playwright
decided
to
workshop
the
new
script
with
local
actors
.
•
We
workshopped
several
logo
ideas
before
choosing
the
final
design
.
We
workshopped
several
logo
ideas
before
choosing
the
final
design
.
Verb
use
dates
from
the
1950s
,
extended
from
the
noun
sense
of
a
collaborative
space
into
the
idea
of
collaborative
development
.