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ice
noun
-
ice
water
that
has
frozen
into
a
hard
,
cold
,
clear
or
white
solid
•
The
pond
was
covered
with
a
layer
of
ice
thick
enough
to
skate
on
.
The
pond
was
covered
with
a
layer
of
ice
thick
enough
to
skate
on
.
•
She
dropped
the
juice
bottle
because
the
ice
inside
made
it
too
cold
to
hold
.
She
dropped
the
juice
bottle
because
the
ice
inside
made
it
too
cold
to
hold
.
Old
English
īs
,
of
Germanic
origin
,
related
to
German
Eis
and
Dutch
ijs
.
verb
-
ice
,
icing
,
ices
,
iced
to
put
ice
on
or
in
something
to
make
it
cold
or
to
reduce
pain
and
swelling
•
The
nurse
told
him
to
ice
his
sprained
ankle
for
twenty
minutes
.
The
nurse
told
him
to
ice
his
sprained
ankle
for
twenty
minutes
.
•
I
always
ice
drinks
before
my
friends
arrive
for
the
party
.
I
always
ice
drinks
before
my
friends
arrive
for
the
party
.
verb
-
ice
,
icing
,
ices
,
iced
to
cover
a
cake
or
other
baked
food
with
a
sweet
mixture
called
icing
•
Grandma
let
the
kids
ice
the
birthday
cake
with
blue
frosting
.
Grandma
let
the
kids
ice
the
birthday
cake
with
blue
frosting
.
•
He
carefully
iced
each
cookie
with
a
thin
white
glaze
.
He
carefully
iced
each
cookie
with
a
thin
white
glaze
.
verb
-
ice
,
icing
,
ices
,
iced
informal
:
to
make
something
certain
or
secure
,
especially
a
victory
or
agreement
•
Her
three-pointer
in
the
final
minute
iced
the
game
for
our
team
.
Her
three-pointer
in
the
final
minute
iced
the
game
for
our
team
.
•
A
last-minute
discount
iced
the
deal
with
the
client
.
A
last-minute
discount
iced
the
deal
with
the
client
.
noun
-
ice
US
slang
:
expensive
diamonds
or
jewellery
,
especially
when
worn
for
show
•
The
rapper's
necklace
was
dripping
with
ice
under
the
stage
lights
.
The
rapper's
necklace
was
dripping
with
ice
under
the
stage
lights
.
•
She
saved
up
to
buy
a
little
bit
of
ice
for
her
wedding
day
.
She
saved
up
to
buy
a
little
bit
of
ice
for
her
wedding
day
.
verb
-
ice
,
icing
,
ices
,
iced
US
slang
:
to
kill
someone
deliberately
•
In
the
movie
,
the
gangster
threatens
to
ice
anyone
who
talks
.
In
the
movie
,
the
gangster
threatens
to
ice
anyone
who
talks
.
•
The
villain
iced
the
witness
before
the
trial
could
start
.
The
villain
iced
the
witness
before
the
trial
could
start
.
which
determiner
used
before
a
noun
to
ask
or
talk
about
one
or
more
people
or
things
chosen
from
a
known
group
•
Which
movie
would
you
like
to
watch
tonight
?
Which
movie
would
you
like
to
watch
tonight
?
•
Which
way
is
the
train
station
?
Which
way
is
the
train
station
?
pronoun
used
without
a
following
noun
to
ask
about
or
refer
to
one
or
more
people
or
things
chosen
from
a
known
group
•
Two
cakes
are
on
the
table
;
which
is
for
me
?
Two
cakes
are
on
the
table
;
which
is
for
me
?
•
The
jackets
look
similar
—
which
is
yours
?
The
jackets
look
similar
—
which
is
yours
?
pronoun
used
to
introduce
a
clause
giving
extra
information
about
a
thing
or
group
of
things
just
mentioned
•
She
lives
in
a
house
which
overlooks
the
sea
.
She
lives
in
a
house
which
overlooks
the
sea
.
•
The
dog
,
which
was
rescued
as
a
puppy
,
is
now
healthy
and
happy
.
The
dog
,
which
was
rescued
as
a
puppy
,
is
now
healthy
and
happy
.
American
noun
a
person
from
the
United
States
of
America
•
An
American
smiled
and
offered
to
give
us
directions
.
An
American
smiled
and
offered
to
give
us
directions
.
•
He
is
an
American
who
has
lived
in
Japan
for
ten
years
.
He
is
an
American
who
has
lived
in
Japan
for
ten
years
.
adjective
Connected
with
the
United
States
of
America
,
its
people
,
or
its
culture
.
•
They
served
traditional
American
barbecue
ribs
at
the
festival
.
They
served
traditional
American
barbecue
ribs
at
the
festival
.
•
Her
favorite
subject
is
American
history
.
Her
favorite
subject
is
American
history
.
From
Medieval
Latin
Americanus
,
based
on
the
explorer
Amerigo
Vespucci
’
s
Latinized
name
Americus
.
noun
A
person
who
is
a
citizen
or
native
of
the
United
States
of
America
.
•
An
American
greeted
us
warmly
when
we
arrived
in
New
York
.
An
American
greeted
us
warmly
when
we
arrived
in
New
York
.
•
The
museum
was
full
of
tourists
,
but
one
friendly
American
offered
to
take
our
photo
.
The
museum
was
full
of
tourists
,
but
one
friendly
American
offered
to
take
our
photo
.
From
‘
American
’ (
adjective
)
meaning
‘
of
the
United
States
’,
later
used
as
a
noun
for
its
people
.
adjective
relating
to
the
United
States
of
America
or
its
people
•
We
enjoyed
authentic
American
barbecue
on
our
trip
to
Texas
.
We
enjoyed
authentic
American
barbecue
on
our
trip
to
Texas
.
•
She
loves
watching
American
football
every
Sunday
.
She
loves
watching
American
football
every
Sunday
.
adjective
Connected
with
North
,
Central
,
or
South
America
as
a
whole
rather
than
with
a
single
country
.
•
The
jaguar
is
an
American
big
cat
found
from
Mexico
to
Argentina
.
The
jaguar
is
an
American
big
cat
found
from
Mexico
to
Argentina
.
•
Scientists
study
American
tectonic
plates
to
understand
earthquakes
.
Scientists
study
American
tectonic
plates
to
understand
earthquakes
.
Derived
from
the
name
America
,
applied
broadly
to
the
landmasses
of
the
Western
Hemisphere
.
service
noun
the
act
of
helping
or
doing
useful
work
for
customers
or
guests
•
The
hotel
staff
offered
excellent
service
from
the
moment
we
arrived
.
The
hotel
staff
offered
excellent
service
from
the
moment
we
arrived
.
•
Good
service
often
makes
customers
want
to
come
back
.
Good
service
often
makes
customers
want
to
come
back
.
noun
a
religious
ceremony
in
which
people
pray
,
sing
,
and
listen
to
readings
•
We
attend
a
church
service
every
Sunday
morning
.
We
attend
a
church
service
every
Sunday
morning
.
•
The
wedding
service
was
held
in
a
small
chapel
.
The
wedding
service
was
held
in
a
small
chapel
.
noun
a
regular
system
that
provides
transport
or
another
public
need
•
There
is
an
hourly
bus
service
between
the
two
towns
.
There
is
an
hourly
bus
service
between
the
two
towns
.
•
The
library
offers
a
free
delivery
service
for
elderly
people
.
The
library
offers
a
free
delivery
service
for
elderly
people
.
noun
an
examination
and
small
repairs
done
to
keep
a
machine
or
vehicle
working
well
•
My
car
is
running
smoothly
after
its
annual
service
.
My
car
is
running
smoothly
after
its
annual
service
.
•
The
printer
stopped
working
because
it
needs
a
service
.
The
printer
stopped
working
because
it
needs
a
service
.
verb
-
service
,
servicing
,
services
,
serviced
to
examine
and
repair
a
machine
or
vehicle
so
that
it
continues
to
work
well
•
I
need
to
service
my
bicycle
before
the
long
trip
.
I
need
to
service
my
bicycle
before
the
long
trip
.
•
Technicians
service
the
elevators
every
month
.
Technicians
service
the
elevators
every
month
.
noun
the
armed
forces
of
a
country
,
or
the
time
spent
working
in
them
•
She
hopes
to
join
the
navy
service
after
college
.
She
hopes
to
join
the
navy
service
after
college
.
•
He
received
a
medal
for
his
service
in
the
air
force
.
He
received
a
medal
for
his
service
in
the
air
force
.
verb
-
service
,
servicing
,
services
,
serviced
(
of
a
male
animal
,
sometimes
a
person
)
to
mate
with
a
female
for
breeding
•
The
farmer
brought
in
a
prize
bull
to
service
his
cows
.
The
farmer
brought
in
a
prize
bull
to
service
his
cows
.
•
Stud
dogs
are
often
hired
to
service
pedigreed
females
.
Stud
dogs
are
often
hired
to
service
pedigreed
females
.
political
adjective
connected
with
government
,
public
affairs
,
or
the
way
a
country
or
community
is
managed
•
The
country
is
facing
a
political
crisis
after
the
election
.
The
country
is
facing
a
political
crisis
after
the
election
.
•
Students
discussed
current
political
issues
during
history
class
.
Students
discussed
current
political
issues
during
history
class
.
adjective
done
mainly
to
gain
power
,
favour
,
or
advantage
rather
than
because
it
is
fair
or
right
•
Granting
the
pardon
was
a
political
move
to
win
votes
.
Granting
the
pardon
was
a
political
move
to
win
votes
.
•
Firing
the
whistle-blower
seemed
like
a
political
decision
by
the
company
.
Firing
the
whistle-blower
seemed
like
a
political
decision
by
the
company
.
office
noun
a
room
,
set
of
rooms
,
or
building
where
people
do
desk
or
administrative
work
•
Mia
arrives
at
her
office
every
morning
at
eight
o'clock
.
Mia
arrives
at
her
office
every
morning
at
eight
o'clock
.
•
During
the
summer
,
the
office
gets
comfortably
cool
thanks
to
the
air-conditioning
.
During
the
summer
,
the
office
gets
comfortably
cool
thanks
to
the
air-conditioning
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
“
office
,”
from
Latin
“
officium
”
meaning
‘
service
,
duty
’.
noun
a
position
or
role
with
official
duties
,
especially
in
government
or
an
organization
•
After
the
election
,
she
took
office
as
the
country's
first
female
mayor
.
After
the
election
,
she
took
office
as
the
country's
first
female
mayor
.
•
He
hopes
to
run
for
office
when
he
turns
thirty
.
He
hopes
to
run
for
office
when
he
turns
thirty
.
Same
Latin
root
“
officium
”
also
gave
the
sense
of
a
role
or
duty
carried
out
for
the
state
or
community
.
noun
a
department
or
agency
of
a
government
or
large
organization
that
deals
with
a
particular
kind
of
work
•
You
can
renew
your
passport
at
the
passport
office
in
the
city
center
.
You
can
renew
your
passport
at
the
passport
office
in
the
city
center
.
•
The
tourist
office
gave
us
a
free
map
of
the
town
.
The
tourist
office
gave
us
a
free
map
of
the
town
.
This
sense
developed
as
specific
branches
of
authority
took
on
specialized
duties
,
each
known
as
an
“
office
.”
public
adjective
connected
with
or
involving
all
the
people
in
a
society
•
The
mayor
promised
to
improve
public
safety
in
the
city
.
The
mayor
promised
to
improve
public
safety
in
the
city
.
•
Researchers
shared
their
report
on
public
health
at
a
crowded
press
conference
.
Researchers
shared
their
report
on
public
health
at
a
crowded
press
conference
.
From
Latin
‘
publicus
’
meaning
‘
of
the
people
’.
adjective
able
to
be
seen
,
used
,
or
attended
by
anyone
;
not
private
or
secret
•
The
meeting
was
a
public
event
that
anyone
could
attend
.
The
meeting
was
a
public
event
that
anyone
could
attend
.
•
Please
keep
your
voice
down
in
public
places
like
the
library
.
Please
keep
your
voice
down
in
public
places
like
the
library
.
adjective
provided
,
controlled
,
or
paid
for
by
the
government
rather
than
by
private
individuals
or
companies
•
He
rides
the
bus
because
public
transportation
is
cheap
.
He
rides
the
bus
because
public
transportation
is
cheap
.
•
They
sent
their
children
to
the
local
public
school
.
They
sent
their
children
to
the
local
public
school
.
noun
-
public
the
people
of
a
country
,
city
,
or
community
considered
as
a
whole
•
The
police
asked
the
public
for
help
finding
the
missing
child
.
The
police
asked
the
public
for
help
finding
the
missing
child
.
•
Politicians
should
listen
to
the
public
.
Politicians
should
listen
to
the
public
.
adjective
open
or
available
for
everyone
to
use
,
know
,
or
take
part
in
;
not
private
•
We
spent
the
afternoon
reading
in
the
public
library
.
We
spent
the
afternoon
reading
in
the
public
library
.
•
The
city
opened
a
new
public
park
by
the
river
.
The
city
opened
a
new
public
park
by
the
river
.
noun
all
ordinary
people
as
a
group
,
or
the
people
who
are
interested
in
or
affected
by
something
•
The
museum
is
now
open
to
the
public
.
The
museum
is
now
open
to
the
public
.
•
The
survey
shows
that
the
public
supports
the
new
law
.
The
survey
shows
that
the
public
supports
the
new
law
.
noun
a
particular
group
of
people
who
share
a
common
interest
•
Advertisers
study
the
teenage
public
carefully
.
Advertisers
study
the
teenage
public
carefully
.
•
The
author
thanked
the
reading
public
for
their
loyalty
.
The
author
thanked
the
reading
public
for
their
loyalty
.
adjective
done
or
happening
where
people
can
see
or
know
about
it
;
openly
known
•
The
actor
issued
a
public
apology
for
his
remarks
.
The
actor
issued
a
public
apology
for
his
remarks
.
•
She
refused
to
argue
with
him
in
public
.
She
refused
to
argue
with
him
in
public
.
die
noun
-
die
,
dice
a
small
cube
with
numbered
sides
,
used
in
games
of
chance
•
To
start
the
board
game
,
each
player
rolls
a
die
.
To
start
the
board
game
,
each
player
rolls
a
die
.
•
The
die
landed
on
six
,
so
I
move
six
spaces
.
The
die
landed
on
six
,
so
I
move
six
spaces
.
policy
noun
-
policy
,
policies
an
official
plan
of
action
or
set
of
rules
that
guides
how
an
organization
,
government
,
or
group
behaves
•
The
school
introduced
a
new
policy
to
reduce
plastic
waste
.
The
school
introduced
a
new
policy
to
reduce
plastic
waste
.
•
Company
employees
must
follow
the
internet
use
policy
during
work
hours
.
Company
employees
must
follow
the
internet
use
policy
during
work
hours
.
from
Middle
French
‘
policie
’
meaning
“
civil
administration
,”
itself
from
Late
Latin
‘
politia
’ (“
government
,
civil
organization
”),
ultimately
from
Ancient
Greek
‘
politeia
’.
noun
-
policy
,
policies
a
written
contract
with
an
insurance
company
describing
what
is
covered
and
the
conditions
of
cover
•
We
bought
a
health
insurance
policy
that
covers
annual
check-ups
.
We
bought
a
health
insurance
policy
that
covers
annual
check-ups
.
•
Jacob
filed
a
claim
under
his
car
policy
after
the
accident
.
Jacob
filed
a
claim
under
his
car
policy
after
the
accident
.
noun
-
policy
,
policies
careful
and
practical
way
of
acting
that
shows
wisdom
and
prudence
(
formal
)
•
It
is
sound
policy
to
keep
some
savings
for
emergencies
.
It
is
sound
policy
to
keep
some
savings
for
emergencies
.
•
She
spoke
with
careful
policy
,
avoiding
sensitive
topics
.
She
spoke
with
careful
policy
,
avoiding
sensitive
topics
.
noun
-
policy
,
policies
an
illegal
numbers
lottery
once
popular
in
some
US
cities
(
US
,
informal
)
•
In
the
1920s
,
some
workers
secretly
played
policy
in
the
back
of
barbershops
.
In
the
1920s
,
some
workers
secretly
played
policy
in
the
back
of
barbershops
.
•
The
police
raided
the
old
policy
house
downtown
.
The
police
raided
the
old
policy
house
downtown
.
Possibly
from
the
French
word
‘
policy
’
meaning
“
prize
”
or
from
earlier
slang
for
a
gambling
scheme
;
used
in
the
late
19th
and
early
20th
centuries
in
many
US
cities
.
police
noun
the
official
organization
whose
job
is
to
enforce
the
law
,
protect
people
,
and
catch
criminals
•
The
police
arrived
within
minutes
after
the
robbery
was
reported
.
The
police
arrived
within
minutes
after
the
robbery
was
reported
.
•
You
should
call
the
police
if
you
see
anything
suspicious
.
You
should
call
the
police
if
you
see
anything
suspicious
.
From
Old
French
police
“
public
order
,
administration
,
government
,”
from
Latin
polītīa
“
organization
,
civil
administration
,”
from
Ancient
Greek
πολιτεία
(
politeía
) “
citizenship
,
government
.”
verb
-
police
,
policing
,
polices
,
policed
to
watch
and
control
an
area
,
activity
,
or
group
to
make
sure
that
rules
or
laws
are
followed
•
Volunteers
helped
police
the
beach
by
reminding
visitors
not
to
litter
.
Volunteers
helped
police
the
beach
by
reminding
visitors
not
to
litter
.
•
The
organization
works
to
police
online
hate
speech
.
The
organization
works
to
police
online
hate
speech
.
Extension
of
the
noun
sense
;
first
recorded
as
a
verb
in
the
mid-19th
century
.
music
noun
-
music
sounds
that
are
arranged
in
patterns
of
rhythm
,
melody
,
and
harmony
so
people
can
listen
,
sing
,
or
dance
to
•
She
listens
to
classical
music
while
doing
her
homework
.
She
listens
to
classical
music
while
doing
her
homework
.
•
The
crowd
started
dancing
as
soon
as
the
live
music
began
.
The
crowd
started
dancing
as
soon
as
the
live
music
began
.
From
Old
French
musique
,
from
Latin
musica
,
from
Ancient
Greek
mousikē
(
art
of
the
Muses
).
noun
-
music
the
written
or
printed
signs
(
notes
)
that
show
how
a
piece
of
music
should
be
played
or
sung
•
The
violinist
forgot
her
sheet
music
at
home
.
The
violinist
forgot
her
sheet
music
at
home
.
•
Could
you
hand
me
the
music
for
the
next
song
?
Could
you
hand
me
the
music
for
the
next
song
?
noun
-
music
a
pleasant
or
harmonious
sound
,
especially
one
that
reminds
you
of
actual
music
•
The
gentle
waves
made
a
music
that
soothed
everyone
on
the
beach
.
The
gentle
waves
made
a
music
that
soothed
everyone
on
the
beach
.
•
To
the
hikers
,
the
birdsong
was
pure
music
.
To
the
hikers
,
the
birdsong
was
pure
music
.
nice
adjective
-
nice
,
nicer
,
nicest
pleasant
,
enjoyable
,
or
giving
pleasure
•
We
had
a
nice
picnic
by
the
lake
on
Sunday
.
We
had
a
nice
picnic
by
the
lake
on
Sunday
.
•
The
hotel
room
had
a
nice
view
of
the
mountains
.
The
hotel
room
had
a
nice
view
of
the
mountains
.
From
Middle
English
‘
nice
’
meaning
foolish
or
shy
,
adopted
from
Old
French
‘
nice
’,
originally
Latin
‘
nescius
’
meaning
ignorant
.
adjective
-
nice
,
nicer
,
nicest
kind
,
friendly
,
and
considerate
in
character
or
behavior
•
Our
new
neighbor
is
really
nice
and
brought
us
cookies
.
Our
new
neighbor
is
really
nice
and
brought
us
cookies
.
•
Be
nice
to
your
little
brother
when
he
asks
for
help
.
Be
nice
to
your
little
brother
when
he
asks
for
help
.
adjective
-
nice
,
nicer
,
nicest
good
or
satisfactory
,
often
used
informally
to
express
approval
•
That
’
s
a
nice
shot
!
You
almost
hit
the
bull
’
s-eye
.
That
’
s
a
nice
shot
!
You
almost
hit
the
bull
’
s-eye
.
•
Your
idea
sounds
nice
—
let
’
s
try
it
.
Your
idea
sounds
nice
—
let
’
s
try
it
.
adverb
used
informally
,
especially
before
“
and
”
plus
an
adjective
,
to
mean
very
or
pleasantly
•
Let
’
s
sit
by
the
heater
where
it
’
s
nice
and
warm
.
Let
’
s
sit
by
the
heater
where
it
’
s
nice
and
warm
.
•
The
dough
should
be
nice
and
smooth
before
you
bake
it
.
The
dough
should
be
nice
and
smooth
before
you
bake
it
.
adjective
-
nice
,
nicer
,
nicest
showing
or
needing
great
accuracy
or
delicate
judgment
•
The
researcher
made
a
nice
distinction
between
correlation
and
causation
.
The
researcher
made
a
nice
distinction
between
correlation
and
causation
.
•
Achieving
that
tolerance
requires
some
nice
adjustments
to
the
machine
.
Achieving
that
tolerance
requires
some
nice
adjustments
to
the
machine
.
price
noun
the
amount
of
money
that
you
must
pay
to
buy
something
•
The
price
of
bread
went
up
last
week
.
The
price
of
bread
went
up
last
week
.
•
We
can't
afford
that
car
because
its
price
is
too
high
.
We
can't
afford
that
car
because
its
price
is
too
high
.
From
Old
French
‘
pris
’,
from
Latin
‘
pretium
’
meaning
‘
money
,
value
’.
noun
an
unpleasant
cost
or
sacrifice
that
you
must
accept
in
order
to
get
or
do
something
•
Fame
was
exciting
,
but
the
price
of
losing
her
privacy
was
hard
to
bear
.
Fame
was
exciting
,
but
the
price
of
losing
her
privacy
was
hard
to
bear
.
•
There's
always
a
price
to
pay
for
cheating
on
the
exam
.
There's
always
a
price
to
pay
for
cheating
on
the
exam
.
Extension
of
the
concrete
sense
of
‘
price
’
to
the
abstract
idea
of
a
non-monetary
cost
in
the
17th
century
.
verb
-
price
,
pricing
,
prices
,
priced
to
decide
or
say
how
much
something
should
cost
•
The
manager
priced
the
new
menu
items
carefully
.
The
manager
priced
the
new
menu
items
carefully
.
•
Make
sure
you
price
the
laptops
lower
than
our
competitors
.
Make
sure
you
price
the
laptops
lower
than
our
competitors
.
Verb
use
recorded
from
early
14th
century
,
from
the
noun
‘
price
’.
republican
adjective
connected
with
or
supporting
a
form
of
government
in
which
the
people
choose
representatives
and
there
is
no
king
or
queen
•
The
country
adopted
a
new
republican
constitution
after
the
revolution
.
The
country
adopted
a
new
republican
constitution
after
the
revolution
.
•
Many
young
voters
favored
a
republican
system
instead
of
the
old
monarchy
.
Many
young
voters
favored
a
republican
system
instead
of
the
old
monarchy
.
From
French
républicain
,
based
on
Latin
res
publica
“
public
matter
,
commonwealth
.”
noun
a
person
who
believes
that
a
country
should
be
a
republic
or
who
works
to
replace
a
monarchy
with
an
elected
government
•
The
republican
stood
on
the
podium
and
called
for
the
end
of
the
monarchy
.
The
republican
stood
on
the
podium
and
called
for
the
end
of
the
monarchy
.
•
As
a
devoted
republican
,
she
wore
a
pin
shaped
like
a
broken
crown
.
As
a
devoted
republican
,
she
wore
a
pin
shaped
like
a
broken
crown
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
,
first
used
in
English
political
writings
of
the
17th
century
.
Republican
noun
a
member
or
supporter
of
the
Republican
Party
in
the
United
States
•
A
smiling
Republican
shook
hands
with
voters
at
the
county
fair
.
A
smiling
Republican
shook
hands
with
voters
at
the
county
fair
.
•
My
aunt
has
been
a
proud
Republican
since
she
was
eighteen
.
My
aunt
has
been
a
proud
Republican
since
she
was
eighteen
.
Derived
from
the
name
of
the
Republican
Party
,
established
in
1854
.
adjective
connected
with
the
Republican
Party
,
one
of
the
two
major
political
parties
in
the
United
States
•
The
senator
introduced
a
Republican
proposal
to
cut
taxes
.
The
senator
introduced
a
Republican
proposal
to
cut
taxes
.
•
The
two
candidates
debated
their
Republican
and
Democratic
viewpoints
.
The
two
candidates
debated
their
Republican
and
Democratic
viewpoints
.
Capitalization
began
in
the
mid-19th
century
with
the
founding
of
the
U
.
S
.
Republican
Party
(
1854
).
voice
noun
the
sound
that
a
person
or
animal
makes
when
speaking
,
singing
,
or
making
noise
•
Her
voice
trembled
as
she
told
the
story
.
Her
voice
trembled
as
she
told
the
story
.
•
Please
use
your
indoor
voice
in
the
library
.
Please
use
your
indoor
voice
in
the
library
.
From
Old
French
voiz
,
from
Latin
vōx
meaning
“
sound
,
utterance
,
cry
”.
noun
the
right
or
power
to
express
your
ideas
and
influence
what
happens
•
Employees
finally
had
a
voice
in
how
the
company
was
run
.
Employees
finally
had
a
voice
in
how
the
company
was
run
.
•
The
community
gave
teenagers
a
voice
on
the
city
council
.
The
community
gave
teenagers
a
voice
on
the
city
council
.
verb
-
voice
,
voicing
,
voices
,
voiced
to
say
something
or
express
an
opinion
,
especially
in
public
•
Residents
voiced
their
concerns
at
the
town
meeting
.
Residents
voiced
their
concerns
at
the
town
meeting
.
•
He
is
not
afraid
to
voice
unpopular
opinions
.
He
is
not
afraid
to
voice
unpopular
opinions
.
noun
in
grammar
,
a
form
of
a
verb
that
shows
whether
the
subject
does
the
action
(
active
)
or
receives
it
(
passive
)
•
"
The
cat
chased
the
mouse
"
is
in
the
active
voice
.
"
The
cat
chased
the
mouse
"
is
in
the
active
voice
.
•
"
The
ball
was
kicked
by
Tim
"
uses
the
passive
voice
.
"
The
ball
was
kicked
by
Tim
"
uses
the
passive
voice
.
pick
verb
to
choose
one
person
or
thing
from
a
group
•
You
can
pick
any
dessert
from
the
menu
.
You
can
pick
any
dessert
from
the
menu
.
•
The
coach
will
pick
the
starting
players
tomorrow
.
The
coach
will
pick
the
starting
players
tomorrow
.
Old
English
‘
pician
’
meaning
‘
to
prick
or
pierce
’,
later
shifting
to
the
idea
of
selecting
something
with
the
point
of
attention
.
verb
to
remove
fruit
,
flowers
,
or
other
small
things
from
a
plant
by
hand
•
They
pick
apples
from
the
orchard
every
autumn
.
They
pick
apples
from
the
orchard
every
autumn
.
•
We
need
to
pick
the
ripe
strawberries
early
in
the
morning
.
We
need
to
pick
the
ripe
strawberries
early
in
the
morning
.
noun
the
person
or
thing
that
is
chosen
;
a
choice
•
Blue
was
my
first
pick
for
the
bedroom
wall
colour
.
Blue
was
my
first
pick
for
the
bedroom
wall
colour
.
•
She
was
the
company
’
s
top
pick
for
the
job
.
She
was
the
company
’
s
top
pick
for
the
job
.
noun
a
small
flat
piece
of
plastic
or
metal
used
for
plucking
the
strings
of
a
guitar
or
similar
instrument
•
The
guitarist
dropped
his
pick
during
the
solo
.
The
guitarist
dropped
his
pick
during
the
solo
.
•
I
keep
an
extra
pick
in
my
pocket
,
just
in
case
.
I
keep
an
extra
pick
in
my
pocket
,
just
in
case
.
From
early
20th-century
American
music
slang
,
shortening
of
‘
plectrum
’.
verb
to
open
a
lock
without
a
key
by
using
a
special
tool
•
The
locksmith
pick
the
broken
lock
in
seconds
.
The
locksmith
pick
the
broken
lock
in
seconds
.
•
Spies
in
movies
often
pick
locks
with
hairpins
.
Spies
in
movies
often
pick
locks
with
hairpins
.
practice
noun
repeated
activity
or
exercise
done
to
improve
a
skill
•
Maya
spends
an
hour
in
practice
every
evening
to
improve
her
violin
skills
.
Maya
spends
an
hour
in
practice
every
evening
to
improve
her
violin
skills
.
•
Regular
practice
helped
him
learn
English
faster
.
Regular
practice
helped
him
learn
English
faster
.
From
Old
French
‘
practique
’,
from
Latin
‘
prāctica
’
meaning
‘
practical
application
’,
ultimately
from
Greek
‘
praktikos
’ (‘
fit
for
action
’).
verb
-
practice
,
practicing
,
practices
,
practiced
to
do
an
activity
again
and
again
so
that
you
become
better
at
it
•
Before
the
recital
,
he
needs
to
practice
the
piano
.
Before
the
recital
,
he
needs
to
practice
the
piano
.
•
The
basketball
team
will
practice
for
two
hours
after
school
.
The
basketball
team
will
practice
for
two
hours
after
school
.
noun
a
business
or
workplace
where
a
professional
such
as
a
doctor
,
lawyer
,
or
accountant
serves
clients
•
Dr
.
Lee
opened
a
medical
practice
in
the
city
center
.
Dr
.
Lee
opened
a
medical
practice
in
the
city
center
.
•
After
five
years
at
a
big
firm
,
she
started
her
own
law
practice
.
After
five
years
at
a
big
firm
,
she
started
her
own
law
practice
.
noun
a
usual
or
accepted
way
of
doing
something
;
a
habit
or
custom
•
It
is
common
practice
to
greet
guests
with
a
smile
.
It
is
common
practice
to
greet
guests
with
a
smile
.
•
Leaving
shoes
at
the
door
is
a
practice
in
many
homes
.
Leaving
shoes
at
the
door
is
a
practice
in
many
homes
.
picture
noun
a
painting
,
drawing
,
photograph
,
or
other
flat
image
that
shows
what
something
looks
like
•
He
hung
a
picture
of
his
family
on
the
wall
.
He
hung
a
picture
of
his
family
on
the
wall
.
•
The
children
drew
a
colorful
picture
for
their
teacher
.
The
children
drew
a
colorful
picture
for
their
teacher
.
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
pictura
“
painting
,”
from
pictus
,
past
participle
of
pingere
“
to
paint
,
depict
.”
noun
an
image
or
idea
you
create
in
your
mind
when
you
think
about
something
•
Close
your
eyes
and
build
a
clear
picture
of
the
beach
.
Close
your
eyes
and
build
a
clear
picture
of
the
beach
.
•
The
witness
gave
the
police
a
picture
of
the
suspect
.
The
witness
gave
the
police
a
picture
of
the
suspect
.
noun
a
movie
;
a
film
shown
in
a
cinema
•
We
watched
an
old
black-and-white
picture
after
dinner
.
We
watched
an
old
black-and-white
picture
after
dinner
.
•
The
studio
released
five
new
pictures
this
year
.
The
studio
released
five
new
pictures
this
year
.
verb
-
picture
,
picturing
,
pictures
,
pictured
to
form
a
mental
image
of
something
;
imagine
•
Try
to
picture
the
city
100
years
ago
.
Try
to
picture
the
city
100
years
ago
.
•
I
can
’
t
picture
him
as
a
father
.
I
can
’
t
picture
him
as
a
father
.
verb
-
picture
,
picturing
,
pictures
,
pictured
to
show
or
represent
something
in
a
drawing
,
photo
,
or
words
;
depict
•
The
mural
pictures
local
heroes
.
The
mural
pictures
local
heroes
.
•
The
book
pictured
the
village
as
peaceful
and
welcoming
.
The
book
pictured
the
village
as
peaceful
and
welcoming
.
justice
noun
-
justice
fair
and
reasonable
treatment
of
people
,
making
sure
that
right
actions
are
rewarded
and
wrong
actions
are
punished
•
The
protesters
demanded
justice
for
the
victims
.
The
protesters
demanded
justice
for
the
victims
.
•
Children
often
have
a
strong
sense
of
justice
and
notice
when
something
feels
unfair
.
Children
often
have
a
strong
sense
of
justice
and
notice
when
something
feels
unfair
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
justice
,
from
Latin
iustitia
meaning
“
righteousness
,
equity
,”
from
iustus
“
just
.”
noun
-
justice
the
system
of
courts
,
laws
,
and
processes
that
decides
whether
people
have
broken
the
law
and
how
to
deal
with
them
•
She
plans
to
study
criminal
justice
at
university
.
She
plans
to
study
criminal
justice
at
university
.
•
The
justice
system
can
be
slow
,
but
it
aims
to
protect
society
.
The
justice
system
can
be
slow
,
but
it
aims
to
protect
society
.
Same
root
as
the
abstract
sense
:
from
Latin
iustitia
through
Old
French
justice
,
later
extended
to
mean
the
organized
body
enforcing
the
law
.
noun
a
judge
of
a
high-level
court
,
especially
a
supreme
or
appellate
court
•
Justice
Roberts
wrote
the
majority
opinion
.
Justice
Roberts
wrote
the
majority
opinion
.
•
“
Yes
,
Justice
,”
the
lawyer
replied
respectfully
.
“
Yes
,
Justice
,”
the
lawyer
replied
respectfully
.
Title
use
developed
from
the
abstract
noun
,
first
recorded
in
English
courts
in
the
13th
century
.
reality
noun
-
reality
,
realities
,
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
the
true
state
of
things
as
they
actually
exist
,
not
as
they
are
imagined
or
wished
for
•
After
waking
from
a
vivid
dream
,
Mia
felt
a
jolt
as
she
returned
to
reality
.
After
waking
from
a
vivid
dream
,
Mia
felt
a
jolt
as
she
returned
to
reality
.
•
The
climbing
team
had
trained
for
months
,
but
the
freezing
wind
on
the
mountain
made
the
reality
of
the
ascent
clear
.
The
climbing
team
had
trained
for
months
,
but
the
freezing
wind
on
the
mountain
made
the
reality
of
the
ascent
clear
.
Late
Middle
English
from
Old
French
‘
realite
’,
from
medieval
Latin
‘
realitas
’,
from
Latin
‘
realis
’
meaning
‘
relating
to
things
’.
noun
-
reality
,
realities
,
realize
,
realizing
,
realizes
,
realized
a
real
fact
,
situation
,
or
experience
,
especially
one
of
several
kinds
or
examples
•
The
book
explores
the
different
realities
faced
by
refugees
around
the
world
.
The
book
explores
the
different
realities
faced
by
refugees
around
the
world
.
•
Climate
scientists
warn
us
about
the
stark
realities
of
global
warming
.
Climate
scientists
warn
us
about
the
stark
realities
of
global
warming
.
See
Sense
1
etymology
;
the
countable
use
evolved
in
the
17th
century
to
refer
to
specific
factual
situations
.
choice
noun
-
choice
,
choicer
,
choicest
the
act
or
power
of
picking
someone
or
something
from
two
or
more
possibilities
•
You
have
a
difficult
choice
to
make
between
two
great
universities
.
You
have
a
difficult
choice
to
make
between
two
great
universities
.
•
Freedom
of
choice
is
important
in
a
democracy
.
Freedom
of
choice
is
important
in
a
democracy
.
noun
-
choice
,
choicer
,
choicest
a
person
or
thing
that
is
picked
from
a
group
•
Chocolate
ice
cream
was
my
first
choice
.
Chocolate
ice
cream
was
my
first
choice
.
•
Out
of
all
the
applicants
,
Liam
was
the
manager
’
s
top
choice
.
Out
of
all
the
applicants
,
Liam
was
the
manager
’
s
top
choice
.
noun
-
choice
,
choicer
,
choicest
a
range
of
different
things
from
which
something
may
be
selected
•
The
store
offers
a
wide
choice
of
fresh
fruits
.
The
store
offers
a
wide
choice
of
fresh
fruits
.
•
There
wasn
’
t
much
choice
on
the
late-night
menu
.
There
wasn
’
t
much
choice
on
the
late-night
menu
.
adjective
-
choice
,
choicer
,
choicest
of
exceptionally
good
quality
;
selected
as
the
best
•
They
served
a
platter
of
choice
cheeses
at
the
party
.
They
served
a
platter
of
choice
cheeses
at
the
party
.
•
Only
choice
seats
near
the
stage
were
left
.
Only
choice
seats
near
the
stage
were
left
.
specific
adjective
clear
and
exact
,
referring
to
one
particular
person
,
thing
,
or
detail
rather
than
something
general
•
Can
you
give
me
a
specific
example
of
what
you
mean
?
Can
you
give
me
a
specific
example
of
what
you
mean
?
•
Each
student
had
a
specific
topic
to
research
for
the
project
.
Each
student
had
a
specific
topic
to
research
for
the
project
.
From
Latin
specificus
“
of
a
kind
,
special
,”
from
species
“
appearance
,
kind
”
+
-ficus
“
making
.”
noun
a
precise
detail
or
piece
of
information
about
something
•
Before
we
act
,
we
need
the
specifics
of
the
budget
.
Before
we
act
,
we
need
the
specifics
of
the
budget
.
•
She
refused
to
share
any
specifics
about
the
surprise
party
.
She
refused
to
share
any
specifics
about
the
surprise
party
.
Noun
use
evolved
from
the
adjective
in
the
late
19th
century
,
referring
to
‘
specific
detail
’.
noun
a
medicine
or
treatment
that
works
especially
well
for
a
particular
disease
•
Penicillin
was
once
considered
a
specific
for
pneumonia
.
Penicillin
was
once
considered
a
specific
for
pneumonia
.
•
Researchers
are
searching
for
a
specific
that
will
cure
the
new
virus
.
Researchers
are
searching
for
a
specific
that
will
cure
the
new
virus
.
From
early
17th-century
medical
Latin
remedium
specificum
“
remedy
of
a
kind
.”
economic
adjective
relating
to
money
,
trade
,
industry
,
and
the
overall
system
of
producing
and
using
goods
and
services
•
The
government
introduced
new
economic
policies
to
reduce
unemployment
.
The
government
introduced
new
economic
policies
to
reduce
unemployment
.
•
Tourism
is
the
island
’
s
main
economic
activity
,
supporting
thousands
of
jobs
.
Tourism
is
the
island
’
s
main
economic
activity
,
supporting
thousands
of
jobs
.
From
French
économique
and
ultimately
from
Ancient
Greek
oikonomikós
,
relating
to
household
management
,
which
broadened
to
the
modern
sense
of
managing
resources
of
a
state
.
adjective
profitable
or
cost-effective
;
bringing
a
good
return
for
the
money
or
effort
spent
•
It
is
not
economic
to
repair
the
old
printer
,
so
the
office
ordered
a
new
one
.
It
is
not
economic
to
repair
the
old
printer
,
so
the
office
ordered
a
new
one
.
•
Running
night
shifts
became
more
economic
after
electricity
prices
fell
.
Running
night
shifts
became
more
economic
after
electricity
prices
fell
.
Developed
from
the
general
sense
of
managing
resources
wisely
,
later
narrowed
in
the
19th
century
to
describe
actions
that
yield
financial
gain
.
official
adjective
coming
from
,
approved
by
,
or
representing
a
person
or
group
that
has
formal
power
or
authority
•
The
company
released
an
official
statement
about
the
merger
.
The
company
released
an
official
statement
about
the
merger
.
•
Only
documents
with
an
official
stamp
are
accepted
at
the
embassy
.
Only
documents
with
an
official
stamp
are
accepted
at
the
embassy
.
adjective
connected
to
the
duties
,
events
,
or
things
someone
does
as
part
of
their
job
or
position
,
not
their
private
life
•
Her
official
title
is
“
Chief
Financial
Officer
.”
Her
official
title
is
“
Chief
Financial
Officer
.”
•
During
an
official
visit
to
Japan
,
the
president
met
the
emperor
.
During
an
official
visit
to
Japan
,
the
president
met
the
emperor
.
adjective
approved
,
made
,
or
done
by
people
in
authority
and
therefore
accepted
as
true
or
lawful
,
not
personal
or
unofficial
•
The
government
released
an
official
report
on
the
new
law
.
The
government
released
an
official
report
on
the
new
law
.
•
"
Please
show
some
official
identification
at
the
entrance
,"
the
guard
said
.
"
Please
show
some
official
identification
at
the
entrance
,"
the
guard
said
.
from
Medieval
Latin
officiālis
“
of
duty
or
office
,”
from
Latin
officium
“
service
,
duty
”
noun
a
person
who
holds
a
position
of
authority
in
an
organization
or
government
•
A
health
official
warned
the
public
about
the
flu
outbreak
.
A
health
official
warned
the
public
about
the
flu
outbreak
.
•
Match
officials
checked
the
field
before
the
game
began
.
Match
officials
checked
the
field
before
the
game
began
.
from
Medieval
Latin
officiālis
“
person
in
charge
of
an
office
,”
from
Latin
officium
“
service
,
duty
”
noun
a
person
who
holds
an
important
job
in
a
government
,
organization
,
or
sporting
event
and
has
the
power
to
make
decisions
•
A
city
official
inspected
the
restaurant
’
s
kitchen
.
A
city
official
inspected
the
restaurant
’
s
kitchen
.
•
The
soccer
official
blew
the
whistle
to
start
the
match
.
The
soccer
official
blew
the
whistle
to
start
the
match
.
physical
adjective
connected
with
the
body
rather
than
the
mind
•
Regular
physical
exercise
keeps
the
heart
healthy
.
Regular
physical
exercise
keeps
the
heart
healthy
.
•
After
hours
of
physical
work
in
the
garden
,
he
wiped
the
sweat
from
his
brow
.
After
hours
of
physical
work
in
the
garden
,
he
wiped
the
sweat
from
his
brow
.
From
late
Middle
English
,
via
medieval
Latin
physica
‘
natural
things
’,
from
Greek
phusikos
‘
of
nature
’.
adjective
relating
to
real
,
material
things
that
can
be
touched
or
seen
•
The
museum
lets
visitors
hold
physical
replicas
of
ancient
tools
.
The
museum
lets
visitors
hold
physical
replicas
of
ancient
tools
.
•
Always
keep
a
physical
backup
of
important
documents
.
Always
keep
a
physical
backup
of
important
documents
.
adjective
involving
forceful
or
aggressive
bodily
contact
•
The
argument
turned
physical
when
someone
threw
a
punch
.
The
argument
turned
physical
when
someone
threw
a
punch
.
•
Rugby
can
be
very
physical
,
so
players
wear
mouthguards
.
Rugby
can
be
very
physical
,
so
players
wear
mouthguards
.
noun
a
general
medical
examination
of
the
body
•
I
have
my
annual
physical
next
Tuesday
.
I
have
my
annual
physical
next
Tuesday
.
•
The
company
requires
a
physical
before
you
start
work
.
The
company
requires
a
physical
before
you
start
work
.
adjective
connected
with
the
science
of
physics
or
the
laws
of
nature
•
Gravity
is
a
physical
force
that
attracts
all
objects
.
Gravity
is
a
physical
force
that
attracts
all
objects
.
•
The
experiment
measured
the
physical
properties
of
copper
.
The
experiment
measured
the
physical
properties
of
copper
.
district
noun
a
part
of
a
city
or
town
that
has
a
particular
character
or
purpose
,
such
as
being
mainly
for
shops
,
businesses
,
or
homes
•
The
city's
historic
district
is
full
of
old
brick
buildings
and
cafés
.
The
city's
historic
district
is
full
of
old
brick
buildings
and
cafés
.
•
We
spent
the
afternoon
shopping
in
the
downtown
district
.
We
spent
the
afternoon
shopping
in
the
downtown
district
.
From
Latin
districtus
,
past
participle
of
distringere
“
to
draw
apart
,
compel
,”
later
meaning
a
territory
under
jurisdiction
.
noun
a
fixed
area
that
a
government
or
organization
uses
for
official
administration
,
such
as
a
school
,
court
,
or
voting
area
•
Each
student
must
attend
the
public
school
in
their
own
district
.
Each
student
must
attend
the
public
school
in
their
own
district
.
•
The
city
council
redrew
the
voting
districts
after
the
census
.
The
city
council
redrew
the
voting
districts
after
the
census
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
later
specialized
to
mean
an
area
under
particular
authority
.
verb
to
divide
an
area
into
official
districts
for
administration
,
voting
,
or
services
•
After
the
population
grew
,
the
state
decided
to
district
the
new
suburbs
separately
.
After
the
population
grew
,
the
state
decided
to
district
the
new
suburbs
separately
.
•
Lawmakers
must
district
fairly
to
ensure
equal
representation
.
Lawmakers
must
district
fairly
to
ensure
equal
representation
.
Verb
use
developed
in
the
19th
century
from
the
noun
,
meaning
“
to
mark
out
into
districts
.”
significant
adjective
large
or
important
enough
to
have
an
effect
or
to
be
noticed
•
The
new
bridge
made
a
significant
difference
to
traffic
flow
.
The
new
bridge
made
a
significant
difference
to
traffic
flow
.
•
Winning
the
award
was
a
significant
moment
in
her
career
.
Winning
the
award
was
a
significant
moment
in
her
career
.
From
Latin
significans
,
present
participle
of
significare
,
meaning
“
to
show
by
a
sign
,
mean
”.
adjective
showing
or
suggesting
a
special
meaning
beyond
the
obvious
words
or
action
•
He
gave
her
a
significant
look
and
she
knew
it
was
time
to
leave
.
He
gave
her
a
significant
look
and
she
knew
it
was
time
to
leave
.
•
The
pause
before
his
answer
was
significant
,
letting
everyone
sense
his
discomfort
.
The
pause
before
his
answer
was
significant
,
letting
everyone
sense
his
discomfort
.
Same
origin
as
other
senses
:
Latin
significare
“
to
indicate
,
mean
”.
adjective
showing
a
result
that
is
unlikely
to
have
happened
by
chance
,
according
to
a
statistical
test
•
The
results
were
statistically
significant
at
the
5%
level
.
The
results
were
statistically
significant
at
the
5%
level
.
•
Researchers
found
a
significant
correlation
between
exercise
and
mood
.
Researchers
found
a
significant
correlation
between
exercise
and
mood
.
Adopted
in
statistical
writing
in
the
late
19th
century
to
label
results
unlikely
to
be
due
to
chance
alone
.
officer
noun
a
member
of
the
police
who
has
official
authority
to
enforce
the
law
•
Two
officers
stood
at
the
crossroads
,
calmly
directing
traffic
.
Two
officers
stood
at
the
crossroads
,
calmly
directing
traffic
.
•
The
officer
asked
to
see
my
driver's
license
.
The
officer
asked
to
see
my
driver's
license
.
Middle
English
:
from
Anglo-Norman
French
,
from
Old
French
oficier
,
based
on
Latin
officium
‘
office
’.
noun
a
person
in
the
armed
forces
who
holds
a
position
of
authority
,
usually
obtained
by
a
commission
•
The
naval
officer
gave
the
order
to
raise
the
anchor
.
The
naval
officer
gave
the
order
to
raise
the
anchor
.
•
Cadets
dream
of
becoming
officers
after
graduation
.
Cadets
dream
of
becoming
officers
after
graduation
.
noun
a
person
with
an
important
position
and
responsibility
in
a
company
,
government
department
,
or
other
organization
•
The
chief
financial
officer
presented
the
annual
report
to
shareholders
.
The
chief
financial
officer
presented
the
annual
report
to
shareholders
.
•
As
a
safety
officer
,
she
checks
every
machine
each
morning
.
As
a
safety
officer
,
she
checks
every
machine
each
morning
.
verb
to
provide
with
officers
or
to
command
as
an
officer
•
Experienced
captains
officer
the
training
vessel
each
summer
.
Experienced
captains
officer
the
training
vessel
each
summer
.
•
The
company
officered
the
project
with
seasoned
managers
.
The
company
officered
the
project
with
seasoned
managers
.
article
noun
a
piece
of
writing
published
in
a
newspaper
,
magazine
,
journal
,
or
on
a
website
•
I
read
an
interesting
article
about
coral
reefs
this
morning
.
I
read
an
interesting
article
about
coral
reefs
this
morning
.
•
The
teacher
asked
us
to
write
a
news
article
for
the
school
paper
.
The
teacher
asked
us
to
write
a
news
article
for
the
school
paper
.
From
Latin
articulus
“
joint
,
part
,
small
member
,
section
,
clause
”,
later
“
a
clause
in
writing
”,
borrowed
into
Old
French
and
then
Middle
English
.
noun
in
grammar
,
a
small
word
like
“
a
”, “
an
”,
or
“
the
”
that
comes
before
a
noun
•
In
English
,
the
article
“
the
”
is
called
definite
.
In
English
,
the
article
“
the
”
is
called
definite
.
•
Use
the
article
“
an
”
before
words
that
start
with
a
vowel
sound
.
Use
the
article
“
an
”
before
words
that
start
with
a
vowel
sound
.
Specialized
grammatical
sense
recorded
since
the
late
16th
century
.
noun
a
single
object
or
item
,
especially
one
of
a
particular
type
in
a
group
•
Each
article
of
clothing
must
be
labeled
with
your
name
.
Each
article
of
clothing
must
be
labeled
with
your
name
.
•
The
shop
sells
handmade
articles
carved
from
olive
wood
.
The
shop
sells
handmade
articles
carved
from
olive
wood
.
Extended
from
the
idea
of
a
small
part
or
section
to
mean
any
individual
item
within
a
set
.
verb
-
article
,
articling
,
articles
,
articled
to
bind
or
train
someone
,
especially
a
law
student
,
by
a
formal
written
contract
of
apprenticeship
•
He
articled
with
a
top
law
firm
after
finishing
university
.
He
articled
with
a
top
law
firm
after
finishing
university
.
•
She
is
articling
at
a
firm
in
Toronto
this
year
.
She
is
articling
at
a
firm
in
Toronto
this
year
.
Verb
use
comes
from
the
noun
sense
of
“
articles
”
meaning
written
terms
of
agreement
.
Article
noun
a
numbered
section
or
clause
in
a
formal
document
such
as
a
constitution
,
treaty
,
or
contract
•
According
to
Article
12
,
everyone
has
the
right
to
education
.
According
to
Article
12
,
everyone
has
the
right
to
education
.
•
The
contract
’
s
Article
5
explains
payment
terms
.
The
contract
’
s
Article
5
explains
payment
terms
.
Sense
developed
in
legal
Latin
to
mean
an
individual
clause
of
a
document
.
particularly
adverb
to
a
greater
degree
than
usual
or
than
others
;
especially
•
The
soup
was
particularly
tasty
on
that
cold
winter
evening
.
The
soup
was
particularly
tasty
on
that
cold
winter
evening
.
•
My
little
brother
is
particularly
afraid
of
the
dark
.
My
little
brother
is
particularly
afraid
of
the
dark
.
Derived
from
the
adjective
“
particular
”
+
suffix
“
-ly
,”
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
14th
century
.
adverb
used
to
single
out
one
person
,
thing
,
or
detail
from
a
larger
group
;
specifically
•
He
enjoys
many
sports
,
particularly
basketball
.
He
enjoys
many
sports
,
particularly
basketball
.
•
The
festival
attracts
tourists
from
many
countries
,
particularly
Japan
.
The
festival
attracts
tourists
from
many
countries
,
particularly
Japan
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
: “
particular
”
+
“
-ly
.”
The
narrowing-down
meaning
developed
from
the
adjective
’
s
sense
of
referring
to
one
specific
item
.
quickly
adverb
at
a
fast
speed
or
in
a
very
short
time
•
The
rabbit
ran
quickly
across
the
field
to
escape
the
fox
.
The
rabbit
ran
quickly
across
the
field
to
escape
the
fox
.
•
Please
finish
your
homework
quickly
so
we
can
watch
a
movie
.
Please
finish
your
homework
quickly
so
we
can
watch
a
movie
.
Formed
by
adding
the
adverb-forming
suffix
-ly
to
the
adjective
“
quick
”,
which
comes
from
Old
English
“
cwic
”
meaning
“
alive
”
or
“
lively
”.
Over
time
, “
quick
”
developed
the
sense
of
“
fast
”,
and
“
quickly
”
followed
with
the
meaning
“
in
a
fast
manner
”.
indicate
verb
-
indicate
,
indicating
,
indicates
,
indicated
to
show
that
something
exists
,
is
true
,
or
is
likely
•
The
rising
smoke
indicated
that
there
was
a
fire
nearby
.
The
rising
smoke
indicated
that
there
was
a
fire
nearby
.
•
Her
bright
smile
indicates
that
she
is
pleased
with
the
results
.
Her
bright
smile
indicates
that
she
is
pleased
with
the
results
.
From
Latin
indicāre
“
to
point
out
,
show
”,
from
in-
“
towards
”
+
dicāre
“
proclaim
”.
verb
-
indicate
,
indicating
,
indicates
,
indicated
to
point
to
,
show
,
or
state
something
in
order
to
give
information
or
make
a
choice
•
On
the
form
,
please
indicate
your
age
in
the
box
provided
.
On
the
form
,
please
indicate
your
age
in
the
box
provided
.
•
She
indicated
the
book
she
wanted
by
tapping
its
cover
.
She
indicated
the
book
she
wanted
by
tapping
its
cover
.
verb
-
indicate
,
indicating
,
indicates
,
indicated
to
switch
on
a
vehicle
’
s
turn
signal
to
show
that
you
plan
to
change
direction
•
Remember
to
indicate
before
you
pull
out
of
the
parking
space
.
Remember
to
indicate
before
you
pull
out
of
the
parking
space
.
•
He
forgot
to
indicate
and
almost
caused
an
accident
.
He
forgot
to
indicate
and
almost
caused
an
accident
.
notice
noun
a
written
or
printed
statement
that
gives
information
,
a
warning
,
or
instructions
•
A
bright
yellow
notice
on
the
door
said
the
store
was
closed
for
repairs
.
A
bright
yellow
notice
on
the
door
said
the
store
was
closed
for
repairs
.
•
Students
crowded
around
the
bulletin
board
to
read
the
new
notice
about
the
science
fair
.
Students
crowded
around
the
bulletin
board
to
read
the
new
notice
about
the
science
fair
.
noun
the
period
of
time
between
telling
someone
important
information
and
the
event
actually
happening
or
ending
•
She
quit
her
job
without
giving
any
notice
.
She
quit
her
job
without
giving
any
notice
.
•
You
must
give
two
weeks
’
notice
if
you
plan
to
move
out
of
the
apartment
.
You
must
give
two
weeks
’
notice
if
you
plan
to
move
out
of
the
apartment
.
verb
-
notice
,
noticing
,
notices
,
noticed
to
see
,
hear
,
or
feel
something
and
realize
that
it
exists
;
to
become
aware
of
something
or
someone
•
Did
you
notice
the
rainbow
after
the
storm
?
Did
you
notice
the
rainbow
after
the
storm
?
•
No
one
noticed
the
typo
in
the
headline
.
No
one
noticed
the
typo
in
the
headline
.
noun
-
notice
attention
or
interest
that
you
give
to
someone
or
something
•
The
little
boy
waved
his
arms
to
get
his
mother
’
s
notice
.
The
little
boy
waved
his
arms
to
get
his
mother
’
s
notice
.
•
She
paid
no
notice
to
the
rain
and
kept
jogging
.
She
paid
no
notice
to
the
rain
and
kept
jogging
.
difficult
adjective
needing
a
lot
of
effort
or
skill
;
not
easy
•
Climbing
the
steep
mountain
trail
was
difficult
,
but
the
view
from
the
top
was
worth
it
.
Climbing
the
steep
mountain
trail
was
difficult
,
but
the
view
from
the
top
was
worth
it
.
•
The
math
test
was
more
difficult
than
I
expected
.
The
math
test
was
more
difficult
than
I
expected
.
adjective
describing
someone
who
is
hard
to
please
or
deal
with
•
Their
toddler
can
be
difficult
when
it's
time
for
bed
.
Their
toddler
can
be
difficult
when
it's
time
for
bed
.
•
My
boss
is
a
difficult
person
who
rarely
praises
anyone
.
My
boss
is
a
difficult
person
who
rarely
praises
anyone
.
medical
adjective
relating
to
the
science
of
medicine
,
the
treatment
of
illness
,
or
the
work
of
doctors
and
nurses
•
Paramedics
arrived
quickly
and
gave
medical
help
to
the
injured
cyclist
.
Paramedics
arrived
quickly
and
gave
medical
help
to
the
injured
cyclist
.
•
She
wants
to
study
medical
research
to
find
new
cancer
treatments
.
She
wants
to
study
medical
research
to
find
new
cancer
treatments
.
From
Latin
medicus
“
physician
,
healing
,”
via
French
médical
.
noun
a
physical
examination
by
a
doctor
to
check
someone
’
s
health
,
especially
before
starting
a
job
,
sport
,
or
military
service
•
New
firefighters
must
pass
a
thorough
medical
before
they
can
begin
training
.
New
firefighters
must
pass
a
thorough
medical
before
they
can
begin
training
.
•
He
failed
the
company
medical
because
of
high
blood
pressure
.
He
failed
the
company
medical
because
of
high
blood
pressure
.
Short
for
“
medical
examination
,”
first
recorded
in
the
early
20th
century
.
victim
noun
a
person
or
animal
that
is
hurt
,
injured
,
or
killed
by
an
accident
,
crime
,
or
disaster
•
Paramedics
arrived
quickly
to
help
the
victim
of
the
car
crash
.
Paramedics
arrived
quickly
to
help
the
victim
of
the
car
crash
.
•
The
fire's
only
victim
suffered
minor
burns
,
thanks
to
the
fast-acting
neighbors
.
The
fire's
only
victim
suffered
minor
burns
,
thanks
to
the
fast-acting
neighbors
.
From
Latin
victima
meaning
‘
sacrificial
animal
;
person
killed
’.
The
sense
widened
in
the
17th
century
to
anyone
who
suffers
harm
.
noun
a
person
who
is
tricked
,
cheated
,
or
treated
unfairly
•
The
elderly
man
was
a
victim
of
an
online
banking
scam
.
The
elderly
man
was
a
victim
of
an
online
banking
scam
.
•
She
felt
like
a
victim
when
her
colleagues
took
credit
for
her
idea
.
She
felt
like
a
victim
when
her
colleagues
took
credit
for
her
idea
.
noun
someone
who
suffers
from
a
situation
or
influence
rather
than
a
direct
attack
•
Many
families
became
victim
of
the
economic
downturn
.
Many
families
became
victim
of
the
economic
downturn
.
•
He
is
a
victim
of
his
own
success
,
working
nonstop
to
keep
his
business
growing
.
He
is
a
victim
of
his
own
success
,
working
nonstop
to
keep
his
business
growing
.
noun
in
ancient
or
religious
contexts
,
a
creature
or
person
offered
as
a
sacrifice
to
a
god
•
The
tribe
laid
the
victim
upon
the
stone
altar
during
the
ritual
.
The
tribe
laid
the
victim
upon
the
stone
altar
during
the
ritual
.
•
In
some
myths
,
a
king
would
volunteer
as
the
victim
to
save
his
people
.
In
some
myths
,
a
king
would
volunteer
as
the
victim
to
save
his
people
.
rich
adjective
-
rich
,
richer
,
richest
having
a
lot
of
money
,
property
,
or
valuable
possessions
•
The
rich
businessman
donated
a
new
library
to
the
town
.
The
rich
businessman
donated
a
new
library
to
the
town
.
•
They
dreamed
of
becoming
rich
enough
to
travel
the
world
.
They
dreamed
of
becoming
rich
enough
to
travel
the
world
.
Old
English
‘
ricce
’
meaning
“
powerful
”
or
“
wealthy
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*riki-
.
particular
adjective
referring
to
one
specific
person
,
thing
,
or
situation
and
not
others
•
Do
you
have
a
particular
book
in
mind
,
or
will
any
novel
do
?
Do
you
have
a
particular
book
in
mind
,
or
will
any
novel
do
?
•
This
particular
painting
attracts
more
visitors
than
any
other
in
the
gallery
.
This
particular
painting
attracts
more
visitors
than
any
other
in
the
gallery
.
From
Late
Latin
particularis
“
relating
to
a
part
,”
from
Latin
particula
“
small
part
.”
adjective
referring
to
one
specific
person
,
thing
,
or
moment
and
not
any
other
•
Do
you
have
any
particular
book
in
mind
?
Do
you
have
any
particular
book
in
mind
?
•
She
saves
that
dress
for
particular
occasions
like
weddings
.
She
saves
that
dress
for
particular
occasions
like
weddings
.
adjective
greater
than
usual
;
special
or
extra
•
She
took
particular
care
when
packing
the
fragile
dishes
.
She
took
particular
care
when
packing
the
fragile
dishes
.
•
The
coach
expressed
particular
pride
in
the
team
’
s
teamwork
.
The
coach
expressed
particular
pride
in
the
team
’
s
teamwork
.
adjective
very
choosy
or
fussy
about
what
you
like
or
accept
•
He
is
particular
about
the
way
his
shirts
are
ironed
.
He
is
particular
about
the
way
his
shirts
are
ironed
.
•
Children
can
be
particular
eaters
,
refusing
vegetables
.
Children
can
be
particular
eaters
,
refusing
vegetables
.
noun
a
single
fact
or
detail
,
especially
one
of
several
that
make
up
a
fuller
account
•
The
detective
asked
for
every
particular
of
what
happened
that
night
.
The
detective
asked
for
every
particular
of
what
happened
that
night
.
•
Could
you
send
me
the
particulars
of
the
agreement
by
email
?
Could
you
send
me
the
particulars
of
the
agreement
by
email
?
adjective
especially
great
,
noticeable
,
or
special
compared
with
others
•
This
issue
is
of
particular
importance
to
local
residents
.
This
issue
is
of
particular
importance
to
local
residents
.
•
The
chef
takes
particular
pride
in
his
handmade
desserts
.
The
chef
takes
particular
pride
in
his
handmade
desserts
.
adjective
very
careful
about
details
and
hard
to
satisfy
;
choosy
•
He
’
s
particular
about
how
his
coffee
is
brewed
.
He
’
s
particular
about
how
his
coffee
is
brewed
.
•
My
mother
is
very
particular
about
cleanliness
.
My
mother
is
very
particular
about
cleanliness
.
noun
a
single
fact
or
detail
,
especially
one
item
in
a
list
of
information
•
The
lawyer
asked
for
every
particular
of
what
happened
that
night
.
The
lawyer
asked
for
every
particular
of
what
happened
that
night
.
•
Before
we
sign
,
could
you
email
me
the
particulars
of
the
agreement
?
Before
we
sign
,
could
you
email
me
the
particulars
of
the
agreement
?
politics
noun
-
politics
the
activities
,
ideas
,
and
processes
involved
in
governing
a
country
,
city
,
or
other
group
of
people
•
Young
people
are
becoming
more
interested
in
politics
and
how
decisions
are
made
.
Young
people
are
becoming
more
interested
in
politics
and
how
decisions
are
made
.
•
She
hopes
to
work
in
politics
after
finishing
university
.
She
hopes
to
work
in
politics
after
finishing
university
.
From
Greek
politika
‘
affairs
of
the
city
’,
via
Latin
and
Middle
French
,
ultimately
from
polis
‘
city‐state
’.
noun
a
person
’
s
or
group
’
s
set
of
political
beliefs
and
opinions
•
His
politics
are
much
more
conservative
than
mine
.
His
politics
are
much
more
conservative
than
mine
.
•
On
campus
,
students
discuss
their
politics
openly
.
On
campus
,
students
discuss
their
politics
openly
.
Same
historical
root
as
the
broader
sense
,
but
developed
in
English
from
the
17th
century
to
mean
‘
political
opinions
’.
stick
noun
a
thin
piece
of
wood
broken
or
cut
from
a
tree
,
usually
long
and
narrow
•
The
boy
picked
up
a
stick
and
drew
in
the
sand
.
The
boy
picked
up
a
stick
and
drew
in
the
sand
.
•
Please
throw
that
stick
for
the
dog
to
fetch
.
Please
throw
that
stick
for
the
dog
to
fetch
.
Old
English
sticca
“
rod
,
twig
,”
from
Proto-Germanic
*stikkon
.
verb
-
stick
,
sticking
,
sticks
,
stuck
to
attach
or
stay
attached
to
something
so
that
it
does
not
fall
off
•
The
label
wouldn't
stick
to
the
wet
bottle
.
The
label
wouldn't
stick
to
the
wet
bottle
.
•
Please
stick
the
stamp
on
the
envelope
.
Please
stick
the
stamp
on
the
envelope
.
Old
English
stician
“
to
pierce
,
remain
fixed
,”
related
to
noun
sense
.
verb
-
stick
,
sticking
,
sticks
,
stuck
to
push
or
put
something
sharp
or
narrow
into
something
else
•
Be
careful
not
to
stick
your
finger
with
the
needle
.
Be
careful
not
to
stick
your
finger
with
the
needle
.
•
The
doctor
will
stick
the
thermometer
under
your
tongue
.
The
doctor
will
stick
the
thermometer
under
your
tongue
.
Same
Germanic
root
as
other
senses
,
with
early
meaning
“
to
pierce
.”
noun
a
small
portable
device
that
stores
digital
data
and
plugs
into
a
computer
’
s
USB
port
•
She
plugged
her
memory
stick
into
the
computer
to
print
the
file
.
She
plugged
her
memory
stick
into
the
computer
to
print
the
file
.
•
The
teacher
collected
each
student's
USB
stick
after
the
presentation
.
The
teacher
collected
each
student's
USB
stick
after
the
presentation
.
From
earlier
sense
of
slender
object
;
applied
to
USB
devices
in
the
late
1990s
.
participant
noun
a
person
who
takes
part
in
an
activity
,
event
,
meeting
,
or
study
•
Each
participant
in
the
marathon
received
a
medal
at
the
finish
line
.
Each
participant
in
the
marathon
received
a
medal
at
the
finish
line
.
•
The
workshop
asked
every
participant
to
introduce
themselves
.
The
workshop
asked
every
participant
to
introduce
themselves
.
from
Latin
‘
participare
’
meaning
‘
to
share
in
’
adjective
taking
part
in
an
activity
or
process
rather
than
just
watching
it
•
They
conducted
a
participant
observation
of
the
community
festival
.
They
conducted
a
participant
observation
of
the
community
festival
.
•
A
participant
democracy
encourages
citizens
to
engage
directly
in
decisions
.
A
participant
democracy
encourages
citizens
to
engage
directly
in
decisions
.
extension
of
the
noun
sense
,
used
before
1800
to
describe
active
involvement
democratic
adjective
being
based
on
the
principles
of
democracy
,
where
citizens
choose
leaders
and
laws
through
free
and
fair
elections
•
After
years
of
dictatorship
,
the
nation
finally
held
its
first
democratic
elections
.
After
years
of
dictatorship
,
the
nation
finally
held
its
first
democratic
elections
.
•
Freedom
of
the
press
is
essential
in
a
democratic
society
.
Freedom
of
the
press
is
essential
in
a
democratic
society
.
From
Greek
dēmos
‘
people
’
+
-cratic
‘
relating
to
rule
’,
appearing
in
English
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
systems
of
popular
government
.
adjective
treating
everyone
as
equal
and
letting
all
people
take
part
in
decisions
•
Our
manager
prefers
a
democratic
style
,
asking
the
whole
team
for
ideas
before
acting
.
Our
manager
prefers
a
democratic
style
,
asking
the
whole
team
for
ideas
before
acting
.
•
The
classroom
became
more
democratic
once
students
helped
write
the
rules
.
The
classroom
became
more
democratic
once
students
helped
write
the
rules
.
Democratic
adjective
relating
to
the
Democratic
Party
of
the
United
States
•
He
has
been
a
loyal
Democratic
voter
for
decades
.
He
has
been
a
loyal
Democratic
voter
for
decades
.
•
The
Democratic
candidate
focused
on
healthcare
reform
during
the
campaign
.
The
Democratic
candidate
focused
on
healthcare
reform
during
the
campaign
.
Capitalized
sense
arose
in
the
mid-19th
century
as
the
proper
adjective
for
members
and
policies
of
the
U
.
S
.
Democratic
Party
.
device
noun
a
small
machine
or
piece
of
electronic
equipment
made
for
a
particular
job
,
such
as
calling
people
,
taking
photos
,
or
measuring
something
•
Mia
took
a
photo
of
the
sunset
with
her
new
device
.
Mia
took
a
photo
of
the
sunset
with
her
new
device
.
•
Please
switch
off
every
device
before
the
airplane
takes
off
.
Please
switch
off
every
device
before
the
airplane
takes
off
.
From
Old
French
'devis'
,
meaning
arrangement
or
invention
,
later
developing
in
English
to
mean
an
engineered
object
.
noun
a
clever
plan
,
trick
,
or
method
used
to
achieve
a
particular
result
•
The
cliff-hanger
was
a
storytelling
device
to
make
viewers
watch
the
next
episode
.
The
cliff-hanger
was
a
storytelling
device
to
make
viewers
watch
the
next
episode
.
•
The
extra
fee
was
only
a
clever
device
to
make
customers
spend
more
.
The
extra
fee
was
only
a
clever
device
to
make
customers
spend
more
.
Sense
developed
from
the
idea
of
something
"
devised
"—
an
invented
plan
.
noun
an
object
made
to
explode
,
such
as
a
bomb
•
The
police
safely
removed
the
explosive
device
from
the
station
.
The
police
safely
removed
the
explosive
device
from
the
station
.
•
An
improvised
device
detonated
near
the
convoy
but
caused
no
injuries
.
An
improvised
device
detonated
near
the
convoy
but
caused
no
injuries
.
Technical
military
use
arose
in
the
20th
century
meaning
a
mechanism
meant
to
explode
.
noun
a
decorative
emblem
,
symbol
,
or
design
,
especially
one
used
on
a
coat
of
arms
or
flag
•
The
royal
banner
bears
a
golden
lion
device
in
the
center
.
The
royal
banner
bears
a
golden
lion
device
in
the
center
.
•
Each
knight
painted
his
personal
device
on
his
shield
.
Each
knight
painted
his
personal
device
on
his
shield
.
In
heraldry
,
a
"
device
"
was
an
emblem
that
identified
a
person
or
family
,
recorded
since
the
16th
century
.
noun
a
particular
technique
or
pattern
used
in
literature
,
art
,
or
music
to
achieve
a
specific
effect
•
Foreshadowing
is
a
narrative
device
that
hints
at
future
events
.
Foreshadowing
is
a
narrative
device
that
hints
at
future
events
.
•
The
artist
used
repetition
as
a
visual
device
to
create
rhythm
.
The
artist
used
repetition
as
a
visual
device
to
create
rhythm
.
Borrowed
into
criticism
from
the
general
sense
of
something
invented
;
first
used
of
artistic
techniques
in
the
18th
century
.
strike
verb
-
strike
,
striking
,
strikes
,
struck
,
stricken
to
hit
something
or
someone
suddenly
and
with
force
•
Be
careful
not
to
strike
the
glass
with
the
hammer
.
Be
careful
not
to
strike
the
glass
with
the
hammer
.
•
Lightning
can
strike
a
tall
tree
during
a
storm
.
Lightning
can
strike
a
tall
tree
during
a
storm
.
Old
English
‘
strīcan
’
meaning
‘
to
pass
lightly
over
,
stroke
’,
later
shifting
to
‘
deal
a
blow
’.
verb
-
strike
,
striking
,
strikes
,
struck
,
stricken
(
of
workers
)
to
stop
working
as
a
protest
in
order
to
gain
better
pay
or
conditions
•
The
nurses
decided
to
strike
for
higher
wages
.
The
nurses
decided
to
strike
for
higher
wages
.
•
If
the
company
refuses
to
negotiate
,
the
union
will
strike
next
week
.
If
the
company
refuses
to
negotiate
,
the
union
will
strike
next
week
.
Meaning
‘
stop
work
as
a
protest
’
arose
in
the
18th
century
when
sailors
‘
struck
’ (
lowered
)
the
sails
to
force
negotiations
.
verb
-
strike
,
striking
,
strikes
,
struck
,
stricken
to
suddenly
occur
to
someone
as
a
thought
or
idea
•
It
suddenly
struck
me
that
I
had
left
the
oven
on
.
It
suddenly
struck
me
that
I
had
left
the
oven
on
.
•
The
idea
struck
him
while
he
was
taking
a
shower
.
The
idea
struck
him
while
he
was
taking
a
shower
.
Figurative
sense
of
‘
hit
the
mind
’
dates
from
the
1600s
.
verb
-
strike
,
striking
,
strikes
,
struck
,
stricken
(
of
a
clock
or
bell
)
to
sound
a
set
number
of
times
to
show
the
hour
•
I
heard
the
church
bell
strike
six
as
I
walked
home
.
I
heard
the
church
bell
strike
six
as
I
walked
home
.
•
The
grandfather
clock
strikes
every
hour
on
the
hour
.
The
grandfather
clock
strikes
every
hour
on
the
hour
.
Medieval
use
referring
to
the
bell
hammer
‘
striking
’
the
metal
.
application
noun
a
formal
request
for
something
,
usually
in
writing
or
on
an
official
form
•
Maria
filled
out
the
job
application
and
handed
it
to
the
receptionist
.
Maria
filled
out
the
job
application
and
handed
it
to
the
receptionist
.
•
Your
university
application
must
be
submitted
by
January
15
.
Your
university
application
must
be
submitted
by
January
15
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
applicatio
(
n-
),
from
the
verb
applicare
‘
attach
,
devote
’.
noun
a
computer
program
designed
to
perform
a
specific
task
,
especially
on
phones
,
tablets
,
and
personal
computers
•
I
downloaded
a
language-learning
application
to
practice
Spanish
.
I
downloaded
a
language-learning
application
to
practice
Spanish
.
•
The
banking
application
crashed
during
the
update
.
The
banking
application
crashed
during
the
update
.
noun
the
practical
use
of
an
idea
,
method
,
or
thing
in
real
situations
•
The
scientist
explained
the
application
of
the
new
theory
to
everyday
life
.
The
scientist
explained
the
application
of
the
new
theory
to
everyday
life
.
•
Solar
panels
have
a
wide
application
in
remote
villages
.
Solar
panels
have
a
wide
application
in
remote
villages
.
noun
the
act
of
putting
something
,
such
as
paint
,
cream
,
or
glue
,
onto
a
surface
•
The
application
of
sunscreen
should
be
repeated
every
two
hours
.
The
application
of
sunscreen
should
be
repeated
every
two
hours
.
•
The
painter
’
s
smooth
application
of
color
created
a
glass-like
finish
.
The
painter
’
s
smooth
application
of
color
created
a
glass-like
finish
.
noun
continuous
hard
effort
and
attention
in
order
to
achieve
something
•
With
steady
application
,
he
mastered
the
piano
piece
.
With
steady
application
,
he
mastered
the
piano
piece
.
•
Success
in
this
course
requires
hard
work
and
constant
application
.
Success
in
this
course
requires
hard
work
and
constant
application
.
vehicle
noun
a
machine
such
as
a
car
,
bus
,
truck
,
or
bicycle
that
carries
people
or
goods
from
one
place
to
another
•
The
family
loaded
their
luggage
into
the
vehicle
before
starting
the
trip
.
The
family
loaded
their
luggage
into
the
vehicle
before
starting
the
trip
.
•
The
city
is
testing
electric
vehicles
on
its
main
streets
.
The
city
is
testing
electric
vehicles
on
its
main
streets
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
French
véhicule
,
from
Latin
vehiculum
‘
means
of
transport
’,
from
vehere
‘
carry
’.
noun
something
that
is
used
to
express
,
achieve
,
or
spread
an
idea
,
feeling
,
or
purpose
•
Social
media
has
become
a
powerful
vehicle
for
sharing
news
quickly
.
Social
media
has
become
a
powerful
vehicle
for
sharing
news
quickly
.
•
Humor
can
be
an
effective
vehicle
to
discuss
serious
topics
.
Humor
can
be
an
effective
vehicle
to
discuss
serious
topics
.
noun
a
liquid
,
gel
,
or
other
substance
that
carries
or
dilutes
a
drug
so
the
drug
can
be
applied
,
swallowed
,
or
injected
•
The
cream
serves
as
a
vehicle
for
the
antibiotic
,
helping
it
reach
the
skin
infection
.
The
cream
serves
as
a
vehicle
for
the
antibiotic
,
helping
it
reach
the
skin
infection
.
•
Water
is
the
common
vehicle
for
soluble
vitamins
in
this
supplement
.
Water
is
the
common
vehicle
for
soluble
vitamins
in
this
supplement
.
critical
adjective
showing
that
you
find
fault
with
someone
or
something
•
The
coach
was
critical
of
our
sloppy
passing
during
practice
.
The
coach
was
critical
of
our
sloppy
passing
during
practice
.
•
Mia
tends
to
be
overly
critical
whenever
her
brother
cooks
dinner
.
Mia
tends
to
be
overly
critical
whenever
her
brother
cooks
dinner
.
From
critic
+
-al
,
first
recorded
in
the
1580s
meaning
‘
pertaining
to
critics
or
criticism
’.
adjective
extremely
important
or
necessary
for
success
•
Accurate
data
is
critical
for
making
good
business
decisions
.
Accurate
data
is
critical
for
making
good
business
decisions
.
•
Landing
the
supply
helicopter
before
sunset
is
critical
to
the
mission
.
Landing
the
supply
helicopter
before
sunset
is
critical
to
the
mission
.
Sense
of
‘
indispensable
,
decisive
’
arose
in
the
19th
century
,
extending
the
idea
of
a
decisive
crisis
.
adjective
so
serious
that
there
is
a
possibility
of
danger
or
death
•
The
driver
was
in
critical
condition
after
the
accident
.
The
driver
was
in
critical
condition
after
the
accident
.
•
Engineers
monitored
the
dam
when
water
levels
reached
a
critical
point
.
Engineers
monitored
the
dam
when
water
levels
reached
a
critical
point
.
Medical
use
for
‘
life-threatening
’
dates
to
early
20th-century
hospital
reports
describing
patients
at
the
crisis
point
of
illness
.
adjective
involving
careful
analysis
and
judgment
,
especially
of
art
,
literature
,
or
ideas
•
Her
essay
offered
a
critical
reading
of
the
novel
’
s
themes
.
Her
essay
offered
a
critical
reading
of
the
novel
’
s
themes
.
•
The
movie
received
critical
acclaim
worldwide
.
The
movie
received
critical
acclaim
worldwide
.
Developed
from
earlier
‘
pertaining
to
critics
’;
by
the
18th
century
it
referred
to
scholarly
analysis
in
literature
and
art
.
quick
adjective
-
quick
,
quicker
,
quickest
moving
,
acting
,
or
happening
at
high
speed
•
The
quick
rabbit
dashed
across
the
garden
.
The
quick
rabbit
dashed
across
the
garden
.
•
Please
be
quick
—
the
train
is
about
to
leave
!
Please
be
quick
—
the
train
is
about
to
leave
!
Old
English
quicke
“
alive
,
living
,”
later
“
lively
,
swift
,”
from
Proto-Germanic
*kwikwaz
,
related
to
Latin
vivus
“
alive
.”
adjective
-
quick
,
quicker
,
quickest
taking
only
a
short
amount
of
time
•
She
took
a
quick
shower
before
work
.
She
took
a
quick
shower
before
work
.
•
Let
’
s
have
a
quick
meeting
after
lunch
.
Let
’
s
have
a
quick
meeting
after
lunch
.
adjective
-
quick
,
quicker
,
quickest
able
to
think
,
understand
,
or
react
very
fast
•
Maya
has
a
quick
mind
and
solves
puzzles
easily
.
Maya
has
a
quick
mind
and
solves
puzzles
easily
.
•
You
must
be
quick
on
your
feet
during
debates
.
You
must
be
quick
on
your
feet
during
debates
.
adverb
-
quick
,
quicker
,
quickest
in
a
quick
way
;
quickly
(
informal
)
•
Come
quick
or
we
’
ll
miss
the
fireworks
!
Come
quick
or
we
’
ll
miss
the
fireworks
!
•
He
ran
quick
to
catch
the
bus
.
He
ran
quick
to
catch
the
bus
.
noun
the
sensitive
living
tissue
under
a
fingernail
or
toenail
•
She
trimmed
her
nail
too
far
and
cut
the
quick
.
She
trimmed
her
nail
too
far
and
cut
the
quick
.
•
The
veterinarian
warned
me
not
to
clip
the
dog
’
s
claws
past
the
quick
.
The
veterinarian
warned
me
not
to
clip
the
dog
’
s
claws
past
the
quick
.
Originally
meaning
“
alive
,
living
flesh
,”
the
noun
sense
narrowed
in
Middle
English
to
the
soft
tissue
under
the
nail
.
basic
adjective
simple
and
without
extra
features
or
decoration
•
She
prefers
a
basic
black
dress
that
she
can
wear
anywhere
.
She
prefers
a
basic
black
dress
that
she
can
wear
anywhere
.
•
We
stayed
in
a
basic
cabin
with
no
electricity
.
We
stayed
in
a
basic
cabin
with
no
electricity
.
noun
the
simplest
and
most
essential
facts
,
ideas
,
or
skills
of
a
subject
•
The
course
starts
with
the
basics
of
first
aid
.
The
course
starts
with
the
basics
of
first
aid
.
•
Before
you
cook
complex
dishes
,
master
the
basics
like
boiling
an
egg
.
Before
you
cook
complex
dishes
,
master
the
basics
like
boiling
an
egg
.
adjective
forming
the
essential
foundation
of
something
;
fundamental
•
Before
diving
into
advanced
moves
,
the
coach
taught
the
swimmers
the
basic
techniques
.
Before
diving
into
advanced
moves
,
the
coach
taught
the
swimmers
the
basic
techniques
.
•
Everyone
must
understand
the
basic
safety
rules
before
entering
the
lab
.
Everyone
must
understand
the
basic
safety
rules
before
entering
the
lab
.
From
base
+
-ic
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
19th
century
.
adjective
in
chemistry
,
having
the
properties
of
a
base
;
alkaline
•
Ammonia
solution
is
basic
and
can
be
used
to
neutralize
acids
.
Ammonia
solution
is
basic
and
can
be
used
to
neutralize
acids
.
•
Litmus
paper
turns
blue
in
a
basic
environment
.
Litmus
paper
turns
blue
in
a
basic
environment
.
adjective
informal
,
disapproving
–
considered
unoriginal
,
mainstream
,
or
predictable
•
He
called
the
coffee
shop
too
basic
because
they
only
served
vanilla
lattes
.
He
called
the
coffee
shop
too
basic
because
they
only
served
vanilla
lattes
.
•
"
Pumpkin
spice
again
?
You're
so
basic
!"
her
friend
teased
.
"
Pumpkin
spice
again
?
You're
so
basic
!"
her
friend
teased
.
Gained
its
present
slang
sense
in
early
2000s
American
English
,
emerging
from
college
and
internet
culture
.
communication
noun
the
act
of
sharing
information
,
ideas
,
or
feelings
with
other
people
so
they
can
understand
you
•
Good
communication
helps
teams
solve
problems
quickly
.
Good
communication
helps
teams
solve
problems
quickly
.
•
Babies
use
crying
as
their
first
form
of
communication
.
Babies
use
crying
as
their
first
form
of
communication
.
From
Latin
communicatio
meaning
‘
a
sharing
’
or
‘
imparting
’,
derived
from
communicare
‘
to
share
,
to
make
common
’.
noun
a
message
,
letter
,
email
,
or
other
piece
of
information
that
is
sent
from
one
person
or
place
to
another
•
We
received
an
urgent
communication
from
the
school
about
tomorrow's
schedule
.
We
received
an
urgent
communication
from
the
school
about
tomorrow's
schedule
.
•
The
scientist
published
a
brief
communication
in
the
journal
.
The
scientist
published
a
brief
communication
in
the
journal
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
:
Latin
communicatio
.
The
meaning
‘
message
’
developed
in
English
in
the
17th
century
.
communications
noun
the
systems
,
equipment
,
or
technology
used
for
sending
information
such
as
phone
,
radio
,
or
internet
•
The
company
invested
in
satellite
communications
to
reach
remote
areas
.
The
company
invested
in
satellite
communications
to
reach
remote
areas
.
•
The
army
relies
on
secure
communications
during
missions
.
The
army
relies
on
secure
communications
during
missions
.
The
plural
sense
arose
in
the
19th
century
alongside
new
electric
and
radio
technologies
that
allowed
information
to
travel
long
distances
.
sick
adjective
-
sick
,
sicker
,
sickest
not
healthy
;
feeling
ill
in
your
body
,
often
with
pain
,
fever
,
or
the
wish
to
vomit
•
Lucy
stayed
home
from
school
because
she
felt
sick
.
Lucy
stayed
home
from
school
because
she
felt
sick
.
•
The
sick
child
lay
quietly
while
the
doctor
listened
to
his
heartbeat
.
The
sick
child
lay
quietly
while
the
doctor
listened
to
his
heartbeat
.
Old
English
“
sēoc
,”
meaning
ill
or
diseased
;
related
to
German
“
siech
.”
adjective
-
sick
,
sicker
,
sickest
feeling
as
though
you
are
about
to
vomit
;
nauseated
•
The
roller
coaster
made
her
feel
sick
.
The
roller
coaster
made
her
feel
sick
.
•
He
felt
sick
after
eating
too
much
candy
.
He
felt
sick
after
eating
too
much
candy
.
adjective
-
sick
,
sicker
,
sickest
annoyed
and
tired
of
something
so
you
no
longer
want
to
accept
or
deal
with
it
•
I'm
sick
of
your
excuses
;
just
do
the
work
.
I'm
sick
of
your
excuses
;
just
do
the
work
.
•
She
was
sick
of
eating
the
same
leftovers
every
night
.
She
was
sick
of
eating
the
same
leftovers
every
night
.
adjective
-
sick
,
sicker
,
sickest
(
slang
)
extremely
good
,
impressive
,
or
cool
•
That
was
a
sick
goal
you
scored
!
That
was
a
sick
goal
you
scored
!
•
Check
out
his
sick
guitar
solo
.
Check
out
his
sick
guitar
solo
.
noun
people
who
are
ill
,
considered
as
a
group
•
The
hospital
has
a
special
ward
for
the
sick
.
The
hospital
has
a
special
ward
for
the
sick
.
•
Volunteers
delivered
soup
to
the
sick
during
the
flu
season
.
Volunteers
delivered
soup
to
the
sick
during
the
flu
season
.
adjective
-
sick
,
sicker
,
sickest
extremely
unpleasant
,
shocking
,
or
morally
wrong
•
The
criminal's
sick
behavior
shocked
the
entire
community
.
The
criminal's
sick
behavior
shocked
the
entire
community
.
•
He
told
a
sick
joke
that
made
everyone
uncomfortable
.
He
told
a
sick
joke
that
made
everyone
uncomfortable
.
noun
-
sick
the
liquid
and
partly
digested
food
that
comes
out
of
your
stomach
when
you
vomit
•
There
was
sick
all
over
the
sidewalk
after
the
party
.
There
was
sick
all
over
the
sidewalk
after
the
party
.
•
The
smell
of
sick
made
me
step
back
.
The
smell
of
sick
made
me
step
back
.
conflict
noun
a
serious
disagreement
or
fighting
between
people
,
groups
,
or
countries
•
The
two
neighbors
ended
their
long
conflict
and
shook
hands
.
The
two
neighbors
ended
their
long
conflict
and
shook
hands
.
•
Thousands
fled
the
country
to
escape
the
armed
conflict
.
Thousands
fled
the
country
to
escape
the
armed
conflict
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
‘
conflictus
’,
past
participle
of
‘
confligere
’
meaning
‘
to
strike
together
’.
noun
a
situation
in
which
ideas
,
needs
,
or
feelings
cannot
exist
together
because
they
are
different
•
She
felt
a
deep
conflict
between
her
career
ambitions
and
her
wish
to
travel
.
She
felt
a
deep
conflict
between
her
career
ambitions
and
her
wish
to
travel
.
•
There
is
a
clear
conflict
between
safety
and
speed
in
the
project
.
There
is
a
clear
conflict
between
safety
and
speed
in
the
project
.
Same
origin
as
the
main
noun
sense
,
from
Latin
‘
conflictus
’,
but
first
recorded
describing
mental
or
moral
opposition
in
the
early
1800s
.
verb
-
conflict
,
conflicting
,
conflicts
,
conflicted
to
clash
or
disagree
;
not
be
able
to
exist
or
happen
together
•
The
meeting
times
conflict
with
my
doctor's
appointment
.
The
meeting
times
conflict
with
my
doctor's
appointment
.
•
Their
personalities
sometimes
conflict
,
but
they
remain
friends
.
Their
personalities
sometimes
conflict
,
but
they
remain
friends
.
Derived
from
the
noun
;
used
as
a
verb
since
the
15th
century
meaning
‘
to
be
in
opposition
’.
basically
adverb
in
the
most
important
or
fundamental
way
;
essentially
•
The
two
smartphones
are
basically
identical
;
the
difference
is
only
the
camera
.
The
two
smartphones
are
basically
identical
;
the
difference
is
only
the
camera
.
•
Water
and
ice
are
basically
the
same
substance
in
different
states
.
Water
and
ice
are
basically
the
same
substance
in
different
states
.
Formed
from
basic
+
-ally
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
to
mean
“
in
a
basic
manner
.”
adverb
used
in
conversation
to
introduce
or
emphasize
a
simple
summary
of
what
you
mean
•
Well
,
basically
,
the
movie
is
about
friendship
.
Well
,
basically
,
the
movie
is
about
friendship
.
•
Basically
,
if
you
follow
the
instructions
,
the
software
will
install
itself
.
Basically
,
if
you
follow
the
instructions
,
the
software
will
install
itself
.
Same
origin
as
the
fundamental
sense
;
its
use
as
a
discourse
marker
became
common
in
the
late
20th
century
.
advice
noun
-
advice
helpful
words
or
suggestions
telling
someone
what
they
should
do
•
Emma
asked
her
older
sister
for
advice
on
what
to
wear
to
the
interview
.
Emma
asked
her
older
sister
for
advice
on
what
to
wear
to
the
interview
.
•
Before
buying
a
house
,
Mark
sought
advice
from
friends
who
had
already
become
homeowners
.
Before
buying
a
house
,
Mark
sought
advice
from
friends
who
had
already
become
homeowners
.
From
Old
French
‘
avis
’ (
opinion
),
based
on
Latin
‘
ad
’ (
to
)
+
‘
visum
’ (
view
).
noun
-
advice
a
professional
or
official
opinion
or
recommendation
given
by
an
expert
,
such
as
a
lawyer
,
doctor
,
or
consultant
•
The
startup
hired
a
lawyer
for
legal
advice
about
patenting
their
product
.
The
startup
hired
a
lawyer
for
legal
advice
about
patenting
their
product
.
•
After
the
market
crash
,
investors
waited
eagerly
for
the
bank
’
s
official
advice
.
After
the
market
crash
,
investors
waited
eagerly
for
the
bank
’
s
official
advice
.
Same
origin
as
the
general
sense
,
but
came
to
be
used
in
professional
contexts
during
the
18th
century
.
theater
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
building
or
outdoor
space
with
a
stage
and
seats
where
people
watch
live
plays
,
concerts
,
or
other
performances
•
Our
class
took
a
trip
to
the
old
brick
theater
downtown
to
watch
a
Shakespeare
play
.
Our
class
took
a
trip
to
the
old
brick
theater
downtown
to
watch
a
Shakespeare
play
.
•
The
lights
dimmed
as
the
audience
settled
into
their
seats
inside
the
grand
theater
.
The
lights
dimmed
as
the
audience
settled
into
their
seats
inside
the
grand
theater
.
From
Middle
English
teatre
,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
theatrum
,
from
Ancient
Greek
theátron
“
place
for
viewing
”.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
building
with
screens
and
seats
where
people
watch
films
•
We
bought
popcorn
before
entering
the
theater
to
see
the
new
superhero
movie
.
We
bought
popcorn
before
entering
the
theater
to
see
the
new
superhero
movie
.
•
The
small
town
finally
got
a
modern
theater
with
reclining
seats
.
The
small
town
finally
got
a
modern
theater
with
reclining
seats
.
Extension
of
Sense
1
after
the
invention
of
motion
pictures
in
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
the
art
,
craft
,
and
academic
study
of
writing
,
producing
,
and
acting
in
live
dramatic
performances
•
She
majored
in
theater
at
college
and
hopes
to
direct
someday
.
She
majored
in
theater
at
college
and
hopes
to
direct
someday
.
•
Theater
has
been
his
passion
since
childhood
puppet
shows
.
Theater
has
been
his
passion
since
childhood
puppet
shows
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
sterile
room
in
a
hospital
where
surgeons
perform
operations
•
Nurses
wheeled
the
patient
into
the
theater
for
the
heart surgery
.
Nurses
wheeled
the
patient
into
the
theater
for
the
heart surgery
.
•
Only
sterile
clothing
is
allowed
inside
the
hospital
’
s
new
theater
.
Only
sterile
clothing
is
allowed
inside
the
hospital
’
s
new
theater
.
Borrowed
from
the
dramatic
sense
to
describe
a
room
where
action
is
closely
watched
,
first
used
in
18th-century
hospitals
.
noun
-
theater
,
theatering
,
theaters
,
theatered
a
large
geographic
area
where
important
military
events
happen
during
a
war
•
The
general
inspected
troops
stationed
in
the
Pacific
theater
.
The
general
inspected
troops
stationed
in
the
Pacific
theater
.
•
Supplies
were
flown
to
the
European
theater
throughout
the
war
.
Supplies
were
flown
to
the
European
theater
throughout
the
war
.
Military
use
arose
in
the
mid-19th
century
,
comparing
large-scale
war
zones
to
a
stage
where
major
actions
are
played
out
.
topic
noun
a
subject
that
people
talk
,
write
,
or
think
about
•
For
her
school
report
,
Ava
chose
space
travel
as
her
topic
.
For
her
school
report
,
Ava
chose
space
travel
as
her
topic
.
•
During
dinner
,
politics
was
the
only
topic
everyone
avoided
.
During
dinner
,
politics
was
the
only
topic
everyone
avoided
.
From
Latin
“
topica
” (
matters
for
discussion
)
via
Medieval
Latin
“
topica
”
and
late
16th-century
English
.
noun
(
linguistics
)
the
part
of
a
sentence
that
tells
what
the
rest
of
the
sentence
is
about
•
In
the
sentence
'As
for
the
weather
,
it
looks
sunny
,
'
'the
weather'
is
the
topic
.
In
the
sentence
'As
for
the
weather
,
it
looks
sunny
,
'
'the
weather'
is
the
topic
.
•
Languages
like
Japanese
often
place
the
topic
at
the
beginning
followed
by
a
particle
.
Languages
like
Japanese
often
place
the
topic
at
the
beginning
followed
by
a
particle
.
Adopted
in
modern
linguistics
from
earlier
rhetorical
sense
,
ultimately
from
Greek
“
topos
”
meaning
‘
place
’.
noun
(
archaic
,
medicine
)
a
medicine
or
ointment
applied
directly
to
a
part
of
the
body
•
The
apothecary
prepared
a
soothing
topic
for
the
soldier's
wound
.
The
apothecary
prepared
a
soothing
topic
for
the
soldier's
wound
.
•
Physicians
once
prescribed
mustard
as
a
stimulating
topic
.
Physicians
once
prescribed
mustard
as
a
stimulating
topic
.
From
Medieval
Latin
“
topica
medicina
”
meaning
‘
local
remedy
’.
victory
noun
-
victory
,
victories
success
in
a
competition
,
battle
,
game
,
or
struggle
•
The
home
team
celebrated
their
victory
with
confetti
and
cheers
.
The
home
team
celebrated
their
victory
with
confetti
and
cheers
.
•
Patience
and
practice
were
the
keys
to
victory
in
the
chess
tournament
.
Patience
and
practice
were
the
keys
to
victory
in
the
chess
tournament
.
from
Latin
victoria
“
conquest
,
success
,”
related
to
vincere
“
to
conquer
”
interjection
an
exclamation
shouted
when
you
win
or
succeed
•
When
the
final
puzzle
piece
clicked
into
place
,
he
threw
his
arms
up
and
shouted
, "
Victory
!"
When
the
final
puzzle
piece
clicked
into
place
,
he
threw
his
arms
up
and
shouted
, "
Victory
!"
•
"
Victory
!"
the
young
woman
exclaimed
as
she
crossed
the
finish
line
ahead
of
everyone
else
.
"
Victory
!"
the
young
woman
exclaimed
as
she
crossed
the
finish
line
ahead
of
everyone
else
.
same
origin
as
the
noun
;
used
as
a
shout
of
triumph
since
the
18th
century
ticket
noun
a
printed
,
written
,
or
digital
pass
that
shows
you
have
paid
to
travel
,
enter
an
event
,
or
use
a
service
•
Lena
put
her
movie
ticket
in
her
pocket
before
going
into
the
cinema
.
Lena
put
her
movie
ticket
in
her
pocket
before
going
into
the
cinema
.
•
You
need
a
ticket
to
ride
the
bus
downtown
.
You
need
a
ticket
to
ride
the
bus
downtown
.
From
Middle
French
"
etiquet
"
meaning
a
small
label
or
note
.
noun
a
small
numbered
card
or
slip
you
buy
for
a
chance
to
win
money
or
a
prize
in
a
lottery
or
raffle
•
Jorge
held
his
lottery
ticket
tightly
,
hoping
for
a
big
win
.
Jorge
held
his
lottery
ticket
tightly
,
hoping
for
a
big
win
.
•
Every
child
received
a
raffle
ticket
at
the
school
fair
.
Every
child
received
a
raffle
ticket
at
the
school
fair
.
Adopted
in
the
18th
century
for
numbered
slips
used
in
lotteries
.
noun
an
official
notice
from
the
police
or
another
authority
telling
you
to
pay
a
fine
because
you
broke
a
law
or
rule
•
Maya
was
upset
when
she
found
a
parking
ticket
on
her
windshield
.
Maya
was
upset
when
she
found
a
parking
ticket
on
her
windshield
.
•
If
you
drive
too
fast
,
you
might
get
a
speeding
ticket
.
If
you
drive
too
fast
,
you
might
get
a
speeding
ticket
.
Sense
extended
in
late
19th
century
to
mean
a
notice
of
penalty
.
verb
-
ticket
,
ticketing
,
tickets
,
ticketed
to
give
someone
an
official
notice
saying
they
must
pay
a
fine
for
breaking
a
rule
•
The
police
officer
ticketed
every
car
parked
in
the
fire
lane
.
The
police
officer
ticketed
every
car
parked
in
the
fire
lane
.
•
She
was
ticketed
for
cycling
without
lights
after
dark
.
She
was
ticketed
for
cycling
without
lights
after
dark
.
Verb
use
recorded
from
late
19th
century
,
formed
from
the
noun
.
noun
a
written
record
in
a
computer
system
that
describes
a
problem
or
request
so
that
technical
support
can
track
and
solve
it
•
I
opened
a
support
ticket
about
the
broken
printer
.
I
opened
a
support
ticket
about
the
broken
printer
.
•
The
technician
closed
the
ticket
after
fixing
the
issue
.
The
technician
closed
the
ticket
after
fixing
the
issue
.
Metaphoric
extension
from
physical
slips
to
digital
records
in
the
late
20th
century
.
noun
a
pair
or
group
of
candidates
running
together
in
an
election
and
listed
on
the
same
ballot
•
The
party
announced
its
presidential
ticket
at
the
convention
.
The
party
announced
its
presidential
ticket
at
the
convention
.
•
Many
voters
liked
the
balance
of
experience
and
youth
on
the
new
ticket
.
Many
voters
liked
the
balance
of
experience
and
youth
on
the
new
ticket
.
Political
sense
arose
in
19th-century
United
States
from
printed
ballots
listing
several
names
together
.
twice
adverb
on
two
separate
occasions
or
two
times
in
total
•
I
have
seen
that
movie
twice
already
.
I
have
seen
that
movie
twice
already
.
•
The
baby
woke
up
twice
during
the
night
.
The
baby
woke
up
twice
during
the
night
.
Old
English
"
twīwa
"
or
"
twiges
"
meaning
“
two
times
”,
from
"
twī
" (
two
).
adverb
by
a
factor
of
two
;
double
in
amount
,
size
,
or
degree
•
This
bag
is
twice
as
heavy
as
mine
.
This
bag
is
twice
as
heavy
as
mine
.
•
The
new
engine
is
twice
as
powerful
as
the
old
one
.
The
new
engine
is
twice
as
powerful
as
the
old
one
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
:
Old
English
"
twīwa
"
meaning
“
two
times
”,
later
extended
to
mean
“
double
”.
kick
verb
to
hit
or
move
something
or
someone
by
striking
with
the
foot
•
The
young
striker
kicks
the
ball
hard
toward
the
empty
goal
.
The
young
striker
kicks
the
ball
hard
toward
the
empty
goal
.
•
Annoyed
by
the
jam
,
a
female
commuter
kicks
the
out-of-order
vending
machine
.
Annoyed
by
the
jam
,
a
female
commuter
kicks
the
out-of-order
vending
machine
.
Old
English
‘
cic
(
c
)
ian
’,
of
uncertain
origin
;
sense
of
striking
with
the
foot
recorded
since
the
14th
century
.
noun
a
sudden
hit
made
with
the
foot
•
The
goalkeeper
could
not
stop
the
powerful
kick
from
the
striker
.
The
goalkeeper
could
not
stop
the
powerful
kick
from
the
striker
.
•
With
one
swift
kick
,
the
horse
broke
the
old
wooden
gate
.
With
one
swift
kick
,
the
horse
broke
the
old
wooden
gate
.
noun
a
feeling
of
excitement
or
an
extra
strong
effect
that
something
gives
you
•
A
double
espresso
gives
me
a
real
kick
in
the
morning
.
A
double
espresso
gives
me
a
real
kick
in
the
morning
.
•
She
goes
skydiving
for
the
sheer
kick
of
free-falling
through
the
clouds
.
She
goes
skydiving
for
the
sheer
kick
of
free-falling
through
the
clouds
.
noun
an
informal
complaint
or
objection
about
something
•
What
’
s
your
kick
this
time
?
We
followed
every
instruction
.
What
’
s
your
kick
this
time
?
We
followed
every
instruction
.
•
He
wrote
a
long
email
to
express
his
kick
about
the
noisy
neighbors
.
He
wrote
a
long
email
to
express
his
kick
about
the
noisy
neighbors
.
scientific
adjective
relating
to
science
or
based
on
the
principles
and
methods
of
science
•
The
team
published
their
scientific
findings
in
a
leading
journal
.
The
team
published
their
scientific
findings
in
a
leading
journal
.
•
She
used
scientific
instruments
to
measure
the
air
quality
.
She
used
scientific
instruments
to
measure
the
air
quality
.
From
Latin
scientificus
(“
skilled
,
learned
”),
from
scientia
(“
knowledge
”).
adjective
done
in
a
very
careful
,
systematic
,
and
exact
way
,
like
a
scientist
,
even
outside
of
formal
science
•
We
took
a
scientific
approach
to
reorganizing
the
library
,
sorting
every
book
by
subject
and
author
.
We
took
a
scientific
approach
to
reorganizing
the
library
,
sorting
every
book
by
subject
and
author
.
•
His
kitchen
looks
messy
,
but
his
cooking
is
surprisingly
scientific
and
precise
.
His
kitchen
looks
messy
,
but
his
cooking
is
surprisingly
scientific
and
precise
.
Same
origin
as
primary
sense
:
Latin
scientificus
(“
skilled
,
learned
”).
African
adjective
relating
to
Africa
or
its
people
,
cultures
,
or
languages
•
She
decorated
her
living
room
with
vibrant
African
patterns
.
She
decorated
her
living
room
with
vibrant
African
patterns
.
•
Many
African
countries
enjoy
warm
weather
all
year
.
Many
African
countries
enjoy
warm
weather
all
year
.
From
Latin
Africa
(
the
Roman
name
for
the
northern
part
of
the
continent
)
+
the
adjectival
suffix
-an
.
noun
a
person
who
was
born
in
Africa
or
whose
family
comes
from
Africa
•
An
African
greeted
us
warmly
at
the
guesthouse
.
An
African
greeted
us
warmly
at
the
guesthouse
.
•
She
is
proud
to
be
an
African
living
abroad
.
She
is
proud
to
be
an
African
living
abroad
.
Derived
from
Latin
Africa
+
-an
,
originally
describing
inhabitants
of
the
Roman
province
and
later
extended
to
the
whole
continent
.
academic
adjective
relating
to
study
,
learning
,
or
scholarship
,
especially
in
schools
,
colleges
,
and
universities
.
•
Maria
earned
excellent
academic
grades
in
her
first
year
of
university
.
Maria
earned
excellent
academic
grades
in
her
first
year
of
university
.
•
The
school
offers
extra
academic
support
for
students
who
struggle
with
math
.
The
school
offers
extra
academic
support
for
students
who
struggle
with
math
.
From
Latin
academicus
,
relating
to
the
Academy
founded
by
Plato
.
participate
verb
-
participate
,
participating
,
participates
,
participated
to
take
part
in
an
activity
,
event
,
or
situation
with
other
people
•
All
the
students
agreed
to
participate
in
the
science
fair
.
All
the
students
agreed
to
participate
in
the
science
fair
.
•
If
you
want
to
participate
,
please
sign
up
before
Friday
.
If
you
want
to
participate
,
please
sign
up
before
Friday
.
Mid-16th
century
,
from
Latin
participat-
‘
shared
in
’,
from
participare
‘
share
in
’,
from
pars
,
part-
‘
part
’
+
capere
‘
take
’.
verb
-
participate
,
participating
,
participates
,
participated
to
share
in
or
possess
a
part
of
a
quality
,
characteristic
,
or
element
•
The
novel
participates
in
both
comedy
and
tragedy
.
The
novel
participates
in
both
comedy
and
tragedy
.
•
Her
speech
participated
in
the
optimism
of
the
era
.
Her
speech
participated
in
the
optimism
of
the
era
.
Same
origin
as
the
common
sense
:
from
Latin
participare
“
share
in
”,
emphasizing
the
idea
of
possessing
a
portion
of
something
.
pound
noun
-
study
,
studying
,
studies
,
studied
,
happy
,
happier
,
happiest
a
unit
of
weight
equal
to
16
ounces
,
or
about
0
.
454
kilograms
•
The
recipe
calls
for
one
pound
of
strawberries
.
The
recipe
calls
for
one
pound
of
strawberries
.
•
He
lost
five
pounds
after
a
week
of
hiking
.
He
lost
five
pounds
after
a
week
of
hiking
.
From
Old
English
“
pund
,”
ultimately
from
Latin
“
pōndo
” (
by
weight
).
historical
adjective
connected
with
the
study
,
recording
,
or
explanation
of
events
that
happened
in
the
past
•
Our
town
has
a
small
but
fascinating
historical
museum
.
Our
town
has
a
small
but
fascinating
historical
museum
.
•
The
students
used
historical
documents
to
learn
about
the
civil
war
.
The
students
used
historical
documents
to
learn
about
the
civil
war
.
From
Latin
‘
historicus
’ (
historical
,
of
history
)
via
Medieval
Latin
‘
historicalis
’.
adjective
belonging
to
the
past
or
based
on
real
events
that
actually
happened
long
ago
•
The
castle
is
a
historical
landmark
dating
back
to
the
12th
century
.
The
castle
is
a
historical
landmark
dating
back
to
the
12th
century
.
•
They
dressed
up
as
historical
figures
for
the
school
play
.
They
dressed
up
as
historical
figures
for
the
school
play
.
noun
a
book
,
film
,
or
play
that
tells
a
fictional
story
set
in
the
past
•
He
picked
up
a
historical
about
ancient
Rome
.
He
picked
up
a
historical
about
ancient
Rome
.
•
The
bookstore
has
a
special
table
for
best-selling
historicals
.
The
bookstore
has
a
special
table
for
best-selling
historicals
.
medicine
noun
a
substance
such
as
a
pill
or
liquid
that
you
take
to
treat
or
prevent
an
illness
or
pain
•
The
doctor
told
Mia
to
drink
her
medicine
after
every
meal
.
The
doctor
told
Mia
to
drink
her
medicine
after
every
meal
.
•
I
keep
cold
medicine
in
the
bathroom
cabinet
just
in
case
.
I
keep
cold
medicine
in
the
bathroom
cabinet
just
in
case
.
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
medecine
,
from
Latin
medicina
‘
the
art
of
healing
’,
from
medicus
‘
physician
’.
noun
-
medicine
the
science
and
practice
of
understanding
,
diagnosing
,
and
treating
diseases
and
injuries
•
She
decided
to
study
medicine
at
university
and
become
a
doctor
.
She
decided
to
study
medicine
at
university
and
become
a
doctor
.
•
Modern
medicine
has
made
many
diseases
treatable
that
were
once
fatal
.
Modern
medicine
has
made
many
diseases
treatable
that
were
once
fatal
.
See
etymology
in
Sense
1
.
noun
something
that
improves
an
unpleasant
situation
or
solves
a
problem
,
especially
when
it
is
not
literally
a
drug
•
A
good
night
’
s
sleep
was
just
the
medicine
I
needed
after
the
stressful
week
.
A
good
night
’
s
sleep
was
just
the
medicine
I
needed
after
the
stressful
week
.
•
For
our
struggling
team
,
a
motivational
speech
might
be
the
right
medicine
.
For
our
struggling
team
,
a
motivational
speech
might
be
the
right
medicine
.
Metaphorical
extension
of
Sense
1
,
first
recorded
in
the
17th
century
.
chicken
noun
a
common
farm
bird
kept
for
its
eggs
and
meat
•
A
chicken
pecked
at
the
corn
in
the
barnyard
.
A
chicken
pecked
at
the
corn
in
the
barnyard
.
•
The
farmer
carried
three
fluffy
baby
chickens
in
his
hands
.
The
farmer
carried
three
fluffy
baby
chickens
in
his
hands
.
Old
English
“
cicen
”
meaning
a
young
bird
,
later
generalized
to
the
adult
domestic
fowl
.
noun
-
chicken
the
meat
of
a
chicken
,
eaten
as
food
•
We
had
roast
chicken
for
dinner
last
night
.
We
had
roast
chicken
for
dinner
last
night
.
•
Would
you
like
chicken
or
beef
in
your
sandwich
?
Would
you
like
chicken
or
beef
in
your
sandwich
?
Sense
extended
from
the
bird
to
its
flesh
for
eating
by
the
14th
century
.
noun
an
informal
word
for
a
person
who
is
easily
frightened
and
not
brave
•
Don
’
t
be
a
chicken
—
jump
into
the
pool
!
Don
’
t
be
a
chicken
—
jump
into
the
pool
!
•
My
little
sister
is
such
a
chicken
about
scary
movies
.
My
little
sister
is
such
a
chicken
about
scary
movies
.
From
the
idea
that
a
chicken
bird
is
quick
to
run
away
when
startled
;
figurative
use
recorded
since
the
17th
century
.
adjective
too
scared
or
nervous
to
do
something
difficult
or
risky
•
I
was
chicken
and
turned
off
the
horror
game
after
five
minutes
.
I
was
chicken
and
turned
off
the
horror
game
after
five
minutes
.
•
She
felt
chicken
about
asking
for
a
raise
.
She
felt
chicken
about
asking
for
a
raise
.
Adjective
use
grew
out
of
the
noun
sense
‘
coward
’
in
early
20th-century
American
English
.
traffic
noun
-
traffic
the
flow
of
cars
,
trucks
,
bicycles
,
or
people
moving
along
roads
or
paths
•
We
arrived
late
because
the
traffic
was
backed
up
for
miles
.
We
arrived
late
because
the
traffic
was
backed
up
for
miles
.
•
A
male
police
officer
in
a
reflective
vest
directs
traffic
around
a
stalled
vehicle
on
a
rainy
afternoon
.
A
male
police
officer
in
a
reflective
vest
directs
traffic
around
a
stalled
vehicle
on
a
rainy
afternoon
.
From
Old
French
trafic
,
from
Italian
traffico
,
from
traffico
(“
trade
,
commerce
”),
ultimately
from
Arabic
taraf
(“
profit
,
share
”).
noun
-
traffic
the
amount
of
digital
data
or
messages
moving
through
a
computer
network
or
visiting
a
website
•
The
server
crashed
when
too
much
traffic
hit
the
site
at
once
.
The
server
crashed
when
too
much
traffic
hit
the
site
at
once
.
•
We
monitor
network
traffic
to
detect
possible
security
threats
.
We
monitor
network
traffic
to
detect
possible
security
threats
.
noun
-
traffic
the
buying
,
selling
,
or
exchange
of
goods
,
especially
when
done
illegally
•
Customs
officers
are
trained
to
stop
the
illegal
traffic
in
rare
animal
skins
.
Customs
officers
are
trained
to
stop
the
illegal
traffic
in
rare
animal
skins
.
•
International
traffic
in
counterfeit
medicines
puts
lives
at
risk
.
International
traffic
in
counterfeit
medicines
puts
lives
at
risk
.
verb
-
traffic
,
trafficking
,
traffics
,
trafficked
to
buy
,
sell
,
or
move
goods
,
especially
illegal
ones
,
as
a
business
or
activity
•
The
cartel
trafficked
large
amounts
of
cocaine
across
the
border
.
The
cartel
trafficked
large
amounts
of
cocaine
across
the
border
.
•
Some
criminals
traffic
in
stolen
art
pieces
worth
millions
.
Some
criminals
traffic
in
stolen
art
pieces
worth
millions
.
critic
noun
a
person
whose
job
is
to
give
professional
opinions
about
books
,
movies
,
music
,
art
,
or
other
works
•
The
film
critic
praised
the
director
’
s
new
movie
for
its
beautiful
cinematography
.
The
film
critic
praised
the
director
’
s
new
movie
for
its
beautiful
cinematography
.
•
As
a
music
critic
,
she
attends
concerts
almost
every
night
.
As
a
music
critic
,
she
attends
concerts
almost
every
night
.
from
Greek
kritikos
“
able
to
discern
,
judge
”,
via
Latin
criticus
and
Middle
French
critique
noun
someone
who
points
out
faults
or
expresses
disapproval
of
a
person
,
idea
,
or
thing
•
Despite
his
efforts
,
he
couldn't
silence
every
critic
of
his
plan
.
Despite
his
efforts
,
he
couldn't
silence
every
critic
of
his
plan
.
•
Online
critics
mocked
the
company
’
s
new
logo
.
Online
critics
mocked
the
company
’
s
new
logo
.
same
origin
as
the
professional
sense
,
from
Greek
kritikos
“
able
to
judge
”
politician
noun
a
person
who
is
elected
,
or
seeks
to
be
elected
,
to
public
office
and
helps
make
decisions
for
the
government
•
The
local
politician
visited
the
school
to
talk
about
new
community
projects
.
The
local
politician
visited
the
school
to
talk
about
new
community
projects
.
•
Voters
expect
their
politician
to
keep
campaign
promises
.
Voters
expect
their
politician
to
keep
campaign
promises
.
From
French
politicien
,
based
on
politics
+
‑ian
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
early
17th
century
.
noun
a
person
who
is
skilled
at
gaining
and
keeping
power
in
politics
,
sometimes
using
clever
or
not
entirely
honest
methods
•
Many
felt
the
veteran
politician
cared
more
about
staying
in
power
than
solving
problems
.
Many
felt
the
veteran
politician
cared
more
about
staying
in
power
than
solving
problems
.
•
She
is
such
a
skillful
politician
that
she
always
knows
how
to
win
support
.
She
is
such
a
skillful
politician
that
she
always
knows
how
to
win
support
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
but
this
sense
developed
its
negative
shading
in
the
19th
century
as
public
distrust
of
political
tactics
grew
.
predict
verb
-
predict
,
predicting
,
predicts
,
predicted
to
say
what
you
think
will
happen
in
the
future
before
it
actually
happens
•
Scientists
can
often
predict
when
a
volcano
will
erupt
by
studying
small
earthquakes
.
Scientists
can
often
predict
when
a
volcano
will
erupt
by
studying
small
earthquakes
.
•
No
one
could
predict
that
the
small
garage
business
would
grow
into
a
global
company
.
No
one
could
predict
that
the
small
garage
business
would
grow
into
a
global
company
.
Mid-16th
century
:
from
Latin
praedicere
‘
make
known
beforehand
’,
from
prae
‘
before
’
+
dicere
‘
say
’.
theme
noun
-
theme
,
theming
,
themes
,
themed
the
main
subject
or
idea
that
is
repeated
and
developed
in
a
piece
of
writing
,
speech
,
film
,
painting
,
or
any
other
work
of
art
•
Courage
is
the
central
theme
of
the
novel
she
is
reading
.
Courage
is
the
central
theme
of
the
novel
she
is
reading
.
•
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
identify
the
theme
of
the
short
story
.
The
teacher
asked
the
class
to
identify
the
theme
of
the
short
story
.
From
Greek
‘
thema
’
meaning
“
proposition
,
subject
”
via
Latin
and
Old
French
.
specifically
adverb
used
to
say
that
something
is
meant
for
one
particular
person
,
thing
,
or
purpose
and
not
for
others
•
This
course
was
designed
specifically
for
beginners
.
This
course
was
designed
specifically
for
beginners
.
•
He
bought
a
lightweight
camera
specifically
to
record
his
mountain-climbing
adventures
.
He
bought
a
lightweight
camera
specifically
to
record
his
mountain-climbing
adventures
.
formed
from
specific
+
-ally
in
the
late
17th
century
to
create
the
adverbial
form
adverb
used
to
give
exact
or
detailed
information
about
what
you
mean
•
We
need
to
know
specifically
how
much
the
repairs
will
cost
.
We
need
to
know
specifically
how
much
the
repairs
will
cost
.
•
Can
you
explain
specifically
what
went
wrong
during
the
test
?
Can
you
explain
specifically
what
went
wrong
during
the
test
?
formed
from
specific
+
-ally
in
the
late
17th
century
to
create
the
adverbial
form
domestic
adjective
connected
with
the
home
,
household
duties
,
or
family
life
•
The
company
sells
a
range
of
domestic
appliances
like
washing
machines
and
refrigerators
.
The
company
sells
a
range
of
domestic
appliances
like
washing
machines
and
refrigerators
.
•
After
a
long
trip
abroad
,
he
missed
the
comfort
of
domestic
life
.
After
a
long
trip
abroad
,
he
missed
the
comfort
of
domestic
life
.
adjective
existing
or
happening
inside
one
’
s
own
country
;
not
foreign
•
Our
airline
offers
cheap
domestic
flights
between
Sydney
and
Melbourne
.
Our
airline
offers
cheap
domestic
flights
between
Sydney
and
Melbourne
.
•
The
singer
became
famous
in
domestic
markets
before
touring
overseas
.
The
singer
became
famous
in
domestic
markets
before
touring
overseas
.
adjective
(
of
animals
)
tamed
and
kept
by
people
,
not
wild
•
Cows
are
domestic
animals
that
provide
us
with
milk
.
Cows
are
domestic
animals
that
provide
us
with
milk
.
•
Unlike
wolves
,
dogs
have
been
fully
domestic
for
thousands
of
years
.
Unlike
wolves
,
dogs
have
been
fully
domestic
for
thousands
of
years
.
noun
a
person
,
usually
employed
in
a
large
house
,
whose
job
is
to
do
cleaning
,
cooking
,
and
other
household
work
•
The
wealthy
household
employed
a
new
domestic
to
keep
the
rooms
tidy
.
The
wealthy
household
employed
a
new
domestic
to
keep
the
rooms
tidy
.
•
During
the
19th
century
,
many
domestics
lived
in
the
attics
of
grand
houses
.
During
the
19th
century
,
many
domestics
lived
in
the
attics
of
grand
houses
.
plastic
noun
a
man-made
material
produced
from
polymers
that
can
be
shaped
when
soft
and
then
hardens
,
used
in
countless
products
•
The
factory
recycles
plastic
bottles
into
new
products
.
The
factory
recycles
plastic
bottles
into
new
products
.
•
Tiny
pieces
of
plastic
floated
on
the
surface
of
the
ocean
near
the
research
boat
.
Tiny
pieces
of
plastic
floated
on
the
surface
of
the
ocean
near
the
research
boat
.
From
Greek
plastikos
“
fit
for
molding
,
capable
of
being
shaped
”,
via
Latin
plasticus
and
French
plastique
,
adopted
into
English
in
the
1600s
to
describe
substances
that
could
be
molded
.
adjective
made
from
plastic
material
•
She
bought
a
plastic
chair
for
the
balcony
.
She
bought
a
plastic
chair
for
the
balcony
.
•
The
food
was
served
on
plastic
plates
at
the
picnic
.
The
food
was
served
on
plastic
plates
at
the
picnic
.
noun
-
plastic
informal
:
a
credit
card
or
the
use
of
credit
cards
as
a
way
to
pay
•
I
left
my
cash
at
home
,
so
I'll
put
it
on
the
plastic
.
I
left
my
cash
at
home
,
so
I'll
put
it
on
the
plastic
.
•
She
cut
up
her
plastic
to
avoid
overspending
.
She
cut
up
her
plastic
to
avoid
overspending
.
adjective
(
of
a
substance
,
idea
,
or
person
)
easily
shaped
,
changed
,
or
influenced
•
A
child's
mind
is
highly
plastic
during
the
first
few
years
of
life
.
A
child's
mind
is
highly
plastic
during
the
first
few
years
of
life
.
•
The
researcher
studied
how
the
brain
remains
plastic
after
injury
.
The
researcher
studied
how
the
brain
remains
plastic
after
injury
.
significantly
adverb
in
an
important
or
noticeable
way
•
The
new
bridge
significantly
reduced
travel
time
between
the
two
towns
.
The
new
bridge
significantly
reduced
travel
time
between
the
two
towns
.
•
Adding
a
pinch
of
salt
significantly
improved
the
flavor
of
the
soup
.
Adding
a
pinch
of
salt
significantly
improved
the
flavor
of
the
soup
.
adverb
in
a
way
that
hints
at
a
hidden
meaning
or
message
•
She
looked
at
him
significantly
and
tapped
her
watch
.
She
looked
at
him
significantly
and
tapped
her
watch
.
•
The
teacher
smiled
significantly
when
he
saw
my
high
test
score
.
The
teacher
smiled
significantly
when
he
saw
my
high
test
score
.
adverb
according
to
scientific
or
statistical
tests
,
in
a
way
unlikely
to
be
due
to
chance
•
The
new
drug
lowered
blood
pressure
significantly
compared
with
the
placebo
.
The
new
drug
lowered
blood
pressure
significantly
compared
with
the
placebo
.
•
Sales
increased
significantly
over
the
holiday
season
,
according
to
the
data
.
Sales
increased
significantly
over
the
holiday
season
,
according
to
the
data
.
catholic
adjective
including
a
very
wide
variety
of
things
or
interests
;
broad
and
universal
in
scope
•
Emma's
tastes
in
literature
are
truly
catholic
;
she
enjoys
everything
from
ancient
epics
to
modern
graphic
novels
.
Emma's
tastes
in
literature
are
truly
catholic
;
she
enjoys
everything
from
ancient
epics
to
modern
graphic
novels
.
•
The
museum's
catholic
collection
ranges
from
Egyptian
mummies
to
contemporary
sculptures
.
The
museum's
catholic
collection
ranges
from
Egyptian
mummies
to
contemporary
sculptures
.
From
Greek
katholikos
‘
universal
’,
via
Latin
catholicus
.
Catholic
adjective
relating
to
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
,
its
members
,
or
its
teachings
•
The
town's
architecture
reflects
its
strong
Catholic
heritage
,
with
a
grand
cathedral
at
its
center
.
The
town's
architecture
reflects
its
strong
Catholic
heritage
,
with
a
grand
cathedral
at
its
center
.
•
He
attended
a
Catholic
school
run
by
nuns
.
He
attended
a
Catholic
school
run
by
nuns
.
Capitalized
use
developed
in
Late
Latin
as
ecclesia
catholica
‘
universal
church
’,
later
narrowed
to
the
Roman
Church
.
noun
a
person
who
is
a
member
of
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
•
As
a
devoted
Catholic
,
Miguel
goes
to
mass
every
Sunday
.
As
a
devoted
Catholic
,
Miguel
goes
to
mass
every
Sunday
.
•
The
village
is
mostly
made
up
of
Catholics
,
but
it
welcomes
visitors
of
all
faiths
.
The
village
is
mostly
made
up
of
Catholics
,
but
it
welcomes
visitors
of
all
faiths
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
ultimately
from
Greek
katholikos
‘
universal
’,
applied
to
members
of
the
universal
(
Roman
)
Church
.
difficulty
noun
-
difficulty
,
difficulties
the
state
of
something
being
hard
to
do
,
understand
,
or
deal
with
•
She
had
no
difficulty
finding
the
right
bus
at
the
station
.
She
had
no
difficulty
finding
the
right
bus
at
the
station
.
•
The
child
read
the
long
word
slowly
,
showing
great
difficulty
.
The
child
read
the
long
word
slowly
,
showing
great
difficulty
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
difficultas
,
from
difficilis
‘
hard
,
difficult
’.
noun
-
difficulty
,
difficulties
a
specific
problem
or
obstacle
that
makes
something
harder
•
They
ran
into
a
difficulty
when
the
printer
stopped
working
.
They
ran
into
a
difficulty
when
the
printer
stopped
working
.
•
Unexpected
financial
difficulties
forced
the
family
to
postpone
their
vacation
.
Unexpected
financial
difficulties
forced
the
family
to
postpone
their
vacation
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
difficultas
,
from
difficilis
‘
hard
,
difficult
’.
analyst
noun
-
analyse
,
analysing
,
analyses
,
analysed
a
person
who
carefully
studies
information
,
events
,
or
situations
in
order
to
understand
them
and
explain
their
meaning
•
The
company
hired
an
analyst
to
examine
customer
feedback
and
spot
trends
.
The
company
hired
an
analyst
to
examine
customer
feedback
and
spot
trends
.
•
As
a
sports
analyst
,
she
broke
down
each
team's
strategy
on
live
TV
.
As
a
sports
analyst
,
she
broke
down
each
team's
strategy
on
live
TV
.
From
analyze
+
-ist
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
early
19th
century
.
noun
-
analyse
,
analysing
,
analyses
,
analysed
a
person
who
studies
companies
,
markets
,
and
economic
data
to
give
advice
or
predictions
about
investing
•
The
bank's
senior
analyst
predicted
that
oil
prices
would
fall
next
year
.
The
bank's
senior
analyst
predicted
that
oil
prices
would
fall
next
year
.
•
Many
investors
rely
on
a
financial
analyst's
quarterly
reports
before
buying
stocks
.
Many
investors
rely
on
a
financial
analyst's
quarterly
reports
before
buying
stocks
.
noun
-
analyse
,
analysing
,
analyses
,
analysed
(
informal
)
short
for
psychoanalyst
,
a
therapist
trained
in
psychoanalysis
•
After
her
anxiety
worsened
,
she
began
weekly
sessions
with
an
analyst
.
After
her
anxiety
worsened
,
she
began
weekly
sessions
with
an
analyst
.
•
The
famous
analyst
wrote
several
papers
on
dream
interpretation
.
The
famous
analyst
wrote
several
papers
on
dream
interpretation
.
click
verb
-
click
,
clicking
,
clicks
,
clicked
to
press
a
button
on
a
computer
mouse
or
touchpad
to
select
or
open
something
on
a
screen
•
Just
click
the
blue
icon
to
start
the
video
call
.
Just
click
the
blue
icon
to
start
the
video
call
.
•
He
accidentally
clicked
a
pop-up
ad
and
had
to
close
it
.
He
accidentally
clicked
a
pop-up
ad
and
had
to
close
it
.
Extended
from
the
original
‘
make
a
clicking
sound
’;
first
used
in
computing
in
the
1980s
with
early
computer
mice
.
noun
the
act
of
pressing
a
button
on
a
computer
mouse
or
touchpad
,
or
one
instance
of
doing
so
•
A
single
click
will
open
the
file
.
A
single
click
will
open
the
file
.
•
The
advertisement
got
thousands
of
clicks
in
one
day
.
The
advertisement
got
thousands
of
clicks
in
one
day
.
Borrowed
from
the
computing
verb
sense
developed
in
the
1980s
.
verb
-
click
,
clicking
,
clicks
,
clicked
to
make
a
short
,
sharp
sound
like
a
tiny
snap
or
tap
•
The
lock
clicked
shut
as
Maya
turned
the
key
.
The
lock
clicked
shut
as
Maya
turned
the
key
.
•
Every
time
the
old
camera
took
a
photo
,
it
clicked
loudly
.
Every
time
the
old
camera
took
a
photo
,
it
clicked
loudly
.
Early
17th-century
imitative
origin
;
the
word
mimics
the
sharp
sound
it
describes
.
verb
-
click
,
clicking
,
clicks
,
clicked
to
fasten
,
lock
,
or
move
firmly
into
position
with
a
small
snapping
sound
•
The
seat
belt
clicked
when
she
pulled
it
across
her
chest
.
The
seat
belt
clicked
when
she
pulled
it
across
her
chest
.
•
Make
sure
the
baby
’
s
stroller
handle
clicks
into
place
.
Make
sure
the
baby
’
s
stroller
handle
clicks
into
place
.
Extension
of
the
basic
sound
sense
,
applied
to
mechanisms
that
make
this
noise
when
secured
.
noun
a
short
,
sharp
sound
like
a
tiny
snap
or
tap
•
With
a
loud
click
,
the
lights
went
out
.
With
a
loud
click
,
the
lights
went
out
.
•
She
heard
the
click
of
high
heels
in
the
hallway
.
She
heard
the
click
of
high
heels
in
the
hallway
.
Imitative
;
the
noun
arose
alongside
the
verb
in
the
early
17th
century
.
verb
-
click
,
clicking
,
clicks
,
clicked
to
suddenly
understand
or
become
clear
in
one
’
s
mind
•
After
the
hint
,
the
math
problem
finally
clicked
for
her
.
After
the
hint
,
the
math
problem
finally
clicked
for
her
.
•
Halfway
through
the
lecture
,
the
concept
clicked
and
I
started
taking
better
notes
.
Halfway
through
the
lecture
,
the
concept
clicked
and
I
started
taking
better
notes
.
Metaphoric
extension
from
the
noise
of
a
switch
engaging
:
ideas
‘
snap
into
place
’
like
parts
of
a
machine
.
verb
-
click
,
clicking
,
clicks
,
clicked
(
of
people
)
to
immediately
like
,
understand
,
or
get
along
with
each
other
•
The
two
new
teammates
clicked
from
the
first
practice
.
The
two
new
teammates
clicked
from
the
first
practice
.
•
I
knew
we
would
click
when
we
discovered
our
shared
love
of
jazz
.
I
knew
we
would
click
when
we
discovered
our
shared
love
of
jazz
.
Figurative
use
from
parts
of
machinery
meshing
together
smoothly
.
technical
adjective
relating
to
the
practical
,
mechanical
,
or
scientific
side
of
a
job
,
activity
,
or
subject
that
needs
special
knowledge
or
skill
•
The
new
camera
comes
with
a
detailed
technical
manual
.
The
new
camera
comes
with
a
detailed
technical
manual
.
•
Only
a
trained
electrician
could
fix
the
technical
fault
in
the
wiring
.
Only
a
trained
electrician
could
fix
the
technical
fault
in
the
wiring
.
From
Greek
tekhnikós
“
skilled
in
art
or
craft
,”
through
Latin
and
Old
French
into
English
.
adjective
concerned
with
the
small
exact
details
of
rules
,
laws
,
or
procedures
rather
than
the
overall
idea
•
The
lawyer
found
a
technical
loophole
that
saved
the
company
.
The
lawyer
found
a
technical
loophole
that
saved
the
company
.
•
The
bill
failed
on
a
technical
point
of
procedure
.
The
bill
failed
on
a
technical
point
of
procedure
.
noun
in
basketball
,
a
foul
given
for
unsportsmanlike
behavior
such
as
arguing
with
referees
,
which
awards
the
opposing
team
free
throws
•
The
referee
gave
him
a
technical
for
shouting
at
an
opponent
.
The
referee
gave
him
a
technical
for
shouting
at
an
opponent
.
•
After
two
technicals
,
the
coach
was
ejected
from
the
game
.
After
two
technicals
,
the
coach
was
ejected
from
the
game
.
noun
a
civilian
pickup
truck
or
similar
vehicle
that
has
been
fitted
with
mounted
weapons
and
is
used
by
irregular
fighters
•
A
dusty
technical
sped
across
the
desert
with
soldiers
standing
in
the
back
.
A
dusty
technical
sped
across
the
desert
with
soldiers
standing
in
the
back
.
•
Journalists
photographed
several
old
pickups
that
had
been
turned
into
technicals
.
Journalists
photographed
several
old
pickups
that
had
been
turned
into
technicals
.
First
used
in
Somali
civil
conflict
of
the
1990s
;
named
after
the
"
technical
assistance
grants
"
misused
to
pay
for
armed
escorts
.
typically
adverb
in
most
situations
or
on
average
;
normally
•
Typically
,
the
store
opens
at
nine
o'clock
each
morning
.
Typically
,
the
store
opens
at
nine
o'clock
each
morning
.
•
Winter
here
is
typically
cold
and
snowy
.
Winter
here
is
typically
cold
and
snowy
.
formed
from
the
adjective
“
typical
”
+
the
adverbial
suffix
“
-ly
,”
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
mid-19th
century
adverb
in
a
way
that
shows
the
usual
qualities
of
a
particular
person
,
group
,
or
thing
;
characteristically
•
Typically
,
Oliver
cracks
a
joke
when
the
meeting
gets
tense
.
Typically
,
Oliver
cracks
a
joke
when
the
meeting
gets
tense
.
•
In
her
rush
,
Lisa
typically
forgets
her
umbrella
at
home
.
In
her
rush
,
Lisa
typically
forgets
her
umbrella
at
home
.
See
etymology
of
sense
1
;
same
origin
.
thick
adjective
-
thick
,
thicker
,
thickest
having
a
wide
distance
from
one
surface
or
side
to
the
opposite
one
,
not
thin
•
The
castle
had
thick
stone
walls
that
kept
out
the
cold
.
The
castle
had
thick
stone
walls
that
kept
out
the
cold
.
•
He
put
on
a
pair
of
thick
wool
socks
before
hiking
.
He
put
on
a
pair
of
thick
wool
socks
before
hiking
.
adjective
-
thick
,
thicker
,
thickest
closely
packed
together
;
dense
•
A
cloud
of
thick
smoke
rose
from
the
chimney
.
A
cloud
of
thick
smoke
rose
from
the
chimney
.
•
The
forest
was
so
thick
that
little
sunlight
reached
the
ground
.
The
forest
was
so
thick
that
little
sunlight
reached
the
ground
.
adjective
-
thick
,
thicker
,
thickest
describing
a
liquid
that
is
heavy
and
does
not
flow
easily
•
She
stirred
the
soup
until
it
became
thick
and
creamy
.
She
stirred
the
soup
until
it
became
thick
and
creamy
.
•
The
painter
used
thick
paint
to
add
texture
to
the
canvas
.
The
painter
used
thick
paint
to
add
texture
to
the
canvas
.
adjective
-
thick
,
thicker
,
thickest
describing
a
voice
or
accent
that
is
strong
or
hard
to
understand
•
He
spoke
English
with
a
thick
Irish
accent
.
He
spoke
English
with
a
thick
Irish
accent
.
•
Her
voice
was
thick
with
emotion
as
she
thanked
the
crowd
.
Her
voice
was
thick
with
emotion
as
she
thanked
the
crowd
.
adjective
-
thick
,
thicker
,
thickest
informal
:
slow
to
understand
;
not
intelligent
•
I'm
not
being
thick
—
could
you
explain
that
again
?
I'm
not
being
thick
—
could
you
explain
that
again
?
•
They
called
him
thick
because
he
failed
the
simplest
quiz
.
They
called
him
thick
because
he
failed
the
simplest
quiz
.
adverb
closely
together
or
in
large
numbers
;
densely
•
The
snow
fell
thick
all
night
.
The
snow
fell
thick
all
night
.
•
Rumors
ran
thick
in
the
small
town
after
the
scandal
.
Rumors
ran
thick
in
the
small
town
after
the
scandal
.
typical
adjective
-
typical
having
the
usual
or
expected
qualities
of
a
particular
type
of
thing
;
normal
,
ordinary
,
or
common
•
A
typical
weekday
for
her
starts
at
6
a
.
m
.
with
a
jog
.
A
typical
weekday
for
her
starts
at
6
a
.
m
.
with
a
jog
.
•
This
is
the
typical
weather
here
in
spring
—
mild
and
rainy
.
This
is
the
typical
weather
here
in
spring
—
mild
and
rainy
.
adjective
-
typical
showing
the
qualities
or
behaviour
that
are
usual
for
a
particular
person
,
thing
,
or
group
•
It's
typical
of
Jake
to
arrive
late
to
meetings
.
It's
typical
of
Jake
to
arrive
late
to
meetings
.
•
That
sarcastic
comment
was
so
typical
of
her
sense
of
humor
.
That
sarcastic
comment
was
so
typical
of
her
sense
of
humor
.
suicide
noun
an
action
or
decision
that
is
almost
certain
to
bring
about
one
’
s
own
ruin
or
failure
•
It
would
be
political
suicide
to
ignore
the
voters
’
concerns
.
It
would
be
political
suicide
to
ignore
the
voters
’
concerns
.
•
Quitting
school
right
before
the
final
exams
felt
like
career
suicide
.
Quitting
school
right
before
the
final
exams
felt
like
career
suicide
.
The
figurative
sense
arose
in
the
late
19th
century
from
the
literal
idea
of
ending
one
’
s
own
life
,
transferred
to
actions
that
‘
kill
’
one
’
s
prospects
or
reputation
.
noun
the
act
of
intentionally
ending
one
’
s
own
life
•
The
hotline
offers
support
to
anyone
thinking
about
suicide
.
The
hotline
offers
support
to
anyone
thinking
about
suicide
.
•
His
friends
noticed
warning
signs
and
stepped
in
to
prevent
suicide
.
His
friends
noticed
warning
signs
and
stepped
in
to
prevent
suicide
.
From
Latin
suicidium
,
from
sui
(
of
oneself
)
+
caedere
(
to
kill
).
The
modern
English
form
appeared
in
the
mid-17th
century
.
deficit
noun
the
amount
by
which
spending
or
what
is
needed
is
more
than
the
money
or
resources
that
are
available
•
After
paying
all
their
bills
,
the
family
still
had
a
small
deficit
in
their
monthly
budget
.
After
paying
all
their
bills
,
the
family
still
had
a
small
deficit
in
their
monthly
budget
.
•
The
stadium
project
ran
over
cost
,
leaving
the
city
with
a
large
deficit
.
The
stadium
project
ran
over
cost
,
leaving
the
city
with
a
large
deficit
.
Borrowed
into
English
in
the
late
18th
century
from
French
déficit
,
ultimately
from
Latin
dēficere
“
to
fail
,
be
lacking
.”
noun
a
shortage
or
lack
of
something
that
is
needed
,
wanted
,
or
expected
•
After
a
week
of
late
nights
,
Maya
felt
she
had
a
serious
sleep
deficit
.
After
a
week
of
late
nights
,
Maya
felt
she
had
a
serious
sleep
deficit
.
•
There
is
a
growing
trust
deficit
between
the
citizens
and
their
leaders
.
There
is
a
growing
trust
deficit
between
the
citizens
and
their
leaders
.
Same
historical
origin
as
the
financial
sense
:
from
French
déficit
,
based
on
Latin
roots
meaning
“
to
fail
or
be
lacking
.”
publication
noun
a
book
,
magazine
,
newspaper
,
or
online
document
that
has
been
printed
or
put
out
for
people
to
read
•
I
picked
up
a
free
publication
about
city
events
at
the
subway
station
.
I
picked
up
a
free
publication
about
city
events
at
the
subway
station
.
•
The
magazine
is
a
weekly
publication
with
colorful
photos
.
The
magazine
is
a
weekly
publication
with
colorful
photos
.
Same
root
as
Sense
1
:
from
Latin
“
publicatio
,”
based
on
“
publicus
,”
meaning
“
of
the
people
.”
noun
the
act
of
printing
,
uploading
,
or
otherwise
making
information
available
for
everyone
to
read
or
see
•
The
scientists
waited
eagerly
for
the
publication
of
their
research
results
in
the
journal
.
The
scientists
waited
eagerly
for
the
publication
of
their
research
results
in
the
journal
.
•
The
law
requires
the
publication
of
new
regulations
before
they
take
effect
.
The
law
requires
the
publication
of
new
regulations
before
they
take
effect
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
“
publicatio
,”
from
“
publicare
”
meaning
“
make
public
.”
vice
noun
a
harmful
or
unhealthy
personal
habit
that
is
difficult
to
stop
•
Snacking
on
sweets
late
at
night
used
to
be
her
biggest
vice
.
Snacking
on
sweets
late
at
night
used
to
be
her
biggest
vice
.
•
He
gave
up
smoking
,
trading
one
vice
for
jogging
every
morning
.
He
gave
up
smoking
,
trading
one
vice
for
jogging
every
morning
.
noun
immoral
or
wicked
behaviour
in
general
•
He
tried
to
overcome
the
vice
of
lying
,
but
old
habits
were
hard
to
break
.
He
tried
to
overcome
the
vice
of
lying
,
but
old
habits
were
hard
to
break
.
•
The
novel
paints
a
picture
of
a
city
drowning
in
vice
and
corruption
.
The
novel
paints
a
picture
of
a
city
drowning
in
vice
and
corruption
.
From
Latin
vitium
“
fault
,
defect
,
crime
.”
noun
illegal
activities
such
as
prostitution
,
gambling
,
or
drug
dealing
,
treated
as
a
type
of
crime
•
The
police
launched
a
nighttime
operation
to
crack
down
on
vice
in
the
downtown
district
.
The
police
launched
a
nighttime
operation
to
crack
down
on
vice
in
the
downtown
district
.
•
She
worked
for
the
department
’
s
vice
squad
for
nearly
a
decade
.
She
worked
for
the
department
’
s
vice
squad
for
nearly
a
decade
.
noun
a
heavy
metal
tool
with
two
jaws
that
are
tightened
by
a
screw
to
hold
an
object
firmly
while
you
work
on
it
•
The
carpenter
clamped
the
wooden
block
in
a
vice
before
sawing
.
The
carpenter
clamped
the
wooden
block
in
a
vice
before
sawing
.
•
Make
sure
the
metal
piece
is
secure
in
the
vice
so
it
doesn
’
t
move
.
Make
sure
the
metal
piece
is
secure
in
the
vice
so
it
doesn
’
t
move
.
preposition
instead
of
;
in
the
place
of
(
formal
)
•
The
notice
read
, “
Smith
,
vice
Brown
,
promoted
to
senior
engineer
.”
The
notice
read
, “
Smith
,
vice
Brown
,
promoted
to
senior
engineer
.”
•
In
the
list
of
officers
,
she
was
appointed
treasurer
vice
the
retiring
member
.
In
the
list
of
officers
,
she
was
appointed
treasurer
vice
the
retiring
member
.
Directly
from
Latin
vice
meaning
“
in
place
of
.”
vise
noun
a
strong
metal
tool
with
two
jaws
tightened
by
a
screw
to
hold
something
steady
while
you
work
on
it
•
He
fixed
the
bike
pedal
by
securing
it
in
a
vise
.
He
fixed
the
bike
pedal
by
securing
it
in
a
vise
.
•
Always
wear
goggles
when
grinding
metal
held
in
a
vise
.
Always
wear
goggles
when
grinding
metal
held
in
a
vise
.
vice-
prefix
added
before
a
job
title
to
show
that
a
person
is
the
deputy
or
second-in-command
•
The
vice-president
chaired
the
meeting
in
the
CEO
’
s
absence
.
The
vice-president
chaired
the
meeting
in
the
CEO
’
s
absence
.
•
He
was
appointed
vice-captain
of
the
soccer
team
.
He
was
appointed
vice-captain
of
the
soccer
team
.
From
Latin
vice
"
in
place
of
".
rice
noun
-
rice
small
white
or
brown
grains
that
are
cooked
and
eaten
as
a
staple
food
in
many
parts
of
the
world
•
She
served
the
curry
with
a
bowl
of
steaming
white
rice
.
She
served
the
curry
with
a
bowl
of
steaming
white
rice
.
•
A
farmer
was
harvesting
rice
in
the
flooded
paddy
field
.
A
farmer
was
harvesting
rice
in
the
flooded
paddy
field
.
Old
English
rīs
,
from
Old
French
ris
,
from
Latin
orȳza
,
from
Greek
oruza
,
ultimately
from
Unknown
Eastern
origin
.
verb
-
rice
,
ricing
,
rices
,
riced
to
press
cooked
food
,
especially
potatoes
,
through
a
special
tool
so
that
it
comes
out
in
tiny
pieces
like
grains
of
rice
•
The
chef
quickly
riced
the
boiled
potatoes
to
make
them
fluffy
.
The
chef
quickly
riced
the
boiled
potatoes
to
make
them
fluffy
.
•
After
ricing
the
cauliflower
,
she
used
it
as
a
low-carb
pizza
crust
.
After
ricing
the
cauliflower
,
she
used
it
as
a
low-carb
pizza
crust
.
From
the
noun
rice
,
because
the
small
pieces
resemble
grains
of
rice
when
food
is
pressed
through
the
tool
.
clinical
adjective
-
clinical
connected
with
examining
and
treating
sick
people
,
or
with
medical
research
involving
patients
.
•
The
doctor
used
her
clinical
experience
to
diagnose
the
rare
disease
quickly
.
The
doctor
used
her
clinical
experience
to
diagnose
the
rare
disease
quickly
.
•
During
his
residency
,
Mark
spent
long
nights
gathering
clinical
data
from
patients
in
the
intensive
care
unit
.
During
his
residency
,
Mark
spent
long
nights
gathering
clinical
data
from
patients
in
the
intensive
care
unit
.
From
clinic
+
-al
,
originally
relating
to
bedside
teaching
of
medicine
in
the
early
19th
century
.
adjective
-
clinical
showing
no
emotion
;
coldly
objective
and
analytical
.
•
She
gave
a
clinical
description
of
the
accident
,
focusing
only
on
the
facts
.
She
gave
a
clinical
description
of
the
accident
,
focusing
only
on
the
facts
.
•
His
voice
was
so
clinical
that
it
made
the
bad
news
feel
even
harsher
.
His
voice
was
so
clinical
that
it
made
the
bad
news
feel
even
harsher
.
adjective
-
clinical
efficiently
achieving
a
desired
result
with
decisive
accuracy
and
no
unnecessary
effort
.
•
The
striker's
clinical
finish
secured
the
team's
victory
in
the
final
minutes
.
The
striker's
clinical
finish
secured
the
team's
victory
in
the
final
minutes
.
•
With
clinical
precision
,
the
chef
chopped
the
vegetables
into
perfect
cubes
.
With
clinical
precision
,
the
chef
chopped
the
vegetables
into
perfect
cubes
.
characteristic
adjective
typical
of
a
person
,
place
,
or
thing
and
helping
to
identify
it
•
The
desert
’
s
characteristic
silence
makes
every
sound
seem
louder
.
The
desert
’
s
characteristic
silence
makes
every
sound
seem
louder
.
•
Her
quick
wit
is
characteristic
of
comedians
from
her
hometown
.
Her
quick
wit
is
characteristic
of
comedians
from
her
hometown
.
from
French
caractéristique
,
ultimately
from
Greek
kharaktēr
‘
mark
,
distinctive
quality
’
+
‑istic
noun
a
quality
,
feature
,
or
trait
that
makes
someone
or
something
different
from
others
•
Honesty
is
an
important
characteristic
for
a
leader
.
Honesty
is
an
important
characteristic
for
a
leader
.
•
One
unique
characteristic
of
koalas
is
that
they
sleep
up
to
20
hours
a
day
.
One
unique
characteristic
of
koalas
is
that
they
sleep
up
to
20
hours
a
day
.
same
origin
as
adjective
sense
:
French
caractéristique
<
Greek
kharaktēr
+
‑istic
criticism
noun
the
act
of
saying
what
you
think
is
wrong
or
bad
about
someone
or
something
•
After
the
presentation
,
the
manager
gave
Luke
some
constructive
criticism
on
his
slides
.
After
the
presentation
,
the
manager
gave
Luke
some
constructive
criticism
on
his
slides
.
•
Sara
felt
hurt
by
the
harsh
criticism
posted
online
.
Sara
felt
hurt
by
the
harsh
criticism
posted
online
.
noun
the
careful
study
and
judgment
of
the
good
and
bad
qualities
of
works
of
literature
,
art
,
music
,
or
film
•
In
her
class
on
film
criticism
,
Professor
Evans
showed
how
camera
angles
shape
emotion
.
In
her
class
on
film
criticism
,
Professor
Evans
showed
how
camera
angles
shape
emotion
.
•
His
essay
offered
a
fresh
criticism
of
Shakespeare's
later
plays
.
His
essay
offered
a
fresh
criticism
of
Shakespeare's
later
plays
.
philosophy
noun
-
philosophy
,
philosophies
the
academic
study
that
seeks
to
understand
the
deepest
questions
about
existence
,
knowledge
,
values
,
reason
,
and
language
•
At
university
,
Nora
decided
to
major
in
philosophy
because
she
loved
debating
questions
about
reality
and
truth
.
At
university
,
Nora
decided
to
major
in
philosophy
because
she
loved
debating
questions
about
reality
and
truth
.
•
Ancient
Greek
philosophy
still
shapes
how
we
think
about
ethics
today
.
Ancient
Greek
philosophy
still
shapes
how
we
think
about
ethics
today
.
From
Old
French
philosophie
,
from
Latin
philosophia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
philosophía
meaning
“
love
of
wisdom
”.
mystery
noun
-
mystery
,
mysteries
a
deep
religious
truth
that
is
believed
to
be
beyond
human
understanding
•
To
many
believers
,
the
idea
of
the
Trinity
is
a
holy
mystery
.
To
many
believers
,
the
idea
of
the
Trinity
is
a
holy
mystery
.
•
The
ceremony
celebrates
the
divine
mystery
of
life
and
death
.
The
ceremony
celebrates
the
divine
mystery
of
life
and
death
.
Used
in
Christian
theology
since
the
14th
century
to
translate
Latin
mysterium
referring
to
sacred
secrets
revealed
by
God
.
physician
noun
a
person
who
is
trained
and
licensed
to
diagnose
illnesses
and
treat
people
who
are
sick
or
injured
;
a
medical
doctor
•
The
physician
examined
the
patient's
heartbeat
with
a
stethoscope
.
The
physician
examined
the
patient's
heartbeat
with
a
stethoscope
.
•
After
breaking
her
arm
,
Lily
went
to
see
a
physician
at
the
city
hospital
.
After
breaking
her
arm
,
Lily
went
to
see
a
physician
at
the
city
hospital
.
Middle
English
phisicien
,
from
Old
French
,
from
physicien
“
natural
philosopher
”,
from
Latin
physica
“
natural
science
”.
Over
time
the
meaning
narrowed
to
a
medical
doctor
.
noun
(
archaic
or
literary
)
a
healer
or
any
force
that
cures
sickness
or
solves
problems
•
They
believed
that
time
would
be
the
best
physician
.
They
believed
that
time
would
be
the
best
physician
.
•
The
wise
physician
mixed
fragrant
herbs
to
cure
the
nobleman
.
The
wise
physician
mixed
fragrant
herbs
to
cure
the
nobleman
.
Same
origin
as
the
modern
sense
;
earlier
English
used
the
word
broadly
for
anyone
or
anything
that
brought
healing
.
participation
noun
-
participation
the
action
of
being
actively
involved
in
an
activity
,
event
,
or
group
•
Student
participation
in
class
discussions
makes
the
lessons
more
lively
.
Student
participation
in
class
discussions
makes
the
lessons
more
lively
.
•
The
marathon
relies
on
the
active
participation
of
hundreds
of
volunteers
.
The
marathon
relies
on
the
active
participation
of
hundreds
of
volunteers
.
From
Latin
participatio
“
a
sharing
in
”,
from
participare
“
to
take
part
”.
noun
a
share
in
a
loan
or
investment
sold
by
the
original
lender
or
owner
,
giving
the
buyer
rights
to
a
proportionate
return
•
The
bank
sold
a
participation
in
the
large
commercial
loan
to
reduce
its
exposure
.
The
bank
sold
a
participation
in
the
large
commercial
loan
to
reduce
its
exposure
.
•
Investors
can
buy
a
participation
for
as
little
as
$10
,
000
.
Investors
can
buy
a
participation
for
as
little
as
$10
,
000
.
Extended
from
the
general
sense
of
taking
part
,
applied
in
early
20th-century
finance
to
mean
a
shared
portion
of
a
loan
.
fiction
noun
-
fictionalize
,
fictionalizing
,
fictionalizes
,
fictionalized
books
and
stories
about
events
and
characters
that
are
invented
,
not
real
•
Ella
loves
reading
historical
fiction
set
in
ancient
Rome
.
Ella
loves
reading
historical
fiction
set
in
ancient
Rome
.
•
The
library's
fiction
section
was
twice
as
large
as
the
nonfiction
shelves
.
The
library's
fiction
section
was
twice
as
large
as
the
nonfiction
shelves
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
fictio
‘
the
act
of
fashioning
,
a
feigning
’,
from
fingere
‘
form
,
contrive
’.
noun
-
fictionalize
,
fictionalizing
,
fictionalizes
,
fictionalized
something
that
is
invented
or
imagined
and
is
not
true
•
The
rumor
that
the
school
would
close
was
pure
fiction
.
The
rumor
that
the
school
would
close
was
pure
fiction
.
•
He
maintained
the
fiction
that
he
was
rich
,
but
everyone
knew
the
truth
.
He
maintained
the
fiction
that
he
was
rich
,
but
everyone
knew
the
truth
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Latin
fictio
‘
the
act
of
fashioning
,
a
feigning
’,
from
fingere
‘
form
,
contrive
’.
ethnic
adjective
connected
with
a
group
of
people
who
share
the
same
culture
,
language
,
or
national
roots
•
The
city
holds
an
annual
ethnic
festival
that
features
music
and
food
from
many
countries
.
The
city
holds
an
annual
ethnic
festival
that
features
music
and
food
from
many
countries
.
•
She
enjoys
cooking
ethnic
dishes
like
spicy
Thai
curry
and
Mexican
tacos
for
her
friends
.
She
enjoys
cooking
ethnic
dishes
like
spicy
Thai
curry
and
Mexican
tacos
for
her
friends
.
From
Greek
ethnikos
“
national
,
foreign
,
heathen
”,
from
ethnos
“
nation
,
people
”.
noun
a
person
who
belongs
to
a
particular
cultural
or
national
group
,
especially
one
that
forms
a
minority
in
a
larger
society
•
The
new
policy
protects
the
rights
of
every
ethnic
living
in
the
country
.
The
new
policy
protects
the
rights
of
every
ethnic
living
in
the
country
.
•
As
an
ethnic
,
she
founded
a
club
to
help
others
preserve
their
native
language
.
As
an
ethnic
,
she
founded
a
club
to
help
others
preserve
their
native
language
.
Same
origin
as
the
adjective
:
Greek
ethnos
“
nation
,
people
”.
electric
adjective
using
,
produced
by
,
or
producing
electricity
•
She
bought
an
electric
car
to
reduce
her
carbon
footprint
.
She
bought
an
electric
car
to
reduce
her
carbon
footprint
.
•
The
cabin
has
no
electric
lights
,
so
bring
a
lantern
.
The
cabin
has
no
electric
lights
,
so
bring
a
lantern
.
From
Latin
electricus
,
meaning
‘
produced
from
amber
by
friction
’,
adopted
in
the
17th
century
after
scientist
William
Gilbert
’
s
studies
.
adjective
very
exciting
or
full
of
strong
emotion
and
energy
•
The
atmosphere
at
the
final
match
was
electric
from
the
first
whistle
.
The
atmosphere
at
the
final
match
was
electric
from
the
first
whistle
.
•
Her
electric
performance
on
stage
left
the
audience
speechless
.
Her
electric
performance
on
stage
left
the
audience
speechless
.
Extended
figurative
use
recorded
since
the
early
19th
century
,
comparing
intense
human
energy
to
the
powerful
force
of
electricity
.
republic
noun
a
country
or
state
without
a
king
or
queen
in
which
the
people
elect
their
leaders
•
After
years
of
monarchy
,
the
nation
finally
became
a
republic
and
elected
its
first
president
.
After
years
of
monarchy
,
the
nation
finally
became
a
republic
and
elected
its
first
president
.
•
The
teacher
showed
the
students
a
map
highlighting
every
republic
in
South
America
.
The
teacher
showed
the
students
a
map
highlighting
every
republic
in
South
America
.
from
Latin
res
publica
“
public
affair
,
commonwealth
”,
later
used
in
French
république
before
entering
English
in
the
16th
century
noun
a
self-governing
community
or
network
of
people
linked
by
a
shared
interest
•
During
the
Renaissance
,
writers
across
Europe
saw
themselves
as
part
of
a
republic
of
letters
.
During
the
Renaissance
,
writers
across
Europe
saw
themselves
as
part
of
a
republic
of
letters
.
•
Thanks
to
social
media
,
photographers
worldwide
have
formed
a
vibrant
republic
of
imagemakers
.
Thanks
to
social
media
,
photographers
worldwide
have
formed
a
vibrant
republic
of
imagemakers
.
extension
of
the
political
sense
to
metaphorical
communities
from
the
17th
century
onward
musical
adjective
connected
with
or
involving
music
•
She
bought
a
set
of
colored
pencils
for
her
musical
theory
class
.
She
bought
a
set
of
colored
pencils
for
her
musical
theory
class
.
•
The
summer
camp
offers
many
musical
activities
for
children
,
including
drumming
circles
and
choir
practice
.
The
summer
camp
offers
many
musical
activities
for
children
,
including
drumming
circles
and
choir
practice
.
adjective
able
to
play
,
sing
,
or
understand
music
well
•
Even
as
a
child
,
Maya
was
very
musical
and
could
play
melodies
by
ear
.
Even
as
a
child
,
Maya
was
very
musical
and
could
play
melodies
by
ear
.
•
Their
baby
seems
surprisingly
musical
,
swaying
and
clapping
perfectly
in
time
with
the
song
.
Their
baby
seems
surprisingly
musical
,
swaying
and
clapping
perfectly
in
time
with
the
song
.
noun
a
play
or
film
in
which
the
story
is
told
chiefly
through
songs
,
music
,
and
dance
•
We
bought
tickets
to
the
new
Broadway
musical
opening
this
weekend
.
We
bought
tickets
to
the
new
Broadway
musical
opening
this
weekend
.
•
Her
dream
is
to
write
a
musical
about
astronauts
exploring
Mars
.
Her
dream
is
to
write
a
musical
about
astronauts
exploring
Mars
.
adjective
having
a
pleasant
melody
or
sound
like
music
•
The
brook
made
a
gentle
,
musical
sound
as
it
flowed
over
the
stones
.
The
brook
made
a
gentle
,
musical
sound
as
it
flowed
over
the
stones
.
•
I
love
the
musical
lilt
of
her
Irish
accent
.
I
love
the
musical
lilt
of
her
Irish
accent
.
communicate
verb
-
communicate
,
communicating
,
communicates
,
communicated
to
share
or
exchange
information
,
thoughts
,
or
feelings
with
someone
by
speaking
,
writing
,
or
using
other
signals
•
Even
though
they
spoke
different
languages
,
the
hikers
used
gestures
to
communicate
their
need
for
help
.
Even
though
they
spoke
different
languages
,
the
hikers
used
gestures
to
communicate
their
need
for
help
.
•
Parents
should
openly
communicate
with
their
children
about
safety
.
Parents
should
openly
communicate
with
their
children
about
safety
.
From
Latin
communicare
meaning
“
to
share
”
or
“
make
common
.”
verb
-
communicate
,
communicating
,
communicates
,
communicated
to
make
an
idea
,
feeling
,
or
quality
understood
by
others
;
convey
•
The
artist
’
s
painting
communicates
a
powerful
sense
of
hope
.
The
artist
’
s
painting
communicates
a
powerful
sense
of
hope
.
•
Her
nervous
smile
communicated
that
she
was
uncomfortable
.
Her
nervous
smile
communicated
that
she
was
uncomfortable
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
Latin
communicare
,
but
this
figurative
use
developed
in
Early
Modern
English
.
verb
-
communicate
,
communicating
,
communicates
,
communicated
(
formal
)
for
rooms
,
passages
,
or
parts
of
the
body
to
be
directly
connected
so
that
people
or
substances
can
pass
between
them
•
The
two
rooms
communicate
through
a
sliding
glass
door
.
The
two
rooms
communicate
through
a
sliding
glass
door
.
•
The
balcony
communicates
with
the
garden
via
a
spiral
staircase
.
The
balcony
communicates
with
the
garden
via
a
spiral
staircase
.
Architectural
and
medical
senses
grew
from
the
idea
of
“
sharing
a
common
opening
”
in
17th-century
technical
writing
.
practical
adjective
useful
and
suitable
for
real
,
everyday
use
rather
than
just
for
looks
•
These
boots
are
practical
for
hiking
in
muddy
terrain
.
These
boots
are
practical
for
hiking
in
muddy
terrain
.
•
She
chose
a
practical
backpack
with
many
pockets
.
She
chose
a
practical
backpack
with
many
pockets
.
adjective
(
of
a
person
)
able
to
deal
with
real
problems
sensibly
and
effectively
;
down-to-earth
•
Marco
is
very
practical
and
always
fixes
things
himself
.
Marco
is
very
practical
and
always
fixes
things
himself
.
•
You
need
a
practical
partner
who
can
stay
calm
in
emergencies
.
You
need
a
practical
partner
who
can
stay
calm
in
emergencies
.
adjective
involving
real
action
,
work
,
or
experience
rather
than
only
ideas
or
theory
•
The
course
combines
theory
with
practical
experience
in
the
lab
.
The
course
combines
theory
with
practical
experience
in
the
lab
.
•
Students
gain
practical
skills
such
as
wiring
circuits
.
Students
gain
practical
skills
such
as
wiring
circuits
.
adjective
possible
to
do
or
use
;
workable
in
real
situations
•
It
isn
’
t
practical
to
carry
three
suitcases
on
the
subway
.
It
isn
’
t
practical
to
carry
three
suitcases
on
the
subway
.
•
Solar
panels
are
now
a
practical
choice
for
homeowners
.
Solar
panels
are
now
a
practical
choice
for
homeowners
.
noun
a
lesson
or
examination
where
students
actually
do
things
rather
than
just
write
or
talk
about
them
•
Tomorrow
we
have
a
chemistry
practical
on
titration
.
Tomorrow
we
have
a
chemistry
practical
on
titration
.
•
I
scored
higher
in
the
practical
than
in
the
written
test
.
I
scored
higher
in
the
practical
than
in
the
written
test
.
implication
noun
something
that
is
hinted
at
or
suggested
without
being
said
directly
•
From
her
tone
,
the
clear
implication
was
that
she
was
unhappy
.
From
her
tone
,
the
clear
implication
was
that
she
was
unhappy
.
•
He
disliked
the
implication
that
he
had
cheated
on
the
exam
.
He
disliked
the
implication
that
he
had
cheated
on
the
exam
.
noun
a
possible
future
effect
or
result
of
an
action
,
decision
,
or
situation
•
Cutting
the
budget
has
serious
implications
for
public
schools
.
Cutting
the
budget
has
serious
implications
for
public
schools
.
•
The
discovery
of
water
on
Mars
has
exciting
implications
for
future
space
travel
.
The
discovery
of
water
on
Mars
has
exciting
implications
for
future
space
travel
.
noun
the
state
or
act
of
being
involved
in
something
,
especially
wrongdoing
•
His
implication
in
the
robbery
surprised
everyone
.
His
implication
in
the
robbery
surprised
everyone
.
•
The
email
suggested
her
implication
in
the
cover-up
.
The
email
suggested
her
implication
in
the
cover-up
.
noun
in
logic
or
mathematics
,
a
statement
that
if
one
fact
is
true
then
another
must
be
true
•
In
logic
class
,
the
teacher
drew
an
arrow
to
show
the
implication
“
if
it
rains
,
the
ground
gets
wet
”.
In
logic
class
,
the
teacher
drew
an
arrow
to
show
the
implication
“
if
it
rains
,
the
ground
gets
wet
”.
•
The
theorem
rests
on
a
single
implication
between
two
equations
.
The
theorem
rests
on
a
single
implication
between
two
equations
.
dramatic
adjective
connected
with
acting
,
plays
,
or
the
theatre
•
Maria
auditioned
for
the
school's
dramatic
club
and
got
the
lead
role
.
Maria
auditioned
for
the
school's
dramatic
club
and
got
the
lead
role
.
•
The
festival
offers
workshops
in
dramatic
writing
for
young
playwrights
.
The
festival
offers
workshops
in
dramatic
writing
for
young
playwrights
.
adjective
very
big
,
sudden
,
and
noticeable
,
making
people
pay
attention
•
There
was
a
dramatic
change
in
the
weather
when
the
storm
rolled
in
.
There
was
a
dramatic
change
in
the
weather
when
the
storm
rolled
in
.
•
The
new
haircut
gave
Lena
a
dramatic
new
look
.
The
new
haircut
gave
Lena
a
dramatic
new
look
.
adjective
behaving
in
an
exaggerated
,
emotional
way
to
get
attention
•
Stop
being
so
dramatic
—
it
’
s
just
a
tiny
paper
cut
.
Stop
being
so
dramatic
—
it
’
s
just
a
tiny
paper
cut
.
•
My
brother
turns
dramatic
every
time
he
loses
a
match
online
.
My
brother
turns
dramatic
every
time
he
loses
a
match
online
.
juice
noun
Liquid
that
is
squeezed
or
pressed
out
of
fruit
,
vegetables
,
or
meat
,
and
that
people
can
drink
or
use
in
cooking
.
•
She
poured
fresh
orange
juice
for
everyone
at
breakfast
.
She
poured
fresh
orange
juice
for
everyone
at
breakfast
.
•
The
chef
squeezed
lemon
juice
over
the
grilled
fish
to
add
flavor
.
The
chef
squeezed
lemon
juice
over
the
grilled
fish
to
add
flavor
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
jus
‘
broth
,
sauce
’,
from
Latin
jus
‘
broth
,
soup
,
sauce
’.
noun
-
juice
Informal
:
electricity
that
powers
devices
and
machines
.
•
My
laptop
ran
out
of
juice
during
the
flight
.
My
laptop
ran
out
of
juice
during
the
flight
.
•
Can
you
plug
in
the
speaker
?
It
needs
more
juice
.
Can
you
plug
in
the
speaker
?
It
needs
more
juice
.
verb
-
juice
,
juicing
,
juices
,
juiced
To
squeeze
fruit
or
vegetables
in
order
to
get
their
juice
.
•
He
juiced
three
oranges
to
make
breakfast
.
He
juiced
three
oranges
to
make
breakfast
.
•
I
’
m
juicing
carrots
and
apples
for
a
healthy
drink
.
I
’
m
juicing
carrots
and
apples
for
a
healthy
drink
.
noun
-
juice
US
informal
:
the
special
energy
,
influence
,
or
power
that
lets
someone
get
things
done
.
•
She
has
the
juice
to
get
your
résumé
in
front
of
the
CEO
.
She
has
the
juice
to
get
your
résumé
in
front
of
the
CEO
.
•
That
senator
lost
a
lot
of
juice
after
the
scandal
.
That
senator
lost
a
lot
of
juice
after
the
scandal
.
license
noun
an
official
document
or
card
that
gives
someone
legal
permission
to
do
or
own
something
•
I
left
my
license
at
home
,
so
I
couldn
’
t
drive
to
work
.
I
left
my
license
at
home
,
so
I
couldn
’
t
drive
to
work
.
•
Before
the
season
opened
,
Maria
bought
a
fishing
license
at
the
local
tackle
shop
.
Before
the
season
opened
,
Maria
bought
a
fishing
license
at
the
local
tackle
shop
.
Middle
English
from
Old
French
‘
licence
’,
from
Latin
‘
licentia
’
meaning
freedom
or
permission
.
verb
-
license
,
licensing
,
licenses
,
licensed
to
give
official
permission
for
someone
to
do
or
produce
something
•
The
city
recently
licensed
several
food
trucks
to
operate
downtown
.
The
city
recently
licensed
several
food
trucks
to
operate
downtown
.
•
The
company
is
licensing
its
software
to
universities
around
the
world
.
The
company
is
licensing
its
software
to
universities
around
the
world
.
From
the
noun
“
license
”;
first
used
as
a
verb
in
the
early
1500s
.
noun
-
license
freedom
to
act
in
a
way
that
is
not
normally
allowed
,
especially
in
art
or
writing
•
The
filmmaker
took
artistic
license
with
the
true
story
,
adding
characters
that
never
existed
.
The
filmmaker
took
artistic
license
with
the
true
story
,
adding
characters
that
never
existed
.
•
Poets
often
use
poetic
license
to
bend
grammar
for
effect
.
Poets
often
use
poetic
license
to
bend
grammar
for
effect
.
Evolved
from
the
older
sense
of
‘
permission
’;
by
the
1700s
it
also
meant
excessive
or
unrestrained
freedom
.
licence
noun
an
official
document
that
proves
you
are
allowed
by
law
to
do
something
•
He
showed
the
police
officer
his
driving
licence
.
He
showed
the
police
officer
his
driving
licence
.
•
Our
pub
can
’
t
sell
beer
without
a
liquor
licence
.
Our
pub
can
’
t
sell
beer
without
a
liquor
licence
.
Same
origin
as
American
“
license
”;
Middle
English
via
Old
French
from
Latin
‘
licentia
’.
noun
-
licence
freedom
to
do
something
in
a
way
that
is
not
normally
accepted
,
especially
in
creative
work
•
The
novelist
used
poetic
licence
to
change
the
setting
to
a
different
century
.
The
novelist
used
poetic
licence
to
change
the
setting
to
a
different
century
.
•
Editors
accused
the
journalist
of
taking
too
much
licence
with
the
facts
.
Editors
accused
the
journalist
of
taking
too
much
licence
with
the
facts
.
Same
development
as
US
sense
;
by
the
18th
century
‘
licence
’
also
meant
freedom
beyond
normal
limits
.
curriculum
noun
-
curriculum
,
curricula
the
complete
set
of
subjects
and
learning
experiences
offered
by
a
school
,
college
,
or
training
program
•
The
school
updated
its
curriculum
to
include
more
computer
science
classes
.
The
school
updated
its
curriculum
to
include
more
computer
science
classes
.
•
Before
the
semester
begins
,
the
professor
emails
the
students
a
detailed
curriculum
that
lists
every
lecture
topic
and
assignment
.
Before
the
semester
begins
,
the
professor
emails
the
students
a
detailed
curriculum
that
lists
every
lecture
topic
and
assignment
.
From
Latin
“
curriculum
”
meaning
“
a
running
,
course
,
career
,”
from
“
currere
” ‘
to
run
,’
originally
referring
to
a
course
of
study
as
a
“
running
”
through
subjects
.
hurricane
noun
a
very
large
and
powerful
tropical
storm
with
violent
winds
and
heavy
rain
,
especially
over
the
Atlantic
Ocean
•
The
hurricane
forced
thousands
of
people
to
leave
their
homes
along
the
coast
.
The
hurricane
forced
thousands
of
people
to
leave
their
homes
along
the
coast
.
•
Satellite
images
showed
the
swirling
clouds
of
the
approaching
hurricane
.
Satellite
images
showed
the
swirling
clouds
of
the
approaching
hurricane
.
Borrowed
in
the
16th
century
from
Spanish
“
huracán
”,
itself
from
Taíno
(
Arawakan
) “
hurakán
”
meaning
“
god
of
the
storm
”.
noun
a
sudden
,
very
strong
rush
or
outburst
of
activity
,
feelings
,
or
noise
•
The
announcement
was
met
with
a
hurricane
of
applause
from
the
audience
.
The
announcement
was
met
with
a
hurricane
of
applause
from
the
audience
.
•
She
felt
a
hurricane
of
emotions
when
she
won
the
scholarship
.
She
felt
a
hurricane
of
emotions
when
she
won
the
scholarship
.
Figurative
use
recorded
since
the
early
17th
century
,
transferring
the
force
of
a
real
hurricane
to
describe
intense
non-literal
situations
.
index
noun
-
index
,
indices
,
indexing
,
indexes
,
indexed
in
mathematics
,
a
small
raised
number
or
letter
written
to
the
right
of
another
symbol
to
show
powers
or
particular
positions
•
In
5²
,
the
2
is
called
the
index
or
exponent
.
In
5²
,
the
2
is
called
the
index
or
exponent
.
•
A
negative
index
means
you
should
take
a
reciprocal
.
A
negative
index
means
you
should
take
a
reciprocal
.
Adopted
into
mathematical
language
in
18th
century
from
Latin
‘
index
’
meaning
‘
sign
’.
Islamic
adjective
connected
with
Islam
,
its
teachings
,
people
,
or
culture
.
•
They
visited
an
Islamic
art
museum
in
Spain
.
They
visited
an
Islamic
art
museum
in
Spain
.
•
Islamic
scholars
gathered
to
discuss
the
meaning
of
the
verse
.
Islamic
scholars
gathered
to
discuss
the
meaning
of
the
verse
.
From
Islam
+
-ic
,
first
used
in
English
in
the
early
17th
century
to
describe
things
pertaining
to
the
religion
founded
by
the
Prophet
Muhammad
.
mouse
noun
-
mouse
,
mice
a
small
rodent
with
a
pointed
nose
,
large
round
ears
,
and
a
long
thin
tail
•
A
tiny
mouse
darted
across
the
kitchen
floor
and
disappeared
behind
the
fridge
.
A
tiny
mouse
darted
across
the
kitchen
floor
and
disappeared
behind
the
fridge
.
•
The
cat
sat
patiently
,
waiting
for
the
mouse
to
come
out
of
its
hole
in
the
wall
.
The
cat
sat
patiently
,
waiting
for
the
mouse
to
come
out
of
its
hole
in
the
wall
.
Old
English
“
mūs
”,
from
Proto-Germanic
*mūs
;
related
to
Sanskrit
“
mūṣ
”
meaning
“
mouse
”
or
“
thief
”.
noun
-
mouse
,
mice
a
hand-held
device
used
to
move
the
pointer
and
select
items
on
a
computer
screen
•
She
clicked
the
left
button
on
the
mouse
to
open
the
file
.
She
clicked
the
left
button
on
the
mouse
to
open
the
file
.
•
The
wireless
mouse
stopped
working
when
its
battery
died
.
The
wireless
mouse
stopped
working
when
its
battery
died
.
Adopted
in
the
1960s
because
the
first
pointing
device
’
s
cord
resembled
a
tail
.
noun
-
mouse
,
mice
a
person
who
is
very
quiet
,
shy
,
and
does
not
attract
attention
•
Although
she
is
brilliant
,
Maria
is
a
mouse
in
meetings
and
rarely
speaks
up
.
Although
she
is
brilliant
,
Maria
is
a
mouse
in
meetings
and
rarely
speaks
up
.
•
Don
’
t
be
a
mouse
—
tell
the
class
about
your
idea
!
Don
’
t
be
a
mouse
—
tell
the
class
about
your
idea
!
Figurative
use
comparing
a
timid
person
to
the
small
,
easily
frightened
animal
.
noun
-
mouse
,
mice
(
informal
)
a
dark
swelling
or
bruise
around
the
eye
caused
by
a
blow
•
After
slipping
on
the
ice
,
he
turned
up
at
school
with
a
nasty
mouse
under
his
left
eye
.
After
slipping
on
the
ice
,
he
turned
up
at
school
with
a
nasty
mouse
under
his
left
eye
.
•
She
covered
the
mouse
with
concealer
before
the
family
photo
.
She
covered
the
mouse
with
concealer
before
the
family
photo
.
19th-century
British
slang
,
probably
likening
the
dark
puffiness
to
the
color
and
rounded
shape
of
a
mouse
.
classic
adjective
considered
excellent
and
admired
for
a
long
time
•
The
1950s
diner
has
a
classic
retro
look
with
red
booths
and
neon
lights
.
The
1950s
diner
has
a
classic
retro
look
with
red
booths
and
neon
lights
.
•
He
wore
a
classic
black
tuxedo
to
the
wedding
.
He
wore
a
classic
black
tuxedo
to
the
wedding
.
adjective
very
typical
or
characteristic
of
its
kind
,
often
in
a
familiar
or
predictable
way
•
Forgetting
to
save
your
document
before
the
computer
crashes
is
a
classic
error
.
Forgetting
to
save
your
document
before
the
computer
crashes
is
a
classic
error
.
•
It
was
a
classic
case
of
mistaken
identity
at
the
airport
.
It
was
a
classic
case
of
mistaken
identity
at
the
airport
.
noun
a
book
,
film
,
song
,
car
,
or
other
thing
that
is
widely
considered
outstanding
and
continues
to
be
admired
over
time
•
Many
people
consider
'Pride
and
Prejudice'
a
classic
.
Many
people
consider
'Pride
and
Prejudice'
a
classic
.
•
Every
holiday
season
,
our
family
watches
the
film
'It's
a
Wonderful
Life
,
'
a
real
classic
.
Every
holiday
season
,
our
family
watches
the
film
'It's
a
Wonderful
Life
,
'
a
real
classic
.
psychological
adjective
relating
to
the
mind
,
thoughts
,
or
feelings
rather
than
the
body
•
After
the
car
accident
,
Maria
needed
psychological
help
to
overcome
her
fear
of
driving
.
After
the
car
accident
,
Maria
needed
psychological
help
to
overcome
her
fear
of
driving
.
•
Long
periods
of
isolation
can
cause
serious
psychological
effects
on
astronauts
aboard
the
space
station
.
Long
periods
of
isolation
can
cause
serious
psychological
effects
on
astronauts
aboard
the
space
station
.
From
psychology
+
-ical
,
first
used
in
the
mid-19th
century
when
psychology
emerged
as
a
scientific
field
.
adjective
planned
to
influence
a
person
’
s
thoughts
or
feelings
,
especially
to
gain
an
advantage
•
The
army
used
loud
music
as
a
psychological
tactic
to
keep
the
enemy
awake
at
night
.
The
army
used
loud
music
as
a
psychological
tactic
to
keep
the
enemy
awake
at
night
.
•
Mark
played
a
clever
psychological
trick
by
staring
silently
at
his
chess
rival
to
make
him
nervous
.
Mark
played
a
clever
psychological
trick
by
staring
silently
at
his
chess
rival
to
make
him
nervous
.
Extension
of
the
basic
sense
,
first
recorded
in
military
writings
during
World
War
II
when
strategies
to
affect
enemy
morale
became
formalized
.
ridiculous
adjective
very
silly
,
unreasonable
,
or
impossible
to
take
seriously
•
The
idea
of
building
a
snowman
in
the
desert
is
ridiculous
.
The
idea
of
building
a
snowman
in
the
desert
is
ridiculous
.
•
Tickets
for
the
concert
sold
for
a
ridiculous
price
,
so
we
stayed
home
.
Tickets
for
the
concert
sold
for
a
ridiculous
price
,
so
we
stayed
home
.
From
Latin
ridiculus
“
laughable
”,
from
ridere
“
to
laugh
”.
genetic
adjective
related
to
genes
and
how
physical
or
health
traits
are
passed
from
parents
to
their
children
•
Some
diseases
are
genetic
and
can
run
in
families
.
Some
diseases
are
genetic
and
can
run
in
families
.
•
Scientists
study
genetic
differences
to
understand
why
some
plants
grow
faster
.
Scientists
study
genetic
differences
to
understand
why
some
plants
grow
faster
.
From
gene
+
-etic
,
first
used
in
the
early
20th
century
after
the
discovery
of
Mendelian
inheritance
.
adjective
connected
with
the
origin
or
development
of
something
such
as
a
language
,
system
,
or
set
of
ideas
•
Linguists
found
a
genetic
link
between
the
two
ancient
languages
.
Linguists
found
a
genetic
link
between
the
two
ancient
languages
.
•
The
museum
traced
the
genetic
evolution
of
the
city's
design
style
.
The
museum
traced
the
genetic
evolution
of
the
city's
design
style
.
Broader
sense
"
pertaining
to
origin
"
dates
to
the
mid-17th
century
,
from
Greek
genesis
meaning
"
origin
".
complicated
adjective
having
many
parts
,
details
,
or
steps
,
so
it
is
hard
to
understand
or
do
•
The
math
problem
was
so
complicated
that
none
of
the
students
could
solve
it
.
The
math
problem
was
so
complicated
that
none
of
the
students
could
solve
it
.
•
She
showed
me
a
complicated
diagram
of
the
new
machine
.
She
showed
me
a
complicated
diagram
of
the
new
machine
.
From
Latin
‘
complicatus
’,
past
participle
of
‘
complicare
’
meaning
‘
to
fold
together
’.
verb
-
complicate
,
complicating
,
complicates
,
complicated
past
tense
and
past
participle
of
complicate
•
The
sudden
rain
complicated
our
picnic
plans
.
The
sudden
rain
complicated
our
picnic
plans
.
•
His
lies
complicated
the
investigation
.
His
lies
complicated
the
investigation
.
adjective
(
medical
)
made
worse
or
more
serious
by
additional
medical
problems
•
The
patient
developed
a
complicated
infection
after
surgery
.
The
patient
developed
a
complicated
infection
after
surgery
.
•
It
was
a
complicated
fracture
that
required
metal
plates
.
It
was
a
complicated
fracture
that
required
metal
plates
.
historic
adjective
Very
important
or
likely
to
be
remembered
in
history
;
marking
a
significant
moment
.
•
The
signing
of
the
peace
treaty
was
a
historic
event
for
the
region
.
The
signing
of
the
peace
treaty
was
a
historic
event
for
the
region
.
•
Scientists
hailed
the
first
image
of
a
black
hole
as
a
historic
achievement
.
Scientists
hailed
the
first
image
of
a
black
hole
as
a
historic
achievement
.
From
Latin
historicus
,
via
Old
French
historique
,
meaning
‘
narrative
,
important
in
history
’.
adjective
Belonging
to
or
remaining
from
the
past
and
considered
valuable
or
interesting
.
•
The
town
is
full
of
historic
houses
that
date
back
to
the
18th
century
.
The
town
is
full
of
historic
houses
that
date
back
to
the
18th
century
.
•
Tourists
love
walking
along
the
historic
city
walls
.
Tourists
love
walking
along
the
historic
city
walls
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
;
over
time
it
also
came
to
describe
surviving
things
from
the
past
that
attract
interest
.
trick
noun
a
skilful
or
surprising
act
,
such
as
one
done
by
a
magician
or
performer
•
The
magician
pulled
a
rabbit
from
his
hat
,
an
amazing
trick
that
made
the
crowd
gasp
.
The
magician
pulled
a
rabbit
from
his
hat
,
an
amazing
trick
that
made
the
crowd
gasp
.
•
Can
you
show
me
that
coin
trick
again
?
Can
you
show
me
that
coin
trick
again
?
noun
an
action
that
is
meant
to
deceive
or
fool
someone
•
The
salesman
used
a
clever
trick
to
make
the
elderly
couple
buy
the
useless
gadget
.
The
salesman
used
a
clever
trick
to
make
the
elderly
couple
buy
the
useless
gadget
.
•
It
was
just
a
trick
to
get
us
to
open
the
door
.
It
was
just
a
trick
to
get
us
to
open
the
door
.
noun
in
card
games
,
the
set
of
cards
played
in
one
round
that
is
won
by
one
player
or
side
•
She
won
every
trick
in
the
last
round
of
bridge
.
She
won
every
trick
in
the
last
round
of
bridge
.
•
Taking
the
first
trick
gave
our
team
confidence
.
Taking
the
first
trick
gave
our
team
confidence
.
verb
to
deceive
someone
or
cause
them
to
believe
something
that
is
not
true
•
The
fake
email
tricked
many
people
into
giving
away
their
passwords
.
The
fake
email
tricked
many
people
into
giving
away
their
passwords
.
•
They
tricked
the
guard
by
pretending
to
be
delivery
workers
.
They
tricked
the
guard
by
pretending
to
be
delivery
workers
.
noun
a
clever
method
or
shortcut
that
makes
something
easier
to
do
•
A
neat
trick
to
remember
his
name
is
to
link
it
with
a
song
.
A
neat
trick
to
remember
his
name
is
to
link
it
with
a
song
.
•
Do
you
know
any
trick
to
get
this
jar
open
?
Do
you
know
any
trick
to
get
this
jar
open
?
noun
(
slang
)
a
person
who
pays
for
sexual
services
from
a
prostitute
•
The
police
arrested
several
tricks
during
the
late-night
operation
.
The
police
arrested
several
tricks
during
the
late-night
operation
.
•
He
was
on
the
street
looking
for
a
trick
.
He
was
on
the
street
looking
for
a
trick
.
statistics
noun
numbers
that
give
information
about
how
often
,
how
many
,
or
how
much
something
happens
or
is
true
.
•
The
latest
statistics
show
that
smartphone
use
has
doubled
in
five
years
.
The
latest
statistics
show
that
smartphone
use
has
doubled
in
five
years
.
•
Journalists
relied
on
crime
statistics
to
write
the
front-page
story
.
Journalists
relied
on
crime
statistics
to
write
the
front-page
story
.
From
the
plural
of
statistic
(
originally
meaning
‘
a
single
numerical
fact
’),
later
generalized
to
refer
to
groups
of
such
facts
.
noun
the
branch
of
mathematics
that
collects
,
studies
,
and
explains
numerical
data
to
understand
patterns
and
make
decisions
.
•
I
have
to
pass
statistics
to
graduate
with
my
economics
degree
.
I
have
to
pass
statistics
to
graduate
with
my
economics
degree
.
•
Using
statistics
,
the
scientist
proved
her
new
drug
was
effective
.
Using
statistics
,
the
scientist
proved
her
new
drug
was
effective
.
First
used
in
the
late
18th
century
to
describe
the
science
of
the
state
;
later
broadened
to
cover
mathematical
analysis
of
data
in
many
fields
.
electronic
adjective
relating
to
machines
,
parts
,
or
systems
that
control
electric
current
with
tiny
components
such
as
microchips
and
transistors
•
The
technician
carefully
opened
the
electronic
control
panel
to
replace
a
damaged
circuit
board
.
The
technician
carefully
opened
the
electronic
control
panel
to
replace
a
damaged
circuit
board
.
•
My
old
watch
quit
working
,
so
I
bought
an
electronic
one
with
a
digital
display
.
My
old
watch
quit
working
,
so
I
bought
an
electronic
one
with
a
digital
display
.
From
electron
+
-ic
,
first
used
in
the
early
20th
century
to
describe
technology
using
vacuum
tubes
,
later
microchips
.
adjective
carried
out
,
provided
,
or
accessed
through
computers
or
the
internet
rather
than
on
paper
or
face
to
face
•
Our
bank
offers
electronic
statements
instead
of
mailing
paper
copies
.
Our
bank
offers
electronic
statements
instead
of
mailing
paper
copies
.
•
Passengers
can
buy
train
tickets
through
an
electronic
kiosk
at
the
station
.
Passengers
can
buy
train
tickets
through
an
electronic
kiosk
at
the
station
.
adjective
describing
music
produced
mainly
with
synthesizers
,
computers
,
or
other
electronic
equipment
rather
than
traditional
acoustic
instruments
•
The
DJ
filled
the
club
with
pulsating
electronic
beats
.
The
DJ
filled
the
club
with
pulsating
electronic
beats
.
•
She
enjoys
composing
electronic
soundtracks
for
video
games
.
She
enjoys
composing
electronic
soundtracks
for
video
games
.
criticize
verb
-
criticize
,
criticizing
,
criticizes
,
criticized
to
point
out
what
you
think
is
wrong
or
bad
about
someone
or
something
•
After
the
game
,
the
coach
criticized
the
players
for
not
working
together
.
After
the
game
,
the
coach
criticized
the
players
for
not
working
together
.
•
Many
people
online
criticize
the
new
phone
for
its
short
battery
life
.
Many
people
online
criticize
the
new
phone
for
its
short
battery
life
.
From
Greek
kritikos
“
able
to
judge
”
via
Latin
criticus
and
French
critiquer
,
plus
the
verb-forming
suffix
-ize
.
verb
-
criticize
,
criticizing
,
criticizes
,
criticized
to
examine
something
carefully
and
give
a
detailed
judgement
of
both
its
good
and
bad
points
,
as
in
a
review
or
academic
discussion
•
In
her
essay
,
the
student
criticizes
Shakespeare
’
s
use
of
imagery
.
In
her
essay
,
the
student
criticizes
Shakespeare
’
s
use
of
imagery
.
•
The
art
magazine
criticized
the
exhibition
for
its
lack
of
originality
but
praised
the
lighting
.
The
art
magazine
criticized
the
exhibition
for
its
lack
of
originality
but
praised
the
lighting
.
Same
origin
as
the
general
sense
,
with
the
academic
meaning
developing
in
the
18th
century
alongside
literary
criticism
.
criticise
verb
-
criticise
,
criticising
,
criticises
,
criticised
to
say
what
you
believe
is
wrong
or
bad
about
someone
or
something
•
The
teacher
criticised
Tom
for
not
doing
his
homework
.
The
teacher
criticised
Tom
for
not
doing
his
homework
.
•
Neighbours
criticise
the
new
shopping
centre
for
causing
traffic
.
Neighbours
criticise
the
new
shopping
centre
for
causing
traffic
.
From
Greek
kritikos
through
Latin
and
French
,
ending
with
the
British
verb-forming
suffix
‑ise
.
verb
-
criticise
,
criticising
,
criticises
,
criticised
to
study
something
closely
and
discuss
both
its
strengths
and
weaknesses
,
especially
in
art
,
literature
,
or
academia
•
The
reviewer
criticised
the
novel
’
s
pacing
while
admiring
its
characters
.
The
reviewer
criticised
the
novel
’
s
pacing
while
admiring
its
characters
.
•
Music
students
criticise
classical
pieces
to
understand
their
structure
.
Music
students
criticise
classical
pieces
to
understand
their
structure
.
Academic
sense
grew
in
British
universities
of
the
19th
century
as
‘
literary
criticism
’.
clinic
noun
a
place
where
people
go
to
get
medical
advice
and
treatment
without
staying
overnight
•
Marta
visited
the
clinic
to
have
her
sore
throat
checked
.
Marta
visited
the
clinic
to
have
her
sore
throat
checked
.
•
The
small
town
opened
a
free
clinic
for
families
who
cannot
afford
hospital
fees
.
The
small
town
opened
a
free
clinic
for
families
who
cannot
afford
hospital
fees
.
From
French
clinique
,
from
Latin
clinicus
“
bedridden
,
relating
to
a
hospital
bed
,”
from
Greek
klinikós
,
from
klínē
“
bed
,
couch
.”
Originally
referring
to
bedside
teaching
of
medicine
.
noun
a
short
class
or
workshop
where
an
expert
teaches
people
practical
skills
,
especially
in
sport
or
music
•
The
guitarist
held
a
two-hour
clinic
on
finger-picking
techniques
.
The
guitarist
held
a
two-hour
clinic
on
finger-picking
techniques
.
•
Our
basketball
coach
invited
a
professional
player
to
run
a
skills
clinic
this
weekend
.
Our
basketball
coach
invited
a
professional
player
to
run
a
skills
clinic
this
weekend
.
Extension
of
the
medical
sense
:
by
analogy
,
a
place
or
session
where
an
expert
‘
treats
’
problems
in
technique
.
noun
an
outstanding
display
of
skill
that
shows
exactly
how
something
should
be
done
,
especially
in
sports
•
The
striker
put
on
a
shooting
clinic
and
scored
four
goals
in
one
half
.
The
striker
put
on
a
shooting
clinic
and
scored
four
goals
in
one
half
.
•
The
chef
gave
a
plating
clinic
during
the
televised
contest
,
arranging
each
dish
perfectly
.
The
chef
gave
a
plating
clinic
during
the
televised
contest
,
arranging
each
dish
perfectly
.
Metaphorical
use
of
sense
“
skill-teaching
session
,”
meaning
the
performer
’
s
excellence
teaches
spectators
as
if
in
a
lesson
.
Mexican
adjective
Relating
to
Mexico
,
its
people
,
or
its
culture
.
•
We
tried
a
delicious
Mexican
dish
called
mole
.
We
tried
a
delicious
Mexican
dish
called
mole
.
•
The
museum
is
showing
an
exhibition
of
Mexican
folk
art
.
The
museum
is
showing
an
exhibition
of
Mexican
folk
art
.
From
Mexico
+
-an
,
first
appeared
in
English
in
the
16th
century
to
describe
things
or
people
from
New
Spain
(
modern-day
Mexico
).
noun
A
person
who
comes
from
Mexico
.
•
A
friendly
Mexican
helped
us
find
the
bus
station
.
A
friendly
Mexican
helped
us
find
the
bus
station
.
•
Many
Mexicans
celebrate
Independence
Day
on
September
16th
.
Many
Mexicans
celebrate
Independence
Day
on
September
16th
.
Adopted
into
English
in
the
16th
century
from
Spanish
mexicano
,
referring
to
an
inhabitant
of
New
Spain
.
biological
adjective
connected
with
living
things
and
how
they
work
•
In
science
class
,
we
studied
the
biological
functions
of
the
human
heart
.
In
science
class
,
we
studied
the
biological
functions
of
the
human
heart
.
•
Scientists
discovered
a
new
biological
pathway
that
controls
sleep
.
Scientists
discovered
a
new
biological
pathway
that
controls
sleep
.
From
biology
+
-ical
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
.
adjective
related
by
blood
rather
than
by
adoption
or
marriage
•
After
years
of
searching
,
she
finally
met
her
biological
mother
.
After
years
of
searching
,
she
finally
met
her
biological
mother
.
•
He
has
two
sisters
,
one
adopted
and
one
biological
.
He
has
two
sisters
,
one
adopted
and
one
biological
.
Extension
of
the
scientific
sense
to
blood
relations
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
noun
a
person
’
s
biological
parent
•
At
the
reunion
,
he
was
nervous
about
meeting
his
biological
for
the
first
time
.
At
the
reunion
,
he
was
nervous
about
meeting
his
biological
for
the
first
time
.
•
The
adoptee
wrote
a
letter
to
her
biological
asking
for
a
meeting
.
The
adoptee
wrote
a
letter
to
her
biological
asking
for
a
meeting
.
Noun
use
developed
from
the
adjective
in
late
20th-century
North
American
adoption
communities
.
strategic
adjective
connected
with
planning
and
directing
actions
to
achieve
a
long-term
or
overall
goal
•
The
company
hired
a
consultant
to
design
a
strategic
roadmap
for
the
next
five
years
.
The
company
hired
a
consultant
to
design
a
strategic
roadmap
for
the
next
five
years
.
•
Good
teachers
take
a
strategic
approach
when
deciding
how
to
present
difficult
ideas
.
Good
teachers
take
a
strategic
approach
when
deciding
how
to
present
difficult
ideas
.
From
strategy
+
-ic
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
19th
century
,
modelling
on
French
stratégique
.
adjective
relating
to
military
planning
intended
to
secure
a
long-term
advantage
or
deterrence
•
The
general
emphasized
the
importance
of
modern
strategic
bombers
in
maintaining
national
security
.
The
general
emphasized
the
importance
of
modern
strategic
bombers
in
maintaining
national
security
.
•
Several
countries
store
strategic
missiles
in
underground
silos
.
Several
countries
store
strategic
missiles
in
underground
silos
.
Adopted
in
military
contexts
from
the
broader
sense
of
strategy
in
the
late
19th
century
.
adjective
done
deliberately
to
gain
an
immediate
or
specific
advantage
•
Maya
made
a
strategic
pause
before
answering
the
tricky
question
.
Maya
made
a
strategic
pause
before
answering
the
tricky
question
.
•
He
placed
the
sample
tray
in
a
strategic
spot
right
by
the
store
entrance
.
He
placed
the
sample
tray
in
a
strategic
spot
right
by
the
store
entrance
.
Extended
figurative
use
from
the
main
sense
of
strategy
,
first
appearing
in
everyday
English
in
the
mid-20th
century
.
electricity
noun
-
electricity
the
form
of
energy
made
by
moving
charged
particles
,
which
can
be
carried
by
wires
and
used
to
power
lights
,
machines
,
and
other
devices
•
When
the
storm
damaged
the
power
lines
,
the
whole
town
lost
electricity
for
hours
.
When
the
storm
damaged
the
power
lines
,
the
whole
town
lost
electricity
for
hours
.
•
Solar
panels
on
the
roof
of
the
school
generate
electricity
from
sunlight
.
Solar
panels
on
the
roof
of
the
school
generate
electricity
from
sunlight
.
From
New
Latin
electricitas
,
coined
in
the
17th
century
from
Latin
electrus
“
amber
” (
because
static
electricity
was
first
observed
by
rubbing
amber
).
noun
-
electricity
a
strong
feeling
of
excitement
or
tension
that
people
can
sense
in
a
place
or
between
people
•
There
was
an
undeniable
electricity
in
the
stadium
before
the
final
match
began
.
There
was
an
undeniable
electricity
in
the
stadium
before
the
final
match
began
.
•
As
they
met
eyes
across
the
room
,
electricity
crackled
between
them
.
As
they
met
eyes
across
the
room
,
electricity
crackled
between
them
.
Figurative
use
developed
in
the
early
19th
century
,
comparing
charged
emotional
atmospheres
to
the
invisible
energy
of
electric
forces
.
galaxy
noun
-
galaxy
,
galaxies
A
huge
collection
of
billions
of
stars
,
gas
,
dust
,
and
unseen
dark
matter
held
together
by
gravity
and
moving
through
space
as
a
single
system
.
•
Through
the
telescope
,
Maria
could
see
the
spiral
arms
of
a
distant
galaxy
.
Through
the
telescope
,
Maria
could
see
the
spiral
arms
of
a
distant
galaxy
.
•
Scientists
believe
that
our
galaxy
contains
hundreds
of
billions
of
stars
.
Scientists
believe
that
our
galaxy
contains
hundreds
of
billions
of
stars
.
From
Old
French
galaxie
,
from
Medieval
Latin
galaxia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
galaxías
(
κύκλος
) ‘(
milky
)
circle
’,
referring
to
the
Milky
Way
.
noun
-
galaxy
,
galaxies
A
large
and
impressive
group
of
famous
,
talented
,
or
remarkable
people
or
things
.
•
The
award
ceremony
featured
a
galaxy
of
movie
stars
on
the
red
carpet
.
The
award
ceremony
featured
a
galaxy
of
movie
stars
on
the
red
carpet
.
•
The
museum
’
s
new
exhibition
gathers
a
galaxy
of
priceless
Renaissance
masterpieces
.
The
museum
’
s
new
exhibition
gathers
a
galaxy
of
priceless
Renaissance
masterpieces
.
Figurative
use
recorded
since
the
mid-19th
century
,
extending
the
astronomical
sense
to
a
dazzling
assembly
of
illustrious
figures
.
organic
adjective
produced
or
grown
without
the
use
of
artificial
chemicals
such
as
synthetic
fertilizers
,
pesticides
,
or
preservatives
•
We
always
buy
organic
vegetables
from
the
local
farmers
’
market
.
We
always
buy
organic
vegetables
from
the
local
farmers
’
market
.
•
The
label
guarantees
that
the
apples
were
grown
using
organic
methods
.
The
label
guarantees
that
the
apples
were
grown
using
organic
methods
.
Sense
developed
in
the
1940s
as
interest
grew
in
farming
that
avoided
synthetic
chemicals
.
noun
food
or
other
agricultural
products
that
are
grown
or
made
without
artificial
chemicals
•
The
grocery
store
has
a
special
aisle
for
organics
.
The
grocery
store
has
a
special
aisle
for
organics
.
•
She
spends
more
money
on
organics
because
she
values
health
.
She
spends
more
money
on
organics
because
she
values
health
.
Noun
use
dates
from
the
1970s
as
consumers
began
asking
specifically
for
food
produced
by
organic
farming
.
adjective
relating
to
or
coming
from
living
things
•
Bones
and
feathers
are
organic
materials
that
decompose
over
time
.
Bones
and
feathers
are
organic
materials
that
decompose
over
time
.
•
Scientists
study
organic
matter
to
understand
ancient
ecosystems
.
Scientists
study
organic
matter
to
understand
ancient
ecosystems
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
organicus
“
relating
to
an
organ
or
instrument
”
and
later
linked
to
living
organisms
in
the
17th
century
.
adjective
developing
in
a
natural
,
gradual
,
and
connected
way
rather
than
being
artificially
planned
•
Her
leadership
style
allows
ideas
to
grow
in
an
organic
manner
.
Her
leadership
style
allows
ideas
to
grow
in
an
organic
manner
.
•
The
city
’
s
expansion
was
organic
,
following
the
river
rather
than
a
strict
grid
.
The
city
’
s
expansion
was
organic
,
following
the
river
rather
than
a
strict
grid
.
Figurative
sense
emerged
in
the
late
19th
century
,
likening
social
or
artistic
growth
to
living
organisms
.
adjective
in
chemistry
,
describing
compounds
that
contain
carbon
atoms
bonded
to
hydrogen
or
other
carbon
atoms
•
Organic
solvents
like
ethanol
dissolve
oils
and
fats
.
Organic
solvents
like
ethanol
dissolve
oils
and
fats
.
•
Students
memorize
common
organic
functional
groups
such
as
alcohols
and
ketones
.
Students
memorize
common
organic
functional
groups
such
as
alcohols
and
ketones
.
In
the
early
19th
century
,
chemists
believed
only
living
organisms
could
produce
carbon
compounds
,
calling
them
“
organic
.”
publicly
adverb
in
a
way
that
anyone
can
see
,
hear
,
or
know
about
;
openly
•
The
mayor
apologized
publicly
for
the
error
during
a
crowded
press
conference
.
The
mayor
apologized
publicly
for
the
error
during
a
crowded
press
conference
.
•
At
the
school
assembly
,
the
principal
praised
Mia
publicly
for
her
bravery
.
At
the
school
assembly
,
the
principal
praised
Mia
publicly
for
her
bravery
.
Derived
from
public
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
15th
century
.
musician
noun
a
person
who
plays
or
writes
music
,
especially
as
a
job
•
The
street
musician
attracted
a
crowd
with
her
lively
violin
playing
.
The
street
musician
attracted
a
crowd
with
her
lively
violin
playing
.
•
After
years
of
practice
,
Leo
became
a
professional
musician
in
a
jazz
band
.
After
years
of
practice
,
Leo
became
a
professional
musician
in
a
jazz
band
.
Late
Middle
English
:
from
Old
French
musicien
,
from
musique
meaning
“
music
”.
medication
noun
a
medicine
or
drug
that
is
used
to
treat
,
cure
,
or
prevent
an
illness
or
condition
•
The
doctor
prescribed
a
new
medication
to
lower
her
blood
pressure
.
The
doctor
prescribed
a
new
medication
to
lower
her
blood
pressure
.
•
Make
sure
you
take
your
medication
with
food
to
avoid
an
upset
stomach
.
Make
sure
you
take
your
medication
with
food
to
avoid
an
upset
stomach
.
From
Latin
medicātiō
(“
healing
,
curing
”),
from
medicārī
(“
to
heal
”),
plus
the
English
noun-forming
suffix
–tion
.
noun
the
act
or
process
of
treating
someone
or
something
with
medicine
•
Proper
medication
of
the
wound
prevented
infection
.
Proper
medication
of
the
wound
prevented
infection
.
•
Her
condition
improved
after
weeks
of
careful
medication
.
Her
condition
improved
after
weeks
of
careful
medication
.
Same
origin
as
sense
1
:
derived
from
Latin
medicātiō
;
this
sense
developed
in
English
to
describe
the
treatment
process
itself
.
efficient
adjective
working
well
and
quickly
without
wasting
time
,
energy
,
or
materials
•
Sarah
is
an
efficient
worker
who
finishes
her
tasks
early
every
day
.
Sarah
is
an
efficient
worker
who
finishes
her
tasks
early
every
day
.
•
The
new
filing
system
is
so
efficient
that
everyone
can
find
documents
in
seconds
.
The
new
filing
system
is
so
efficient
that
everyone
can
find
documents
in
seconds
.
From
Latin
efficere
“
to
accomplish
,
bring
about
”
+
English
adjective
suffix
–ent
.
adjective
(
of
a
machine
,
system
,
or
process
)
using
as
little
energy
,
fuel
,
or
materials
as
possible
while
still
working
well
•
LED
bulbs
are
more
efficient
than
traditional
incandescent
ones
.
LED
bulbs
are
more
efficient
than
traditional
incandescent
ones
.
•
The
engineer
designed
an
efficient
engine
that
consumes
less
fuel
.
The
engineer
designed
an
efficient
engine
that
consumes
less
fuel
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
,
applied
to
technology
from
early
19th-century
industrial
engineering
.
logic
noun
-
logic
a
particular
line
of
reasoning
explaining
why
someone
thinks
or
acts
in
a
certain
way
•
I
can't
follow
the
logic
of
their
decision
to
close
the
store
early
.
I
can't
follow
the
logic
of
their
decision
to
close
the
store
early
.
•
His
logic
was
simple
:
spend
less
and
save
more
.
His
logic
was
simple
:
spend
less
and
save
more
.
noun
-
logic
the
academic
study
of
the
principles
of
valid
reasoning
and
sound
argument
•
At
university
,
Maria
decided
to
major
in
logic
because
she
loved
puzzles
and
clear
thinking
.
At
university
,
Maria
decided
to
major
in
logic
because
she
loved
puzzles
and
clear
thinking
.
•
The
professor
filled
the
blackboard
with
symbols
while
explaining
formal
logic
.
The
professor
filled
the
blackboard
with
symbols
while
explaining
formal
logic
.
from
Old
French
logique
,
from
Latin
logica
,
from
Ancient
Greek
logikē
(
art
of
reasoning
)
noun
-
logic
the
set
of
rules
or
operations
that
control
how
a
computer
program
or
electronic
circuit
behaves
•
The
engineer
tested
the
circuit's
logic
with
an
oscilloscope
.
The
engineer
tested
the
circuit's
logic
with
an
oscilloscope
.
•
Good
programmers
write
clear
logic
to
avoid
bugs
.
Good
programmers
write
clear
logic
to
avoid
bugs
.
economics
noun
the
social
science
that
studies
how
people
,
businesses
,
and
governments
choose
to
use
limited
resources
like
money
,
labor
,
and
land
•
Maria
decided
to
major
in
economics
at
university
because
she
loves
solving
real-world
problems
.
Maria
decided
to
major
in
economics
at
university
because
she
loves
solving
real-world
problems
.
•
Our
high
school
teacher
made
economics
fun
by
letting
us
run
a
mock
store
.
Our
high
school
teacher
made
economics
fun
by
letting
us
run
a
mock
store
.
From
the
Ancient
Greek
oikonomikós
(
relating
to
household
management
)
via
Latin
oeconomicus
and
French
économie
,
originally
referring
to
household
management
before
broadening
to
the
study
of
resources
in
society
.
noun
the
money-related
factors
that
decide
whether
a
plan
,
business
,
or
activity
is
practical
or
profitable
•
The
economics
of
opening
a
café
downtown
just
don't
add
up
right
now
.
The
economics
of
opening
a
café
downtown
just
don't
add
up
right
now
.
•
They
studied
the
economics
of
recycling
plastic
bottles
for
the
project
.
They
studied
the
economics
of
recycling
plastic
bottles
for
the
project
.
Extension
of
the
academic
sense
of
economics
to
practical
monetary
considerations
,
first
recorded
in
the
early
20th
century
.
chemical
adjective
related
to
chemistry
or
to
the
way
substances
interact
,
change
,
or
are
made
•
The
factory
released
chemical
waste
into
the
river
.
The
factory
released
chemical
waste
into
the
river
.
•
Vinegar
causes
a
chemical
reaction
when
mixed
with
baking
soda
.
Vinegar
causes
a
chemical
reaction
when
mixed
with
baking
soda
.
From
French
chimique
,
from
Medieval
Latin
chimicus
(
alchemist
),
ultimately
from
Arabic
al-kīmiyāʾ
(
alchemy
).
noun
a
substance
produced
by
or
used
in
chemistry
,
especially
one
that
has
been
artificially
prepared
•
The
lab
stores
dangerous
chemicals
in
a
locked
cabinet
.
The
lab
stores
dangerous
chemicals
in
a
locked
cabinet
.
•
Pesticides
are
chemicals
that
help
farmers
protect
their
crops
.
Pesticides
are
chemicals
that
help
farmers
protect
their
crops
.
Originally
referring
to
an
alchemist's
substance
;
sense
broadened
in
the
18th
century
to
any
substance
studied
in
chemistry
.
sufficient
adjective
as
much
as
is
needed
;
enough
•
We
have
sufficient
food
to
feed
everyone
at
the
picnic
.
We
have
sufficient
food
to
feed
everyone
at
the
picnic
.
•
One
hour
should
be
sufficient
time
to
finish
the
test
.
One
hour
should
be
sufficient
time
to
finish
the
test
.
from
Latin
sufficiens
,
present
participle
of
sufficere
“
to
supply
,
be
adequate
” (
sub-
“
up
to
”
+
facere
“
to
make
”).
adjective
(
logic/mathematics
)
able
by
itself
to
guarantee
that
something
is
true
or
will
happen
•
Having
a
key
is
a
sufficient
condition
to
open
the
door
.
Having
a
key
is
a
sufficient
condition
to
open
the
door
.
•
In
this
theorem
,
continuity
is
sufficient
for
the
limit
to
exist
.
In
this
theorem
,
continuity
is
sufficient
for
the
limit
to
exist
.
Sense
developed
in
formal
logic
in
the
19th
century
from
the
general
meaning
“
enough
.”
fantastic
adjective
extremely
good
or
enjoyable
;
excellent
•
The
concert
last
night
was
absolutely
fantastic
!
The
concert
last
night
was
absolutely
fantastic
!
•
You
did
a
fantastic
job
on
your
science
project
.
You
did
a
fantastic
job
on
your
science
project
.
radical
adjective
(
informal
,
slang
)
excellent
,
impressive
,
or
very
cool
•
"
That
skateboard
trick
was
radical
!"
shouted
the
teenager
.
"
That
skateboard
trick
was
radical
!"
shouted
the
teenager
.
•
My
older
brother
says
the
1980s
music
scene
was
totally
radical
.
My
older
brother
says
the
1980s
music
scene
was
totally
radical
.
Slang
sense
emerged
in
U
.
S
.
youth
culture
during
the
late
1970s
surfing
and
skateboarding
scenes
,
using
“
radical
”
to
praise
daring
moves
.
adjective
describing
a
change
,
idea
,
or
action
that
is
extremely
different
from
what
existed
before
and
thoroughly
transforms
something
•
The
company
introduced
a
radical
new
design
that
surprised
all
its
customers
.
The
company
introduced
a
radical
new
design
that
surprised
all
its
customers
.
•
After
months
of
debate
,
the
city
council
approved
radical
reforms
to
the
school
system
.
After
months
of
debate
,
the
city
council
approved
radical
reforms
to
the
school
system
.
From
Late
Latin
radicalis
“
of
or
pertaining
to
a
root
,”
from
Latin
radix
“
root
.”
The
sense
of
"
thorough
,
fundamental
"
developed
in
English
in
the
late
14th
century
.
noun
the
√
sign
or
an
expression
containing
a
root
in
mathematics
,
such
as
√7
•
In
her
homework
,
Mia
forgot
to
write
the
radical
above
the
number
16
.
In
her
homework
,
Mia
forgot
to
write
the
radical
above
the
number
16
.
•
The
teacher
explained
how
to
simplify
a
radical
by
factoring
the
number
inside
.
The
teacher
explained
how
to
simplify
a
radical
by
factoring
the
number
inside
.
Mathematical
use
dates
from
the
17th
century
,
calling
the
root
symbol
‘
radical
sign
’
because
roots
in
Latin
are
radices
.
noun
a
person
who
holds
or
supports
extreme
political
or
social
views
and
wants
complete
change
•
The
young
radical
organized
nationwide
protests
demanding
climate
action
.
The
young
radical
organized
nationwide
protests
demanding
climate
action
.
•
Many
considered
the
novelist
a
radical
for
her
outspoken
feminist
ideas
.
Many
considered
the
novelist
a
radical
for
her
outspoken
feminist
ideas
.
Political
sense
arose
in
late
18th-century
Britain
,
where
Reformers
seeking
‘
radical
’
change
in
Parliament
were
called
Radicals
.
tragedy
noun
-
tragedy
,
tragedies
an
extremely
sad
event
or
situation
that
causes
great
suffering
and
distress
•
The
earthquake
was
a
tragedy
that
left
thousands
homeless
.
The
earthquake
was
a
tragedy
that
left
thousands
homeless
.
•
Losing
the
family
farm
to
fire
was
a
personal
tragedy
for
them
.
Losing
the
family
farm
to
fire
was
a
personal
tragedy
for
them
.
From
Middle
English
tragedie
,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
tragoedia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
tragōidia
,
literally
“
goat
song
,”
referring
to
songs
sung
during
goat
sacrifices
.
noun
-
tragedy
,
tragedies
a
serious
play
,
film
,
or
literary
work
that
ends
sadly
,
often
with
the
main
character
’
s
downfall
or
death
•
Shakespeare
’
s
“
Hamlet
”
is
a
famous
tragedy
about
a
prince
seeking
revenge
.
Shakespeare
’
s
“
Hamlet
”
is
a
famous
tragedy
about
a
prince
seeking
revenge
.
•
Our
class
is
studying
Greek
tragedy
this
semester
.
Our
class
is
studying
Greek
tragedy
this
semester
.
From
Middle
English
tragedie
,
via
Old
French
,
from
Latin
tragoedia
,
from
Ancient
Greek
tragōidia
,
literally
“
goat
song
,”
referring
to
songs
sung
during
goat
sacrifices
.
magic
noun
-
magic
The
mysterious
power
that
people
believe
can
make
impossible
things
happen
by
spells
,
words
,
or
supernatural
forces
.
•
The
wise
wizard
used
ancient
magic
to
light
the
dark
cave
.
The
wise
wizard
used
ancient
magic
to
light
the
dark
cave
.
•
In
the
fairytale
,
a
unicorn's
magic
healed
the
wounded
forest
animals
.
In
the
fairytale
,
a
unicorn's
magic
healed
the
wounded
forest
animals
.
noun
-
magic
Clever
tricks
and
illusions
performed
to
entertain
people
,
making
them
think
something
impossible
has
happened
.
•
The
street
performer
pulled
a
rabbit
from
his
hat
during
his
magic
show
.
The
street
performer
pulled
a
rabbit
from
his
hat
during
his
magic
show
.
•
Ella
clapped
when
the
playing
cards
vanished
in
the
magic
act
.
Ella
clapped
when
the
playing
cards
vanished
in
the
magic
act
.
noun
-
magic
A
wonderful
quality
that
makes
something
feel
exciting
,
charming
,
or
full
of
delight
.
•
There
is
a
certain
magic
in
the
way
the
city
lights
sparkle
at
night
.
There
is
a
certain
magic
in
the
way
the
city
lights
sparkle
at
night
.
•
The
children's
laughter
brought
magic
to
the
summer
afternoon
.
The
children's
laughter
brought
magic
to
the
summer
afternoon
.
adjective
Causing
or
having
the
power
to
impress
or
delight
as
if
supernatural
;
wonderful
or
related
to
magic
.
•
She
mixed
a
magic
potion
that
glowed
green
.
She
mixed
a
magic
potion
that
glowed
green
.
•
We
had
a
magic
evening
under
the
stars
.
We
had
a
magic
evening
under
the
stars
.
verb
-
magic
,
magicking
,
magics
,
magicked
To
make
something
appear
,
disappear
,
or
change
suddenly
as
if
by
magic
.
•
The
wizard
magicked
the
door
open
with
a
wave
of
his
staff
.
The
wizard
magicked
the
door
open
with
a
wave
of
his
staff
.
•
The
teacher
magicked
an
extra
chair
from
the
storeroom
for
the
late
student
.
The
teacher
magicked
an
extra
chair
from
the
storeroom
for
the
late
student
.
politically
adverb
in
a
way
that
concerns
politics
,
government
,
or
public
affairs
•
She
became
politically
active
during
her
first
year
at
university
.
She
became
politically
active
during
her
first
year
at
university
.
•
The
analyst
warned
that
the
budget
cuts
might
be
politically
risky
for
the
governor
.
The
analyst
warned
that
the
budget
cuts
might
be
politically
risky
for
the
governor
.
From
the
adjective
political
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
16th
century
.
efficiency
noun
-
efficiency
the
ability
to
achieve
a
goal
or
produce
a
result
without
wasting
time
,
effort
,
or
resources
•
By
reorganizing
the
factory
floor
,
the
manager
greatly
improved
the
team
’
s
efficiency
.
By
reorganizing
the
factory
floor
,
the
manager
greatly
improved
the
team
’
s
efficiency
.
•
Modern
dishwashers
are
designed
for
maximum
efficiency
,
using
less
water
and
power
.
Modern
dishwashers
are
designed
for
maximum
efficiency
,
using
less
water
and
power
.
noun
-
efficiency
,
efficiencies
a
very
small
apartment
with
one
main
room
serving
as
living
area
,
bedroom
,
and
kitchen
•
As
a
student
,
Jake
rented
a
tiny
efficiency
near
the
campus
to
save
money
.
As
a
student
,
Jake
rented
a
tiny
efficiency
near
the
campus
to
save
money
.
•
The
real
estate
agent
showed
us
an
efficiency
with
a
fold-down
bed
and
compact
kitchen
.
The
real
estate
agent
showed
us
an
efficiency
with
a
fold-down
bed
and
compact
kitchen
.
noun
-
efficiency
,
efficiencies
the
ratio
of
useful
output
(
such
as
work
or
energy
)
to
total
input
in
a
machine
,
device
,
or
system
,
usually
expressed
as
a
percentage
•
The
solar
panel
has
an
efficiency
of
about
20
percent
under
ideal
conditions
.
The
solar
panel
has
an
efficiency
of
about
20
percent
under
ideal
conditions
.
•
Engineers
compared
the
efficiencies
of
several
turbines
before
selecting
one
for
the
power
plant
.
Engineers
compared
the
efficiencies
of
several
turbines
before
selecting
one
for
the
power
plant
.
myth
noun
a
very
old
traditional
story
,
often
about
gods
or
heroes
,
that
explains
how
the
world
,
people
,
or
customs
began
•
According
to
Greek
myth
,
Zeus
ruled
the
sky
from
Mount
Olympus
.
According
to
Greek
myth
,
Zeus
ruled
the
sky
from
Mount
Olympus
.
•
The
Māori
tell
a
myth
about
a
hero
fishing
the
islands
up
from
the
sea
.
The
Māori
tell
a
myth
about
a
hero
fishing
the
islands
up
from
the
sea
.
mid-19th
century
:
from
Greek
muthos
‘
story
’.
noun
a
belief
or
idea
that
many
people
think
is
true
but
is
actually
false
•
It
’
s
a
common
myth
that
cracking
your
knuckles
causes
arthritis
.
It
’
s
a
common
myth
that
cracking
your
knuckles
causes
arthritis
.
•
The
documentary
debunks
the
myth
that
all
astronauts
are
men
.
The
documentary
debunks
the
myth
that
all
astronauts
are
men
.
Sense
of
‘
untrue
belief
’
developed
in
early
20th
century
from
the
original
meaning
‘
traditional
story
’.
romantic
adjective
showing
or
expressing
strong
feelings
of
love
and
affection
•
They
enjoyed
a
romantic
dinner
by
candlelight
.
They
enjoyed
a
romantic
dinner
by
candlelight
.
•
He
surprised
her
with
a
bouquet
of
roses
and
a
romantic
note
.
He
surprised
her
with
a
bouquet
of
roses
and
a
romantic
note
.
noun
a
person
who
has
an
idealistic
or
passionate
view
of
love
or
life
•
Julia
is
a
true
romantic
who
believes
in
love
at
first
sight
.
Julia
is
a
true
romantic
who
believes
in
love
at
first
sight
.
•
Don
’
t
laugh
—
being
a
romantic
keeps
me
optimistic
.
Don
’
t
laugh
—
being
a
romantic
keeps
me
optimistic
.
adjective
giving
an
exciting
,
mysterious
,
or
picturesque
feeling
,
especially
about
far-away
places
,
old
buildings
,
or
adventures
•
Mist
curled
around
the
old
lighthouse
,
making
the
scene
look
romantic
and
mysterious
.
Mist
curled
around
the
old
lighthouse
,
making
the
scene
look
romantic
and
mysterious
.
•
Travelers
praise
the
trail
for
its
romantic
mountain
views
.
Travelers
praise
the
trail
for
its
romantic
mountain
views
.
Romantic
adjective
relating
to
the
literary
and
artistic
movement
of
Romanticism
in
the
late
18th
and
early
19th
centuries
•
Wordsworth
is
one
of
the
best-known
Romantic
poets
.
Wordsworth
is
one
of
the
best-known
Romantic
poets
.
•
The
symphony
has
a
lush
,
Romantic
style
full
of
emotion
.
The
symphony
has
a
lush
,
Romantic
style
full
of
emotion
.
physically
adverb
in
a
way
that
involves
the
body
rather
than
the
mind
or
emotions
•
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
felt
physically
ready
for
the
marathon
.
After
months
of
training
,
Maria
felt
physically
ready
for
the
marathon
.
•
The
job
is
physically
demanding
,
so
workers
must
take
regular
breaks
.
The
job
is
physically
demanding
,
so
workers
must
take
regular
breaks
.
Derived
from
"
physical
"
+
"
-ly
",
first
recorded
in
the
15th
century
.
adverb
in
a
real
,
tangible
way
,
involving
actual
contact
or
presence
rather
than
something
virtual
or
theoretical
•
The
old
letters
were
physically
stored
in
a
locked
box
under
the
bed
.
The
old
letters
were
physically
stored
in
a
locked
box
under
the
bed
.
•
Because
he
lived
abroad
,
he
couldn't
physically
attend
the
wedding
.
Because
he
lived
abroad
,
he
couldn't
physically
attend
the
wedding
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
"
physical
"
+
"
-ly
",
extending
to
the
idea
of
real-world
presence
in
the
late
19th
century
with
the
rise
of
telecommunication
.
robot
noun
-
robotize
,
robotizing
,
robotizes
,
robotized
A
machine
that
is
controlled
by
a
computer
and
can
do
work
automatically
,
sometimes
looking
or
moving
like
a
human
.
•
In
the
automobile
plant
,
a
robot
swiftly
paints
each
car
body
the
same
perfect
shade
of
red
.
In
the
automobile
plant
,
a
robot
swiftly
paints
each
car
body
the
same
perfect
shade
of
red
.
•
At
home
,
a
small
vacuum
robot
glided
under
the
sofa
and
picked
up
crumbs
.
At
home
,
a
small
vacuum
robot
glided
under
the
sofa
and
picked
up
crumbs
.
From
Czech
“
robot
”,
meaning
'forced
labour'
,
coined
by
writer
Karel
Čapek
in
his
1920
play
“
R
.
U
.
R
.”.
noun
-
robotize
,
robotizing
,
robotizes
,
robotized
A
computer
program
that
automatically
performs
repetitive
tasks
on
the
internet
,
such
as
indexing
pages
or
answering
simple
questions
.
•
A
search
engine
robot
crawls
millions
of
web
pages
every
day
.
A
search
engine
robot
crawls
millions
of
web
pages
every
day
.
•
The
chat
robot
on
the
company
website
answers
basic
shipping
questions
instantly
.
The
chat
robot
on
the
company
website
answers
basic
shipping
questions
instantly
.
Based
on
the
earlier
sense
of
a
mechanical
robot
;
later
applied
metaphorically
to
software
that
does
automated
work
.
noun
-
robotize
,
robotizing
,
robotizes
,
robotized
A
person
who
acts
or
speaks
in
a
very
mechanical
,
emotionless
way
,
as
if
they
were
a
machine
.
•
During
the
presentation
,
he
repeated
the
script
like
a
robot
,
without
any
feeling
.
During
the
presentation
,
he
repeated
the
script
like
a
robot
,
without
any
feeling
.
•
After
weeks
of
overtime
,
she
felt
like
a
tired
robot
just
going
through
the
motions
.
After
weeks
of
overtime
,
she
felt
like
a
tired
robot
just
going
through
the
motions
.
Extended
figurative
use
from
the
mechanical
sense
of
‘
robot
’.
particle
noun
a
very
small
piece
of
a
solid
or
liquid
material
•
A
single
dust
particle
landed
on
the
camera
lens
,
making
the
photo
blurry
.
A
single
dust
particle
landed
on
the
camera
lens
,
making
the
photo
blurry
.
•
Before
cooking
,
she
rinsed
the
rice
to
wash
away
tiny
particles
of
starch
.
Before
cooking
,
she
rinsed
the
rice
to
wash
away
tiny
particles
of
starch
.
From
Latin
particula
,
diminutive
of
pars
“
part
”,
meaning
“
small
part
”.
noun
an
extremely
small
unit
of
matter
such
as
an
electron
or
proton
studied
in
physics
•
Scientists
use
powerful
accelerators
to
smash
particles
together
and
study
the
results
.
Scientists
use
powerful
accelerators
to
smash
particles
together
and
study
the
results
.
•
An
electron
is
a
subatomic
particle
with
a
negative
charge
.
An
electron
is
a
subatomic
particle
with
a
negative
charge
.
noun
a
very
short
word
or
part
of
a
word
that
has
a
grammatical
function
but
little
meaning
of
its
own
,
like
“
to
”
in
“
to
go
”
•
In
English
,
the
word
“
not
”
is
considered
a
negative
particle
.
In
English
,
the
word
“
not
”
is
considered
a
negative
particle
.
•
The
infinitive
particle
“
to
”
disappears
in
sentences
like
“
I
saw
him
run
.”
The
infinitive
particle
“
to
”
disappears
in
sentences
like
“
I
saw
him
run
.”
Olympic
adjective
relating
to
the
Olympic
Games
,
the
worldwide
sports
competitions
held
every
four
years
•
Simone
Biles
won
four
Olympic
gold
medals
in
gymnastics
.
Simone
Biles
won
four
Olympic
gold
medals
in
gymnastics
.
•
Many
athletes
train
for
years
hoping
to
make
the
Olympic
team
.
Many
athletes
train
for
years
hoping
to
make
the
Olympic
team
.
From
Mount
Olympus
in
Greece
,
the
legendary
home
of
the
ancient
Greek
gods
;
the
original
Olympic
Games
were
held
at
Olympia
in
776
BCE
.
identification
noun
the
act
or
process
of
recognizing
or
proving
who
or
what
someone
or
something
is
•
The
witness
’
s
quick
identification
of
the
thief
helped
the
police
make
an
arrest
.
The
witness
’
s
quick
identification
of
the
thief
helped
the
police
make
an
arrest
.
•
Accurate
species
identification
is
essential
for
protecting
endangered
animals
.
Accurate
species
identification
is
essential
for
protecting
endangered
animals
.
From
Medieval
Latin
identificātiō
,
formed
from
Latin
idem
“
same
”
+
facere
“
to
make
”
+
noun
ending
‑tiō
.
noun
an
official
document
,
card
,
or
other
proof
that
shows
who
a
person
is
•
The
security
guard
asked
every
visitor
to
show
photo
identification
.
The
security
guard
asked
every
visitor
to
show
photo
identification
.
•
Remember
to
bring
two
forms
of
identification
when
you
apply
for
the
passport
.
Remember
to
bring
two
forms
of
identification
when
you
apply
for
the
passport
.
Same
origin
as
the
primary
sense
;
applied
to
documents
from
the
late
19th
century
.
noun
a
strong
feeling
of
connection
or
empathy
with
another
person
or
group
because
of
shared
qualities
or
experiences
•
Many
readers
feel
deep
identification
with
the
novel
’
s
courageous
heroine
.
Many
readers
feel
deep
identification
with
the
novel
’
s
courageous
heroine
.
•
Her
own
struggles
created
a
strong
identification
with
the
patients
she
cared
for
.
Her
own
struggles
created
a
strong
identification
with
the
patients
she
cared
for
.
Adopted
into
psychology
in
the
early
20th
century
to
describe
emotional
alignment
with
others
.
conviction
noun
a
strong
and
firmly
held
belief
or
opinion
•
Maya
spoke
with
deep
conviction
about
protecting
the
rainforest
.
Maya
spoke
with
deep
conviction
about
protecting
the
rainforest
.
•
The
activist
’
s
unwavering
conviction
inspired
the
crowd
to
join
the
march
.
The
activist
’
s
unwavering
conviction
inspired
the
crowd
to
join
the
march
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
conviction
,
from
Latin
convictiō
‘
proof
,
refutation
’,
from
convincere
‘
to
convince
’.
noun
the
formal
decision
in
a
court
that
someone
is
guilty
of
a
crime
•
After
a
tense
trial
,
the
jury
returned
a
conviction
for
fraud
.
After
a
tense
trial
,
the
jury
returned
a
conviction
for
fraud
.
•
Because
of
her
earlier
conviction
,
she
struggled
to
find
employment
.
Because
of
her
earlier
conviction
,
she
struggled
to
find
employment
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Old
French
conviction
,
from
Latin
convictiō
‘
proof
,
refutation
’,
from
convincere
‘
to
convict
’.
restriction
noun
a
rule
or
condition
that
limits
what
people
can
do
•
New
water
restrictions
were
imposed
during
the
drought
.
New
water
restrictions
were
imposed
during
the
drought
.
•
The
park
has
a
noise
restriction
that
bans
loud
music
after
9
p
.
m
.
The
park
has
a
noise
restriction
that
bans
loud
music
after
9
p
.
m
.
From
Latin
‘
restrictio
’
meaning
‘
a
binding
back
’
or
‘
confinement
’.
noun
-
restriction
the
act
of
limiting
something
or
the
state
of
being
limited
•
Calorie
restriction
can
improve
some
people
’
s
health
.
Calorie
restriction
can
improve
some
people
’
s
health
.
•
Constant
restriction
of
information
often
leads
to
rumors
.
Constant
restriction
of
information
often
leads
to
rumors
.
From
Latin
‘
restrictio
’,
later
used
in
English
to
mean
‘
the
action
of
limiting
’.
sandwich
noun
-
sandwich
,
sandwiches
Two
slices
of
bread
(
or
a
split
roll
)
with
meat
,
cheese
,
vegetables
,
or
other
food
placed
between
them
and
eaten
as
a
light
meal
.
•
She
packed
a
ham
sandwich
for
lunch
.
She
packed
a
ham
sandwich
for
lunch
.
•
Do
you
want
your
sandwich
toasted
or
cold
?
Do
you
want
your
sandwich
toasted
or
cold
?
Named
after
John
Montagu
,
4th
Earl
of
Sandwich
(
1718–1792
),
who
reportedly
ate
meat
between
slices
of
bread
so
he
could
continue
gambling
without
stopping
for
a
formal
meal
.
verb
-
sandwich
,
sandwiching
,
sandwiches
,
sandwiched
To
place
or
squeeze
someone
or
something
tightly
between
two
other
people
or
things
.
•
The
little
house
was
sandwiched
between
two
skyscrapers
.
The
little
house
was
sandwiched
between
two
skyscrapers
.
•
She
sandwiched
her
notes
between
the
pages
of
the
textbook
.
She
sandwiched
her
notes
between
the
pages
of
the
textbook
.
Verb
sense
developed
from
the
noun
,
figuratively
extending
the
idea
of
food
between
bread
slices
to
any
object
or
person
trapped
between
two
others
.
tactic
noun
a
carefully
planned
action
or
method
used
to
achieve
a
specific
goal
or
to
gain
an
advantage
•
Using
a
limited-time
discount
was
an
effective
tactic
to
boost
sales
.
Using
a
limited-time
discount
was
an
effective
tactic
to
boost
sales
.
•
The
chess
player
sacrificed
his
queen
as
a
bold
tactic
to
trap
his
opponent
.
The
chess
player
sacrificed
his
queen
as
a
bold
tactic
to
trap
his
opponent
.
From
Ancient
Greek
taktikos
‘
relating
to
arrangement
’,
from
tassein
‘
to
arrange
’.
adjective
relating
to
tactics
or
short-term
military
or
strategic
maneuvers
•
The
general
ordered
a
tactic
withdrawal
to
higher
ground
.
The
general
ordered
a
tactic
withdrawal
to
higher
ground
.
•
Pilots
receive
training
in
tactic
flight
maneuvers
during
advanced
exercises
.
Pilots
receive
training
in
tactic
flight
maneuvers
during
advanced
exercises
.
Adjective
use
derived
from
the
noun
in
the
18th
century
,
modeled
on
French
tactique
.
physics
noun
-
physics
the
branch
of
science
that
studies
matter
,
energy
,
and
the
forces
that
act
between
them
•
At
school
,
Mia
enjoys
doing
experiments
in
her
physics
class
.
At
school
,
Mia
enjoys
doing
experiments
in
her
physics
class
.
•
Albert
Einstein
changed
physics
forever
with
his
theory
of
relativity
.
Albert
Einstein
changed
physics
forever
with
his
theory
of
relativity
.
from
Latin
physica
‘
natural
science
’,
from
Greek
physikē
(
epistēmē
) ‘(
knowledge
)
of
nature
’,
from
phusis
‘
nature
’
noun
-
physics
the
way
matter
,
energy
,
and
forces
work
in
a
particular
situation
or
system
•
The
physics
of
a
bouncing
ball
involves
gravity
,
elasticity
,
and
air
resistance
.
The
physics
of
a
bouncing
ball
involves
gravity
,
elasticity
,
and
air
resistance
.
•
Scientists
study
the
physics
of
black
holes
to
understand
their
immense
gravity
.
Scientists
study
the
physics
of
black
holes
to
understand
their
immense
gravity
.
significance
noun
the
quality
of
being
important
or
having
a
notable
effect
•
The
teacher
explained
the
significance
of
recycling
to
the
students
.
The
teacher
explained
the
significance
of
recycling
to
the
students
.
•
Many
tourists
don
’
t
realize
the
significance
of
the
ancient
temple
until
they
see
its
detailed
carvings
up
close
.
Many
tourists
don
’
t
realize
the
significance
of
the
ancient
temple
until
they
see
its
detailed
carvings
up
close
.
Borrowed
from
Latin
significantia
,
from
significare
“
to
signify
.”
First
recorded
in
English
in
the
late
17th
century
.
noun
the
hidden
,
symbolic
,
or
special
meaning
that
something
carries
for
someone
•
She
chose
a
yellow
scarf
because
the
color
held
personal
significance
for
her
.
She
chose
a
yellow
scarf
because
the
color
held
personal
significance
for
her
.
•
The
author
uses
rain
with
special
significance
to
show
the
hero
’
s
sadness
.
The
author
uses
rain
with
special
significance
to
show
the
hero
’
s
sadness
.
Same
origin
as
the
main
sense
:
from
Latin
significantia
,
stressing
the
idea
of
what
something
signifies
beyond
surface
appearance
.
noun
in
statistics
,
the
degree
to
which
a
result
is
unlikely
to
have
happened
by
chance
•
The
researcher
said
the
results
reached
statistical
significance
at
the
0
.
05
level
.
The
researcher
said
the
results
reached
statistical
significance
at
the
0
.
05
level
.
•
Without
significance
,
the
experiment
’
s
findings
could
be
due
to
chance
.
Without
significance
,
the
experiment
’
s
findings
could
be
due
to
chance
.
Adopted
into
statistical
language
in
the
20th
century
,
extending
the
older
sense
of
importance
to
a
precise
technical
threshold
.
ethics
noun
moral
principles
that
tell
people
what
is
right
and
wrong
behaviour
•
Even
when
no
one
was
watching
,
Maya
followed
her
ethics
and
returned
the
lost
wallet
.
Even
when
no
one
was
watching
,
Maya
followed
her
ethics
and
returned
the
lost
wallet
.
•
Good
ethics
help
a
society
become
more
trusting
and
fair
.
Good
ethics
help
a
society
become
more
trusting
and
fair
.
From
Greek
“
ēthikós
” (
moral
)
via
Latin
“
ethica
,”
meaning
the
study
of
character
and
morals
.
noun
the
branch
of
philosophy
that
studies
ideas
of
right
and
wrong
and
how
people
should
live
•
At
university
,
Sara
decided
to
major
in
ethics
.
At
university
,
Sara
decided
to
major
in
ethics
.
•
During
the
lecture
on
ethics
,
the
professor
asked
if
stealing
to
feed
a
child
could
ever
be
justified
.
During
the
lecture
on
ethics
,
the
professor
asked
if
stealing
to
feed
a
child
could
ever
be
justified
.
Adopted
into
academic
language
in
the
17th
century
as
the
English
name
for
the
philosophical
discipline
studying
morals
.
noun
the
rules
of
right
behaviour
that
guide
a
particular
profession
or
activity
•
Journalists
must
follow
strict
ethics
when
reporting
the
news
.
Journalists
must
follow
strict
ethics
when
reporting
the
news
.
•
Medical
ethics
prevent
doctors
from
sharing
a
patient
’
s
private
information
.
Medical
ethics
prevent
doctors
from
sharing
a
patient
’
s
private
information
.
Professional
uses
of
the
word
grew
during
the
20th
century
as
many
industries
wrote
formal
codes
to
build
public
trust
.
prediction
noun
a
statement
about
what
you
think
will
happen
in
the
future
•
The
scientist
’
s
prediction
about
the
storm
proved
correct
.
The
scientist
’
s
prediction
about
the
storm
proved
correct
.
•
Before
kick-off
,
fans
shared
their
prediction
of
which
team
would
win
the
soccer
match
.
Before
kick-off
,
fans
shared
their
prediction
of
which
team
would
win
the
soccer
match
.
Mid-16th
century
,
from
Latin
praedictio
‘
a
foretelling
’,
from
praedicere
‘
to
say
beforehand
’.
automatically
adverb
without
any
human
control
or
effort
,
by
means
of
a
machine
,
program
,
or
built-in
mechanism
•
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
The
sliding
doors
automatically
open
when
a
customer
gets
close
.
•
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
My
phone
automatically
backs
up
all
photos
to
the
cloud
every
night
.
From
automatic
+
-ly
,
first
recorded
in
the
18th
century
to
describe
self-acting
machines
.
adverb
without
conscious
thought
,
because
of
habit
or
instinct
•
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
When
the
ball
came
at
her
face
,
she
automatically
raised
her
hands
to
block
it
.
•
He
automatically
says
“
thank
you
”
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
He
automatically
says
“
thank
you
”
the
moment
someone
holds
the
door
for
him
.
Extension
of
the
mechanical
sense
to
human
behavior
in
the
late
19th
century
,
describing
actions
done
‘
as
if
by
machinery
’.
adverb
inevitably
or
by
necessary
rule
,
without
an
extra
decision
•
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
Under
the
policy
,
full-time
employees
automatically
receive
health
insurance
.
•
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
If
your
balance
falls
below
zero
,
the
bank
will
automatically
charge
an
overdraft
fee
.
Legal
and
bureaucratic
writing
in
the
20th
century
adopted
the
adverb
to
mean
‘
as
a
matter
of
course
or
rule
’.
brick
noun
a
hard
rectangular
block
made
of
baked
clay
or
concrete
that
is
used
for
building
•
The
workers
stacked
the
bricks
to
build
a
garden
wall
.
The
workers
stacked
the
bricks
to
build
a
garden
wall
.
•
She
painted
each
brick
of
the
old
fireplace
white
.
She
painted
each
brick
of
the
old
fireplace
white
.
noun
a
person
who
is
very
reliable
and
helpful
,
especially
in
a
difficult
situation
•
Thanks
for
lending
me
your
car
—
you
’
re
a
real
brick
!
Thanks
for
lending
me
your
car
—
you
’
re
a
real
brick
!
•
Even
when
everyone
else
left
,
Claire
stayed
to
help
;
what
a
brick
she
is
.
Even
when
everyone
else
left
,
Claire
stayed
to
help
;
what
a
brick
she
is
.
noun
in
basketball
,
a
shot
that
misses
badly
and
often
hits
the
rim
or
backboard
hard
•
He
threw
up
a
brick
from
the
three-point
line
.
He
threw
up
a
brick
from
the
three-point
line
.
•
The
crowd
groaned
at
another
brick
by
the
rookie
.
The
crowd
groaned
at
another
brick
by
the
rookie
.
verb
to
build
,
cover
,
or
block
something
with
bricks
•
They
bricked
up
the
old
doorway
to
stop
the
drafts
.
They
bricked
up
the
old
doorway
to
stop
the
drafts
.
•
Workers
will
brick
the
entire
façade
in
dark
red
.
Workers
will
brick
the
entire
façade
in
dark
red
.
noun
an
electronic
device
that
no
longer
works
at
all
,
often
because
of
a
failed
software
update
or
hardware
damage
•
After
the
bad
firmware
update
,
my
phone
turned
into
a
brick
.
After
the
bad
firmware
update
,
my
phone
turned
into
a
brick
.
•
The
technician
warned
that
the
wrong
cable
could
make
the
console
a
useless
brick
.
The
technician
warned
that
the
wrong
cable
could
make
the
console
a
useless
brick
.
verb
to
damage
an
electronic
device
so
badly
,
usually
through
software
error
,
that
it
stops
working
completely
•
The
update
completely
bricked
my
router
.
The
update
completely
bricked
my
router
.
•
If
you
unplug
it
mid-flash
,
you
could
brick
the
console
.
If
you
unplug
it
mid-flash
,
you
could
brick
the
console
.
fabric
noun
cloth
made
by
weaving
,
knitting
,
or
pressing
fibers
together
•
The
tailor
spread
the
roll
of
soft
cotton
fabric
across
the
long
cutting
table
.
The
tailor
spread
the
roll
of
soft
cotton
fabric
across
the
long
cutting
table
.
•
Lisa
chose
a
waterproof
fabric
to
make
a
jacket
for
rainy
days
.
Lisa
chose
a
waterproof
fabric
to
make
a
jacket
for
rainy
days
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
French
“
fabrique
”
meaning
a
workshop
or
an
object
made
,
which
came
from
Latin
“
fabrica
”
meaning
a
craft
or
skill
of
making
.
noun
-
fabric
the
basic
structure
or
framework
that
holds
something
together
,
especially
a
building
,
organization
,
or
society
•
Volunteers
help
preserve
the
historic
fabric
of
the
old
cathedral
.
Volunteers
help
preserve
the
historic
fabric
of
the
old
cathedral
.
•
Trust
is
an
essential
thread
in
the
fabric
of
any
friendship
.
Trust
is
an
essential
thread
in
the
fabric
of
any
friendship
.
Metaphorical
extension
of
the
textile
sense
,
dating
from
the
17th
century
,
comparing
the
woven
nature
of
cloth
to
the
interwoven
parts
of
buildings
or
societies
.
ideology
noun
-
ideology
,
ideologies
a
system
of
ideas
and
beliefs
that
guides
the
aims
and
actions
of
a
person
,
group
,
or
movement
•
The
revolutionary
group
adopted
a
new
ideology
centered
on
equality
and
freedom
.
The
revolutionary
group
adopted
a
new
ideology
centered
on
equality
and
freedom
.
•
Environmental
protection
is
at
the
heart
of
the
party
’
s
ideology
.
Environmental
protection
is
at
the
heart
of
the
party
’
s
ideology
.
early
19th-century
coinage
from
French
idéologie
,
originally
meaning
the
‘
science
of
ideas
’,
from
Greek
idea
‘
form
,
pattern
’
+
–logy
‘
study
’.
noun
-
ideology
,
ideologies
the
general
way
of
thinking
and
set
of
values
typical
of
a
society
,
culture
,
or
historical
period
•
The
dominant
ideology
of
the
1950s
emphasized
traditional
family
roles
.
The
dominant
ideology
of
the
1950s
emphasized
traditional
family
roles
.
•
Modern
business
ideology
often
values
innovation
over
stability
.
Modern
business
ideology
often
values
innovation
over
stability
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
from
French
idéologie
, ‘
science
of
ideas
’.
Over
time
it
came
to
mean
the
ideas
themselves
.
depict
verb
to
show
or
represent
someone
or
something
in
a
picture
,
sculpture
,
film
,
or
other
visual
form
•
Ancient
cave
paintings
depict
hunters
chasing
animals
.
Ancient
cave
paintings
depict
hunters
chasing
animals
.
•
The
movie
poster
depicts
the
hero
standing
alone
against
a
stormy
sky
.
The
movie
poster
depicts
the
hero
standing
alone
against
a
stormy
sky
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
depictus
’,
past
participle
of
‘
depinger
’
meaning
‘
to
portray
’ (
de-
‘
thoroughly
’
+
pingere
‘
to
paint
’).
verb
to
describe
someone
or
something
in
words
so
that
readers
or
listeners
can
clearly
imagine
it
•
In
his
speech
,
the
mayor
depicted
the
city
as
a
place
of
endless
opportunity
.
In
his
speech
,
the
mayor
depicted
the
city
as
a
place
of
endless
opportunity
.
•
The
novel
vividly
depicts
life
in
a
small
coastal
town
.
The
novel
vividly
depicts
life
in
a
small
coastal
town
.
Late
Middle
English
,
from
Latin
‘
depictus
’,
past
participle
of
‘
depinger
’
meaning
‘
to
portray
’.
Over
time
it
extended
from
visual
portrayal
to
verbal
description
.
garlic
noun
a
strong-smelling
plant
bulb
used
in
cooking
and
sometimes
as
medicine
•
She
chopped
some
fresh
garlic
to
add
to
the
pasta
sauce
.
She
chopped
some
fresh
garlic
to
add
to
the
pasta
sauce
.
•
The
recipe
says
you
need
two
cloves
of
garlic
and
an
onion
.
The
recipe
says
you
need
two
cloves
of
garlic
and
an
onion
.
Old
English
garleac
,
from
gar
(
spear
)
+
leac
(
leek
);
referring
to
the
spear-shaped
leaves
of
the
plant
.
adjective
containing
,
flavored
with
,
or
tasting
of
garlic
•
He
ordered
the
garlic
bread
as
a
starter
.
He
ordered
the
garlic
bread
as
a
starter
.
•
I
love
the
garlic
sauce
they
serve
with
kebabs
.
I
love
the
garlic
sauce
they
serve
with
kebabs
.
helicopter
noun
an
aircraft
with
large
horizontal
blades
that
spin
on
top
,
allowing
it
to
take
off
and
land
vertically
,
hover
in
the
air
,
and
fly
forward
,
backward
,
or
sideways
•
The
rescue
team
arrived
by
helicopter
to
lift
the
injured
climber
off
the
mountain
.
The
rescue
team
arrived
by
helicopter
to
lift
the
injured
climber
off
the
mountain
.
•
From
the
beach
,
we
watched
a
bright
red
helicopter
hovering
over
the
ocean
.
From
the
beach
,
we
watched
a
bright
red
helicopter
hovering
over
the
ocean
.
early
20th
century
:
from
French
hélicoptère
,
based
on
Greek
helix
‘
spiral
’
+
pteron
‘
wing
’.
The
word
originally
referred
to
the
machine
’
s
rotating
blades
.
verb
to
travel
somewhere
by
helicopter
,
or
to
move
people
or
things
somewhere
using
a
helicopter
•
The
film
crew
helicoptered
over
the
rainforest
to
capture
aerial
shots
.
The
film
crew
helicoptered
over
the
rainforest
to
capture
aerial
shots
.
•
Soldiers
and
supplies
were
helicoptered
into
the
remote
base
before
dawn
.
Soldiers
and
supplies
were
helicoptered
into
the
remote
base
before
dawn
.
verb
use
from
the
noun
‘
helicopter
’;
first
attested
mid
20th
century
.
athletic
adjective
having
a
strong
,
fit
body
and
able
to
move
quickly
and
easily
•
The
basketball
player
has
an
athletic
build
and
can
jump
very
high
.
The
basketball
player
has
an
athletic
build
and
can
jump
very
high
.
•
Regular
swimming
keeps
her
athletic
and
energetic
.
Regular
swimming
keeps
her
athletic
and
energetic
.
From
athlete
+
-ic
,
first
recorded
in
English
in
the
mid-19th
century
to
describe
people
or
qualities
of
athletes
.
adjective
connected
with
sports
,
exercise
,
or
the
activities
of
athletes
•
The
school
is
proud
of
its
athletic
programs
and
modern
gymnasium
.
The
school
is
proud
of
its
athletic
programs
and
modern
gymnasium
.
•
She
bought
new
shoes
at
a
store
that
sells
only
athletic
gear
.
She
bought
new
shoes
at
a
store
that
sells
only
athletic
gear
.
Sense
extended
from
describing
athletic
persons
to
things
related
to
sports
by
the
late
19th
century
.
agriculture
noun
-
agriculture
the
science
,
business
,
and
practice
of
growing
crops
and
raising
animals
for
food
,
materials
,
or
other
products
•
Innovations
like
solar-powered
irrigation
are
helping
small
farmers
improve
agriculture
in
dry
regions
.
Innovations
like
solar-powered
irrigation
are
helping
small
farmers
improve
agriculture
in
dry
regions
.
•
At
the
county
fair
,
posters
explained
how
sustainable
agriculture
protects
soil
and
wildlife
.
At
the
county
fair
,
posters
explained
how
sustainable
agriculture
protects
soil
and
wildlife
.
Borrowed
in
the
15th
century
from
Latin
agricultura
,
from
ager
“
field
”
+
cultura
“
cultivation
”.
anticipate
verb
-
anticipate
,
anticipating
,
anticipates
,
anticipated
to
expect
that
something
will
happen
and
prepare
for
it
•
We
anticipate
heavy
snow
tomorrow
,
so
the
school
may
close
.
We
anticipate
heavy
snow
tomorrow
,
so
the
school
may
close
.
•
The
project
manager
anticipated
delays
and
ordered
materials
early
.
The
project
manager
anticipated
delays
and
ordered
materials
early
.
From
Latin
anticipātus
,
past
participle
of
anticipāre
‘
to
take
beforehand
’,
from
ante
‘
before
’
+
capere
‘
to
take
’.
verb
-
anticipate
,
anticipating
,
anticipates
,
anticipated
to
look
forward
to
something
with
excitement
or
pleasure
•
The
children
anticipate
Christmas
morning
with
shining
eyes
.
The
children
anticipate
Christmas
morning
with
shining
eyes
.
•
I
anticipate
my
trip
to
Japan
next
month
with
great
excitement
.
I
anticipate
my
trip
to
Japan
next
month
with
great
excitement
.
Same
origin
as
Sense
1
:
derived
from
Latin
anticipāre
meaning
‘
to
take
beforehand
’.
verb
-
anticipate
,
anticipating
,
anticipates
,
anticipated
to
act
before
something
happens
so
as
to
deal
with
it
in
advance
•
The
engineers
anticipated
flooding
and
raised
the
bridge
higher
.
The
engineers
anticipated
flooding
and
raised
the
bridge
higher
.
•
The
store
anticipates
demand
by
stocking
extra
water
before
storms
.
The
store
anticipates
demand
by
stocking
extra
water
before
storms
.
Sense
based
on
the
older
idea
of
‘
taking
action
beforehand
’,
recorded
in
English
from
the
16th
century
.
dedicate
verb
-
dedicate
,
dedicating
,
dedicates
,
dedicated
to
give
most
of
your
time
,
energy
,
or
attention
to
a
particular
activity
,
goal
,
or
cause
because
you
believe
it
is
important
•
After
graduating
,
Maria
dedicated
herself
to
teaching
children
in
remote
villages
.
After
graduating
,
Maria
dedicated
herself
to
teaching
children
in
remote
villages
.
•
The
scientist
dedicates
long
hours
each
night
to
searching
for
a
cure
for
the
rare
disease
.
The
scientist
dedicates
long
hours
each
night
to
searching
for
a
cure
for
the
rare
disease
.
From
Latin
‘
dedicare
’
meaning
‘
to
proclaim
,
to
devote
’.
verb
-
dedicate
,
dedicating
,
dedicates
,
dedicated
to
set
aside
money
,
space
,
or
another
resource
for
a
particular
purpose
•
The
city
council
dedicated
extra
funds
to
repairing
the
old
playground
.
The
city
council
dedicated
extra
funds
to
repairing
the
old
playground
.
•
She
dedicated
a
spare
room
in
her
house
to
painting
and
turned
it
into
a
bright
studio
.
She
dedicated
a
spare
room
in
her
house
to
painting
and
turned
it
into
a
bright
studio
.
verb
-
dedicate
,
dedicating
,
dedicates
,
dedicated
to
say
or
write
that
a
book
,
song
,
or
other
creative
work
is
meant
to
honor
or
thank
someone
•
The
author
dedicated
her
first
novel
to
her
late
grandmother
.
The
author
dedicated
her
first
novel
to
her
late
grandmother
.
•
He
dedicates
every
song
on
the
album
to
his
loyal
fans
.
He
dedicates
every
song
on
the
album
to
his
loyal
fans
.
verb
-
dedicate
,
dedicating
,
dedicates
,
dedicated
to
hold
a
formal
ceremony
to
officially
open
a
building
,
monument
,
or
public
place
in
honor
of
someone
or
something
•
The
mayor
dedicated
the
new
bridge
with
a
ribbon-cutting
ceremony
.
The
mayor
dedicated
the
new
bridge
with
a
ribbon-cutting
ceremony
.
•
Next
week
,
officials
will
dedicate
the
restored
museum
to
local
history
.
Next
week
,
officials
will
dedicate
the
restored
museum
to
local
history
.