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ha
interjection
used
to
express
sudden
amusement
,
surprise
,
disbelief
,
or
triumph
•
"
Ha
!
I
knew
the
key
was
hidden
under
the
rock
. "
"
Ha
!
I
knew
the
key
was
hidden
under
the
rock
. "
•
The
little
girl
burst
into
laughter
,
shouting
"
Ha
!"
when
the
puppy
tripped
over
its
own
ears
.
The
little
girl
burst
into
laughter
,
shouting
"
Ha
!"
when
the
puppy
tripped
over
its
own
ears
.
From
Middle
English
and
Old
English
exclamations
of
surprise
or
joy
,
imitative
of
a
short
laugh
.
noun
-
ha
abbreviation
for
hectare
,
a
unit
of
area
equal
to
10
,
000
square
metres
•
The
farm
covers
25
ha
of
rich
,
fertile
soil
.
The
farm
covers
25
ha
of
rich
,
fertile
soil
.
•
The
wildfire
burned
through
nearly
500
ha
of
forest
before
it
was
contained
.
The
wildfire
burned
through
nearly
500
ha
of
forest
before
it
was
contained
.
Abbreviation
of
French
"
hectare
",
formed
from
the
metric
prefix
"
hecto-
" (
hundred
)
and
"
are
" (
unit
of
area
).
have
verb
-
have
,
having
,
has
,
had
to
own
or
possess
something
•
I
have
two
brothers
and
a
sister
.
I
have
two
brothers
and
a
sister
.
•
They
have
a
big
garden
behind
their
house
.
They
have
a
big
garden
behind
their
house
.
Old
English
habban
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
German
haben
.
verb
-
have
,
having
,
has
,
had
to
experience
or
be
affected
by
something
such
as
a
feeling
,
state
,
or
illness
•
I
have
a
terrible
headache
this
morning
.
I
have
a
terrible
headache
this
morning
.
•
She
has
a
cold
and
can't
come
today
.
She
has
a
cold
and
can't
come
today
.
verb
-
have
,
having
,
has
,
had
to
eat
or
drink
something
•
Let's
have
lunch
at
the
new
café
.
Let's
have
lunch
at
the
new
café
.
•
She
always
has
oatmeal
for
breakfast
.
She
always
has
oatmeal
for
breakfast
.
verb
-
have
,
having
,
has
,
had
to
arrange
,
hold
,
or
take
part
in
an
activity
or
event
•
We
will
have
a
meeting
at
3
p
.
m
.
We
will
have
a
meeting
at
3
p
.
m
.
•
The
city
had
a
big
parade
last
weekend
.
The
city
had
a
big
parade
last
weekend
.
verb
-
have
,
having
,
has
,
had
to
cause
or
persuade
someone
to
do
something
•
The
teacher
had
the
students
rewrite
their
essays
.
The
teacher
had
the
students
rewrite
their
essays
.
•
I'll
have
the
mechanic
check
the
brakes
.
I'll
have
the
mechanic
check
the
brakes
.
hand
noun
the
part
at
the
end
of
your
arm
that
has
a
palm
,
fingers
,
and
a
thumb
,
used
for
holding
,
touching
,
and
feeling
things
•
Mia
raised
her
hand
to
answer
the
question
.
Mia
raised
her
hand
to
answer
the
question
.
•
The
kitten
gently
licked
Jake's
open
hand
.
The
kitten
gently
licked
Jake's
open
hand
.
Old
English
“
hand
”
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Dutch
“
hand
”
and
German
“
Hand
”.
noun
the
part
of
the
body
at
the
end
of
the
arm
that
includes
the
palm
,
fingers
,
and
thumb
•
Mia
raised
her
hand
to
ask
a
question
.
Mia
raised
her
hand
to
ask
a
question
.
•
The
baby
gripped
his
father's
hand
tightly
while
learning
to
walk
.
The
baby
gripped
his
father's
hand
tightly
while
learning
to
walk
.
Old
English
"
hand
"
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
Dutch
"
hand
"
and
German
"
Hand
".
noun
help
or
assistance
,
especially
when
someone
physically
helps
you
do
something
•
Could
you
give
me
a
hand
with
this
heavy
box
?
Could
you
give
me
a
hand
with
this
heavy
box
?
•
The
neighbors
offered
a
hand
after
the
storm
damaged
our
roof
.
The
neighbors
offered
a
hand
after
the
storm
damaged
our
roof
.
noun
one
of
the
long
thin
pointers
that
move
around
the
face
of
a
clock
to
show
the
time
•
The
minute
hand
was
almost
at
twelve
when
the
bell
rang
.
The
minute
hand
was
almost
at
twelve
when
the
bell
rang
.
•
Remember
to
move
the
hour
hand
back
one
hour
in
autumn
.
Remember
to
move
the
hour
hand
back
one
hour
in
autumn
.
verb
-
hand
,
handing
,
hands
,
handed
to
give
or
pass
something
to
someone
by
putting
it
into
their
hand
•
Please
hand
me
the
salt
.
Please
hand
me
the
salt
.
•
She
handed
the
baby
his
bottle
.
She
handed
the
baby
his
bottle
.
noun
help
or
assistance
given
to
someone
•
Could
you
give
me
a
hand
with
these
heavy
suitcases
?
Could
you
give
me
a
hand
with
these
heavy
suitcases
?
•
The
neighbors
lent
a
hand
after
the
storm
by
clearing
fallen
branches
.
The
neighbors
lent
a
hand
after
the
storm
by
clearing
fallen
branches
.
verb
to
pass
or
give
something
to
someone
•
Please
hand
me
the
salt
shaker
.
Please
hand
me
the
salt
shaker
.
•
The
guard
handed
the
visitor
a
badge
before
letting
him
in
.
The
guard
handed
the
visitor
a
badge
before
letting
him
in
.
noun
a
person
who
does
physical
work
,
especially
on
a
farm
,
ship
,
or
in
a
factory
•
The
ranch
hired
another
hand
to
help
during
calving
season
.
The
ranch
hired
another
hand
to
help
during
calving
season
.
•
As
a
deck
hand
,
Tom
learned
dozens
of
knots
.
As
a
deck
hand
,
Tom
learned
dozens
of
knots
.
noun
all
the
cards
a
player
receives
in
one
deal
of
a
card
game
•
Lucas
looked
at
his
hand
and
smiled
—
he
had
three
aces
.
Lucas
looked
at
his
hand
and
smiled
—
he
had
three
aces
.
•
After
the
deal
,
she
studied
her
hand
carefully
before
betting
.
After
the
deal
,
she
studied
her
hand
carefully
before
betting
.
noun
a
person
’
s
style
of
writing
by
hand
•
The
teacher
praised
Emma's
neat
hand
.
The
teacher
praised
Emma's
neat
hand
.
•
I
struggled
to
read
the
doctor's
hurried
hand
.
I
struggled
to
read
the
doctor's
hurried
hand
.
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
do
physical
work
,
especially
helping
on
a
farm
,
ship
,
or
other
workplace
•
Lily
found
summer
work
as
a
farm
hand
in
the
countryside
.
Lily
found
summer
work
as
a
farm
hand
in
the
countryside
.
•
The
new
kitchen
hand
washed
dishes
during
the
lunch
rush
.
The
new
kitchen
hand
washed
dishes
during
the
lunch
rush
.
noun
a
long
,
thin
pointer
on
a
clock
or
watch
that
shows
the
seconds
,
minutes
,
or
hours
•
The
minute
hand
is
pointing
at
twelve
,
so
class
is
about
to
start
.
The
minute
hand
is
pointing
at
twelve
,
so
class
is
about
to
start
.
•
I
watched
the
second
hand
tick
around
the
dial
while
waiting
.
I
watched
the
second
hand
tick
around
the
dial
while
waiting
.
happen
verb
to
occur
or
take
place
,
especially
without
being
planned
•
No
one
expected
the
power
cut
,
but
it
happened
during
dinner
.
No
one
expected
the
power
cut
,
but
it
happened
during
dinner
.
•
Strange
things
happen
in
this
old
house
at
night
.
Strange
things
happen
in
this
old
house
at
night
.
verb
to
occur
to
or
befall
someone
or
something
,
especially
something
unexpected
or
negative
•
What
happened
to
your
arm
?
Did
you
hurt
yourself
?
What
happened
to
your
arm
?
Did
you
hurt
yourself
?
•
A
funny
thing
happened
to
me
on
the
way
to
work
.
A
funny
thing
happened
to
me
on
the
way
to
work
.
verb
to
do
or
experience
something
by
chance
,
often
followed
by
an
infinitive
•
I
happened
to
see
your
sister
at
the
market
yesterday
.
I
happened
to
see
your
sister
at
the
market
yesterday
.
•
If
you
happen
to
find
my
keys
,
please
call
me
.
If
you
happen
to
find
my
keys
,
please
call
me
.
hard
adjective
-
hard
,
harder
,
hardest
firm
and
solid
,
not
easily
bent
,
cut
,
or
pressed
•
The
winter
soil
was
so
hard
that
the
farmer's
shovel
barely
made
a
mark
.
The
winter
soil
was
so
hard
that
the
farmer's
shovel
barely
made
a
mark
.
•
Please
put
the
eggs
somewhere
safe
;
this
hard
stone
floor
could
break
them
.
Please
put
the
eggs
somewhere
safe
;
this
hard
stone
floor
could
break
them
.
adjective
-
hard
,
harder
,
hardest
firm
and
solid
;
not
soft
or
easily
broken
or
bent
.
•
The
ground
was
hard
after
the
frost
.
The
ground
was
hard
after
the
frost
.
•
He
knocked
on
the
hard
wooden
door
.
He
knocked
on
the
hard
wooden
door
.
adjective
-
hard
,
harder
,
hardest
difficult
to
do
,
understand
,
or
deal
with
;
needing
a
lot
of
effort
.
•
That
exam
was
really
hard
.
That
exam
was
really
hard
.
•
It
’
s
hard
to
learn
a
new
language
.
It
’
s
hard
to
learn
a
new
language
.
adverb
-
hard
,
harder
,
hardest
using
great
effort
;
in
a
diligent
or
persistent
way
.
•
She
worked
hard
all
day
.
She
worked
hard
all
day
.
•
They
studied
hard
for
the
test
.
They
studied
hard
for
the
test
.
adjective
-
hard
,
harder
,
hardest
needing
a
lot
of
effort
or
skill
;
difficult
•
The
exam
was
so
hard
that
only
a
few
students
finished
on
time
.
The
exam
was
so
hard
that
only
a
few
students
finished
on
time
.
•
I
find
driving
in
heavy
rain
really
hard
.
I
find
driving
in
heavy
rain
really
hard
.
adjective
-
hard
,
harder
,
hardest
severe
or
harsh
in
effect
,
experience
,
or
character
.
•
A
hard
winter
destroyed
many
crops
.
A
hard
winter
destroyed
many
crops
.
•
They
had
a
hard
life
during
the
war
.
They
had
a
hard
life
during
the
war
.
adverb
-
hard
,
harder
,
hardest
with
a
lot
of
force
or
power
.
•
He
hit
the
ball
hard
.
He
hit
the
ball
hard
.
•
The
rain
was
falling
hard
.
The
rain
was
falling
hard
.
adverb
-
hard
,
harder
,
hardest
with
a
lot
of
energy
,
effort
,
or
force
•
He
studied
hard
for
the
final
test
.
He
studied
hard
for
the
final
test
.
•
The
rain
fell
hard
against
the
windows
.
The
rain
fell
hard
against
the
windows
.
adjective
-
hard
,
harder
,
hardest
strict
,
harsh
,
or
causing
difficulty
or
pain
•
The
coach
is
hard
on
players
who
skip
practice
.
The
coach
is
hard
on
players
who
skip
practice
.
•
Life
can
be
hard
for
refugees
starting
over
in
a
new
country
.
Life
can
be
hard
for
refugees
starting
over
in
a
new
country
.
hate
verb
-
hate
,
hating
,
hates
,
hated
to
feel
very
strong
dislike
for
someone
or
something
•
I
hate
cold
weather
.
I
hate
cold
weather
.
•
She
hates
being
late
for
class
and
always
rushes
to
the
bus
.
She
hates
being
late
for
class
and
always
rushes
to
the
bus
.
Old
English
hatian
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*hatjanan
,
related
to
"
heat
"
in
the
sense
of
heated
emotion
.
noun
-
hate
a
very
strong
feeling
of
dislike
for
someone
or
something
•
The
speech
was
filled
with
hate
toward
the
other
team
.
The
speech
was
filled
with
hate
toward
the
other
team
.
•
Rumors
on
social
media
can
spread
hate
very
quickly
.
Rumors
on
social
media
can
spread
hate
very
quickly
.
Derived
from
the
Old
English
noun
hete
“
hate
,
persecution
,”
related
to
the
verb
"
hate
."
noun
something
that
a
person
strongly
dislikes
,
often
mentioned
among
their
personal
annoyances
•
One
of
my
biggest
hates
is
people
chewing
loudly
.
One
of
my
biggest
hates
is
people
chewing
loudly
.
•
Long
meetings
are
among
her
personal
hates
at
work
.
Long
meetings
are
among
her
personal
hates
at
work
.
Extension
of
the
abstract
noun
"
hate
"
to
refer
to
specific
disliked
items
,
appearing
in
informal
speech
from
the
20th
century
.
hang
verb
-
hang
,
hanging
,
hangs
,
hung
,
hanged
to
attach
something
at
its
top
so
it
is
supported
from
above
and
free
below
•
Mia
carefully
hangs
a
framed
photo
on
the
living-room
wall
.
Mia
carefully
hangs
a
framed
photo
on
the
living-room
wall
.
•
Please
hang
your
coat
on
the
hook
by
the
door
.
Please
hang
your
coat
on
the
hook
by
the
door
.
Old
English
hangian
and
hon
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*hanhan
,
meaning
“
to
suspend
.”
happy
adjective
-
happy
,
happier
,
happiest
feeling
glad
and
satisfied
•
After
winning
the
race
,
the
little
boy
waved
his
arms
and
looked
happy
.
After
winning
the
race
,
the
little
boy
waved
his
arms
and
looked
happy
.
•
The
puppy
wagged
its
tail
,
clearly
happy
to
see
its
owner
come
home
.
The
puppy
wagged
its
tail
,
clearly
happy
to
see
its
owner
come
home
.
Old
English
‘
hæppi
’
meaning
fortunate
or
lucky
;
later
shifting
to
describe
a
feeling
of
pleasure
.
adjective
-
happy
,
happier
,
happiest
willing
and
ready
to
do
something
•
The
receptionist
was
happy
to
answer
all
my
questions
.
The
receptionist
was
happy
to
answer
all
my
questions
.
•
I
am
happy
to
lend
you
my
notes
for
the
exam
.
I
am
happy
to
lend
you
my
notes
for
the
exam
.
Extension
of
the
emotional
sense
to
describe
readiness
around
the
mid-19th
century
.
adjective
-
happy
,
happier
,
happiest
resulting
in
a
good
or
lucky
outcome
•
It
was
a
happy
coincidence
that
we
both
booked
the
same
flight
.
It
was
a
happy
coincidence
that
we
both
booked
the
same
flight
.
•
The
engineers
made
a
happy
discovery
when
the
new
material
was
stronger
than
expected
.
The
engineers
made
a
happy
discovery
when
the
new
material
was
stronger
than
expected
.
Original
14th-century
meaning
of
‘
happy
’
was
‘
lucky
’
or
‘
favored
by
fortune
’.
hair
noun
-
hair
the
fine
,
thread-like
strands
that
grow
from
the
skin
of
humans
and
many
animals
•
She
brushed
her
hair
until
it
looked
smooth
and
shiny
.
She
brushed
her
hair
until
it
looked
smooth
and
shiny
.
•
The
dog
’
s
shedding
hair
covered
the
couch
after
it
took
a
nap
.
The
dog
’
s
shedding
hair
covered
the
couch
after
it
took
a
nap
.
Old
English
hǣr
,
related
to
German
Haar
and
Dutch
haar
.
noun
a
single
strand
of
hair
•
I
found
a
long
hair
in
my
soup
and
sent
it
back
.
I
found
a
long
hair
in
my
soup
and
sent
it
back
.
•
There
are
a
few
gray
hairs
starting
to
show
in
his
beard
.
There
are
a
few
gray
hairs
starting
to
show
in
his
beard
.
half
noun
-
half
,
halves
one
of
two
equal
parts
of
something
;
50
percent
of
a
whole
•
I
ate
half
of
the
pizza
and
saved
the
rest
for
later
.
I
ate
half
of
the
pizza
and
saved
the
rest
for
later
.
•
Only
half
of
the
seats
in
the
theater
were
taken
.
Only
half
of
the
seats
in
the
theater
were
taken
.
Old
English
healf
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*halbaz
"
side
,
part
,
half
."
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
show
an
amount
equal
to
50
percent
of
something
•
Half
the
cake
was
gone
by
morning
.
Half
the
cake
was
gone
by
morning
.
•
I
waited
for
half
an
hour
before
the
bus
arrived
.
I
waited
for
half
an
hour
before
the
bus
arrived
.
adjective
equal
to
or
consisting
of
one
of
two
equal
parts
•
She
poured
a
half
cup
of
sugar
into
the
bowl
.
She
poured
a
half
cup
of
sugar
into
the
bowl
.
•
The
store
is
having
a
half
price
sale
this
weekend
.
The
store
is
having
a
half
price
sale
this
weekend
.
noun
-
half
,
halves
one
of
two
equal
parts
of
something
•
She
cut
the
apple
in
half
so
they
could
share
.
She
cut
the
apple
in
half
so
they
could
share
.
•
The
soccer
match
was
tied
at
the
end
of
the
first
half
.
The
soccer
match
was
tied
at
the
end
of
the
first
half
.
Old
English
"
healf
",
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
German
"
halb
".
adjective
equal
to
or
covering
50
percent
of
something
•
They
bought
a
half
loaf
of
bread
for
lunch
.
They
bought
a
half
loaf
of
bread
for
lunch
.
•
The
shop
is
offering
half
price
tickets
today
.
The
shop
is
offering
half
price
tickets
today
.
Same
origin
as
the
noun
sense
,
Old
English
"
healf
".
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
mean
an
amount
equal
to
50
percent
•
I
need
half
a
liter
of
milk
for
the
recipe
.
I
need
half
a
liter
of
milk
for
the
recipe
.
•
It
takes
half
the
time
if
you
travel
by
train
.
It
takes
half
the
time
if
you
travel
by
train
.
Extension
of
noun
sense
,
appearing
before
nouns
from
Middle
English
onward
.
adverb
partly
;
not
completely
•
He
was
half
asleep
when
the
phone
rang
.
He
was
half
asleep
when
the
phone
rang
.
•
The
room
was
half
empty
after
the
guests
left
.
The
room
was
half
empty
after
the
guests
left
.
noun
-
half
,
halves
one
of
the
two
equal
periods
of
play
in
some
sports
games
•
Our
team
scored
twice
in
the
first
half
.
Our
team
scored
twice
in
the
first
half
.
•
The
coach
made
changes
at
half
time
.
The
coach
made
changes
at
half
time
.
adverb
partly
or
to
an
extent
of
about
50
percent
•
The
job
is
only
half
done
.
The
job
is
only
half
done
.
•
He
was
half
asleep
during
the
lecture
.
He
was
half
asleep
during
the
lecture
.
Developed
from
adjectival
use
in
Middle
English
to
modify
verbs
and
adjectives
.
hall
noun
a
large
room
or
separate
building
used
for
public
events
such
as
meetings
,
concerts
,
exhibitions
,
or
sports
•
The
graduation
ceremony
was
held
in
the
town
hall
.
The
graduation
ceremony
was
held
in
the
town
hall
.
•
Fans
cheered
as
the
band
walked
onto
the
concert
hall
stage
.
Fans
cheered
as
the
band
walked
onto
the
concert
hall
stage
.
Old
English
"
heall
",
from
Proto-Germanic
*hallō
,
meaning
a
covered
place
or
roofed
chamber
.
noun
a
narrow
passage
or
corridor
inside
a
building
that
connects
rooms
•
Hang
your
coat
in
the
hall
before
you
come
in
.
Hang
your
coat
in
the
hall
before
you
come
in
.
•
The
bathroom
is
down
the
hall
on
the
left
.
The
bathroom
is
down
the
hall
on
the
left
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
;
extended
in
American
English
to
mean
the
connecting
passage
inside
a
house
.
noun
a
building
or
group
of
buildings
where
university
students
live
and
often
eat
together
•
In
her
first
year
,
Emma
lived
in
hall
close
to
the
library
.
In
her
first
year
,
Emma
lived
in
hall
close
to
the
library
.
•
The
university
hall
serves
breakfast
from
7
a
.
m
.
The
university
hall
serves
breakfast
from
7
a
.
m
.
Sense
developed
at
British
universities
in
the
19th
century
,
referring
to
students
’
communal
living
quarters
.
handle
noun
the
part
of
an
object
that
is
made
for
your
hand
to
hold
,
pull
,
or
turn
•
Mia
pulled
the
handle
and
the
old
wooden
door
creaked
open
.
Mia
pulled
the
handle
and
the
old
wooden
door
creaked
open
.
•
The
suitcase
has
a
broken
handle
,
so
carry
it
from
the
bottom
.
The
suitcase
has
a
broken
handle
,
so
carry
it
from
the
bottom
.
verb
-
handle
,
handling
,
handles
,
handled
to
deal
with
or
take
care
of
something
or
someone
successfully
•
As
team
leader
,
Priya
must
handle
all
customer
complaints
politely
.
As
team
leader
,
Priya
must
handle
all
customer
complaints
politely
.
•
Can
you
handle
the
cooking
while
I
set
the
table
?
Can
you
handle
the
cooking
while
I
set
the
table
?
verb
-
handle
,
handling
,
handles
,
handled
to
touch
,
lift
,
or
move
something
with
your
hands
•
Please
wash
your
hands
before
you
handle
the
newborn
kittens
.
Please
wash
your
hands
before
you
handle
the
newborn
kittens
.
•
Employees
must
wear
gloves
to
handle
chemicals
in
the
lab
.
Employees
must
wear
gloves
to
handle
chemicals
in
the
lab
.
noun
knowledge
or
control
of
something
so
that
you
can
use
or
manage
it
•
After
a
week
,
Maya
finally
got a handle on
the
new
accounting
software
.
After
a
week
,
Maya
finally
got a handle on
the
new
accounting
software
.
•
The
tutorial
gave
me
a
better
handle
on
basic
coding
.
The
tutorial
gave
me
a
better
handle
on
basic
coding
.
noun
a
name
you
choose
to
identify
yourself
on
social
media
,
forums
,
or
online
games
•
"
What
’
s
your
Instagram
handle
?"
asked
the
teenager
.
"
What
’
s
your
Instagram
handle
?"
asked
the
teenager
.
•
He
changed
his
Twitter
handle
after
starting
a
new
business
.
He
changed
his
Twitter
handle
after
starting
a
new
business
.
noun
a
large
bottle
of
liquor
that
holds
about
1
.
75
liters
•
Jake
bought
a
handle
of
vodka
for
the
party
.
Jake
bought
a
handle
of
vodka
for
the
party
.
•
The
store
keeps
the
handles
of
whiskey
behind
the
counter
.
The
store
keeps
the
handles
of
whiskey
behind
the
counter
.
hat
noun
A
piece
of
clothing
that
you
wear
on
your
head
,
often
with
a
brim
,
for
warmth
,
protection
,
or
style
.
•
She
put
on
a
warm
woolen
hat
before
going
outside
.
She
put
on
a
warm
woolen
hat
before
going
outside
.
•
The
cowboy
tipped
his
wide-brimmed
hat
to
greet
the
villagers
.
The
cowboy
tipped
his
wide-brimmed
hat
to
greet
the
villagers
.
From
Old
English
'hæt'
,
related
to
German
'Hut'
and
Dutch
'hoed'
,
all
meaning
a
covering
for
the
head
.
noun
An
informal
way
to
refer
to
a
role
or
job
that
someone
has
,
especially
when
the
same
person
has
several
such
roles
.
•
In
the
morning
he
wears
his
teacher
hat
,
but
in
the
evening
he
puts
on
his
coach
hat
.
In
the
morning
he
wears
his
teacher
hat
,
but
in
the
evening
he
puts
on
his
coach
hat
.
•
Start-up
founders
often
juggle
many
hats
at
once
,
from
marketing
to
accounting
.
Start-up
founders
often
juggle
many
hats
at
once
,
from
marketing
to
accounting
.
Extension
of
the
main
sense
‘
head
covering
’,
invoking
the
idea
of
putting
on
different
hats
for
different
duties
.
verb
-
hat
,
hatting
,
hats
,
hatted
To
put
a
hat
on
someone
or
something
.
•
The
doorman
politely
hatted
the
guest
before
she
entered
the
gala
.
The
doorman
politely
hatted
the
guest
before
she
entered
the
gala
.
•
Victorian
butlers
would
sometimes
hat
their
employers
’
statues
for
festive
occasions
.
Victorian
butlers
would
sometimes
hat
their
employers
’
statues
for
festive
occasions
.
Verbal
use
formed
from
the
noun
‘
hat
’,
meaning
to
supply
or
put
on
a
hat
.
noun
In
computing
and
mathematics
,
the
^
symbol
,
also
called
a
caret
,
used
to
show
an
exponent
or
as
a
control
character
.
•
Type
a
hat
between
the
numbers
to
write
2hat3
for
two
to
the
power
of
three
.
Type
a
hat
between
the
numbers
to
write
2hat3
for
two
to
the
power
of
three
.
•
The
command
uses
the
control
hat
to
indicate
the
shortcut
.
The
command
uses
the
control
hat
to
indicate
the
shortcut
.
Name
comes
from
the
small
pointed
‘
roof
’
shape
that
resembles
a
tiny
hat
above
a
letter
or
number
.
hardly
adverb
almost
not
or
only
just
•
It
was
so
dark
that
I
could
hardly
see
the
road
ahead
of
me
.
It
was
so
dark
that
I
could
hardly
see
the
road
ahead
of
me
.
•
She
was
so
nervous
during
the
presentation
that
she
could
hardly
speak
.
She
was
so
nervous
during
the
presentation
that
she
could
hardly
speak
.
From
Middle
English
"
hardly
"
meaning
"
with
difficulty
,"
formed
from
hard
+
-ly
.
adverb
used
to
emphasize
that
something
is
unreasonable
,
unlikely
,
or
certainly
not
the
case
•
You
can
hardly
expect
them
to
finish
the
entire
project
in
one
day
.
You
can
hardly
expect
them
to
finish
the
entire
project
in
one
day
.
•
She
had
just
arrived
,
so
we
could
hardly
blame
her
for
being
late
.
She
had
just
arrived
,
so
we
could
hardly
blame
her
for
being
late
.
Developed
as
an
emphatic
adverbial
use
of
sense
‘
almost
not
’
in
Early
Modern
English
.
adverb
(
archaic
)
harshly
or
severely
•
The
old
captain
spoke
hardly
to
the
disobedient
sailor
.
The
old
captain
spoke
hardly
to
the
disobedient
sailor
.
•
Peasants
were
treated
hardly
in
those
cruel
times
.
Peasants
were
treated
hardly
in
those
cruel
times
.
Sense
influenced
by
earlier
meaning
‘
with
difficulty
’
and
Old
English
hardlīċe
‘
sternly
’.
habit
noun
something
you
do
regularly
,
often
without
thinking
,
that
can
be
good
or
bad
•
Brushing
his
teeth
every
night
before
bed
is
an
important
habit
.
Brushing
his
teeth
every
night
before
bed
is
an
important
habit
.
•
She
has
a
bad
habit
of
biting
her
nails
whenever
she
feels
nervous
at
work
.
She
has
a
bad
habit
of
biting
her
nails
whenever
she
feels
nervous
at
work
.
From
Latin
‘
habitus
’
meaning
‘
condition
,
appearance
,
demeanor
’
and
later
‘
custom
,
practice
’.
noun
a
long
loose
piece
of
clothing
worn
by
monks
or
nuns
as
a
sign
of
their
religious
order
•
The
monk
’
s
brown
habit
brushed
the
stone
floor
as
he
walked
through
the
cloister
.
The
monk
’
s
brown
habit
brushed
the
stone
floor
as
he
walked
through
the
cloister
.
•
During
the
ceremony
,
she
received
the
white
habit
of
her
order
and
took
her
final
vows
.
During
the
ceremony
,
she
received
the
white
habit
of
her
order
and
took
her
final
vows
.
Medieval
use
extended
the
Latin
idea
of
‘
outward
condition
’
to
describe
the
distinctive
clothing
of
religious
life
.
noun
a
special
suit
of
clothes
worn
for
a
particular
activity
,
especially
a
woman
’
s
fitted
outfit
for
horse
riding
•
She
looked
elegant
in
her
navy
riding
habit
as
she
guided
the
horse
over
the
jump
.
She
looked
elegant
in
her
navy
riding
habit
as
she
guided
the
horse
over
the
jump
.
•
Victorian
photographs
often
show
ladies
wearing
long
skirts
as
part
of
their
riding
habits
.
Victorian
photographs
often
show
ladies
wearing
long
skirts
as
part
of
their
riding
habits
.
By
the
17th
century
, ‘
habit
’
broadened
to
mean
any
distinctive
clothing
for
an
activity
,
such
as
riding
.
noun
the
typical
form
or
growth
pattern
of
a
plant
,
animal
,
or
mineral
•
This
cactus
has
a
columnar
habit
that
allows
it
to
store
water
efficiently
.
This
cactus
has
a
columnar
habit
that
allows
it
to
store
water
efficiently
.
•
Botanists
classify
trees
by
leaf
shape
,
bark
texture
,
and
overall
habit
.
Botanists
classify
trees
by
leaf
shape
,
bark
texture
,
and
overall
habit
.
Scientific
writers
applied
‘
habit
’
to
plants
in
the
late
18th
century
to
describe
their
general
appearance
and
way
of
growing
.
happiness
noun
-
happiness
the
feeling
or
state
of
pleasure
,
contentment
,
or
joy
•
Spending
time
with
her
family
brings
her
great
happiness
.
Spending
time
with
her
family
brings
her
great
happiness
.
•
The
puppy's
excited
tail
wagging
was
a
picture
of
pure
happiness
.
The
puppy's
excited
tail
wagging
was
a
picture
of
pure
happiness
.
Formed
from
the
adjective
"
happy
"
+
the
noun-forming
suffix
"
-ness
"
in
Middle
English
.
noun
-
happiness
good
luck
or
fortunate
circumstances
(
archaic
)
•
The
sailors
drank
ale
and
wished
happiness
upon
their
voyage
.
The
sailors
drank
ale
and
wished
happiness
upon
their
voyage
.
•
The
villagers
prayed
for
the
king
’
s
happiness
before
the
battle
began
.
The
villagers
prayed
for
the
king
’
s
happiness
before
the
battle
began
.
In
early
modern
English
, "
happiness
"
often
meant
good
fortune
or
prosperity
,
a
sense
now
mostly
obsolete
.
harm
noun
-
harm
damage
,
injury
,
or
any
bad
effect
that
happens
to
a
person
,
animal
,
or
thing
•
The
doctor
said
the
fall
caused
no
serious
harm
.
The
doctor
said
the
fall
caused
no
serious
harm
.
•
Smoking
can
do
a
lot
of
harm
to
your
lungs
.
Smoking
can
do
a
lot
of
harm
to
your
lungs
.
Old
English
hearm
“
injury
,
grief
,
pain
,”
of
Germanic
origin
;
related
to
Old
High
German
harm
“
insult
,
shame
.”
verb
to
damage
,
injure
,
or
have
a
bad
effect
on
someone
or
something
•
Too
much
sun
can
harm
your
skin
.
Too
much
sun
can
harm
your
skin
.
•
She
would
never
harm
an
animal
.
She
would
never
harm
an
animal
.
Old
English
hearmian
“
to
hurt
,
damage
,”
derived
from
the
noun
hearm
.
handful
noun
the
amount
of
something
that
you
can
hold
in
one
hand
•
She
scooped
a
handful
of
sand
and
let
it
run
through
her
fingers
.
She
scooped
a
handful
of
sand
and
let
it
run
through
her
fingers
.
•
Add
a
handful
of
nuts
to
the
salad
for
extra
crunch
.
Add
a
handful
of
nuts
to
the
salad
for
extra
crunch
.
noun
a
very
small
number
of
people
or
things
•
Only
a
handful
of
guests
showed
up
because
of
the
storm
.
Only
a
handful
of
guests
showed
up
because
of
the
storm
.
•
There
are
just
a
handful
of
cookies
left
in
the
tin
.
There
are
just
a
handful
of
cookies
left
in
the
tin
.
noun
a
person
,
child
,
or
animal
who
is
difficult
to
control
or
deal
with
•
Their
puppy
is
cute
,
but
he's
quite
a
handful
when
visitors
arrive
.
Their
puppy
is
cute
,
but
he's
quite
a
handful
when
visitors
arrive
.
•
The
twins
can
be
a
handful
for
their
grandparents
.
The
twins
can
be
a
handful
for
their
grandparents
.
hardware
noun
-
hardware
tools
,
small
metal
items
,
and
other
equipment
used
for
building
,
repairing
,
or
making
things
•
Ben
went
to
the
store
to
buy
hardware
like
nails
and
hinges
for
the
new
bookshelf
.
Ben
went
to
the
store
to
buy
hardware
like
nails
and
hinges
for
the
new
bookshelf
.
•
The
toolbox
was
full
of
rusty
hardware
that
had
belonged
to
her
grandfather
.
The
toolbox
was
full
of
rusty
hardware
that
had
belonged
to
her
grandfather
.
From
hard
+
ware
,
originally
referring
to
metal
goods
sold
by
tradesmen
(
17th
century
).
noun
-
hardware
the
physical
parts
of
a
computer
or
electronic
system
,
such
as
the
processor
,
memory
,
and
circuit
boards
,
as
opposed
to
software
•
Before
installing
the
game
,
he
checked
whether
his
laptop
’
s
hardware
met
the
requirements
.
Before
installing
the
game
,
he
checked
whether
his
laptop
’
s
hardware
met
the
requirements
.
•
Upgrading
the
hardware
dramatically
sped
up
the
startup
time
of
the
office
computers
.
Upgrading
the
hardware
dramatically
sped
up
the
startup
time
of
the
office
computers
.
Extended
from
the
general
sense
of
tools
to
electronic
parts
in
the
mid-20th
century
,
reflecting
the
rise
of
computing
.
noun
-
hardware
informal
:
trophies
,
medals
,
or
other
awards
won
in
sports
or
competitions
•
The
star
athlete
’
s
shelf
is
crowded
with
shiny
hardware
from
past
championships
.
The
star
athlete
’
s
shelf
is
crowded
with
shiny
hardware
from
past
championships
.
•
Our
robotics
team
brought
home
more
hardware
than
any
other
school
.
Our
robotics
team
brought
home
more
hardware
than
any
other
school
.
Sportswriters
began
using
hardware
for
trophies
in
the
mid-20th
century
,
likening
shiny
metal
awards
to
the
metal
goods
sold
in
hardware
stores
.
noun
-
hardware
military
weapons
and
large
equipment
used
in
warfare
•
The
general
inspected
the
latest
hardware
before
approving
the
mission
.
The
general
inspected
the
latest
hardware
before
approving
the
mission
.
•
Modern
armies
invest
billions
in
advanced
hardware
like
drones
and
missile
systems
.
Modern
armies
invest
billions
in
advanced
hardware
like
drones
and
missile
systems
.
First
used
figuratively
for
weaponry
in
the
20th
century
by
journalists
covering
wars
.
that
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
show
you
mean
a
specific
person
,
place
,
thing
,
or
idea
that
is
not
near
you
now
or
is
already
known
to
the
speaker
and
listener
•
Could
you
pass
me
that
book
on
the
shelf
?
Could
you
pass
me
that
book
on
the
shelf
?
•
Do
you
remember
that
rainy
day
in
June
?
Do
you
remember
that
rainy
day
in
June
?
pronoun
used
to
refer
to
a
specific
person
,
thing
,
idea
,
or
situation
that
is
not
near
you
or
has
just
been
mentioned
•
That
is
my
favorite
painting
in
the
gallery
.
That
is
my
favorite
painting
in
the
gallery
.
•
I
don't
believe
that
is
a
good
solution
.
I
don't
believe
that
is
a
good
solution
.
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
point
to
a
specific
person
,
thing
,
or
idea
that
is
farther
away
in
space
or
time
,
or
that
has
just
been
mentioned
•
Could
you
pass
me
that
book
on
the
top
shelf
?
Could
you
pass
me
that
book
on
the
top
shelf
?
•
Look
at
that
dog
chasing
its
tail
in
the
yard
.
Look
at
that
dog
chasing
its
tail
in
the
yard
.
Old
English
þæt
,
neuter
form
of
the
demonstrative
pronoun
**se**
(“
the
,
that
”),
from
Proto-Germanic
*that/*tat
.
pronoun
used
to
refer
to
a
person
,
thing
,
idea
,
or
situation
that
is
farther
away
in
space
or
time
,
or
that
has
just
been
mentioned
•
What
’
s
that
in
your
hand
?
What
’
s
that
in
your
hand
?
•
I
don
’
t
like
that
;
it
’
s
too
salty
.
I
don
’
t
like
that
;
it
’
s
too
salty
.
Same
origin
as
the
demonstrative
determiner
:
Old
English
þæt
.
determiner
used
to
point
to
a
specific
person
,
thing
,
or
idea
that
is
farther
away
from
the
speaker
or
has
already
been
mentioned
•
Could
you
hand
me
that
pencil
on
the
shelf
?
Could
you
hand
me
that
pencil
on
the
shelf
?
•
Look
at
that
mountain
in
the
distance
.
Look
at
that
mountain
in
the
distance
.
pronoun
used
to
refer
to
a
person
,
thing
,
idea
,
or
situation
that
has
just
been
mentioned
or
is
understood
from
context
•
I
lost
my
ticket
and
that
really
ruined
my
day
.
I
lost
my
ticket
and
that
really
ruined
my
day
.
•
Do
you
see
the
blue
house
?
That
is
where
I
grew
up
.
Do
you
see
the
blue
house
?
That
is
where
I
grew
up
.
pronoun
used
after
a
noun
to
introduce
a
clause
that
gives
more
information
about
the
person
or
thing
just
mentioned
•
The
dress
that
she
bought
is
beautiful
.
The
dress
that
she
bought
is
beautiful
.
•
I
finally
watched
the
movie
that
everyone
was
talking
about
.
I
finally
watched
the
movie
that
everyone
was
talking
about
.
conjunction
used
to
introduce
a
clause
giving
more
information
,
often
after
verbs
like
say
,
think
,
or
know
•
I
think
that
we
should
leave
early
.
I
think
that
we
should
leave
early
.
•
He
promised
that
he
would
call
me
.
He
promised
that
he
would
call
me
.
Developed
in
Middle
English
from
earlier
demonstrative
uses
to
mark
subordinate
clauses
.
conjunction
used
to
introduce
a
clause
which
reports
speech
or
thoughts
,
gives
a
reason
,
or
shows
result
•
He
said
that
he
would
arrive
by
noon
.
He
said
that
he
would
arrive
by
noon
.
•
It's
important
that
you
listen
carefully
.
It's
important
that
you
listen
carefully
.
adverb
used
before
an
adjective
,
adverb
,
much
,
or
many
to
mean
‘
so
’, ‘
very
’,
or
‘
to
such
a
degree
’.
•
It
isn't
that
cold
today
.
It
isn't
that
cold
today
.
•
I
didn't
expect
the
ticket
to
cost
that
much
.
I
didn't
expect
the
ticket
to
cost
that
much
.
pronoun
used
after
a
noun
to
introduce
a
clause
giving
essential
information
about
the
noun
(
relative
pronoun
)
•
The
cake
that
she
baked
was
delicious
.
The
cake
that
she
baked
was
delicious
.
•
Show
me
the
picture
that
you
took
yesterday
.
Show
me
the
picture
that
you
took
yesterday
.
From
the
same
Old
English
demonstrative
,
extended
to
relative
clause
use
in
Middle
English
.
adverb
used
before
an
adjective
or
adverb
to
mean
‘
to
such
a
degree
’
•
The
test
wasn
’
t
that
difficult
.
The
test
wasn
’
t
that
difficult
.
•
I
didn
’
t
know
she
was
that
famous
.
I
didn
’
t
know
she
was
that
famous
.
Adverbial
degree
sense
arose
in
the
16th
century
from
earlier
demonstrative
uses
.
conjunction
introduces
a
clause
that
gives
more
information
,
reports
speech
,
or
explains
a
fact
,
reason
,
or
result
•
I
know
that
you
tried
your
best
.
I
know
that
you
tried
your
best
.
•
It
’
s
important
that
everyone
arrives
on
time
.
It
’
s
important
that
everyone
arrives
on
time
.
adverb
to
the
degree
or
extent
mentioned
•
The
soup
isn't
that
hot
,
so
you
can
eat
it
now
.
The
soup
isn't
that
hot
,
so
you
can
eat
it
now
.
•
I
didn't
expect
the
test
to
be
that
difficult
.
I
didn't
expect
the
test
to
be
that
difficult
.
what
pronoun
used
to
ask
for
information
about
something
when
you
do
not
know
its
identity
,
nature
,
or
value
•
What
is
your
favorite
color
?
What
is
your
favorite
color
?
•
What
did
you
have
for
breakfast
this
morning
?
What
did
you
have
for
breakfast
this
morning
?
Old
English
hwæt
,
from
Proto-Germanic
*hwat
.
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
ask
which
person
,
thing
,
or
kind
is
meant
•
What
time
is
it
?
What
time
is
it
?
•
What
movie
do
you
want
to
watch
tonight
?
What
movie
do
you
want
to
watch
tonight
?
Same
origin
as
the
interrogative
pronoun
.
pronoun
the
thing
or
things
that
;
that
which
•
Take
what
you
need
and
leave
the
rest
.
Take
what
you
need
and
leave
the
rest
.
•
He
got
exactly
what
he
deserved
.
He
got
exactly
what
he
deserved
.
Developed
from
Old
English
usage
of
hwæt
meaning
“
that
which
.”
interjection
used
to
express
surprise
,
disbelief
,
or
to
ask
someone
to
repeat
something
•
"
What
!
You
already
finished
the
puzzle
?"
"
What
!
You
already
finished
the
puzzle
?"
•
What
?
I
can
’
t
hear
you
over
the
music
!
What
?
I
can
’
t
hear
you
over
the
music
!
Interjective
use
recorded
since
the
1300s
,
originally
as
an
exclamation
of
surprise
.
than
conjunction
used
to
introduce
the
second
person
,
thing
,
or
idea
in
a
comparison
•
Mia
runs
faster
than
her
brother
during
races
.
Mia
runs
faster
than
her
brother
during
races
.
•
The
cake
tasted
better
than
I
expected
.
The
cake
tasted
better
than
I
expected
.
preposition
used
after
a
comparative
adjective
or
adverb
to
introduce
the
thing
being
compared
•
She
likes
swimming
more
than
me
.
She
likes
swimming
more
than
me
.
•
This
smartphone
is
lighter
than
the
old
model
.
This
smartphone
is
lighter
than
the
old
model
.
conjunction
Used
after
a
comparative
word
to
introduce
the
second
person
,
thing
,
group
,
or
idea
being
compared
.
•
The
blue
car
is
faster
than
the
red
one
.
The
blue
car
is
faster
than
the
red
one
.
•
Ben
saved
more
money
than
his
sister
did
.
Ben
saved
more
money
than
his
sister
did
.
Old
English
þonne
,
ðan
—
originally
the
accusative
of
a
demonstrative
pronoun
related
to
"
that
."
preposition
Used
after
a
comparative
word
before
a
noun
or
pronoun
to
show
the
person
,
thing
,
group
,
or
idea
being
compared
.
•
Ella
is
taller
than
me
.
Ella
is
taller
than
me
.
•
He
enjoys
chess
more
than
video
games
.
He
enjoys
chess
more
than
video
games
.
Old
English
þonne
,
ðan
,
later
specialized
as
a
comparative
preposition
.
thank
verb
-
thank
,
thanking
,
thanks
,
thanked
to
tell
someone
that
you
are
grateful
for
something
they
have
done
,
given
,
or
said
•
Remember
to
thank
the
bus
driver
when
you
get
off
.
Remember
to
thank
the
bus
driver
when
you
get
off
.
•
He
wrote
a
short
note
to
thank
his
teacher
for
her
help
.
He
wrote
a
short
note
to
thank
his
teacher
for
her
help
.
From
Old
English
‘
þancian
’
meaning
‘
to
give
thanks
’,
related
to
‘
þanc
’ (
thought
,
gratitude
);
cognate
with
German
‘
danken
’.
change
noun
coins
or
small
amounts
of
money
given
back
after
paying
more
than
the
amount
due
•
Here
’
s
your
change
—
three
dollars
and
fifty
cents
.
Here
’
s
your
change
—
three
dollars
and
fifty
cents
.
•
I
don't
have
enough
change
for
the
parking
meter
.
I
don't
have
enough
change
for
the
parking
meter
.
verb
-
change
,
changing
,
changes
,
changed
to
make
someone
or
something
different
from
what
they
were
before
•
Julia
decided
to
change
the
color
of
her
bedroom
walls
to
yellow
.
Julia
decided
to
change
the
color
of
her
bedroom
walls
to
yellow
.
•
The
company
plans
to
change
its
logo
next
year
.
The
company
plans
to
change
its
logo
next
year
.
verb
-
change
,
changing
,
changes
,
changed
to
become
different
•
Leaves
change
from
green
to
red
in
the
autumn
.
Leaves
change
from
green
to
red
in
the
autumn
.
•
His
attitude
began
to
change
after
he
met
new
friends
.
His
attitude
began
to
change
after
he
met
new
friends
.
verb
-
change
,
changing
,
changes
,
changed
to
take
off
one
set
of
clothes
,
diapers
,
or
other
used
things
and
put
on
or
install
fresh
ones
•
The
baby
started
crying
,
so
Maria
hurried
to
change
his
diaper
.
The
baby
started
crying
,
so
Maria
hurried
to
change
his
diaper
.
•
After
the
game
,
the
players
changed
their
sweaty
jerseys
for
clean
ones
.
After
the
game
,
the
players
changed
their
sweaty
jerseys
for
clean
ones
.
noun
the
act
or
result
of
something
becoming
different
•
There
has
been
a
big
change
in
the
city
’
s
skyline
.
There
has
been
a
big
change
in
the
city
’
s
skyline
.
•
Moving
to
a
new
school
was
a
huge
change
for
Lily
.
Moving
to
a
new
school
was
a
huge
change
for
Lily
.
noun
the
money
you
get
back
when
you
pay
more
than
the
price
of
something
•
I
gave
the
cashier
ten
dollars
and
got
two
dollars
in
change
.
I
gave
the
cashier
ten
dollars
and
got
two
dollars
in
change
.
•
Don
’
t
forget
your
change
before
you
leave
the
counter
.
Don
’
t
forget
your
change
before
you
leave
the
counter
.
noun
coins
or
small
notes
that
you
use
to
pay
small
amounts
of
money
•
Do
you
have
any
change
for
the
parking
meter
?
Do
you
have
any
change
for
the
parking
meter
?
•
He
shook
the
vending
machine
because
it
ate
his
change
.
He
shook
the
vending
machine
because
it
ate
his
change
.
verb
-
change
,
changing
,
changes
,
changed
to
become
different
,
or
to
make
someone
or
something
different
•
After
moving
to
the
city
,
Mia
decided
to
change
her
daily
routine
and
start
jogging
before
work
.
After
moving
to
the
city
,
Mia
decided
to
change
her
daily
routine
and
start
jogging
before
work
.
•
The
leaves
change
color
in
autumn
,
turning
bright
red
and
gold
.
The
leaves
change
color
in
autumn
,
turning
bright
red
and
gold
.
verb
-
change
,
changing
,
changes
,
changed
to
replace
one
thing
with
another
of
the
same
kind
,
especially
money
,
tickets
,
seats
,
or
trains
•
Could
you
change
this
ten-dollar
bill
into
smaller
coins
,
please
?
Could
you
change
this
ten-dollar
bill
into
smaller
coins
,
please
?
•
At
the
station
,
we
have
to
change
trains
for
London
.
At
the
station
,
we
have
to
change
trains
for
London
.
verb
-
change
,
changing
,
changes
,
changed
to
put
on
fresh
clothes
,
diapers
,
bandages
,
etc
.
•
After
getting
soaked
in
the
rain
,
Luis
changed
into
dry
clothes
.
After
getting
soaked
in
the
rain
,
Luis
changed
into
dry
clothes
.
•
It's
time
to
change
the
baby's
diaper
.
It's
time
to
change
the
baby's
diaper
.
noun
the
act
,
process
,
or
result
of
becoming
different
•
The
city
has
undergone
a
lot
of
change
in
the
last
decade
.
The
city
has
undergone
a
lot
of
change
in
the
last
decade
.
•
Climate
change
poses
a
serious
threat
to
wildlife
.
Climate
change
poses
a
serious
threat
to
wildlife
.
perhaps
adverb
used
to
express
that
something
might
be
true
or
might
happen
,
but
you
are
not
certain
•
Perhaps
it
will
stop
raining
by
afternoon
,
and
we
can
have
the
picnic
.
Perhaps
it
will
stop
raining
by
afternoon
,
and
we
can
have
the
picnic
.
•
She
hasn't
arrived
yet
—
Perhaps
she
missed
the
bus
.
She
hasn't
arrived
yet
—
Perhaps
she
missed
the
bus
.
Middle
English
peraventure
and
perhap
(
en
)
were
blended
into
perhaps
in
the
16th
century
,
from
Anglo-French
per
aventure
“
by
chance
.”
adverb
used
to
make
a
suggestion
or
request
in
a
polite
,
gentle
way
•
Perhaps
you
could
close
the
window
;
it's
getting
cold
in
here
.
Perhaps
you
could
close
the
window
;
it's
getting
cold
in
here
.
•
Perhaps
we
should
take
a
break
and
have
some
coffee
.
Perhaps
we
should
take
a
break
and
have
some
coffee
.
thanks
noun
words
that
show
you
feel
grateful
to
someone
•
We
sent
our
heartfelt
thanks
to
everyone
who
donated
.
We
sent
our
heartfelt
thanks
to
everyone
who
donated
.
•
The
coach
offered
his
sincere
thanks
after
the
team
’
s
first
win
.
The
coach
offered
his
sincere
thanks
after
the
team
’
s
first
win
.
From
plural
of
the
Old
English
noun
þanc
meaning
‘
thought
,
goodwill
,
gratitude
’.
Over
time
, ‘
thanks
’
became
the
standard
plural-only
form
for
expressing
gratitude
.
interjection
used
to
tell
someone
you
are
grateful
for
something
•
Thanks
for
helping
me
carry
these
boxes
!
Thanks
for
helping
me
carry
these
boxes
!
•
Thanks
,
that
’
s
just
what
I
needed
.
Thanks
,
that
’
s
just
what
I
needed
.
Shortened
form
of
the
plural
noun
‘
thanks
’,
used
as
an
interjection
since
the
17th
century
.
share
verb
-
share
,
sharing
,
shares
,
shared
to
give
part
of
something
you
have
to
someone
else
so
you
both
can
use
or
enjoy
it
•
Lena
offered
to
share
her
crayons
with
the
new
boy
in
class
.
Lena
offered
to
share
her
crayons
with
the
new
boy
in
class
.
•
Can
we
share
the
last
slice
of
pizza
equally
?
Can
we
share
the
last
slice
of
pizza
equally
?
Old
English
“
scearu
”
meaning
a
division
or
cutting
,
later
evolving
into
the
verb
sense
of
dividing
what
one
has
.
verb
-
share
,
sharing
,
shares
,
shared
to
have
or
use
something
together
with
another
person
at
the
same
time
•
Max
and
Joel
share
a
small
apartment
near
the
university
.
Max
and
Joel
share
a
small
apartment
near
the
university
.
•
During
the
festival
,
the
villagers
shared
one
long
wooden
table
for
the
evening
meal
.
During
the
festival
,
the
villagers
shared
one
long
wooden
table
for
the
evening
meal
.
noun
a
part
of
something
that
has
been
divided
between
people
•
Each
child
received
an
equal
share
of
the
cake
.
Each
child
received
an
equal
share
of
the
cake
.
•
I
paid
my
share
of
the
rent
on
time
.
I
paid
my
share
of
the
rent
on
time
.
noun
a
part
of
something
that
belongs
to
or
is
used
by
a
particular
person
or
group
•
After
the
picnic
,
every
friend
packed
up
his
share
of
the
leftovers
.
After
the
picnic
,
every
friend
packed
up
his
share
of
the
leftovers
.
•
Lina
felt
she
had
done
more
than
her
fair
share
of
the
household
chores
.
Lina
felt
she
had
done
more
than
her
fair
share
of
the
household
chores
.
verb
-
share
,
sharing
,
shares
,
shared
to
divide
something
with
someone
so
that
each
person
gets
part
of
it
or
can
use
it
together
•
The
twins
happily
share
a
bedroom
.
The
twins
happily
share
a
bedroom
.
•
Could
you
share
your
umbrella
with
me
while
it
’
s
raining
?
Could
you
share
your
umbrella
with
me
while
it
’
s
raining
?
verb
-
share
,
sharing
,
shares
,
shared
to
tell
someone
about
your
thoughts
,
feelings
,
or
information
•
I
decided
to
share
my
worries
with
my
best
friend
.
I
decided
to
share
my
worries
with
my
best
friend
.
•
The
teacher
encouraged
the
students
to
share
their
ideas
openly
.
The
teacher
encouraged
the
students
to
share
their
ideas
openly
.
verb
-
share
,
sharing
,
shares
,
shared
to
send
or
post
something
online
so
that
other
people
can
see
or
use
it
•
Please
share
the
photo
from
the
concert
on
the
group
chat
.
Please
share
the
photo
from
the
concert
on
the
group
chat
.
•
She
shared
the
article
on
social
media
to
raise
awareness
.
She
shared
the
article
on
social
media
to
raise
awareness
.
verb
-
share
,
sharing
,
shares
,
shared
to
tell
someone
about
your
ideas
,
feelings
,
or
information
•
He
decided
to
share
his
secret
with
his
best
friend
.
He
decided
to
share
his
secret
with
his
best
friend
.
•
Thank
you
for
sharing
your
experience
with
the
class
.
Thank
you
for
sharing
your
experience
with
the
class
.
noun
one
of
the
equal
parts
into
which
the
ownership
of
a
company
is
divided
,
often
traded
on
the
stock
market
•
She
bought
100
shares
in
the
tech
company
.
She
bought
100
shares
in
the
tech
company
.
•
The
value
of
his
shares
doubled
in
two
years
.
The
value
of
his
shares
doubled
in
two
years
.
noun
one
of
the
equal
parts
into
which
a
company
’
s
ownership
is
divided
and
that
can
be
bought
or
sold
•
Maria
bought
ten
shares
in
a
new
technology
company
.
Maria
bought
ten
shares
in
a
new
technology
company
.
•
The
value
of
each
share
doubled
within
a
year
.
The
value
of
each
share
doubled
within
a
year
.
verb
-
share
,
sharing
,
shares
,
shared
to
post
or
forward
content
on
social
media
or
the
internet
so
that
other
people
can
see
it
•
She
shared
a
funny
video
on
her
timeline
.
She
shared
a
funny
video
on
her
timeline
.
•
Please
don
’
t
share
my
photo
without
permission
.
Please
don
’
t
share
my
photo
without
permission
.
chance
noun
the
possibility
that
something
will
happen
,
especially
when
you
are
not
completely
sure
•
There
is
a
good
chance
it
will
snow
tonight
.
There
is
a
good
chance
it
will
snow
tonight
.
•
The
team
still
has
a
chance
to
win
if
they
keep
trying
.
The
team
still
has
a
chance
to
win
if
they
keep
trying
.
noun
an
opportunity
to
do
or
get
something
•
Please
give
me
a
chance
to
finish
my
sentence
.
Please
give
me
a
chance
to
finish
my
sentence
.
•
This
internship
is
a
great
chance
for
you
to
learn
.
This
internship
is
a
great
chance
for
you
to
learn
.
noun
-
chance
luck
or
the
way
things
happen
without
planning
or
control
•
By
pure
chance
,
our
trains
arrived
at
the
same
time
.
By
pure
chance
,
our
trains
arrived
at
the
same
time
.
•
It
was
chance
that
my
phone
survived
the
fall
.
It
was
chance
that
my
phone
survived
the
fall
.
verb
-
chance
,
chancing
,
chances
,
chanced
to
do
something
even
though
it
might
fail
or
be
dangerous
;
to
risk
•
I
wouldn't
chance
driving
without
snow
tires
today
.
I
wouldn't
chance
driving
without
snow
tires
today
.
•
She
decided
to
chance
a
look
inside
the
abandoned
house
.
She
decided
to
chance
a
look
inside
the
abandoned
house
.
verb
-
chance
,
chancing
,
chances
,
chanced
to
happen
to
do
something
or
meet
someone
by
accident
,
without
planning
•
We
chanced
upon
a
beautiful
waterfall
during
our
hike
.
We
chanced
upon
a
beautiful
waterfall
during
our
hike
.
•
If
you
chance
to
see
Maya
,
tell
her
I
called
.
If
you
chance
to
see
Maya
,
tell
her
I
called
.
adjective
happening
unexpectedly
or
without
being
planned
•
A
chance
meeting
led
them
to
become
business
partners
.
A
chance
meeting
led
them
to
become
business
partners
.
•
He
found
the
old
photo
in
a
chance
discovery
while
cleaning
.
He
found
the
old
photo
in
a
chance
discovery
while
cleaning
.
character
noun
a
person
,
animal
,
or
other
figure
that
appears
in
a
story
,
play
,
film
,
comic
,
or
game
•
Harry
Potter
is
the
main
character
in
the
famous
book
series
.
Harry
Potter
is
the
main
character
in
the
famous
book
series
.
•
The
video
game
lets
you
create
your
own
character
and
choose
their
skills
.
The
video
game
lets
you
create
your
own
character
and
choose
their
skills
.
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
caractere
,
via
Latin
from
Greek
kharaktēr
‘
engraved
mark
,
symbol
,
imprint
on
the
soul
’.
whatever
pronoun
anything
or
everything
that
;
no
matter
what
thing
•
“
Take
whatever
you
need
from
the
fridge
,”
said
the
older
sister
.
“
Take
whatever
you
need
from
the
fridge
,”
said
the
older
sister
.
•
I'll
support
you
in
whatever
you
decide
.
I'll
support
you
in
whatever
you
decide
.
Formed
from
“
what
”
+
“
ever
,”
first
recorded
in
Middle
English
to
emphasize
the
idea
of
“
any
...
that
.”
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
mean
any
...
that
;
no
matter
which
•
Pick
up
whatever
book
catches
your
eye
.
Pick
up
whatever
book
catches
your
eye
.
•
You
can
wear
whatever
shoes
are
comfortable
.
You
can
wear
whatever
shoes
are
comfortable
.
interjection
used
to
show
indifference
or
that
you
do
not
care
what
happens
or
what
was
said
•
“
You
should
really
tidy
your
room
,”
said
his
mother
. “
Whatever
,”
he
muttered
.
“
You
should
really
tidy
your
room
,”
said
his
mother
. “
Whatever
,”
he
muttered
.
•
“
We
can
go
to
the
beach
or
the
mountains
.” “
Whatever
,
you
decide
,”
she
replied
.
“
We
can
go
to
the
beach
or
the
mountains
.” “
Whatever
,
you
decide
,”
she
replied
.
adverb
at
all
;
of
any
kind
,
used
after
a
negative
for
emphasis
•
He
showed
no
interest
whatever
in
the
project
.
He
showed
no
interest
whatever
in
the
project
.
•
There
was
no
danger
whatever
.
There
was
no
danger
whatever
.
challenge
noun
something
that
is
difficult
and
needs
effort
,
skill
,
or
courage
to
do
•
Climbing
the
high
rock
wall
was
a
big
challenge
for
Mia
.
Climbing
the
high
rock
wall
was
a
big
challenge
for
Mia
.
•
Learning
to
play
the
violin
is
a
real
challenge
,
but
Alex
practices
every
day
.
Learning
to
play
the
violin
is
a
real
challenge
,
but
Alex
practices
every
day
.
From
Old
French
‘
chalenge
’,
later
‘
challenge
’,
from
Latin
‘
calumnia
’
meaning
‘
false
accusation
’,
which
over
time
shifted
to
a
sense
of
calling
someone
to
prove
themselves
.
noun
a
call
or
invitation
to
compete
or
prove
who
is
better
•
The
chess
champion
accepted
the
young
boy's
challenge
to
a
match
.
The
chess
champion
accepted
the
young
boy's
challenge
to
a
match
.
•
Our
school
sent
a
challenge
to
the
neighboring
team
for
a
soccer
game
.
Our
school
sent
a
challenge
to
the
neighboring
team
for
a
soccer
game
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
invite
someone
to
compete
or
try
something
difficult
•
Leo
challenged
his
sister
to
a
game
of
checkers
.
Leo
challenged
his
sister
to
a
game
of
checkers
.
•
The
coach
will
challenge
the
runners
to
beat
their
own
records
.
The
coach
will
challenge
the
runners
to
beat
their
own
records
.
noun
something
difficult
that
needs
skill
,
effort
,
or
courage
to
do
or
understand
•
Climbing
the
steep
cliff
was
a
real
challenge
for
the
young
climbers
.
Climbing
the
steep
cliff
was
a
real
challenge
for
the
young
climbers
.
•
Learning
to
write
Chinese
characters
can
be
a
fun
challenge
for
students
.
Learning
to
write
Chinese
characters
can
be
a
fun
challenge
for
students
.
From
Old
French
chalenge
,
from
Latin
calumnia
‘
accusation
’
noun
an
invitation
or
dare
to
compete
,
fight
,
or
prove
something
•
The
boxer
accepted
the
challenge
to
face
the
world
champion
.
The
boxer
accepted
the
challenge
to
face
the
world
champion
.
•
Our
school
sent
a
football
challenge
to
the
neighboring
school
.
Our
school
sent
a
football
challenge
to
the
neighboring
school
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
say
that
you
doubt
something
is
true
,
fair
,
or
right
and
demand
proof
or
change
•
When
the
bill
seemed
too
high
,
Dad
challenged
the
shop's
total
.
When
the
bill
seemed
too
high
,
Dad
challenged
the
shop's
total
.
•
Scientists
often
challenge
old
ideas
with
new
experiments
.
Scientists
often
challenge
old
ideas
with
new
experiments
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
invite
someone
to
compete
,
fight
,
or
prove
their
ability
•
I
challenge
you
to
a
friendly
game
of
chess
after
dinner
.
I
challenge
you
to
a
friendly
game
of
chess
after
dinner
.
•
The
small
startup
challenged
the
big
company
by
releasing
a
faster
app
.
The
small
startup
challenged
the
big
company
by
releasing
a
faster
app
.
verb
-
challenge
,
challenging
,
challenges
,
challenged
to
question
whether
something
is
correct
,
fair
,
or
legal
and
demand
that
it
be
proven
•
The
lawyer
challenged
the
accuracy
of
the
witness
’
s
testimony
.
The
lawyer
challenged
the
accuracy
of
the
witness
’
s
testimony
.
•
Scientists
often
challenge
old
theories
to
make
new
discoveries
.
Scientists
often
challenge
old
theories
to
make
new
discoveries
.
behavior
noun
the
way
a
person
,
animal
,
or
thing
acts
or
responds
,
especially
toward
others
or
in
a
particular
situation
•
The
teacher
praised
Emma's
polite
behavior
in
class
.
The
teacher
praised
Emma's
polite
behavior
in
class
.
•
The
dog's
excited
behavior
told
us
it
wanted
to
play
.
The
dog's
excited
behavior
told
us
it
wanted
to
play
.
from
behave
+
-ior
,
modelled
on
late
Middle
English
‘
behaviour
’
from
Anglo-French
‘
behaveour
’
behaviour
noun
the
way
a
person
,
animal
,
or
thing
acts
or
responds
,
especially
toward
others
or
in
a
particular
situation
•
His
generous
behaviour
impressed
everyone
at
the
charity
event
.
His
generous
behaviour
impressed
everyone
at
the
charity
event
.
•
Parents
worry
when
their
toddler
shows
aggressive
behaviour
.
Parents
worry
when
their
toddler
shows
aggressive
behaviour
.
late
Middle
English
:
from
Anglo-French
‘
behaveour
’,
based
on
the
verb
‘
behave
’
charge
verb
-
charge
,
charging
,
charges
,
charged
to
ask
someone
to
pay
a
particular
amount
of
money
for
a
product
or
service
•
The
taxi
driver
will
charge
extra
for
heavy
luggage
.
The
taxi
driver
will
charge
extra
for
heavy
luggage
.
•
My
local
café
charges
five
dollars
for
a
latte
.
My
local
café
charges
five
dollars
for
a
latte
.
noun
the
amount
of
money
asked
for
a
product
or
service
•
The
hotel
added
an
extra
charge
for
breakfast
.
The
hotel
added
an
extra
charge
for
breakfast
.
•
What
is
the
monthly
service
charge
for
this
account
?
What
is
the
monthly
service
charge
for
this
account
?
verb
-
charge
,
charging
,
charges
,
charged
to
fill
a
battery
or
device
with
electricity
•
I
need
to
charge
my
phone
before
we
leave
.
I
need
to
charge
my
phone
before
we
leave
.
•
She
charged
the
electric
car
overnight
.
She
charged
the
electric
car
overnight
.
verb
-
charge
,
charging
,
charges
,
charged
to
put
electrical
energy
into
a
battery
or
device
•
I
need
to
charge
my
phone
before
we
leave
.
I
need
to
charge
my
phone
before
we
leave
.
•
The
electrician
told
us
to
charge
the
new
battery
fully
.
The
electrician
told
us
to
charge
the
new
battery
fully
.
verb
-
charge
,
charging
,
charges
,
charged
to
rush
forward
quickly
and
aggressively
,
often
to
attack
or
tackle
•
The
bull
suddenly
charged
at
the
red
flag
.
The
bull
suddenly
charged
at
the
red
flag
.
•
The
soldiers
charged
across
the
field
under
heavy
fire
.
The
soldiers
charged
across
the
field
under
heavy
fire
.
noun
an
official
statement
saying
someone
has
done
something
wrong
or
illegal
•
The
suspect
was
arrested
on
a
charge
of
theft
.
The
suspect
was
arrested
on
a
charge
of
theft
.
•
All
charges
against
her
were
dropped
due
to
lack
of
evidence
.
All
charges
against
her
were
dropped
due
to
lack
of
evidence
.
noun
the
care
or
responsibility
for
someone
or
something
•
The
kindergarten
teacher
watched
over
twenty
little
charges
.
The
kindergarten
teacher
watched
over
twenty
little
charges
.
•
While
my
parents
were
away
,
I
was
in
charge
of
the
house
.
While
my
parents
were
away
,
I
was
in
charge
of
the
house
.
noun
the
money
you
must
pay
for
a
product
or
service
•
The
mechanic
said
the
repair
charge
would
be
fifty
dollars
.
The
mechanic
said
the
repair
charge
would
be
fifty
dollars
.
•
There
is
no
extra
charge
for
delivery
on
weekends
.
There
is
no
extra
charge
for
delivery
on
weekends
.
verb
-
charge
,
charging
,
charges
,
charged
to
ask
someone
to
pay
a
particular
amount
of
money
•
The
taxi
driver
charged
us
ten
dollars
for
the
short
ride
.
The
taxi
driver
charged
us
ten
dollars
for
the
short
ride
.
•
How
much
do
they
charge
to
fix
a
cracked
phone
screen
?
How
much
do
they
charge
to
fix
a
cracked
phone
screen
?
verb
-
charge
,
charging
,
charges
,
charged
to
rush
forward
quickly
toward
something
or
someone
,
often
to
attack
•
The
bull
charged
at
the
red
cloth
.
The
bull
charged
at
the
red
cloth
.
•
Fans
charged
onto
the
field
after
the
final
whistle
.
Fans
charged
onto
the
field
after
the
final
whistle
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
someone
is
responsible
for
•
The
puppies
were
left
in
her
charge
for
the
weekend
.
The
puppies
were
left
in
her
charge
for
the
weekend
.
•
As
camp
leader
,
the
safety
of
the
children
is
your
charge
.
As
camp
leader
,
the
safety
of
the
children
is
your
charge
.
noun
-
charge
the
amount
of
electrical
energy
stored
in
or
on
something
•
The
battery
still
had
enough
charge
to
start
the
car
.
The
battery
still
had
enough
charge
to
start
the
car
.
•
Static
charge
can
build
up
when
you
walk
on
a
carpet
.
Static
charge
can
build
up
when
you
walk
on
a
carpet
.
noun
electric
energy
stored
in
something
or
the
property
of
having
electricity
•
The
battery
still
had
enough
charge
to
power
the
flashlight
.
The
battery
still
had
enough
charge
to
power
the
flashlight
.
•
Static
charge
made
his
hair
stand
on
end
.
Static
charge
made
his
hair
stand
on
end
.
noun
an
official
statement
that
someone
may
have
broken
the
law
•
He
was
arrested
on
a
charge
of
theft
.
He
was
arrested
on
a
charge
of
theft
.
•
The
charges
were
dropped
due
to
lack
of
evidence
.
The
charges
were
dropped
due
to
lack
of
evidence
.
verb
-
charge
,
charging
,
charges
,
charged
to
state
officially
that
someone
may
have
broken
the
law
•
The
police
charged
the
suspect
with
arson
.
The
police
charged
the
suspect
with
arson
.
•
They
were
charged
for
lying
under
oath
.
They
were
charged
for
lying
under
oath
.
shall
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
in
questions
to
politely
suggest
,
offer
,
or
ask
what
the
speaker
and
listener
should
do
•
It's
getting
cold
;
shall
we
go
inside
?
It's
getting
cold
;
shall
we
go
inside
?
•
Shall
I
carry
these
bags
for
you
?
Shall
I
carry
these
bags
for
you
?
Old
English
sceal
,
first-person
singular
of
sculan
“
to
owe
,
be
obliged
to
,”
later
developing
modal
meanings
of
obligation
and
futurity
.
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
in
formal
rules
,
contracts
,
or
laws
to
state
that
something
is
required
or
must
happen
•
All
visitors
shall
sign
the
logbook
upon
arrival
.
All
visitors
shall
sign
the
logbook
upon
arrival
.
•
The
contractor
shall
complete
the
project
by
March
1st
.
The
contractor
shall
complete
the
project
by
March
1st
.
verb
-
shall
,
should
used
especially
in
formal
or
old-fashioned
English
to
express
strong
intention
,
promise
,
or
simple
future
time
•
I
shall
return
before
sunset
.
I
shall
return
before
sunset
.
•
You
shall
have
your
answer
tomorrow
.
You
shall
have
your
answer
tomorrow
.
shake
verb
-
shake
,
shaking
,
shakes
,
shook
,
shaken
to
move
or
be
moved
quickly
back
and
forth
or
up
and
down
•
Before
opening
the
paint
can
,
Julia
shook
it
so
the
colors
would
mix
evenly
.
Before
opening
the
paint
can
,
Julia
shook
it
so
the
colors
would
mix
evenly
.
•
The
gardener
told
me
to
shake
the
tree
gently
to
make
the
ripe
apples
fall
.
The
gardener
told
me
to
shake
the
tree
gently
to
make
the
ripe
apples
fall
.
Old
English
‘
sceacan
’
meaning
‘
to
move
quickly
’,
later
influenced
by
Norse
‘
skaka
’.
verb
-
shake
,
shaking
,
shakes
,
shook
,
shaken
to
tremble
or
shiver
,
especially
because
of
cold
,
fear
,
or
excitement
•
The
baby
penguin
was
shaking
with
cold
on
the
icy
rock
.
The
baby
penguin
was
shaking
with
cold
on
the
icy
rock
.
•
She
could
feel
her
hands
shake
as
she
stepped
onto
the
stage
.
She
could
feel
her
hands
shake
as
she
stepped
onto
the
stage
.
Derived
from
the
same
root
as
the
movement
sense
,
extended
figuratively
to
bodily
trembling
.
verb
-
shake
,
shaking
,
shakes
,
shook
,
shaken
to
clasp
and
move
someone
’
s
hand
up
and
down
as
a
greeting
or
sign
of
agreement
•
At
the
end
of
the
meeting
,
they
stood
up
to
shake
hands
.
At
the
end
of
the
meeting
,
they
stood
up
to
shake
hands
.
•
The
coach
came
over
to
shake
each
player
’
s
hand
after
the
victory
.
The
coach
came
over
to
shake
each
player
’
s
hand
after
the
victory
.
The
gesture
dates
back
to
ancient
cultures
where
showing
an
empty
hand
proved
peaceful
intent
.
noun
a
quick
movement
or
series
of
movements
back
and
forth
or
up
and
down
•
Give
the
dice
a
good
shake
before
you
roll
.
Give
the
dice
a
good
shake
before
you
roll
.
•
The
dog
dried
off
with
a
vigorous
shake
after
its
swim
.
The
dog
dried
off
with
a
vigorous
shake
after
its
swim
.
Same
root
as
the
verb
,
recorded
as
a
noun
meaning
‘
act
of
shaking
’
since
the
15th
century
.
noun
(
informal
)
a
sweet
,
thick
drink
made
by
blending
milk
,
ice
cream
,
and
flavorings
such
as
chocolate
or
fruit
;
short
for
“
milkshake
”.
•
I
ordered
a
chocolate
shake
with
my
burger
.
I
ordered
a
chocolate
shake
with
my
burger
.
•
Their
strawberry
shakes
are
famous
in
this
town
.
Their
strawberry
shakes
are
famous
in
this
town
.
Shortened
form
of
“
milkshake
,”
first
appearing
in
U
.
S
.
menus
in
the
20th
century
.
verb
-
shake
,
shaking
,
shakes
,
shook
,
shaken
to
disturb
or
upset
someone
deeply
,
making
them
feel
shocked
or
less
confident
•
The
sudden
announcement
of
layoffs
shook
the
entire
staff
.
The
sudden
announcement
of
layoffs
shook
the
entire
staff
.
•
The
tragedy
deeply
shook
the
small
community
.
The
tragedy
deeply
shook
the
small
community
.
Metaphorical
extension
from
physical
movement
to
emotional
disturbance
in
the
16th
century
.
chair
noun
a
piece
of
furniture
made
for
one
person
to
sit
on
,
usually
with
a
back
and
four
legs
.
•
Maria
pulled
out
a
chair
and
invited
me
to
sit
.
Maria
pulled
out
a
chair
and
invited
me
to
sit
.
•
The
old
rocking
chair
creaked
softly
on
the
porch
at
sunset
.
The
old
rocking
chair
creaked
softly
on
the
porch
at
sunset
.
Middle
English
chaere
,
from
Old
French
chaiere
,
from
Latin
cathedra
‘
seat
’.
noun
the
person
who
leads
a
meeting
,
committee
,
or
organization
and
keeps
order
.
•
Ms
.
Lee
was
elected
chair
of
the
student
council
.
Ms
.
Lee
was
elected
chair
of
the
student
council
.
•
The
chair
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o
’
clock
.
The
chair
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o
’
clock
.
Transferred
sense
from
‘
seat
’
to
the
person
occupying
the
seat
of
authority
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
to
lead
or
preside
over
a
meeting
,
committee
,
or
organization
.
•
Tomorrow
,
Olivia
will
chair
the
annual
budget
meeting
.
Tomorrow
,
Olivia
will
chair
the
annual
budget
meeting
.
•
He
has
chaired
the
committee
for
over
five
years
.
He
has
chaired
the
committee
for
over
five
years
.
Verbal
use
recorded
since
the
early
19th
century
,
from
the
noun
‘
chair
’
meaning
the
seat
of
authority
.
noun
(
the
chair
)
the
electric
chair
used
for
executing
prisoners
sentenced
to
death
.
•
The
prisoner
was
sentenced
to
the
chair
in
1950
.
The
prisoner
was
sentenced
to
the
chair
in
1950
.
•
Debates
over
the
use
of
the
chair
continue
to
divide
lawmakers
.
Debates
over
the
use
of
the
chair
continue
to
divide
lawmakers
.
Shortened
from
‘
electric
chair
’,
first
used
in
the
late
19th
century
when
electricity
was
introduced
for
capital
punishment
.
noun
a
permanent
professorship
at
a
university
,
often
in
a
specific
subject
.
•
Dr
.
Ahmed
holds
the
chair
of
Physics
at
the
university
.
Dr
.
Ahmed
holds
the
chair
of
Physics
at
the
university
.
•
The
endowment
funded
a
new
chair
in
environmental
law
.
The
endowment
funded
a
new
chair
in
environmental
law
.
From
the
sense
of
an
official
seat
,
extended
in
the
18th
century
to
mean
an
established
professorship
.
exchange
verb
-
exchange
,
exchanging
,
exchanges
,
exchanged
to
give
something
to
someone
and
receive
a
different
thing
from
them
in
return
•
At
the
farmers
’
market
,
a
woman
and
a
man
exchange
a
basket
of
apples
for
a
loaf
of
fresh
bread
.
At
the
farmers
’
market
,
a
woman
and
a
man
exchange
a
basket
of
apples
for
a
loaf
of
fresh
bread
.
•
During
the
gift-swap
game
,
everyone
exchanged
presents
with
a
stranger
.
During
the
gift-swap
game
,
everyone
exchanged
presents
with
a
stranger
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
‘
eschange
’,
based
on
changer
‘
to
change
’.
verb
-
exchange
,
exchanging
,
exchanges
,
exchanged
to
change
money
from
one
currency
into
another
•
You
should
exchange
some
dollars
for
euros
before
traveling
to
Spain
.
You
should
exchange
some
dollars
for
euros
before
traveling
to
Spain
.
•
I
exchanged
my
pounds
for
yen
at
a
better
rate
downtown
.
I
exchanged
my
pounds
for
yen
at
a
better
rate
downtown
.
Extended
financial
sense
developed
in
the
17th
century
as
international
trade
grew
.
noun
the
act
of
giving
one
thing
and
receiving
another
in
return
•
Their
gift
exchange
at
the
party
made
everyone
smile
.
Their
gift
exchange
at
the
party
made
everyone
smile
.
•
The
countries
signed
an
agreement
to
encourage
cultural
exchange
.
The
countries
signed
an
agreement
to
encourage
cultural
exchange
.
Middle
English
adoption
from
Old
French
‘
eschange
’
meaning
‘
reciprocal
giving
’.
noun
a
place
or
business
where
you
can
change
money
from
one
currency
to
another
•
We
found
a
small
exchange
near
the
station
with
good
rates
.
We
found
a
small
exchange
near
the
station
with
good
rates
.
•
The
airport
exchange
was
open
all
night
.
The
airport
exchange
was
open
all
night
.
Use
for
money-changing
shop
appeared
in
the
18th
century
alongside
growing
travel
.
verb
-
exchange
,
exchanging
,
exchanges
,
exchanged
to
share
or
trade
thoughts
,
information
,
or
greetings
with
someone
•
The
leaders
exchanged
ideas
about
climate
policy
at
the
summit
.
The
leaders
exchanged
ideas
about
climate
policy
at
the
summit
.
•
We
exchanged
phone
numbers
after
the
meeting
.
We
exchanged
phone
numbers
after
the
meeting
.
Sense
of
‘
to
talk
with
’
appears
in
late
16th
century
from
the
idea
of
‘
give
and
receive
’
words
.
noun
a
short
conversation
or
series
of
remarks
,
often
quick
or
angry
•
There
was
a
tense
exchange
between
the
coach
and
the
referee
.
There
was
a
tense
exchange
between
the
coach
and
the
referee
.
•
After
a
friendly
exchange
of
greetings
,
they
sat
down
to
talk
business
.
After
a
friendly
exchange
of
greetings
,
they
sat
down
to
talk
business
.
Figurative
use
for
speech
appears
in
the
16th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
‘
trading
words
’.
noun
a
market
where
shares
,
commodities
,
or
other
securities
are
bought
and
sold
•
The
company
’
s
shares
are
listed
on
the
New
York
Stock
Exchange
.
The
company
’
s
shares
are
listed
on
the
New
York
Stock
Exchange
.
•
Prices
fell
sharply
when
the
exchange
opened
this
morning
.
Prices
fell
sharply
when
the
exchange
opened
this
morning
.
Financial
‘
exchange
’
for
securities
trading
dates
to
the
17th-century
Amsterdam
bourse
.
pound
noun
-
study
,
studying
,
studies
,
studied
,
happy
,
happier
,
happiest
a
unit
of
weight
equal
to
16
ounces
,
or
about
0
.
454
kilograms
•
The
recipe
calls
for
one
pound
of
strawberries
.
The
recipe
calls
for
one
pound
of
strawberries
.
•
He
lost
five
pounds
after
a
week
of
hiking
.
He
lost
five
pounds
after
a
week
of
hiking
.
From
Old
English
“
pund
,”
ultimately
from
Latin
“
pōndo
” (
by
weight
).
chairman
noun
-
chairman
,
chairmen
the
person
who
leads
or
is
in
charge
of
a
meeting
,
committee
,
or
organization
•
The
chairman
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o'clock
.
The
chairman
called
the
meeting
to
order
at
exactly
nine
o'clock
.
•
After
years
on
the
board
,
she
became
the
chairman
of
the
company
.
After
years
on
the
board
,
she
became
the
chairman
of
the
company
.
From
chair
+
man
;
originally
referred
to
the
person
who
presided
over
a
meeting
while
literally
sitting
in
the
chair
at
the
head
of
the
table
.
noun
-
chairman
,
chairmen
(
historical
)
a
man
whose
job
was
to
carry
people
in
a
covered
chair
through
the
streets
•
In
18th-century
London
,
a
chairman
waited
outside
the
theatre
to
carry
wealthy
patrons
home
.
In
18th-century
London
,
a
chairman
waited
outside
the
theatre
to
carry
wealthy
patrons
home
.
•
The
novel
described
how
the
exhausted
chairman
struggled
up
the
cobblestone
hill
.
The
novel
described
how
the
exhausted
chairman
struggled
up
the
cobblestone
hill
.
In
the
17th–19th
centuries
,
sedan
chairs
were
a
common
means
of
transport
in
European
cities
;
the
men
who
carried
them
were
called
“
chairmen
.”
chapter
noun
one
of
the
numbered
or
titled
sections
that
divide
a
book
or
other
long
piece
of
writing
•
She
stayed
up
late
to
finish
the
first
chapter
of
her
mystery
novel
.
She
stayed
up
late
to
finish
the
first
chapter
of
her
mystery
novel
.
•
Each
chapter
begins
with
a
beautiful
illustration
of
the
main
character
.
Each
chapter
begins
with
a
beautiful
illustration
of
the
main
character
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
chapitre
,
from
Latin
capitulum
meaning
“
little
head
,
main
part
,
chapter
” (
diminutive
of
caput
“
head
”).
noun
a
distinct
period
or
stage
in
someone
’
s
life
,
in
a
story
,
or
in
history
•
Graduating
from
college
opened
a
new
chapter
in
his
life
.
Graduating
from
college
opened
a
new
chapter
in
his
life
.
•
The
city
hopes
to
begin
a
brighter
chapter
after
years
of
economic
struggle
.
The
city
hopes
to
begin
a
brighter
chapter
after
years
of
economic
struggle
.
noun
a
group
or
meeting
of
members
of
a
larger
organization
,
especially
within
a
religious
order
or
a
professional
society
,
often
located
in
a
specific
area
•
The
local
charity
’
s
downtown
chapter
organizes
food
drives
every
month
.
The
local
charity
’
s
downtown
chapter
organizes
food
drives
every
month
.
•
Representatives
from
each
regional
chapter
gathered
for
the
annual
conference
.
Representatives
from
each
regional
chapter
gathered
for
the
annual
conference
.
shadow
noun
the
dark
shape
on
a
surface
that
is
made
when
something
blocks
light
•
The
dog
chased
its
own
shadow
across
the
yard
.
The
dog
chased
its
own
shadow
across
the
yard
.
•
She
stood
under
a
streetlamp
,
and
her
long
shadow
stretched
far
down
the
empty
road
.
She
stood
under
a
streetlamp
,
and
her
long
shadow
stretched
far
down
the
empty
road
.
Old
English
"
sceadu
"
meaning
“
shade
,
darkness
”
later
evolved
into
"
shadow
".
noun
an
area
of
darkness
where
light
does
not
reach
•
They
rested
in
the
cool
shadow
of
the
ancient
oak
tree
.
They
rested
in
the
cool
shadow
of
the
ancient
oak
tree
.
•
The
mountain
village
lay
in
deep
shadow
until
the
sun
climbed
higher
.
The
mountain
village
lay
in
deep
shadow
until
the
sun
climbed
higher
.
noun
a
person
or
thing
that
closely
follows
someone
everywhere
•
His
little
brother
was
his
constant
shadow
,
copying
everything
he
did
.
His
little
brother
was
his
constant
shadow
,
copying
everything
he
did
.
•
The
detective
blended
with
the
crowd
,
acting
as
a
silent
shadow
.
The
detective
blended
with
the
crowd
,
acting
as
a
silent
shadow
.
noun
a
bad
feeling
or
event
that
makes
something
less
happy
or
bright
•
News
of
the
accident
cast
a
shadow
over
the
celebration
.
News
of
the
accident
cast
a
shadow
over
the
celebration
.
•
The
memory
of
the
war
still
hangs
like
a
shadow
on
the
town
.
The
memory
of
the
war
still
hangs
like
a
shadow
on
the
town
.
noun
a
very
small
amount
or
trace
of
something
,
especially
doubt
,
fear
,
or
hope
•
There
wasn
’
t
a
shadow
of
doubt
about
her
honesty
.
There
wasn
’
t
a
shadow
of
doubt
about
her
honesty
.
•
He
crossed
the
finish
line
without
a
shadow
of
strength
left
.
He
crossed
the
finish
line
without
a
shadow
of
strength
left
.
verb
to
follow
someone
secretly
in
order
to
watch
what
they
do
•
A
private
detective
shadowed
the
suspect
through
the
busy
market
.
A
private
detective
shadowed
the
suspect
through
the
busy
market
.
•
Spies
shadow
foreign
diplomats
during
high-level
meetings
.
Spies
shadow
foreign
diplomats
during
high-level
meetings
.
verb
to
stay
close
to
someone
at
work
to
learn
how
they
do
their
job
•
New
employees
first
shadow
an
experienced
worker
.
New
employees
first
shadow
an
experienced
worker
.
•
The
medical
student
shadowed
the
surgeon
during
a
heart
operation
.
The
medical
student
shadowed
the
surgeon
during
a
heart
operation
.
verb
to
make
an
area
or
object
slightly
dark
by
blocking
light
•
Thick
clouds
shadowed
the
valley
all
morning
.
Thick
clouds
shadowed
the
valley
all
morning
.
•
The
tall
skyscraper
shadows
the
small
park
every
afternoon
.
The
tall
skyscraper
shadows
the
small
park
every
afternoon
.
purchase
noun
the
act
of
buying
something
,
or
something
that
has
been
bought
•
Mom
’
s
latest
purchase
was
a
bright
red
bicycle
for
my
little
brother
.
Mom
’
s
latest
purchase
was
a
bright
red
bicycle
for
my
little
brother
.
•
Sam
felt
proud
of
his
first
big
purchase
after
starting
his
new
job
:
a
used
car
in
excellent
condition
.
Sam
felt
proud
of
his
first
big
purchase
after
starting
his
new
job
:
a
used
car
in
excellent
condition
.
Middle
English
,
from
Anglo-French
‘
purchase
’,
literally
“
to
hunt
for
,
obtain
”,
from
‘
pur
’ (
for
)
+
‘
chase
’ (
hunt
).
verb
-
purchase
,
purchasing
,
purchases
,
purchased
to
buy
something
by
paying
money
for
it
•
I
plan
to
purchase
a
new
laptop
during
the
holiday
discounts
.
I
plan
to
purchase
a
new
laptop
during
the
holiday
discounts
.
•
Visitors
must
purchase
tickets
online
before
they
arrive
at
the
museum
.
Visitors
must
purchase
tickets
online
before
they
arrive
at
the
museum
.
Same
origin
as
the
noun
:
from
Anglo-French
‘
purchase
’,
meaning
“
to
obtain
”
or
“
to
hunt
for
.”
noun
a
firm
hold
or
grip
that
gives
mechanical
advantage
when
moving
or
lifting
something
•
The
climber
’
s
boot
slipped
,
and
he
lost
his
purchase
on
the
icy
ledge
.
The
climber
’
s
boot
slipped
,
and
he
lost
his
purchase
on
the
icy
ledge
.
•
Using
a
thick
rope
gave
the
workers
better
purchase
when
hauling
the
crate
onto
the
truck
.
Using
a
thick
rope
gave
the
workers
better
purchase
when
hauling
the
crate
onto
the
truck
.
Early
use
extended
from
the
idea
of
‘
gain
’
or
‘
obtaining
’
to
the
sense
of
securing
a
firm
hold
for
leverage
.
chain
noun
a
series
of
metal
rings
or
links
connected
together
,
often
used
for
fastening
,
pulling
,
or
securing
things
•
The
guard
locked
the
gate
with
a
heavy
chain
.
The
guard
locked
the
gate
with
a
heavy
chain
.
•
We
used
a
long
chain
to
pull
the
stuck
car
out
of
the
mud
.
We
used
a
long
chain
to
pull
the
stuck
car
out
of
the
mud
.
From
Old
French
chaine
,
from
Latin
catena
meaning
‘
link
,
fetter
’.
noun
a
piece
of
jewellery
made
of
small
linked
metal
rings
worn
around
the
neck
or
wrist
•
She
received
a
gold
chain
for
her
birthday
.
She
received
a
gold
chain
for
her
birthday
.
•
The
rapper
wore
a
thick
diamond-studded
chain
on
stage
.
The
rapper
wore
a
thick
diamond-studded
chain
on
stage
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
but
specialised
for
personal
adornment
.
noun
a
group
of
shops
,
hotels
,
or
restaurants
owned
by
the
same
company
and
sharing
the
same
name
•
The
fast-food
chain
opened
ten
new
branches
this
year
.
The
fast-food
chain
opened
ten
new
branches
this
year
.
•
She
manages
a
hotel
chain
with
properties
worldwide
.
She
manages
a
hotel
chain
with
properties
worldwide
.
Extension
of
Sense
1
,
referring
metaphorically
to
a
linked
set
of
businesses
.
verb
to
fasten
,
connect
,
or
restrain
someone
or
something
using
a
chain
•
They
chained
the
bikes
to
the
rack
before
going
inside
.
They
chained
the
bikes
to
the
rack
before
going
inside
.
•
The
dog
was
cruelly
chained
to
a
post
all
day
.
The
dog
was
cruelly
chained
to
a
post
all
day
.
Verb
use
recorded
since
Middle
English
,
directly
from
the
noun
.
noun
a
connected
series
of
events
or
things
,
where
each
one
leads
to
the
next
•
One
small
mistake
set
off
a
chain
of
accidents
on
the
highway
.
One
small
mistake
set
off
a
chain
of
accidents
on
the
highway
.
•
Their
research
revealed
a
long
chain
of
historical
events
leading
to
the
revolution
.
Their
research
revealed
a
long
chain
of
historical
events
leading
to
the
revolution
.
Metaphorical
sense
dating
from
the
16th
century
,
likening
linked
events
to
linked
metal
rings
.
channel
noun
a
television
or
radio
station
that
broadcasts
on
a
particular
frequency
•
Turn
to
channel
5
;
the
movie
is
starting
.
Turn
to
channel
5
;
the
movie
is
starting
.
•
Jenna
listens
to
the
morning
news
on
her
favorite
channel
while
cooking
breakfast
.
Jenna
listens
to
the
morning
news
on
her
favorite
channel
while
cooking
breakfast
.
From
Old
French
“
chanel
”,
from
Latin
“
canalis
”
meaning
‘
pipe
,
groove
,
waterway
’.
noun
a
narrow
stretch
of
water
or
a
deep
path
in
a
river
,
sea
,
or
harbor
that
ships
or
water
can
move
through
•
A
narrow
channel
allowed
small
boats
to
reach
the
hidden
lake
.
A
narrow
channel
allowed
small
boats
to
reach
the
hidden
lake
.
•
Large
ships
must
stay
inside
the
deep
shipping
channel
near
the
harbor
.
Large
ships
must
stay
inside
the
deep
shipping
channel
near
the
harbor
.
Same
root
as
Sense
1
,
originally
referring
to
a
physical
watercourse
.
noun
a
way
,
method
,
or
system
used
to
communicate
,
deliver
,
or
achieve
something
•
Email
is
the
fastest
channel
for
sending
the
documents
.
Email
is
the
fastest
channel
for
sending
the
documents
.
•
Social
media
has
become
an
important
marketing
channel
for
small
businesses
.
Social
media
has
become
an
important
marketing
channel
for
small
businesses
.
Extended
figurative
sense
from
the
idea
of
something
flowing
through
a
physical
channel
.
verb
-
channel
,
channeling
,
channels
,
channeled
to
direct
something
such
as
money
,
energy
,
or
feelings
toward
a
particular
purpose
or
place
•
The
organization
channeled
all
its
funds
into
building
new
schools
.
The
organization
channeled
all
its
funds
into
building
new
schools
.
•
She
channeled
her
anger
into
writing
powerful
poems
.
She
channeled
her
anger
into
writing
powerful
poems
.
Figurative
use
of
the
noun
sense
:
something
flows
along
a
prepared
path
.
verb
-
channel
,
channeling
,
channels
,
channeled
to
imitate
or
express
the
style
,
character
,
or
spirit
of
another
person
or
thing
•
The
actor
channeled
Charlie
Chaplin
in
his
silent
comedy
performance
.
The
actor
channeled
Charlie
Chaplin
in
his
silent
comedy
performance
.
•
During
the
meeting
,
she
channeled
her
inner
lawyer
and
spoke
with
surprising
authority
.
During
the
meeting
,
she
channeled
her
inner
lawyer
and
spoke
with
surprising
authority
.
Modern
figurative
extension
:
to
let
someone
’
s
qualities
‘
flow
through
’
you
like
a
current
in
a
channel
.
English Channel
noun
-
English
Channel
the
stretch
of
sea
between
southern
England
and
northern
France
•
She
swam
across
the
English
Channel
to
raise
money
for
charity
.
She
swam
across
the
English
Channel
to
raise
money
for
charity
.
•
The
ferry
crossed
the
English
Channel
in
just
ninety
minutes
.
The
ferry
crossed
the
English
Channel
in
just
ninety
minutes
.
Named
after
the
people
of
England
;
recorded
in
English
since
the
17th
century
.
somewhat
adverb
to
a
small
or
moderate
degree
;
rather
•
The
coffee
was
somewhat
bitter
,
but
I
still
enjoyed
it
.
The
coffee
was
somewhat
bitter
,
but
I
still
enjoyed
it
.
•
The
new
software
update
made
my
phone
somewhat
faster
.
The
new
software
update
made
my
phone
somewhat
faster
.
From
Middle
English
‘
somwhat
’,
literally
‘
some
+
what
’,
originally
meaning
‘
something
’
or
‘
a
certain
amount
’
before
evolving
into
an
adverb
of
degree
.
pronoun
something
;
an
unspecified
thing
,
amount
,
or
degree
(
archaic
and
rare
)
•
Tell
me
somewhat
about
your
hometown
,
I
beg
you
.
Tell
me
somewhat
about
your
hometown
,
I
beg
you
.
•
There
is
somewhat
in
his
manner
that
troubles
me
.
There
is
somewhat
in
his
manner
that
troubles
me
.
Same
origin
as
the
adverb
sense
:
a
compound
of
‘
some
’
+
‘
what
’,
originally
used
as
a
pronoun
meaning
‘
something
’.
The
adverbial
sense
later
became
dominant
.
characteristic
adjective
typical
of
a
person
,
place
,
or
thing
and
helping
to
identify
it
•
The
desert
’
s
characteristic
silence
makes
every
sound
seem
louder
.
The
desert
’
s
characteristic
silence
makes
every
sound
seem
louder
.
•
Her
quick
wit
is
characteristic
of
comedians
from
her
hometown
.
Her
quick
wit
is
characteristic
of
comedians
from
her
hometown
.
from
French
caractéristique
,
ultimately
from
Greek
kharaktēr
‘
mark
,
distinctive
quality
’
+
‑istic
noun
a
quality
,
feature
,
or
trait
that
makes
someone
or
something
different
from
others
•
Honesty
is
an
important
characteristic
for
a
leader
.
Honesty
is
an
important
characteristic
for
a
leader
.
•
One
unique
characteristic
of
koalas
is
that
they
sleep
up
to
20
hours
a
day
.
One
unique
characteristic
of
koalas
is
that
they
sleep
up
to
20
hours
a
day
.
same
origin
as
adjective
sense
:
French
caractéristique
<
Greek
kharaktēr
+
‑istic
phase
noun
a
distinct
stage
in
a
process
of
change
,
growth
,
or
development
•
The
project
is
entering
its
final
phase
next
month
.
The
project
is
entering
its
final
phase
next
month
.
•
Toddlers
often
go
through
a
picky-eating
phase
that
worries
parents
.
Toddlers
often
go
through
a
picky-eating
phase
that
worries
parents
.
noun
the
visible
shape
of
the
illuminated
part
of
the
moon
or
a
planet
as
it
is
seen
from
Earth
•
During
the
full-moon
phase
,
the
night
sky
looked
bright
enough
to
read
outside
.
During
the
full-moon
phase
,
the
night
sky
looked
bright
enough
to
read
outside
.
•
The
moon
will
reach
its
crescent
phase
tomorrow
evening
.
The
moon
will
reach
its
crescent
phase
tomorrow
evening
.
noun
the
particular
point
in
the
cycle
of
a
wave
,
or
the
timing
relationship
between
two
repeating
waves
•
If
the
two
speakers
are
out of phase
,
the
sound
will
cancel
out
.
If
the
two
speakers
are
out of phase
,
the
sound
will
cancel
out
.
•
The
technician
adjusted
the
oscillator
’
s
phase
to
match
the
reference
signal
.
The
technician
adjusted
the
oscillator
’
s
phase
to
match
the
reference
signal
.
noun
a
physically
distinct
form
or
state
in
which
matter
can
exist
,
such
as
solid
,
liquid
,
or
gas
•
Water
changes
phase
from
liquid
to
gas
at
100
°C
.
Water
changes
phase
from
liquid
to
gas
at
100
°C
.
•
Dry
ice
skips
the
liquid
phase
and
turns
directly
into
vapor
.
Dry
ice
skips
the
liquid
phase
and
turns
directly
into
vapor
.
verb
-
phase
,
phasing
,
phases
,
phased
to
introduce
,
remove
,
or
carry
out
something
gradually
in
separate
stages
•
The
city
plans
to
phase out
old
buses
over
the
next
five
years
.
The
city
plans
to
phase out
old
buses
over
the
next
five
years
.
•
The
school
will
phase in
the
new
curriculum
starting
this
fall
.
The
school
will
phase in
the
new
curriculum
starting
this
fall
.
championship
noun
a
sports
or
other
competition
held
to
decide
who
is
the
best
person
or
team
•
Our
school
will
host
the
city
championship
next
month
.
Our
school
will
host
the
city
championship
next
month
.
•
After
months
of
training
,
the
swimmers
finally
qualified
for
the
national
championship
.
After
months
of
training
,
the
swimmers
finally
qualified
for
the
national
championship
.
noun
the
state
or
title
of
being
the
champion
after
winning
such
a
competition
•
Winning
the
world
championship
changed
her
life
overnight
.
Winning
the
world
championship
changed
her
life
overnight
.
•
He
celebrated
his
third
boxing
championship
with
his
family
.
He
celebrated
his
third
boxing
championship
with
his
family
.
noun
strong
public
support
and
defense
of
a
person
,
idea
,
or
cause
•
Her
fearless
championship
of
children's
rights
inspired
many
.
Her
fearless
championship
of
children's
rights
inspired
many
.
•
The
professor
’
s
championship
of
free
speech
earned
him
respect
across
campus
.
The
professor
’
s
championship
of
free
speech
earned
him
respect
across
campus
.
emphasize
verb
-
emphasize
,
emphasizing
,
emphasizes
,
emphasized
to
say
or
show
that
something
is
especially
important
so
people
notice
it
•
The
teacher
emphasized
the
need
to
finish
the
project
on
time
.
The
teacher
emphasized
the
need
to
finish
the
project
on
time
.
•
During
the
meeting
,
the
manager
emphasized
that
safety
comes
first
.
During
the
meeting
,
the
manager
emphasized
that
safety
comes
first
.
From
Greek
"
emphasis
"
meaning
“
appearance
,
showing
”
via
Latin
“
emphasis
”
+
English
verb
suffix
“
-ize
”.
verb
-
emphasize
,
emphasizing
,
emphasizes
,
emphasized
to
make
something
stand
out
or
look
more
noticeable
•
She
wore
a
bright
scarf
to
emphasize
her
outfit
.
She
wore
a
bright
scarf
to
emphasize
her
outfit
.
•
Soft
lighting
can
emphasize
the
texture
of
a
painting
.
Soft
lighting
can
emphasize
the
texture
of
a
painting
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
ultimately
from
Greek
"
emphainō
"
meaning
“
to
show
”.
emphasise
verb
-
emphasise
,
emphasising
,
emphasises
,
emphasised
to
say
or
show
that
something
is
especially
important
so
people
notice
it
•
The
professor
emphasised
the
key
points
before
the
exam
.
The
professor
emphasised
the
key
points
before
the
exam
.
•
Campaign
posters
emphasise
the
importance
of
recycling
.
Campaign
posters
emphasise
the
importance
of
recycling
.
See
Sense
1
etymology
;
British
spelling
adopted
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
-
emphasise
,
emphasising
,
emphasises
,
emphasised
to
make
something
stand
out
or
look
more
noticeable
•
Spotlights
emphasise
the
actor
on
stage
.
Spotlights
emphasise
the
actor
on
stage
.
•
A
thin
frame
can
emphasise
a
painting
without
distracting
from
it
.
A
thin
frame
can
emphasise
a
painting
without
distracting
from
it
.
See
Sense
2
etymology
for
US
variant
;
same
historical
root
with
British
spelling
.
sharp
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
having
an
edge
or
point
that
can
cut
or
pierce
things
easily
•
Be
careful
,
the
cook's
new
knife
is
very
sharp
.
Be
careful
,
the
cook's
new
knife
is
very
sharp
.
•
The
cactus
has
sharp
spines
that
can
prick
your
fingers
.
The
cactus
has
sharp
spines
that
can
prick
your
fingers
.
adverb
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
exactly
at
the
stated
time
or
point
•
The
class
starts
at
9
:
00
a
.
m
.
sharp
.
The
class
starts
at
9
:
00
a
.
m
.
sharp
.
•
Be
here
by
noon
sharp
or
you
’
ll
miss
the
bus
.
Be
here
by
noon
sharp
or
you
’
ll
miss
the
bus
.
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
happening
suddenly
and
with
great
force
or
intensity
•
A
sharp
pain
shot
through
her
ankle
when
she
twisted
it
.
A
sharp
pain
shot
through
her
ankle
when
she
twisted
it
.
•
There
was
a
sharp
drop
in
temperature
after
sunset
.
There
was
a
sharp
drop
in
temperature
after
sunset
.
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
quick
to
notice
and
understand
things
;
intelligent
and
alert
•
Maria
has
a
sharp
mind
and
solves
puzzles
fast
.
Maria
has
a
sharp
mind
and
solves
puzzles
fast
.
•
The
lawyer
asked
a
series
of
sharp
questions
during
the
trial
.
The
lawyer
asked
a
series
of
sharp
questions
during
the
trial
.
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
looking
neat
,
stylish
,
and
well-dressed
•
Carlos
looked
sharp
in
his
new
navy
suit
.
Carlos
looked
sharp
in
his
new
navy
suit
.
•
That
is
a
sharp
jacket
—
where
did
you
get
it
?
That
is
a
sharp
jacket
—
where
did
you
get
it
?
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
having
a
strong
,
acid
,
or
sour
taste
or
smell
•
The
cheese
has
a
sharp
flavor
that
I
love
.
The
cheese
has
a
sharp
flavor
that
I
love
.
•
Lemons
add
a
sharp
taste
to
the
sauce
.
Lemons
add
a
sharp
taste
to
the
sauce
.
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
in
music
,
higher
in
pitch
by
one
semitone
•
The
singer
hit
a
sharp
note
at
the
end
of
the
song
.
The
singer
hit
a
sharp
note
at
the
end
of
the
song
.
•
Make
the
F
a
sharp
in
this
measure
,
please
.
Make
the
F
a
sharp
in
this
measure
,
please
.
adjective
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
clear
and
distinct
in
appearance
,
sound
,
or
outline
•
The
photo
is
so
sharp
you
can
see
every
leaf
.
The
photo
is
so
sharp
you
can
see
every
leaf
.
•
His
voice
came
through
the
speakers
loud
and
sharp
.
His
voice
came
through
the
speakers
loud
and
sharp
.
adverb
-
sharp
,
sharper
,
sharpest
suddenly
and
quickly
,
especially
changing
direction
or
tone
•
Turn
sharp
left
after
the
bridge
.
Turn
sharp
left
after
the
bridge
.
•
The
dog
barked
sharp
at
the
stranger
.
The
dog
barked
sharp
at
the
stranger
.
noun
in
music
,
the
symbol
(
♯
)
that
shows
a
note
should
be
played
a
half
step
higher
,
or
a
note
raised
in
this
way
•
Write
a
sharp
before
the
C
in
the
second
bar
.
Write
a
sharp
before
the
C
in
the
second
bar
.
•
That
note
is
a
sharp
,
not
a
natural
.
That
note
is
a
sharp
,
not
a
natural
.
mechanism
noun
a
part
of
a
machine
or
device
,
usually
with
moving
pieces
,
that
performs
a
particular
function
•
The
clock
’
s
winding
mechanism
had
rusted
and
stopped
working
.
The
clock
’
s
winding
mechanism
had
rusted
and
stopped
working
.
•
A
spring-loaded
mechanism
releases
the
door
when
you
push
the
handle
.
A
spring-loaded
mechanism
releases
the
door
when
you
push
the
handle
.
From
French
mécanisme
,
from
Greek
mēkhanē
‘
machine
’.
noun
a
system
,
method
,
or
set
of
rules
that
makes
it
possible
for
something
to
happen
or
work
•
The
company
created
a
feedback
mechanism
so
customers
could
share
their
opinions
easily
.
The
company
created
a
feedback
mechanism
so
customers
could
share
their
opinions
easily
.
•
Voting
is
the
main
mechanism
through
which
citizens
choose
their
leaders
.
Voting
is
the
main
mechanism
through
which
citizens
choose
their
leaders
.
noun
an
automatic
natural
process
inside
a
living
thing
that
causes
a
particular
action
or
reaction
•
Sweating
is
the
body
’
s
cooling
mechanism
when
the
temperature
rises
.
Sweating
is
the
body
’
s
cooling
mechanism
when
the
temperature
rises
.
•
Denial
can
act
as
a
defense
mechanism
after
a
traumatic
event
.
Denial
can
act
as
a
defense
mechanism
after
a
traumatic
event
.
enhance
verb
-
enhance
,
enhancing
,
enhances
,
enhanced
to
improve
the
quality
,
value
,
or
attractiveness
of
something
•
Adding
fresh
herbs
can
enhance
the
flavor
of
the
soup
.
Adding
fresh
herbs
can
enhance
the
flavor
of
the
soup
.
•
The
new
lighting
design
enhanced
the
art
exhibit
perfectly
.
The
new
lighting
design
enhanced
the
art
exhibit
perfectly
.
Borrowed
from
Middle
French
"
enhausser
"
meaning
"
raise
,
exalt
,"
which
traces
back
to
Latin
"
inaltāre
" (“
make
high
”).
Over
time
,
the
sense
shifted
from
literally
raising
something
higher
to
improving
its
quality
or
value
.
verb
-
enhance
,
enhancing
,
enhances
,
enhanced
to
make
an
image
,
sound
,
or
other
data
clearer
or
more
detailed
using
technology
•
The
photographer
used
editing
tools
to
enhance
the
colors
of
the
sunset
photo
.
The
photographer
used
editing
tools
to
enhance
the
colors
of
the
sunset
photo
.
•
The
security
team
tried
to
enhance
the
blurry
video
to
identify
the
suspect
.
The
security
team
tried
to
enhance
the
blurry
video
to
identify
the
suspect
.
The
technological
sense
developed
in
the
mid-20th
century
as
electronic
tools
allowed
users
to
improve
images
and
sounds
beyond
their
original
capture
quality
.
emphasis
noun
-
emphasis
,
emphases
special
importance
or
attention
given
to
something
•
The
teacher
placed
strong
emphasis
on
honesty
during
the
lesson
.
The
teacher
placed
strong
emphasis
on
honesty
during
the
lesson
.
•
Our
company
puts
great
emphasis
on
customer
satisfaction
.
Our
company
puts
great
emphasis
on
customer
satisfaction
.
Borrowed
in
the
16th
century
from
Latin
emphasis
,
from
Ancient
Greek
ἔμφασις
(
émphasis
)
meaning
"
appearance
,
show
,
importance
".
noun
-
emphasis
,
emphases
extra
loudness
,
force
,
or
visual
style
used
to
make
a
syllable
,
word
,
or
idea
stand
out
•
You
place
the
emphasis
on
the
first
syllable
when
“
present
”
is
a
noun
.
You
place
the
emphasis
on
the
first
syllable
when
“
present
”
is
a
noun
.
•
He
slowed
down
and
used
vocal
emphasis
to
highlight
his
main
point
.
He
slowed
down
and
used
vocal
emphasis
to
highlight
his
main
point
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
the
meaning
of
stressing
a
word
or
syllable
developed
in
English
by
the
late
16th
century
.
chart
noun
a
drawing
,
table
,
or
diagram
that
arranges
numbers
or
facts
so
they
are
easy
to
understand
•
The
chart
shows
our
sales
growth
over
the
past
year
.
The
chart
shows
our
sales
growth
over
the
past
year
.
•
Students
looked
at
a
pie chart
to
see
how
the
budget
was
divided
.
Students
looked
at
a
pie chart
to
see
how
the
budget
was
divided
.
From
Middle
English
‘
charte
’,
from
Latin
‘
charta
’
meaning
a
sheet
of
papyrus
or
paper
.
noun
a
detailed
map
of
seas
,
rivers
,
or
skies
used
especially
by
sailors
or
pilots
•
The
captain
spread
the
chart
on
the
table
to
plot
the
course
.
The
captain
spread
the
chart
on
the
table
to
plot
the
course
.
•
Pilots
study
weather
charts
before
every
flight
.
Pilots
study
weather
charts
before
every
flight
.
Originally
referring
to
any
map
,
by
the
16th
century
it
became
specialized
for
navigation
at
sea
.
verb
to
record
,
map
,
or
plan
something
carefully
so
that
its
details
or
progress
can
be
followed
•
Scientists
chart
the
migration
routes
of
whales
every
year
.
Scientists
chart
the
migration
routes
of
whales
every
year
.
•
We
’
ve
charted
a
route
through
the
mountains
for
tomorrow
’
s
hike
.
We
’
ve
charted
a
route
through
the
mountains
for
tomorrow
’
s
hike
.
Derived
from
the
noun
sense
;
first
used
as
a
verb
in
the
early
17th
century
meaning
‘
to
make
a
map
’.
champion
noun
a
person
or
team
that
wins
first
place
in
a
contest
or
competition
•
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
became
the
champion
of
the
city
marathon
.
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
became
the
champion
of
the
city
marathon
.
•
The
boxer
lifted
the
gold
belt
high
as
the
new
world
champion
.
The
boxer
lifted
the
gold
belt
high
as
the
new
world
champion
.
From
Middle
English
champioun
,
from
Old
French
champion
,
from
Medieval
Latin
campio
‘
combatant
’
adjective
excellent
or
very
good
(
informal
)
•
Thanks
for
the
lift
—
that
was
a
champion
thing
to
do
!
Thanks
for
the
lift
—
that
was
a
champion
thing
to
do
!
•
We
had
a
champion
barbecue
on
the
beach
last
night
.
We
had
a
champion
barbecue
on
the
beach
last
night
.
noun
a
person
who
strongly
supports
or
defends
a
cause
,
idea
,
or
group
of
people
•
Rosa
Parks
is
remembered
as
a
champion
of
civil
rights
.
Rosa
Parks
is
remembered
as
a
champion
of
civil
rights
.
•
Scientists
are
becoming
champions
for
climate
action
.
Scientists
are
becoming
champions
for
climate
action
.
verb
-
champion
,
championing
,
champions
,
championed
to
actively
support
,
defend
,
or
fight
for
a
person
,
idea
,
or
cause
•
The
young
lawyer
vowed
to
champion
the
rights
of
migrant
workers
.
The
young
lawyer
vowed
to
champion
the
rights
of
migrant
workers
.
•
She
championed
renewable
energy
policies
throughout
her
career
.
She
championed
renewable
energy
policies
throughout
her
career
.
shape
noun
the
form
or
outline
of
something
that
you
can
see
or
feel
•
He
drew
the
shape
of
a
star
on
the
paper
.
He
drew
the
shape
of
a
star
on
the
paper
.
•
The
cloud
had
the
shape
of
a
giant
dragon
flying
across
the
sky
.
The
cloud
had
the
shape
of
a
giant
dragon
flying
across
the
sky
.
From
Old
English
‘
sceap
’
meaning
form
or
figure
,
later
influenced
by
Old
Norse
‘
skap
’.
noun
a
particular
geometric
figure
,
such
as
a
circle
,
square
,
or
triangle
•
A
square
is
a
shape
with
four
equal
sides
.
A
square
is
a
shape
with
four
equal
sides
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
children
to
name
each
shape
on
the
board
.
The
teacher
asked
the
children
to
name
each
shape
on
the
board
.
noun
-
shape
the
condition
or
physical
fitness
of
someone
or
something
•
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
was
in
excellent
shape
.
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
was
in
excellent
shape
.
•
My
laptop
is
old
but
still
in
good
shape
.
My
laptop
is
old
but
still
in
good
shape
.
verb
-
shape
,
shaping
,
shapes
,
shaped
to
form
something
by
cutting
,
bending
,
or
arranging
it
into
a
desired
form
•
The
potter
used
his
hands
to
shape
the
wet
clay
.
The
potter
used
his
hands
to
shape
the
wet
clay
.
•
Parents
often
shape
their
children's
manners
.
Parents
often
shape
their
children's
manners
.
verb
-
shape
,
shaping
,
shapes
,
shaped
to
influence
the
way
something
develops
or
the
way
people
think
about
it
•
Her
childhood
experiences
shape
her
writing
.
Her
childhood
experiences
shape
her
writing
.
•
Technology
will
shape
the
future
of
medicine
.
Technology
will
shape
the
future
of
medicine
.
chase
verb
-
chase
,
chasing
,
chases
,
chased
to
run
,
drive
,
or
move
quickly
after
someone
or
something
in
order
to
catch
them
•
The
playful
puppy
chased
its
tail
in
endless
circles
.
The
playful
puppy
chased
its
tail
in
endless
circles
.
•
A
police
car
chased
the
speeding
driver
through
busy
city
streets
with
sirens
blaring
.
A
police
car
chased
the
speeding
driver
through
busy
city
streets
with
sirens
blaring
.
From
Old
French
‘
chacier
’
meaning
‘
to
hunt
’,
from
Latin
‘
captiare
’ (
to
capture
).
noun
an
act
or
period
of
running
after
someone
or
something
in
order
to
catch
them
•
The
fox
slipped
away
,
and
the
hounds
ended
the
long
chase
.
The
fox
slipped
away
,
and
the
hounds
ended
the
long
chase
.
•
After
a
thrilling
rooftop
chase
,
the
hero
finally
caught
the
thief
.
After
a
thrilling
rooftop
chase
,
the
hero
finally
caught
the
thief
.
Same
origin
as
the
verb
:
Old
French
‘
chacier
’
→
Latin
‘
captiare
’.
verb
-
chase
,
chasing
,
chases
,
chased
to
decorate
metal
by
hammering
or
engraving
the
front
surface
so
that
a
design
stands
out
•
The
silversmith
chased
a
delicate
vine
pattern
into
the
bracelet
.
The
silversmith
chased
a
delicate
vine
pattern
into
the
bracelet
.
•
Students
practiced
as
they
chased
the
copper
plate
with
tiny
hammers
.
Students
practiced
as
they
chased
the
copper
plate
with
tiny
hammers
.
Specialized
sense
from
French
‘
chasser
’
meaning
‘
to
drive
’
metal
forward
.
chamber
noun
a
separate
room
inside
a
building
,
especially
a
bedroom
or
a
private
room
.
•
The
princess
waited
quietly
in
her
chamber
before
the
ceremony
.
The
princess
waited
quietly
in
her
chamber
before
the
ceremony
.
•
Please
leave
your
coat
in
the
front
chamber
and
come
into
the
main
hall
.
Please
leave
your
coat
in
the
front
chamber
and
come
into
the
main
hall
.
From
Old
French
chambre
,
from
Latin
camera
meaning
‘
vaulted
room
’.
noun
one
of
the
separate
groups
that
form
a
law-making
body
,
such
as
the
upper
or
lower
house
of
a
parliament
.
•
The
bill
passed
the
lower
chamber
but
stalled
in
the
senate
.
The
bill
passed
the
lower
chamber
but
stalled
in
the
senate
.
•
Each
chamber
of
the
legislature
must
approve
the
budget
.
Each
chamber
of
the
legislature
must
approve
the
budget
.
Extension
of
the
idea
of
a
separate
room
to
mean
a
distinct
meeting
room
for
lawmakers
,
later
the
body
itself
.
noun
a
hollow
space
inside
a
machine
,
device
,
or
living
body
that
is
closed
off
from
other
parts
.
•
The
photographer
sealed
the
film
into
a
dark
chamber
to
prevent
light
damage
.
The
photographer
sealed
the
film
into
a
dark
chamber
to
prevent
light
damage
.
•
Each
human
heart
has
four
chambers
that
pump
blood
.
Each
human
heart
has
four
chambers
that
pump
blood
.
Adopted
for
machinery
and
anatomy
in
the
17th
century
,
extending
the
sense
of
an
enclosed
room
.
verb
-
chamber
,
chambering
,
chambers
,
chambered
to
load
a
bullet
or
cartridge
into
the
firing
space
of
a
gun
.
•
The
soldier
quickly
chambered
a
round
before
moving
forward
.
The
soldier
quickly
chambered
a
round
before
moving
forward
.
•
Always
keep
the
safety
on
until
you
are
ready
to
chamber
a
round
.
Always
keep
the
safety
on
until
you
are
ready
to
chamber
a
round
.
Verb
use
developed
in
the
1870s
from
the
noun
referring
to
the
gun
’
s
firing
room
.
shame
noun
-
shame
a
painful
feeling
of
guilt
,
embarrassment
,
or
humiliation
because
you
believe
you
have
done
something
wrong
or
foolish
•
Maria
hung
her
head
in
shame
after
spilling
coffee
on
her
guest's
laptop
.
Maria
hung
her
head
in
shame
after
spilling
coffee
on
her
guest's
laptop
.
•
The
boy
blushed
with
shame
when
the
teacher
read
his
private
note
aloud
.
The
boy
blushed
with
shame
when
the
teacher
read
his
private
note
aloud
.
noun
used
in
the
fixed
expressions
'a
shame'
or
'what
a
shame'
to
say
that
something
is
unfortunate
or
disappointing
•
It's
a
shame
you
couldn't
come
to
the
party
.
It's
a
shame
you
couldn't
come
to
the
party
.
•
What
a
shame
that
the
museum
is
closed
today
!
What
a
shame
that
the
museum
is
closed
today
!
verb
-
shame
,
shaming
,
shames
,
shamed
to
make
someone
feel
ashamed
or
disgraced
•
The
coach's
harsh
words
shamed
the
player
in
front
of
the
whole
team
.
The
coach's
harsh
words
shamed
the
player
in
front
of
the
whole
team
.
•
Their
generosity
shamed
their
rivals
into
donating
as
well
.
Their
generosity
shamed
their
rivals
into
donating
as
well
.
interjection
an
exclamation
used
to
show
strong
disapproval
or
sympathy
about
something
unfair
,
wrong
,
or
disappointing
•
When
the
council
announced
the
park's
closure
,
people
in
the
crowd
shouted
, "
Shame
!"
When
the
council
announced
the
park's
closure
,
people
in
the
crowd
shouted
, "
Shame
!"
•
A
neighbor
saw
him
litter
and
called
out
, "
Shame
!"
across
the
street
.
A
neighbor
saw
him
litter
and
called
out
, "
Shame
!"
across
the
street
.
charity
noun
-
charity
,
charities
an
organization
that
collects
money
or
goods
to
help
people
in
need
•
Lena
volunteers
every
weekend
at
a
local
charity
that
runs
a
free
soup
kitchen
.
Lena
volunteers
every
weekend
at
a
local
charity
that
runs
a
free
soup
kitchen
.
•
The
marathon
raised
thousands
of
dollars
for
a
children
’
s
charity
.
The
marathon
raised
thousands
of
dollars
for
a
children
’
s
charity
.
Middle
English
charite
,
from
Old
French
charité
,
from
Latin
caritas
meaning
‘
dearness
,
love
,
benevolence
’.
noun
-
charity
,
charities
the
act
of
giving
money
,
help
,
or
kindness
to
people
who
need
it
•
Many
people
show
charity
during
the
holidays
by
donating
food
to
shelters
.
Many
people
show
charity
during
the
holidays
by
donating
food
to
shelters
.
•
The
singer
’
s
concert
was
a
gesture
of
charity
toward
earthquake
victims
.
The
singer
’
s
concert
was
a
gesture
of
charity
toward
earthquake
victims
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
over
time
the
meaning
shifted
from
Christian
virtue
of
caritas
to
the
broader
idea
of
giving
help
to
the
needy
.
noun
-
charity
,
charities
kindness
and
lenient
judgment
toward
other
people
’
s
faults
or
mistakes
•
The
teacher
spoke
with
charity
about
the
student
’
s
late
homework
,
understanding
his
difficult
situation
.
The
teacher
spoke
with
charity
about
the
student
’
s
late
homework
,
understanding
his
difficult
situation
.
•
Show
some
charity
in
your
words
;
everyone
makes
mistakes
.
Show
some
charity
in
your
words
;
everyone
makes
mistakes
.
The
sense
of
‘
charity
’
as
merciful
judgment
comes
from
the
original
Christian
virtue
caritas
,
meaning
unconditional
love
.
characterize
verb
-
characterize
,
characterizing
,
characterizes
,
characterized
to
describe
the
main
qualities
or
features
of
a
person
,
place
,
or
thing
so
that
others
can
understand
what
it
is
like
•
The
historian
tried
to
characterize
the
period
as
one
of
rapid
social
change
.
The
historian
tried
to
characterize
the
period
as
one
of
rapid
social
change
.
•
Many
critics
have
characterized
the
movie
as
a
modern
fairy
tale
.
Many
critics
have
characterized
the
movie
as
a
modern
fairy
tale
.
Mid-17th
century
:
from
French
caractériser
,
from
caractère
“
character
”.
verb
-
characterize
,
characterizing
,
characterizes
,
characterized
to
be
a
typical
or
noticeable
quality
of
someone
or
something
•
A
love
of
adventure
characterizes
her
novels
.
A
love
of
adventure
characterizes
her
novels
.
•
The
coastal
climate
is
characterized
by
heavy
rainfall
and
lush
forests
.
The
coastal
climate
is
characterized
by
heavy
rainfall
and
lush
forests
.
Mid-17th
century
:
from
French
caractériser
,
from
caractère
“
character
”.
shade
noun
a
darker
,
cooler
area
where
direct
light
is
blocked
by
something
like
a
tree
,
building
,
umbrella
,
or
cloud
•
The
hikers
sat
in
the
shade
of
a
tall
cliff
and
drank
water
.
The
hikers
sat
in
the
shade
of
a
tall
cliff
and
drank
water
.
•
Please
move
the
picnic
blanket
into
the
shade
before
the
sandwiches
get
warm
.
Please
move
the
picnic
blanket
into
the
shade
before
the
sandwiches
get
warm
.
Old
English
‘
sceadu
’
meaning
‘
shadow
,
darkness
,
shelter
from
heat
’.
noun
a
particular
lightness
or
darkness
of
a
color
;
a
slight
variation
in
hue
or
tone
•
The
painter
mixed
two
shades
of
blue
to
create
a
calm
ocean
scene
.
The
painter
mixed
two
shades
of
blue
to
create
a
calm
ocean
scene
.
•
Ella
tried
three
shades
of
red
lipstick
before
choosing
one
for
the
party
.
Ella
tried
three
shades
of
red
lipstick
before
choosing
one
for
the
party
.
Extended
sense
of
‘
shade
’
meaning
‘
degree
of
darkness
’
first
recorded
in
the
14th
century
.
verb
-
shade
,
shading
,
shades
,
shaded
to
block
or
partly
block
light
from
reaching
something
,
making
it
darker
or
cooler
•
She
raised
her
hand
to
shade
her
eyes
from
the
glaring
headlights
.
She
raised
her
hand
to
shade
her
eyes
from
the
glaring
headlights
.
•
Tall
pine
trees
shade
the
cabin
throughout
the
summer
,
keeping
it
cool
.
Tall
pine
trees
shade
the
cabin
throughout
the
summer
,
keeping
it
cool
.
From
Old
English
‘
sceadwian
’,
meaning
‘
to
protect
from
heat
or
light
’.
noun
informal
:
a
subtle
or
indirect
remark
that
shows
disrespect
or
criticism
,
often
used
in
the
phrase
“
throw
shade
”
•
During
the
interview
,
the
singer
threw shade
at
her
former
bandmates
without
saying
their
names
.
During
the
interview
,
the
singer
threw shade
at
her
former
bandmates
without
saying
their
names
.
•
His
tweet
looked
polite
,
but
everyone
knew
it
was
shade
aimed
at
the
coach
.
His
tweet
looked
polite
,
but
everyone
knew
it
was
shade
aimed
at
the
coach
.
African-American
English
,
1990s
,
popularized
by
drag
culture
and
documentaries
like
“
Paris
Is
Burning
.”
behave
verb
-
behave
,
behaving
,
behaves
,
behaved
to
act
in
a
polite
or
socially
acceptable
way
•
“
Please
behave
while
we
are
at
the
museum
,”
the
teacher
whispered
to
her
class
.
“
Please
behave
while
we
are
at
the
museum
,”
the
teacher
whispered
to
her
class
.
•
The
puppy
will
behave
if
you
give
it
a
treat
.
The
puppy
will
behave
if
you
give
it
a
treat
.
From
Middle
English
behaven
,
from
be-
+
have
in
the
sense
of
‘
to
hold
oneself
’.
verb
-
behave
,
behaving
,
behaves
,
behaved
of
a
thing
or
substance
:
to
act
or
operate
in
a
particular
way
•
My
old
laptop
starts
to
behave
strangely
when
it
overheats
.
My
old
laptop
starts
to
behave
strangely
when
it
overheats
.
•
Scientists
study
how
liquids
behave
at
very
low
temperatures
.
Scientists
study
how
liquids
behave
at
very
low
temperatures
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
:
be-
+
have
,
extended
to
describe
the
manner
in
which
objects
or
systems
act
.
changing
verb
-
change
,
changing
,
changes
,
changed
present
participle
of
change
•
The
leaves
are
changing
color
as
autumn
arrives
.
The
leaves
are
changing
color
as
autumn
arrives
.
•
She
is
changing
her
hairstyle
for
tomorrow
’
s
party
.
She
is
changing
her
hairstyle
for
tomorrow
’
s
party
.
adjective
becoming
different
;
not
staying
the
same
•
He
has
a
flexible
plan
that
is
changing
each
day
as
new
data
arrives
.
He
has
a
flexible
plan
that
is
changing
each
day
as
new
data
arrives
.
•
The
museum
hosts
a
changing
display
of
local
art
every
month
.
The
museum
hosts
a
changing
display
of
local
art
every
month
.
noun
-
changing
the
act
or
process
of
becoming
different
or
making
something
different
•
The
changing
of
the
seasons
always
lifts
my
mood
.
The
changing
of
the
seasons
always
lifts
my
mood
.
•
Frequent
changing
of
passwords
keeps
your
account
secure
.
Frequent
changing
of
passwords
keeps
your
account
secure
.